Search

The article considers some relevant urban planning aspects of placing a shelter for displaced persons from the war. The practical factors and issues, without the solution of which it is impossible to create actual villages designed for temporary residence, which with a high probability will extend for a sufficiently long period, are analyzed. Real practical examples of solving the problem, conclusions for practical application are given, У статті розглянуто деякі актуальні містобудівельні аспекти розміщення прихистку для переселенців від війни. Проаналізовано практичні фактори та питання, без вирішення яких неможливе створення актуальних селищ, розрахованих на тимчасове проживання, яке з великою вірогідністю, що розтягнеться на достатньо довгостроковий період. Наведені реальні практичні приклади вирішення питання, висновки для практичного застосування.

Background: Iran is an earthquake-prone country, and a considerable rural population lives in earthquake-prone areas. With many worn-out areas, incompetent houses, and relatively underdeveloped rural areas, it is necessary to pay special attention to risk reduction and subsequent measures in these areas. Materials and Methods: Among the current methods, HAZUS is one of the most common methods in estimating potential losses in an earthquake. We used it to calculate the buildings’ estimated losses in the earthquake based on the instructions. Because one of the main issues in disaster management is to choose locations for emergency or temporary settlement of population affected by the distracter, this research tries to carry this out based on the derived results from the damage using fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). After reviewing the previous studies and the experts’ opinions, the major and minor criteria affecting the selection of temporary settlement locations were identified. Results: Results suggested that using the damage rate of the studied buildings in the studied area and after choosing six priorities in the pilot village of Vaneshan, priority number 1 was chosen as the best option for temporary settlement in this village. Ultimately, the required items for the evacuees were determined by using the standards of supplying the essentials for the evacuees. Conclusion: Regarding the study area, the results of the damage analysis of the area show that the rate of damage with extensive and complete levels in the villages is very high, which leads to a large number of homeless people with the urgent need to provide adequate shelter. This endower requires a lot of money, and the relevant managers should already be thinking about finding financial resources for it. This issue is not only related to the study area and applies to the whole of Iran.

Starting from temporary settlements turning into permanent urban centers, this paper discusses the transformations taking place through the process of so-called ‘boomtown’ urbanization in Central and Southern Africa. Based on data collected in Angola, Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo, the paper identifies the different conditions for migration and settlement and the complex socio-economic, spatial, as well as political transformations produced by the fast growth and expansion of boomtowns. Different historical and contemporary processes shape boomtown urbanization in Africa, from colonial territorial governance to large- and small-scale mining or dynamics of violence and forced displacement. As centers of attraction, opportunities, diversified livelihoods and cultures for aspiring urbanities, boomtowns represent an interesting site from which to investigate rural-urban transformation in a context of resource extraction and conflict/post conflict governance. They equally represent potential catalyzing sites for growth, development and stability, hence deserving not only more academic but also policy attention. Based on the authors’ long-term field experience in the countries under study, the analysis draws on ethnographic fieldwork data collected through observations as well as interviews and focus group discussions with key actors involved in the everyday shaping of boomtown urbanism. The findings point to discernible patterns of boomtown consolidation across these adjacent countries, which are a result of combinations of types of migration, migrants’ agency and the governance structures, with clear implications for urban policy for both makeshift and consolidating towns.

[EN] The Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti) disappeared from Africa as a breeding species in the 1960s coincident with a general decline of their populations in the Iberian Peninsula. Because of a combination of successful conservation actions and a general change in human attitudes, the Spanish Imperial Eagle population has been increasing in Iberia from 103 pairs in 1980 to more than 500 breeding pairs in 2018. As a consequence, the number of juveniles that cross the Strait of Gibraltar into Africa has increased recently. Abundance and distribution of potential prey should affect young eagles’ behaviour and could be a limiting factor for a potential re-colonization of previous North-African populations. Additionally, determination of temporary settlement areas is crucial from a conservation point of view. Conservation actions in these areas, particularly reduction of juvenile mortality, are a priority to facilitate future reestablishment of breeding populations of the species in North Africa. Here we report on the dispersal movements of juvenile Spanish Imperial Eagles marked with GPS-GSM transmitters in Andalusia (southern Spain), some of which crossed the Strait of Gibraltar into north-western Africa, an area that does not have populations of the eagle’s main prey, the European rabbit. We analysed the differences in dispersal patterns and temporary settlement behaviour in the two study areas. We found that dispersal movements were greater, temporary settlement areas were larger, and individuals stayed longer in areas and moved greater distances among them in Africa than in Iberia. We believe that our results are best explained by applying the Marginal Value Theorem, which predicts that individuals will leave a foraging area when the availability of prey drops to similar levels of those of the surrounding environment. We suggest that the increase in the records of the species in Africa could lead to a recolonization of the species in Africa based on birds coming from the “source” Iberian population, but only if the Iberian population continues to increase. We recommend that conservation measures must be established in these temporary settlement areas in Africa., [DE] In den 1960er-Jahren verschwand der Spanische Kaiseradler (Aquila adalberti) als Brutvogel aus Afrika, was mit einem generellen Rückgang seiner Populationen auf der Iberischen Halbinsel einherging. Aufgrund einer Kombination aus erfolgreichen Schutzmaßnahmen und einem allgemeinen Wandel der menschlichen Einstellung wuchs die Population Spanischer Kaiseradler auf der Iberischen Halbinsel von 103 Brutpaaren im Jahr 1980 auf über 500 Brutpaare im Jahr 2018 an. Infolgedessen stieg die Anzahl der Jungvögel, welche die Straße von Gibraltar in Richtung Afrika überqueren, in neuerer Zeit an. Die Häufigkeit und Verteilung potenzieller Beutetiere sollte das Verhalten der jungen Adler beeinflussen und könnte einen limitierenden Faktor für eine mögliche Wiederbesiedlung der Gebiete ehemaliger nordafrikanischer Populationen darstellen. Darüber hinaus ist aus Sicht des Naturschutzes die Ermittlung vorübergehend genutzter Ansiedlungsgebiete von entscheidender Bedeutung. Schutzmaßnahmen in diesen Bereichen, speziell zur Verringerung der Jungensterblichkeit, sind eine Vorbedingung für eine zukünftige Wiederansiedlung der Art als Brutvogel in Nordafrika. Hier beschreiben wir die Dismigrationsbewegungen juveniler Spanischer Kaiseradler, welche in Andalusien (Südspanien) mit GPSGSM-Sendern ausgestattet wurden, und von denen einige die Straße von Gibraltar nach Nordwestafrika überquerten, ein Gebiet, in dem es keine Wildkaninchenpopulationen gibt, welches die Hauptbeuteart des Adlers ist. Wir analysierten die Unterschiede in den Ausbreitungsmustern und im zeitweiligen Ansiedlungsverhalten zwischen den beiden Studiengebieten. In Afrika gab es stärkere Ausbreitungsbewegungen, die zeitweisen Ansiedlungsbereiche waren größer, Individuen blieben länger in den Gebieten und legten zwischen diesen weitere Strecken zurück als auf der Iberischen Halbinsel. Wir sind der Meinung, dass unsere Ergebnisse sich am besten durch die Anwendung des Grenzertragstheorems (engl.: Marginal Value Theorem) erklären lassen, welches besagt, dass Individuen ein Nahrungsgebiet verlassen, wenn dort die Beuteverfügbarkeit auf ein ähnliches Maß wie im Umland sinkt. Wir vermuten, dass der Anstieg in den Nachweisen der Art in Afrika dort zu einer Wiederbesiedlung durch Vögel aus der iberischen “Quellpopulation” führen könnte, allerdings nur, wenn die iberische Population weiterhin wächst. Wir empfehlen den Ausbau von Schutzmaßnahmen in diesen zeitweiligen afrikanischen Ansiedlungsgebieten.

Chashkinskoe Ozero XI site is a new Mesolithic monument on the eastern shore of the lake. A homogeneous inventory discovered at its excavations allowed to identify the site as a temporary hunter settlement. The authors of research conducted typological, technological and traceological analyses of the site inventory. It was determined by technological analysis that the stone industry of the site was characterized by controlled knapping with the predominant use of chopping tools and reduction of the platform edge as the primary technique of platform formation. No initial knapping was conducted at the site, and the nuclei were supplied to the site in ready form. Other features of the stone industry are as follows: high level of the blade production , small dimensions of blanks, availability of implements with various shapes, leading role of meat/fish knives and significant role of solid material cutters. The characteristic features of the collection include the absence of cores and a small amount of production waste. Almost half of discovered items have been used as implements. The results of this study can be used in further research of the Mesolithic of the Kama region as a pattern for this type of sites.

Las evidencias culturales registradas e investigadas por el Proyecto Arqueológico Isla San Lorenzo corresponden cronológicamente con el final del Intermedio Tardío y todo el Horizonte Tardío de nuestra cronología (siglos XV-XVI d.C.). La principal ocupación prehispánica se concentró en el extremo sureste de la isla, en la caleta de La Cruz, con la presencia de un gran cementerio y un asentamiento temporal con probables funciones de embarcadero y zona de viviendas. Es probable que el asentamiento sirviera como eje para las actividades económicas de explotación de recursos hidrobiológicos de la isla (mariscos, pesca y guano). La presencia de fragmentos de spondylus, cuentas de piedra y concha, conchuela y objetos pequeños con representaciones de peces permiten plantear la hipótesis de ritos vinculados con el culto al mar y a las islas, así como con la “fertilidad” marina y los recursos presentes en la isla. La hipótesis sobre ritos propiciatorios al mar y a las islas se sustenta con las fuentes escritas de la colonia, principalmente con los textos del siglo XVI y XVII. Se puede afirmar que durante la época prehispánica la Isla San Lorenzo tuvo uso ritual y económico, las cuales fueron funciones integradas y complementarias entre sí., The cultural evidences registered and investigated for the San Lorenzo Island Archaeological Project suggest that during island’s prehispanic occupation, the main settlement concentrated on the southern tip of the island, at Caleta de la Cruz. There, a temporary fisher’s camp – and/or guano collectors -- and a cemetery were found. Chronologically, this occupation dates from the end of the Late Intermediate Period through the whole Late Horizon (XV – XVI Centuries A.D.). The presence of spondylus’s fragment and other objects with representations of fishes suggests rites with the cult to the sea and the islands, as well as with the “marine fertility”. The hypothesis of rites to the sea and the islands is sustained with the written sources of the colony, mainly with texts of century XVI and XVII. It is possible that during the prehispanic time the San Lorenzo island had ritual and economic use, which were integrated and complementary functions to each other.

Dünya'nın değişmesi ve gelişmesi sırasında artan tüketim eğilimi ile mimari yapılar da dahil olmak üzere hemen hemen tüm tasarım disiplinlerinin ürünleri daha kısa sürede tüketilir olmuştur. Bu gelişmeler sonucunda güçlenen bir kavram olarak ortaya çıkan mimaride geçicilik kavramının ürünü olan yapıların karakteristik olarak barındırdıkları eksikliklerin büyük bir kısmı grafik tasarım ile tamamlanmaktadır.Bu tezde iki disiplin arasındaki ortak ve farklı olgular incelenerek aralarındaki ilişkiler ve bir disiplinin diğerini ne şekilde tamamladığı hakkında çıkarımlar öne sürülmüştür.Anahtar Kelimeler: Geçici, Mimarlık, Yapı, Grafik Tasarım, Fuar, Pavilyon, Stand, Sahne.? The rapid developments and changes in every field in the world gave way to a tendency towards rapid consumption in various disciplines. This consumption also has a major effect on disciplines of industrial designs, including architectural structures.As a consequence, a concept of impermanence has occured in architecture and the deficiencies in the projects of this concept are completed by graphic design.In this thesis, a comparative study between architecture and graphic design has been carried out, analyzing the common and different aspects, and how the two disciplines affect one another.Keywords: Temporary, Architecture, Structure, Building, Graphics Design, Tradeshow, Fair, Exhibition. 134

Yayla is a temporary settlement in high altitudes throughout Turkey. Appropriateness of natural conditions has facilitated development of yayla activities in coastal mountains of the Eastern Blacksea region. The research area of this study, surrounding of Çakırgöl which is located on Kalkanlı Mountains has been used as an area for yayla activities based on animal breeding for a long time. However, the process of change and transformation in recent years has also affected the conventional yayla activities. Accordingly, it has been observed that touristic functions have begun to develop. This mountainous area, at the altitude of 2200-3000 meters, has the potential opportunities for both summer and winter tourism. On the other hand, in the areas used in summer, recreational activities such as picnic, camping, and jogging are daily carried out. Moreover, some attempts are being made to develop winter tourism in the area. However, a plan which would cover local population, local economy, and natural/cultural environmental features should be prepared. Because the aim should be to integrate local economy with tourism activities. Otherwise, transforming power of tourism would adversely affect the rural activities in the region and natural/cultural environmental deformations would be unavoidable.In the current study, the Yaylas near Çakırgöl and yayla activities in the course of functional changes were dealt with. The purpose of the study is to explore the characteristics of the yayla activities with its causes and effects. In order to reach this purpose, excursion and observation method was used. The major findings of the study are that the traditional yayla activities have been rapidly losing importance, stock breeding-oriented economy has been put aside, and recreative yayla activities have been developing. In addition, the negative outcomes of the increasing pressure of tourism were observed in the area., Yayla, Türkiye’nin yüksek alanlarındaki geçici bir yerleşmedir. Doğal ortam koşullarının elverişli olması, Doğu Karadeniz kıyı dağlarında yaylacılık faaliyetinin gelişmesine zemin hazırlamıştır. Çalışmaya konu olan, Kalkanlı Dağları üzerindeki, Çakırgöl çevresi de uzun zamandan beri hayvancılık ekonomisine dayalı yaylacılık sahası olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak son yıllarda yaşanan değişim/dönüşüm süreci, geleneksel yaylacılığı da etkilemiştir. Buna bağlı olarak turistik işlevlerin gelişmeye başladığı gözlemlenmektedir. Yaklaşık 2200-3000 m yükselti kuşağında bulunan dağlık alan, hem yaz ve hem de kış turizmi potansiyel olanaklarına sahiptir. Buna karşın yaz mevsiminde kullanılan sahada piknik, kampçılık ve yürüyüş gibi rekreasyonel etkinlikler günübirlik olarak sürdürülmektedir. Ayrıca yörenin bir kış turizmi merkezi yapılması için de çalışmalar devam etmektedir. Ancak yerel nüfus, yerel ekonomi ve doğal/kültürel ortam özelliklerini kapsayacak bir planlama titizlikle yapılmalıdır. Çünkü amaç yerel ekonomiyi turizm aktivitesiyle bütünleştirmek olmalıdır. Aksi takdirde turizmin sahip olduğu dönüştürme gücü, yöredeki kırsal faaliyetleri olumsuz yönde etkileyecek ve doğal/kültürel ortam bozulmaları kaçınılmaz olacaktır.Eldeki araştırmada işlevsel değişim sürecinde Çakırgöl çevresinde yaylalar ve yaylacılık konusu ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı, sahadaki geleneksel yaylacılığın karakteristik özellikleri ile yaylacılıkta yaşanan işlevsel dönüşümü nedenleri ve sonuçlarıyla ortaya koymaktır. Söz konusu amaca ulaşabilmek için gezi-gözlem metodu kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada ulaşılan temel bulgular ise geleneksel yaylacılığın hızla önemini kaybettiği, hayvancılık ekonomisinden uzaklaşıldığı ve bunun yerine rekreatif yaylacılığın gelişmekte olduğudur. Ayrıca sahada yoğunlaşan turizm baskısının, gerek doğal ve gerekse kültürel ortam üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri de açık bir şekilde gözlemlenmiştir.

17 Ağustos depremini yaşamış insanlar, yaşadıkları evleri zarar gördükten sonra, geçici ve daha sonra kalıcı konutlara geçme durumunda kalmışlardır. Birkaç yıl arayla yaşadıkları bu üçlemenin, insanlar üzerinde bina ve mobilyaları ile ilgili çeşitli sorunlar yaratması hareket noktamız olmuştur. Araştırmamızın amacı, deprem sonrasında meydana gelen olumsuzlukları ortadan kaldırabilmek için önceden neler yapılması gerektiği hakkında öneriler ortaya koyabilmektir. Binalar kadar mobilyalarında depremde öldürücü etkileri olduğunu göz ardı etmemek gerekmektedir. Geçici ve kalıcı konutların planlarını tasarlarken Türk aile yapısını ve kültürümüzün bize öğrettiği eski Türk Evi plan tiplerini unutmamak gereklidir. Bu çalışmanın başlangıcında depremi tarih boyunca defalarca yaşamış kentimizin geçmişi araştırılmıştır. İzmit'in yerleşim birimi olarak -varolduğu günden itibaren tarihi incelenmiş ve bir çok kez yok olup, yeniden inşa edilen dirilişi hatırlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. En son yaşadığımız 1999 depreminden kentin nasıl etkilendiği irdelenmiş ve bu felaketten sonra insanlar ile devlet birimlerinin ne gibi girişimlerde bulunduğu hakkında araştırmalar yapılmıştır. Depremi yaşamış ve zarar görmüş aileler ile anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Bu anket çalışması iki ana guruba ayrılmaktadır.Birinci gurup, depremde evleri hasar görmüş ve daha sonra güçlendirme yapılmış aileler üzerine, ikinci gurup ise deprem esnasında veya daha sonra evleri yıkılmış aileler üzerinedir.Toplam 120 adet anketten oluşan bu çalışmada anket formu üç ayrı bölümden meydana gelmektedir. Birinci bölümdeki sorular ailelerin deprem öncesi konutlarıyla ilgili, ikinci bölümdeki sorular deprem sonrası yaşadıkları geçici konutları ile ilgili, üçüncü bölümdeki sorular ise şu an bulundukları (kalıcı) konutları ile ilgilidir. Tüm bu anketler aileler ile gerçekleştirildikten sonra istatistik bilgiler elde edebilmek amacıyla tek tek incelenmiş ve sorulara verilen yanıtların ışığı doğrultusunda tablolar oluşturulmuştur. Bu tablolar depremde en çok zarar gören mobilyalar, deprem öncesi ve sonrası insanların mobilyalar açısından aldığı tedbirler, bulundukları konutlardan duyulan memnuniyet ve memnuniyetsizlik gibi önemli verileri ortaya çıkarmıştır.VII Deprem sonrası ailelerin ilk konutları olan geçici konutlar hakkında araştırmalar yapılmış, plan tipleri incelenmiş ve en çok tercih edilen geçici konut tipleri saptanmıştır. Bu konutların iyi ve kötü yönleri ortaya çıkarılmış ve olası depremlere karşı nasıl tedbirler alınması gerektiği hakkında öneriler getirilmiştir. Aynı durum kalıcı konutlar için de geçerlidir. Kalıcı konut plan tipleri incelenmiş, mobilyalar açısından tefrişleri irdelenmiştir. Bazı kalıcı konut tiplerinde doğru bir takım saptamalar ile gerçekleştirilen gömme sabit dolaplar, kiler-depo üniteleri ve kat adetlerinin az oluşu sevindirici gelişmelerdir. Anket içinde bulunan memnuniyet ifade eden yanıtlar da bunun göstergesidir. Ancak yerleşim biriminden uzak oluşları ailelerin yaşamlarının zorlaşmasına sebep olmuştur. Anket sonucunda elde edilen tablolara göre, konut içindeki mobilyaların sabitleme oranlarındaki düşüklük depremi yaşamış insanların hala tam bir bilinçlilik içinde olmadığının açık bir göstergesidir. Bu üzücü durum olası depremler açısından ele alındığında kaygı duyulacak önemdedir. Halkın bilinçlenmesi için gerekli çalışmalar yapılmalıdır. Binalar kadar mobilyaların da öldürücü rol oynadığı bu felaketlerden en az zararla kurtulabilmek için bina planlaması ve yapımı sırasında veya mobilya üreticileri üzerinde bazı imalat sınırlamaları getirilerek zorlayıcı tedbirler alınmalıdır. Yüksek ve ağır malzemeden imal edilen mobilyalar yerini hafif ve alçak mobilyalara bırakmalıdır. Her ne kadar beyaz eşyaların daha az zarar gördüğü saptanmış olsa da ankastre mobilya kullanımına teşvik edilmeli ve olası kötü sonuçlar ortadan kaldırılmaya çalışılmalıdır. Mimarlar olarak bina planlaması konusunda hassaslığımızı artırmalı ve bize geçmişimizden kalan mirasımızı kullanmayı öğrenmeliyiz. Gelecekte birçok deprem bizleri bekliyor. Yaşadığımız bu felaketten çıkardığımız sonuçlar, alacağımız dersler var ki bir kez daha aynı olayla karşılaştığımızda hayatları kurtarabilelim. Türk insanının kültürünü ve yaşam tarzını göz ardı etmeden doğru planlar tasarlayalım. Bu konutları doğru alanlar üzerinde inşa edelim ve en önemlisi doğru dizayn edilmiş mobilyalar ile tehlikesiz mekanlar yaratalım. Halkımızı bilinçlendirmek için devletimizle el ele verelim ve zorlayıcı tedbirler alalım. The people who lived through the earthquake of August 17th 1999 had to move to first temporary than permanent housing, after the damaging of their previous homes. Our starting point has been the creation of different problems on people regarding the buildings and furnitures. The purpose of our research is to put forward proposals on what to do as precaution in order to avoid the negaivities that surface after the earthquake. It is necessary to consider that furnitures, as much as buildings, have fatal effects during an earthquake. On should not forget the Turkish family structure and the typical Turkish House plans, that was taught to us by our culture, while preparing the plans for temporary and permanent housing. In the preface of this study, the history of our city that experienced earthquakes for centuries, has been examined.The history of İzmit since it existed as a settlement unit, has been investigated and the rise of the rebuilt city has been recalled. It has been investigated throughly how the city has been affected from the recent earthquake that was experienced in 1 999 and moreover several research have been carried out in order to understand what type of attempts are initiated and precautions are taken by the local residents and the government units after the disaster. A survey has been done with the families that lived through and detrimented by the earthquake. This survey has two main groups. First group considers the families whose homes were damaged and were reinforced after the earthquake, while the second group considers the families whose home were either collapsed during the earthquake or demolished after the earthquake. In this study consisting of 120 surveys, the survey form has 3 different group of questions. In the first group, questions are about the residences of the families pre- earthquake, the second group are about the temporary residences that the families lived in just after the earthquake and finally, the third part of questions are about the residences that families live in actually i.e. the permanent residences.After the completion of these surveys, they where examined one by one to develop statistical results and tables were prepared under the light of the answers given. These tables haveIX produced important results like the furnitures that were damaged most during the earthquake, the precautions taken before and after the earthquake with regards to furnitures, and the satisfaction or unsatisfaction of the people about the homes they live in. Research has been carried out on the temporary residences in which the families lived in just after the earthquake, the types of the building projects have been examined and the mostly preferred temporary residence types have been determined. The pros and cons of these residences have been revealed and suggestions on what type of precautions are to be taken againts a possible earthquake, have been made. The same type of research has been carried out for permanent residences also. The types of permanent residence projects have been examined and also throughly evaluated according to furnishing and paving point of view. The -installed in the wall- wardrobes, the pantries and the limited number of stories in the buildings that have been practiced in some of the permanent residences by appropriate determinations are promising developments. The positive reaction conveyed via the surveys are an indication to this. However, the distance of the residences from the city- center has caused the families' lifes to harden. According to the tables that were produced after the survey, the low rate of stabilizing the furniture in houses is a clear indication of the fact that the people that lived through the earthquake are not conscious enough about this subject. This distressing situation has an importance leading to worry with respect to possible future earthquakes. This is also an indication that difficult days are ahead of us in our country which is based on earthquake zone. Necessary studies to increase the awareness of the public are to be carried out. In order to come out of these disasters during which furniture as well as the building itself can become a fatal object, with the least damage, necessary inspection and restrictions have to be carried out both during the project, planning and installation stages of the buildings and both duringmanufacturing of furniture. Furniture has to be made up of light material instead of heavy material and the height of furniture has to be low. Altough it has been observed that household appliances come out of the earthquake with less damage, utilization of-installed in the wall-type of furniture has to be encouraged. As a final word.we as architects, must be more sensitive on the planning of buildings and learn to utilize our heritage of knowledge that accumulated throughout history. Many earthquakes are waiting for us in future. In order to save lives when we face the same incident once more, we shall learn our lessons and produce results from the disaster we lived through. We shall produce house plans without disregarding the culture and life style of Turkish people. We shall built these houses on right areas, and most importantly, we shall create safe living areas with correctly designed furnitures. We shall join forces with our government to make our people concious of these issues and shall establish coercive measures. 247

ÖZ Bu çalışmada, olası bir afet sonrasında kullanılmak üzere, İstanbul Avrupa Yakasında 18 ilçede, sivil savunma ve belediyece belirlenmiş geçici iskan alanlarının Coğrafi Etüdü yapılmıştır. Bunun için öncelikle, bir geçici iskan alanının sahip olması gereken, Uluslararası Kızılhaç ve Kızılay Topluluğu ile Sivil toplum Kuruluşlarınca belirlenmiş asgari standartlar detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Daha sonra çalışma alanı dahilindeki geçici iskan alanlarının sahip olduğu doğal ortam özellikleri ve riskleri ele alınmıştır. Sonuçta bu iki temel veriler, belirlenen geçici iskan alanları üzerinde uygulanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında arazi incelemeleri, sayısal ortamdaki topografya haritalan, jeoloji haritalan, planlar ve geçici iskan alanları için belirlenmiş asgari standartlardan elde edilen veriler, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri metodolojisi kullanılarak coğrafi bakış açısıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçta geçici iskan alanı seçimindeki bazı eksiklik ve yanlışlıklar ortaya konmuş ve çözüm önerileri getirilmiştir. ABSTRACT In this study, the geographic feasibility of the detected temporary shelter areas by civil defense and municipality, was made in 18 towns at the European Side of Istanbul in the process of using after the possible disaster condition. As a first step, minimum quality standards required to be in temporary shelter areas, which were clarified by International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and Non Governmental Organizations, examined in detailed way. After that the natural environment purposes in temporary shelter areas and risks belong to them were studied. Finally two basic sources of data applied on a clarified temporary shelter areas. During the study, land surveys, digitised topographical maps, geological maps, plans and data produced by standard qualities for temporary shelter areas were examined with the perspective of Geographical point of view, by using Geographical Information System Methodology. Hence, the corruptions and gaps at the choice of the temporary shelter areas were detected and the solution proposals presented briefly. ÖZ Bu çalışmada, olası bir afet sonrasında kullanılmak üzere, İstanbul Avrupa Yakasında 18 ilçede, sivil savunma ve belediyece belirlenmiş geçici iskan alanlarının Coğrafi Etüdü yapılmıştır. Bunun için öncelikle, bir geçici iskan alanının sahip olması gereken, Uluslararası Kızılhaç ve Kızılay Topluluğu ile Sivil toplum Kuruluşlarınca belirlenmiş asgari standartlar detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Daha sonra çalışma alanı dahilindeki geçici iskan alanlarının sahip olduğu doğal ortam özellikleri ve riskleri ele alınmıştır. Sonuçta bu iki temel veriler, belirlenen geçici iskan alanları üzerinde uygulanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında arazi incelemeleri, sayısal ortamdaki topografya haritalan, jeoloji haritalan, planlar ve geçici iskan alanları için belirlenmiş asgari standartlardan elde edilen veriler, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri metodolojisi kullanılarak coğrafi bakış açısıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçta geçici iskan alanı seçimindeki bazı eksiklik ve yanlışlıklar ortaya konmuş ve çözüm önerileri getirilmiştir. ABSTRACT In this study, the geographic feasibility of the detected temporary shelter areas by civil defense and municipality, was made in 18 towns at the European Side of Istanbul in the process of using after the possible disaster condition. As a first step, minimum quality standards required to be in temporary shelter areas, which were clarified by International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and Non Governmental Organizations, examined in detailed way. After that the natural environment purposes in temporary shelter areas and risks belong to them were studied. Finally two basic sources of data applied on a clarified temporary shelter areas. During the study, land surveys, digitised topographical maps, geological maps, plans and data produced by standard qualities for temporary shelter areas were examined with the perspective of Geographical point of view, by using Geographical Information System Methodology. Hence, the corruptions and gaps at the choice of the temporary shelter areas were detected and the solution proposals presented briefly. 178

U radu se analiziraju dva vremenska razdoblja razvoja naseljenosti i gospodarskog vrednovanja. Prvo, starije je rekonstrukcija zbivanja na bazi materijalnih ostataka u prostoru do prekida u 10. stoljeću i drugo, poslije toga, na temelju arhivskih i ostalih ”pisanih” izvora uz opažanja na terenu. Pokušalo se pojasniti zašto, kako i kada su Kornati postali populacijski i gospodarski ovakvi kakve danas zatičemo., This work analyses two periods of settlement and economic evaluation development. The first, older one is a reconstruction of events on the basis of material remnants in the area till the break in the 10th century, and the second one, after the break, on the basis of archival and other ”recorded” materials and fieldwork. We have tried to explain why, how and when the Kornati islands acquired their present day population and economic characteristics.

U ovom radu se analiziraju dva vremenska razdoblja razvoja naseljenosti i gospodarskog vrednovanja. Prvo, starije je rekonstrukcija zbivanja na bazi materijalnih ostataka u prostoru do prekida u 10. stoljeću i drugo, poslije toga, na temelju arhivskih i ostalih „pisanih“ izvora, uz opažanja na terenu. Pokušavalo se pojasniti zašto, kako i kada su Kornati postali populacijski i gospodarski ovakvi kakve danas zatičemo., This work analyses two periods of settlement and economic evaluation development. The first, older one is a reconstruction of events on the basis of material remanants in the area till the break in the 10th century, and the second one, after break, on the basis of archival and other "recorded" materials and fieldwork. We have tried to explain why, how and when the Kornati islands acquired their present day population and economic characteristics.

66