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Cell therapy has emerged as a prominent leader in regenerative medicine, offering potential solutions for various disorders, including infertility. Half of all infertility cases are related to male factors. The objective of this study is to systematically summarize the existing knowledge regarding studies on stem cell-based therapy for the regeneration of impaired spermatogenesis. Initial searching was performed through main databases (e.g., PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Embase) until December 2023. Articles conducted on stem cell transplantation into the testis of infertile models were considered. The titles and abstracts of articles were carefully evaluated and screened by independent authors. Nonrelated articles were deleted. The desired outcomes of infertility treatment after stem cell transplantation were attentively evaluated in the final selected articles. In the primary search, 3237 published studies were identified. Finally, 39 studies were included based on the eligibility criteria. In all studies except for two articles, all the outcomes considered, including germ cells/spermatogonia stem cell differentiation, spermatogenesis restoration, defective testicular tissue regeneration, improved sperm quality parameters, and hormonal levels, as well as increased expression of fertility-related markers and fertility rate, were observed after stem cell transplantation. Transplantation of stem cells, especially MSCs could be a safe and effective method for the treatment of male infertility patients, such as azoospermic cases. Further research to investigate the efficiency of different stem cell sources, providing nutrient conditions for the isolation and differentiation of stem cells, and exploring the paracrine effects of MSCs in male infertility therapy, could be useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertility restoration using autologous testicular tissue transplantation is relevant for infertile men surviving from childhood cancer and, possibly, in men with absent or incomplete spermatogenesis resulting in the lack of spermatozoa in the ejaculate (non-obstructive azoospermia, NOA). Currently, testicular tissue from pre-pubertal boys extracted before treatment with gonadotoxic cancer therapy can be cryopreserved with good survival of spermatogonial stem cells. However, strategies for fertility restoration, after successful cancer treatment, are still experimental and no clinical methods have yet been developed. Similarly, no clinically available treatments can help men with NOA to become biological fathers after failed attempts of testicular surgical sperm retrieval. We present a case of a 31-year-old man with NOA who had three pieces of testis tissue (each ∼2 × 4 × 2 mm3) extracted and cryopreserved in relation to performing microdissection testicular sperm extraction (mTESE). Approximately 2 years after mTESE, the thawed tissue pieces were engrafted in surgically created pockets bilaterally under the scrotal skin. Follow-up was performed after 2, 4, and 6 months with assessment of reproductive hormones and ultrasound of the scrotum. After 6 months, all engrafted tissue was extracted and microscopically analyzed for the presence of spermatozoa. Furthermore, parts of the extracted tissue were analyzed histologically and by immunohistochemical analysis. Active blood flow in the engrafted tissue was demonstrated by doppler ultrasound after 6 months. No spermatozoa were found in the extracted tissue. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated graft survival with intact clear tubules and normal cell organization. Sertoli cells and spermatocytes with normal morphology were located near the basement membrane. MAGE-A and VASA positive spermatogonia/spermatocytes were detected together with SOX9 positive Sertoli cells. Spermatocytes and/or Sertoli cells positive for γH2AX was also detected. In summary, following autologous grafting of frozen-thawed testis tissue under the scrotal skin in a man with NOA, we demonstrated graft survival after 6 months. No mature spermatozoa were detected; however, this is likely due to the pre-existing spermatogenic failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims : This study was designed to provide both ex-vivo and in-vivo methods for the extraction and expansion of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Methods: For in-vivo experiments, azoospermic mouse model was performed with Busulfan. Isolation, culture, and characterization of neonate mouse SSC were also achieved. We performed an in-vivo injection of labeled SSCs to the testes with azoospermia. In ex-vivo experiments, extracted SSCs were seeded on the fabricated scaffold consisting of hyaluronic acid (HA) and decellularized testis tissues (DTT). Immunofluorescence staining with PLZF, TP1, and Tekt 1 was performed for SSCs differentiation and proliferation. Results: Several studies demonstrated efficient spermatogenic arrest in seminiferous tubules and proved the absence of spermatogenesis. Transplanted SSCs moved and settled in the basement covering the seminiferous tubules. Most of the cells were positive for Dil, after 4 weeks. An epithelium containing spermatogonia-like cells with Sertoli-like, and Leydig cells were evident in the seminiferous tubules of biopsies, and the IHC staining was significantly positive, 4 weeks after injection of SSCs. The results of the ex-vivo experiments showed positive staining for all markers, which was significantly enhanced in scaffolds of ex-vivo experiments compared with in-vitro seeded scaffolds. Conclusion: Ex-vivo SSC differentiation and proliferation using cell-seeded microfluidic testis scaffolds maybe effective for treatment of the azoospermia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell therapy has emerged as a prominent leader in regenerative medicine, offering potential solutions for various disorders, including infertility. Half of all infertility cases are related to male factors. The objective of this study is to systematically summarize the existing knowledge regarding studies on stem cell-based therapy for the regeneration of impaired spermatogenesis. Initial searching was performed through main databases (e.g., PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Embase) until December 2023. Articles conducted on stem cell transplantation into the testis of infertile models were considered. The titles and abstracts of articles were carefully evaluated and screened by independent authors. Nonrelated articles were deleted. The desired outcomes of infertility treatment after stem cell transplantation were attentively evaluated in the final selected articles. In the primary search, 3237 published studies were identified. Finally, 39 studies were included based on the eligibility criteria. In all studies except for two articles, all the outcomes considered, including germ cells/spermatogonia stem cell differentiation, spermatogenesis restoration, defective testicular tissue regeneration, improved sperm quality parameters, and hormonal levels, as well as increased expression of fertility-related markers and fertility rate, were observed after stem cell transplantation. Transplantation of stem cells, especially MSCs could be a safe and effective method for the treatment of male infertility patients, such as azoospermic cases. Further research to investigate the efficiency of different stem cell sources, providing nutrient conditions for the isolation and differentiation of stem cells, and exploring the paracrine effects of MSCs in male infertility therapy, could be useful., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Molecular characterisation of testicular cells is a pivotal step towards a profound understanding of spermatogenesis and developing assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) based on germline preservation. To enable the identification of testicular somatic and spermatogenic cell types in felids, we investigated the expression of five molecular markers at the protein level in testes from domestic cats (Felis catus) at different developmental phases (prepubertal, pubertal I and II, postpubertal I and II) classified by single-cell ploidy analysis. Our findings indicate a prominent co-labelling for two spermatogonial markers, UCHL1 and FOXO1, throughout postnatal testis development. Smaller subsets of UCHL1 or FOXO1 single-positive spermatogonia were also evident, with the FOXO1 single-positive spermatogonia predominantly observed in prepubertal testes. As expected, DDX4+ germ cells increased in numbers beginning in puberty, reaching a maximum at adulthood (post-pubertal phase), corresponding to the sequential appearance of labelled spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids. Furthermore, we identified SOX9+ Sertoli cells and CYP17A1+ Leydig cells in all of the developmental groups. Importantly, testes of African lion (Panthera leo), Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), Chinese leopard (Panthera pardus japonesis) and Sudan cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii) exhibited conserved labelling for UCHL1, FOXO1, DDX4, SOX9 and CYP17A1. The present study provides fundamental information about the identity of spermatogenic and somatic testicular cell types across felid development that will be useful for developing ART approaches to support endangered felid conservation.

Numerous genes involved in male reproduction regulate testis development and spermatogenesis. In this study, the testis tissue transcriptome was used to identify candidate genes and key pathways associated with fecundity in sheep. Histological analysis of testis tissue using hematoxylin–eosin (HE) routine staining was performed for two sheep breeds. Overall, 466 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between Hu sheep (HS) and Tibetan sheep (TS) through RNA sequencing technology (RNA-Seq), including 226 upregulated and 240 downregulated genes. Functional analysis showed that several terms and pathways, such as "protein digestion and absorption", "cAMP signaling pathway", "focal adhesion", and "p53 signaling pathway" were closely related to testis development and spermatogenesis. Several genes (including COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, SOX9, BCL2, HDC, and GGT5) were significantly enriched in these terms and pathways and might affect the reproduction of sheep by regulating the migration of spermatogenic cells, apoptosis of spermatogenic cells, and secretion of sterol hormones via testicular interstitial cells. Our results provide a theoretical basis for better understanding the molecular mechanisms of reproduction in sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to compare the effect of changing the spatial distance and time radio frequency (RF) radiation from mobile phone in standby mode on the structure and function of testicles. NMRI mice were randomly divided into three groups. The first group was the control and the second group (exposed group) was divided into four subgroups: groups A (A1 and A2) and groups B (B1 and B2), which were placed in plastic holder units at two distances of 5 cm and 20 cm from RF radiation, respectively. A1 and B1, and A2 and B2 were exposed to RF radiation for six and 10 weeks, respectively. The exposure duration was 5 days/week, 6 hours/day. The third group with two subgroups (sham1 and sham2) were kept in plastic holder units without being exposed to radiation and were evaluated after six and 10 weeks, respectively. The changes in the external diameters of seminiferous tubules and the height of germinal epithelium obviously depended more on the distance from the radiation source than on the exposure time. The decrease in the diameter of the testicles and sperm motility were found to be time-dependent. These effects had a clear but unpredictable dependence on the two variables of distance and RF radiation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:Immunosuppressive drugs cause destructive changes and atrophy of seminiferous tubules, decrease in sperm count and motility and sperm deformities in epididymal ducts, resulting in male infertility. Therefore, in this study, the role of vitamin A in preventing these effects was on spermatogenesis in male rats. Materials and methods: In this study using 40 NMRI mice in 5 groups of 8 for 8 weeks including control group, prednisolone control group 1.5 mg/kg, prednisolone control group 2.5 mg/kg (intramuscular) And 2 groups treated with vitamin A50 mg/kg (gavage). Finally, testicular tissue and sperm parameters were examined and the obtained data were analyzed using ANOVA software. Results: Prednisolone treatment had an effect on body weight, testicular weight to body weight ratio, testicular seminiferous tubules diameter and serum testosterone concentration and a significant decrease (P

Genomic markers play an important role in tracing the flow of genetic causality of observable signals in animals and plants. In farm animals, the participation of male animals in the gene pool of subsequent generations are much higher than female animals and testes are the most important organs of the male reproductive system. This study was conducted to investigate simple sequence repeats (SSR) within the expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in order to classify the Bos taurus testis tissue’s genes for their relationship and specificity with related reproductive domains. A total of 48,549 publicly available EST sequences from cattle testis tissue downloaded from GenBank database, out of which, 10,237 sequences that their library made from testis tissue were extracted and specialized as the studied sequences using several searching tools and software. Across these selective sequences, 2,039 contigs, 5,097 singletons, and 153 SSRs were detected. EST-SSRs were subsequently evaluated using GenBank and categorized based on their functions in biological systems of dairy cattle. Investigation of these motifs showed that the identified EST-SSRs can be classified into 48 types that GT in dinucleotides and GCC in trinucleotides had the highest frequency. Annotation and gene ontology analysis revealed a relationship among 54 domains with the observed SSRs. Localization and characterization of such markers can help tracing the production of amino acids coded by identified repeats as shown in this study.

Genomic markers play an important role in tracing the flow of genetic causality of observable signals in animals and plants. In farm animals, the participation of male animals in the gene pool of subsequent generations are much higher than female animals and testes are the most important organs of the male reproductive system. This study was conducted to investigate simple sequence repeats (SSR) within the expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in order to classify the Bos taurus testis tissue's genes for their relationship and specificity with related reproductive domains. A total of 48,549 publicly available EST sequences from cattle testis tissue downloaded from GenBank database, out of which, 10,237 sequences that their library made from testis tissue were extracted and specialized as the studied sequences using several searching tools and software. Across these selective sequences, 2,039 contigs, 5,097 singletons, and 153 SSRs were detected. EST-SSRs were subsequently evaluated using GenBank and categorized based on their functions in biological systems of dairy cattle. Investigation of these motifs showed that the identified EST-SSRs can be classified into 48 types that GT in dinucleotides and GCC in trinucleotides had the highest frequency. Annotation and gene ontology analysis revealed a relationship among 54 domains with the observed SSRs. Localization and characterization of such markers can help tracing the production of amino acids coded by identified repeats as shown in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Diazinon is an organophosphate insecticide. , which inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Diazinon on pituitary-gonadal axis and histological alteration of seminferous tubules in adult rat testis. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups including control, sham and experimental 1, 2 and 3. Animals in experimental group 1, 2 and 3 were received 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg/bw of diazinon for 28 days, orally, respectively. Animals in control group did not receive any substance. Animals in sham group were received an equivalent amount of normal saline. The animals were euthanized after 28 days and a blood sample was collected via heart puncture and testes were removed for histological studies. Results: Diazinon significantly reduced serum testosterone concentration, sertoli cell, leydig cell count, primary spermatocyte and spermatid (P

Abstract Background Diabetes is one of the most chronic and widespread diseases causing the damages to the male reproductive system. Nowadays, several studies have been performed to show the role of phenolic compounds in reducing the complications of diabetes. Carvacrol is a phenolic monoterpene which has been shown to have much therapeutic efficacy in various diseases. Methods Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats (n = 8 in each group) were used in this experimental study. The induction of diabetes was performed using a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of STZ (50 mg/kg). Rats were assigned into the following groups: control group, diabetic group, diabetic group daily fed with carvacrol at a dose of 75 mg/kg for 8 weeks, and the control group daily fed with carvacrol at a dose of 75 mg/kg for 8 weeks. Results Treatment with carvacrol significantly improved the histological morphology of the testis, reduced the tissue activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes, and diminished the elevated levels of tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.05). Moreover, our results showed that carvacrol significantly decreased Bax and increased Bcl-2 at the levels of gene and protein expression. It also significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the rate of germ cell apoptosis. Conclusion It seems that the treatment with carvacrol mitigates testicular tissue damage in diabetic rats possibly through its antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Takifugu rubripes is a classical model organism for studying the role of gonad organogenesis in such physiological processes as fertilization, sex determination, and sexual development. To explicitly investigate the mechanism associated with gonad organogenesis in T. rubripes , we obtained 44.3 million and 55.2 million raw reads from the testis and ovary, respectively, by RNA-seq and from these, 18,523 genes were identified. A total of 680 differentially expressed genes were obtained from comparison transcriptome analysis between the testis and ovary, and of these, 556 genes were up-regulated in the testis, whereas only 124 genes were upregulated in the ovary. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that many of these genes encode proteins involved in signal transduction and gonad development. We mainly focused on the differentially expressed genes that have the potential to develop into the gonad. The generation of large scale transcriptomic data presented in this work would enrich the genetic resources of T. rubripes , which should be valuable to the comparative and evolutionary studies of teleosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: When the sperm finds its final form at maturity, its antigen acts as a foreign cell against an immune system. With the sperm entrance into the blood vessel system, the immune system is exposed to antigens, and anti-sperm antibodies can be produced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intraperitoneal sperm injection on rat testis tissue in second generation. METHODS: This experimental- laboratory study was performed on adult Albino rats of 3 months of age and weight approximately 250 to 300 grams. Sperms obtained from 8 rats, were injected into 12 female rats, during 4 stages at one week interval. Then under coupling, the testes of male offspring born (24 rats of the second generation) were biopsied after reaching the age of maturity. Tissue slices were prepared and stained with H;E. Seminiferous tubule diameter, number of germ cells and leydig cells were measured by using the eyepiece and compared with control group. FINDINGS: Average number of germ cells in control and second generation was 9.5±0.9 and 8.2±1.1, respectively (p

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Dursban is the most common organophosphate pesticides that used for control of pests. The main action of this compound is inhibition of cholinesterase enzyme, which adversely effects on reproductive system. Due to the use of pesticides in agriculture and the possible damage, the effect of this toxin on the sexual hormones and changes of testis tissue in mice was studied.METHODS: In the experimental study, 40 adult male mice were divided into four equal groups including control, sham, experimental (1and 2) groups. In the experimental groups, animals were intraperitoneally injected with consecutive doses of 15mg/kg and 30mg/kg dursban for one month (five days per week). The olive oil was injected to sham group and control received no injection. Testes tissue sections were prepared to investigate possible changes occurring in the category of spermatogenic, Leydig cells and seminiferous tubule by eye piece (calibrated ocular lens). Diameter of testis was measured by micrometer. Levels of gonadotropin hormones and testosterone were assayed by radioimmunoassay. Then data were analyzed. FINDINGS: Levels of gonadotropin hormones and testosterone in experimental (1 and 2) groups were significantly declined compared to control and sham group (p

ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: Lead is one the world wide using metals it has been used since ancient time. It is also a toxin, known to have adverse effects on the body even at low level of exposure and it induces a bread range of physiological, biochemical, and behavioral dysfunctions. Studies have been showed that this metal has harmful effects on several tissues such as: nervous system, blood tissues, and cardiovascular system, reproductive and urinary system. Because it damage human, animal and plants. Nowadays has been attended on this metal. Materials & Methods: White male rabbits of New Zealand race were used and divided into two groups. Experimental groups (N =10) 6.5 Mg/Kg of lead acetate were injected intraperitoneally every other day to each animal for 7 weeks as chronic dose and control group (N=10) were injected only with demonized water. After taking biopsy from testis tissues of each group, tissue preparation was performed for LM and EM studies as standard method. Morphologic study was carried out on electron micrographs. Data have been compared using statistically methods. Results: Morphological findings showed that testis tissue in experimental group that chronic dose has been sever changed histologically compared with control group. Seminifar tubules diameter showed significant decrease (p

Objective: Infectious infertility is considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a main problem in sexual life and public health. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant properties and the effect of Allium cepa (onion) juice on the tissue of testis and seminiferous tubules affected by Escherichia coli. Materials and Methods: Thirty-Two adult Wistar male rats aging 2.5 to 3 months divided to four groups of 8 rats. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (serotype 0114) used to infect the rats. Onions prepared from the district Ilkhichi, Iran which were used for two groups. Following the infection, pathologic samples were prepared from the tissue of the sperms which were investigated through hematoxylin & eosin (H & E) staining. In addition, the motility, vitality, the number of sperms, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone were evaluated as well. Results: Results indicated that in the control group all the seminiferous tubules are sticking together and all the lines of sexual germ cells observed;while, in E. coli group were disunited and the line of sexual cells were destroyed. In the groups infected by E. coli and treated by A. cepa juice, the effects of bacteria reduced considerably. The number of sperms, sperms vitality and motility decreased significantly in E. coli infected group, while in the A. cepa juice + E. coli the effects of infectious was reduced. The results of the study showed that A. cepa juice significantly increases TAC and testosterone. Conclusion: The results indicated A. cepa juice has protective effects against E. coli bacteria and fertility, testis tissue and antioxidants improvement and the effects of the bacteria decreased significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Diazinon is an organophosphate insecticide. , which inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Diazinon on pituitary-gonadal axis and histological alteration of seminferous tubules in adult rat testis. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups including control, sham and experimental 1, 2 and 3. Animals in experimental group 1, 2 and 3 were received 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg/bw of diazinon for 28 days, orally, respectively. Animals in control group did not receive any substance. Animals in sham group were received an equivalent amount of normal saline. The animals were euthanized after 28 days and a blood sample was collected via heart puncture and testes were removed for histological studies. Results: Diazinon significantly reduced serum testosterone concentration, sertoli cell, leydig cell count, primary spermatocyte and spermatid (P<0.05). Diazinon had no significant effect on the body and testis weight in the experimental groups compared to controls. Conclusion: Diazinon reduces the concentration of testosterone and cells in seminferous tubule in adult rat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Spermatogenesis is a highly complicated process which initiated by spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). SSCs are the only cell type that can restore fertility in infertile recipient after SSCs transplantation. SSCs damage during cancer diagnosis and therapy and their depletion may be cause of male infertility in cancer survivors. In this review, used experimental methods regarding SSCs and testis tissue cryopreservation have been reviewed with a special focus on animal models and human which have generated the majority of data about SSCs and the cryopreservation process. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:122-129, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: nanoparticles due to their small size can overcome blood-testis barrier and affect spermatogenesis process.The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of trioxide (MoO3) nanoparticles on histological changes of testis and spermatogenesis process in adult male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study30 adult male Wistar rats were randomely divided into five groups (n=6) ,including control, 2 sham groups, and 2experimental groups.Control group had no treatment. Two experimental groups received doses 5 & 10 mg/kg/BW nano Molybdenum trioxide(20nm) respectively, and two sham groups received the same doses of normal saline by intraperitoneal injection.After 28 days, rats testis was removed and fixed in Bouin's fixative for histological examination. The 5μm sections were stained with hematoxilin-eosin. Results: In experimental group which received 5mg/kg/BW nanoparticle, there was some disorganization of spermatogenic cells in some seminiferous tubules. In experimental group which received 10mg/kg/BW nanoparticle, a significant decrease was also observed in the number of spermatogenic and sertoli cells in comparison with the control group. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study exposure to the high doses of ( MoO3) nanoparticles can disrupt male reproductive system in a dose- dependent manner. Hence, the application of (MoO3) NPs should be carried out cautiously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine serum is widely used for cryopreservation of various cells and tissues. However, its cryoprotective effects on the cells and tissues are ambiguous and controversial. To test the effects of newborn calf serum (NCS) on cryopreservation of bovine testis tissue, NCS of 0%, 5%, 10% and 20% (v/v) was added into minimum essential medium + 10% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)-based medium according to our previous report. Interestingly, the testicular cell viabilities and spermatogonia percentages from four groups were very close. The results indicated that an increase in the concentration of NCS in freezing medium to 20% has no significant effect on survival of both testicular cells and spermatogonia, and 10% DMSO-based freezing medium can maintain the testicular cell viability and spermatogonia percentage at a relatively high level (83.4 ± 0.7 and 56.5 ± 2.2 respectively). Taken together, NCS is dispensable for cryopreservation of adult bovine testis tissue. Our results provide an evidence for cutting down the costs in cryopreservation research of bovine testis tissue by reducing or giving up the use of serum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aimed to determine the reproductive toxicity in rat induced by ruthenium(II)-NHC (RuII) and gold(I)-NHC (AuI) complexes that have anticarcinogenic effects. For this purpose, 35 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 equal groups. In control group, rats treated with saline, RuII, and AuI complexes were intraperitoneally given high (10 mg/kg) and low (5 mg/kg) doses to rats via a one-time administration. The animals were sacrificed, and testis tissues were taken on Day 10 of the drug administration for the determination of the biochemical, histopathological, spermatological, and hormonal parameters. It was determined that treatment group that was subjected to treatment using both RuII and AuI complexes significantly caused oxidative, histopathological, spermatological, and hormonal damage compared to control group. However, the sexual and accessory organ weight did not significantly change when compared to control. In addition, it was shown that AuI treatment generally caused more adverse effects than RuII treatment in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, when these synthesized compounds are used for the treatment of cancer, they could cause toxic effects on male reproductive system and lead to infertility. However, RuII complex is a more preferable option in cancer treatment, particularly in terms of user safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to develop effective strategies for hypothermic preservation of immature porcine testis tissue to maintain structural integrity and cell viability. In Experiment 1, testes from 1-week-old piglets were used to study the effects of tissue sample size (as intact testes or fragments of 100-or 30 mg) and the use of one of 9 different media on hypothermic preservation of the testis tissue for 6 days. The examined media included: Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), Leibovitz L15 (L15), L15 with fetal bovine serum (FBS, at 10%, 20% or 50%), HypoThermosol solution-FRS (HTS), Ham’s F12, and Media 199. On days 0, 3, and 6, testis tissues were digested to compare the cell survival rates. Tissue sections were also semi-quantitatively assessed to determine the efficiency of different preservation strategies. There was no effect of testis sample size ( P > 0.05), but cell survival rates of testis cells isolated from preserved testis tissues changed depending on the media and day ( P < 0.05). Testis tissue within HTS did not show morphological changes after 6 days. In Experiment 2, two of the top performing media (20% FBS-L15 and HTS) were selected for immunocytochemical detection of gonocytes. Proportions of gonocytes (%) in isolated testis cells, however, did not differ between the two media on days 0, 3, or 6. These results show that testis tissue can be maintained for 3 days at 4°C with high cell survival rate, and tissue morphology can be preserved for at least 6 days in HTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]