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Since the Second World War, the Labour Party has alternated between periods in which it has been positioned further to the left and others when it has been further to the right. The standard explanation for those oscillations is electoral–ideological. Labour moves to the right (towards the political centre) when it prioritises electoral considerations, usually after a period in opposition. It moves to the left when it prioritises ideology, usually after periods in government. Against this we propose a political economy–policy explanation. Labour moves to the right and a redistributive economic strategy when the economy is performing reasonably well. It moves to the left and adopts a structural economic reform programme when the economy is perceived to be in crisis. We argue that the political economy–policy explanation offers a more satisfactory account of when and why Labour has changed its spatial policy positioning in this period. By acknowledging the role of what we term 'policy reasoning' in the processes by which political parties (and the public) adopt and change spatial policy positions, our approach provides an alternative to the mechanistic models deriving from Downsian rational choice theory. It suggests that, contrary to general expectation, the Labour Party under Keir Starmer does not need to react to its 2019 election defeat by shifting significantly to the right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is intended to answer questions. As a result, micro finance must be maintained. The population in this study is 232 customers. Siharsimi Arikunto estimated sample size was 25, thus producing a sample of 58 respondents and sampling samples using the purposing sampling. His data collection methods with the spread of questionnaires interviews, and documentaries. And the data analysis uses simple regression. Research has shown that independent variables in the micro-wakaf bank are arbitrarily affected by people's increased economic well-being. It's based on the results of the calculations obtained value. T account > the table is ( 9.23 > 2.0025) with a value signifikansi 0'05. Thus the h1 hypothesis was accepted. According to data analysis, micro business flanking institution must be conducted as micro finance institution. The amount, the level of funds given. Has an influence on the business run by customers in their daily economic needs. So that in the increase in the business it self is still increasing, limites to additional capital. To add merchandise and try new businesses only used for consumptive purposes should be used as productive funds.

In this article, I propose four considerations that might frame a history of economic consciousness from the pre-modern oikonomia to the modern economy. (1) Before the economy dominated attention in the public sphere, economic consciousness was pre-discursive. Only once economic concerns were being dealt with, discursive practices were possible. Thus economic practices, for most parts of human history, have been considered a condition rather than a locus of culture. (2) As soon as economic affairs enter the discursive sphere, they cause problems of trust and nourish a culture of suspicion. This is manifest specifically in the pre-eminence of ad-hominem arguments. (3) Modern economic knowledge results from a set of strategies that avoid, rather than deal with, this mistrust. This is apparent from the tendency of economic knowledge to be formal. The notion of the economy as an anonymous social structure emerges from this intellectual avoidance. (4) The problem of the ideology of economic knowledge is less that of hidden interests but that economists cannot assume social responsibility without losing their face as scientists and indeed reinforce the culture of mistrust inherent in modern economic discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay serves as a response to Kurt Smith, who wrote a philosophical and historical commentary on my 2018 essay entitled ‘Crises, confidence and animal spirits: exploring subjectivity in the dualism of Descartes and Keynes’ in The Journal of Philosophical Economics. It also provides a rejoinder to my original commentary on the role of animal spirits in relation to dualism in the work of Descartes and Keynes. I address Smith’s historical-philosophical response to my work in three ways. First, I revisit Gilbert Ryle’s concept of the intellectualist legend with respect to understanding the Cartesian tradition of thought and expand upon my own exegetical approach in order to clear up the thorny issue of determining and asserting authorial intention. Second, I address the problem of establishing analogies between texts and disciplines. In order to do so I will revisit my earlier critique of the concept of ‘the Economy’ and show that, contra to Smith’s reading, it is not in fact analogous to Descartes’ ‘human being.’ Finally, I open up a fresh exploration of the nature of the relationship between economic rationality and economic system, looking at the broader economic vision of Keynes and some of his notorious opponents – Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek.

I explore the ANC government's cadre-based (BBBEE/Broad-based Black economic empowerment) narrative in restructuring the economy amidst the pandemic, as an ideological vehicle to achieve an unstated nefarious purpose. The narrative that I aim to capture through the lenses of Naomi Klein's disaster capitalism read with Reiman's "pyrrhic defeat theory," is built around the fictitious idea of Black economic empowerment. Ultimately it serves as a vehicle for fraudulent personal enrichment by politicians and well-connected tenderpreneurs. This double theoretical vision is meant to augment and explain the opportunity that the Covid-pandemic provided for its exploitation as an example of disaster capitalism. I traverse the events which led to the current global pandemic as well as the way or ways in which a faction within government and its institutions has generally colluded with Big Business to profit from it. I consider the South African government's initial response to the pandemic as well as the ways in which such a response morphed into a self-enrichment scheme under the guise of BBBEE. This remains plausible even if one concedes that this purpose was not by original design or is solely driven by a faction within the ruling party. This discussion is preceded by an overview of the VBS Mutual Bank fraud scandal, foreshadowing my demonstration of how the pandemic proffers an opportunity for the RET-group within government to transform into a criminal shadow state as a going concern. In conclusion, I draw on the Covid-19 experience to suggest lessons for the future economic management of pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subject of research is public debt. The purpose of this article is to analyze the status of public debt of Ukraine, its dynamics and structure. Methods which were used in course of research: the method of systemic structural analysis and synthesis, method of comparative analysis, generalization, statistical, General, special methods of scientific knowledge and other research methods. Study results.The article described the views of scientists on the essence of economic category «public debt». Analyzed the periods of the formation of government debt, the dynamics of the budget deficit of Ukraine over the past 10 years, public and publicly guaranteed debt of Ukraine from 2012 to 2019 Indicated the negative effects of the impact of public debt on the economy and forward-looking indicators of public debt in the years 2020-2024. Application of results.Тhe results of the study can be used in the activities of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, as well as in institutions of higher education in teaching economic disciplines. Conclusions.The state budget of Ukraine is performed by increasing the volume of its deficiency and the use of borrowing to Finance it. The result is an increase in government direct and guaranteed debt, and this is what causes the increased pressure on the public finances, on the development of our country, which negatively affects economic growth. During the years of independence, there were fluctuations in government and government-guaranteed debt, but never reached zero values. The main objective of the government is to stabilize the economy, and hence in the medium term, he needs to resolve the question of reducing public debt because it poses a threat to financial and economic security of the country.

In the English-speaking world, the history of Joseon is underrepresented on library shelves displaying books on East Asian history. Academic works in English on early modern Chinese and Japanese history greatly outnumber academic studies of Joseon. Moreover, even within the field of Joseon history, much more attention has been paid to political history and the history of war than to most other areas. Several studies of Joseon-era religion and philosophy, especially Confucianism, have also been published. However, only a small part of the scholarship on Joseon produced by scholars in the West deals with social or economic history. There is even less published on the history of science, medicine, and technology. Similarly, few monographs have been published that focus on Joseon’s cultural history. This lack of breadth in English-language scholarship may be the reason there is as yet no comprehensive one-volume survey of Joseon history, and why there are not as many books on Joseon in libraries as there should be. Fortunately, there are signs that the scholarship on Joseon is starting to multiply and diversify. That gives us hope that, in that not-too-distant future, Joseon may be able to claim the space it deserves on library shelves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aims to address the opportunities available for the future sustainability of small and medium enterprises in Algeria after the Corona crisis, which was a strong shock that greatly affected the economy in general and its small and medium enterprises in particular. Study design: The study was divided into two axes, the first concerned with the theoretical framework of small and medium enterprises and their importance, as well as the Corona virus and its reality in Algeria, while the second axis was devoted to studying the negative effects of each of the Corona virus and the precautionary measures applied to reduce it on the economy, small and medium enterprises, as well as the various opportunities available from this crisis to ensure an economy Better with more flexible and efficient SMEs. Results: Among the most important results reached through this study is that the CORONAVIRUS has not only negative effects on Small and Medium Enterprises, but there are many positive effects that were represented in activation of electronic commerce, teleworking, electronic payment, and encouraging industrial diversity in small and medium enterprises, and adopting The concept of social responsibility by this enterprises. Conclusion: as a conclusion of the study, it can be said that Algeria in the post-corona phase focuses on the aforementioned positive results and supports them, it will be able to turn the balance of Algerian economy for the better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The political relations between Budva and Dubrovnik from 1358 until the end of the 14th century were very intense. During 1359, they were in hostile relations, because of the Budva pirates' attacks on Dubrovnik merchants. With their skilful diplomacy, the citizens of Dubrovnik successfully resolved these misunderstandings. The following year, a peace agreement was concluded, followed by the friendly relations between the two towns. During the conflict between Dubrovnik and the prince Vojislav Vojinović and Kotor 1361-1362, Budva was Dubrovnik's ally. St. Blasius city authorities granted citizenship to lord Površko (1361-1364) at the end of October 1361, for alliance and military support. This diplomatic gift expresses gratitude, respect, and friendship. When Površko was killed in November 1364 by Kotor, the citizens of Dubrovnik sent a galley to save his family. The city authorities showed hospitality and provided material support to Površko's family. Duke Nikola Zakaria (1364-1388) replaced the deceased Površko as castellanus in the town of Budva. During the war between Venice and Genoa from 1378 to 1381, Dubrovnik needed a military ally in the southern Adriatic. The great Dubrovnik diplomacy again won Budva over to their side in the fight against the Venetians who ruled in Kotor. This was the motive for granting citizenship to Nikola, the master of Budva, at the end of July 1379. The concept of granting citizenship and friendship to Budva's masters included helping Dubrovnik in the fight against Kotor. Budva had the task to attack Kotor and block the communes, to control the commercial import and export of goods. In return, the masters of Budva were given shelter for themselves and their family in the town, assistance in weapons, food, money, and gifts. In chronological order, we processed the diplomatic missions of deputies from Dubrovnik in Budva and their basic guidelines. The documents show that the deputies' goals were different: support the Castellan of Budva in the fight against Kotor (1361-1362), mediation in the conflicts of Đurađ II Balšić over Budva with Radič Crnojević in 1395 and Duke Sandalj Hranić in 1398, etc. Gifts played an important role in diplomatic relations between Dubrovnik and Budva. The most frequent gifts to Budva's masters were textiles that Dubrovnik gave to gain concrete and long-term political benefits. Budva was economically underdeveloped and the traders from Dubrovnik were bypassing Budva, because there was not enough opportunity for business and profit. In search of a job and a better life, a small number of people from Budva came to study various crafts in Dubrovnik or were engaged as servants and maids. Based on the analysis of the sources in the reported period, we came to the conclusion that Budva and Dubrovnik had very good political relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Left-wing politics is resurgent. Self-proclaimed socialists are unexpectedly popular. Proposals like universal health care are a commonplace of Democratic campaigns. But there is not yet a clear, unifying idea behind this political shift. We propose that that idea is freedom. While the left once understood freedom as emancipation from the economy, the right spent the twentieth century neutralizing and appropriating the idea of freedom by reinventing the economy as the true site of freedom. To reclaim freedom as a value of the left, we have to begin with the daily experience of most people: the unfreedom of the workplace. The authoritarian organization of work is not just an offense against freedom; it also helps us understand how freedom requires emancipation both from the economy and within the economy, and why that emancipation requires mass struggle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Foreign Policy Journal (CFPJ) is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Canon law regulates issues, including the ones regarding poverty in religious institutes. As initially, also today, people and communities of consecrated life embrace the „poor lifestyle". To follow this lifestyle, in today's administration of material goods, among others, words such as transparency, programmability, reporting are becoming the necessary benchmarks. The study discusses these three areas based on canon law and the document Economia a servizio del carisma e della missione. The current thought of the Magisterium of the Catholic Church emphasizes the feature of transparency in the administration of religious goods, i.e., transparency in management at every stage, every activity or office. In this way, the activities of the institutes refute various accusations of persons and environments hostile to the Church. At the same time, administrative clarity makes more effective fundraising possible. Donors are more willing to donate their goods for religious purposes when they know these purposes and are sure that their funds will be well spent. Economical management requires programming or planning, both in the shorter time perspective (budget) and from the perspective of long-term plans. This, in turn, requires initiating design thinking. So that economic activities are not just some spontaneous reaction to the situations but reflect intelligent behaviour. At the same time, following prudence and plans does not exclude an element of God's providence. Economic programming often requires obtaining various permits, as indicated by canon law and recent documents of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life. Competent persons and bodies must also supervise administrative decisions at religious institutes. Even the best plans will not become effective if one does not have adequate control. In programming, one cannot forget that individual religious structures are part of a larger whole, as an institute, but also a local and universal Church. Programming and reporting significantly combine and make the administration of religious goods transparent, inside and outside the institute. Consecrated persons in carrying out such complex tasks should also use new IT tools. Modern circulation of information, merging, and processing of economic data is no longer possible without modern computer software. The Church's thought reminds us that the field of economics is a tool and that money is to serve, not rule, and it is subordinated to the religious mission and charism. In this way, the lives of consecrated people bear witness to Christ and the Church and to the faith that does not put material goods first. This witness indicates that, above all, God is the real wealth of human life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research deals with one of the most important issues that has a great interest all over the world. It deals with an important subject – the economy – which is considered to be the nerve of the human life, especially in the modern times. The researcher chose an important aspect-the moral one – therefore, the subject title is “Moral Standards from the Perspective of the Qur’an and the Sunnah” for the development in the field of economy. The researcher explained the nature of the economic curriculum in the development of the nation, whether this has an effect on the level of individuals or groups in terms of political and military aspects or even in terms of educational and pedagogical ones. The researcher talked about ethical standards from the Qur’an and the Sunnah perspective to promote the nation in the economic field, so he chose twelve standards related to the sale and purchase that deal with the economy in general, which is derived from the Qur’an verses, the Prophet’s Hadith. Finally, the researcher came out with several results and the most important one was that it is impossible for the nation to rise unless it achieves economic dependency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Historical & Cultural Studies an Academic Magazine is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present article sets out the scientific approach of Dmitry Sergeevich Chernavskii to the modelling of economic processes. It recounts the history of works of Dmitry Sergeyevich on the economic front, its milestones and achievements. One of the most important advances in the economic analysis was the prediction by a team of scientists headed by D. S. Chernavskii, the major crises that have occurred in our country over the last 20 years, namely, the default of 1998, the crisis of industrial production in the second half of the 2000s, the 2008 crisis and the ensuing recession. As an example, the dynamic analysis of the global macroeconomic processes shows the model of functioning of the dollar as the world currency. On this particular example shows the possibility of seigniorage due to the issue of the dollar and the calculated "window of opportunity" that allows you to issue dollars as the global currency, without prejudice to its own economy. A model for the development of a closed society (without external economic relations) in the one-product approach is considered as an example of dynamic analysis of the economy of a separate state. The model is based on the principles of market economy, i.e. the dynamics of prices is determined by the balance of supply and demand. It is shown that in the general case, the state of market equilibrium is not unique. Several steady states with different levels of production and consumption are possible. Effect of addressed emission of money in underproductive state is considered. It is shown that, depending on its size it can lead to the transition to a highly productive condition, and just cause inflation without transition. The relationship of these results with the "Keynesian" and "monetarist" approaches is discussed.

The article describes in chronological order the accumulated «negative» entropy indices of the Russian people from 1900 to 1917, which led to the 1917 revolution. The revolution in Russia was caused by the negative change of the society’s internal energy and inadequate regulation actions of the tsarist autocracy. The government swiftly destroyed the patriarchal structure that was built for centuries and did not offer any better solutions, which led to the deterioration of the economic state of the nation. People, tired of war, did not accept slogan of the elite - «fight to the finish». Even the military elite conspired to overthrow the autocracy, while the part that backed the government - White movement - was unsuccessful both in the revolution and the civil war. The February Revolution of 1917 is not the result of the Bolsheviks’ victory, but the conspiracy of generals. Analytical calculations of the entropy indices as a «chaos» theory proves the incontestability of these events.

The article examines the scientists’ views of the evolution on economic security and an approach to solve problems of the economic security in different countries of the world at different times. The essence of economic security based on the visions of scientists has been studied so that three groups of definitions of the economic security are defined and its impartiality with regard to the development of globalization processes is proved. The paper highlights the components of economic security and proves its structure in which there are three essential elements: economic independence, stability and sustainability of the national economy, the ability to self-development and progress.

The subject of research is theoretical and practical issues of development and implementation of marketing information as a tool to influence economic development. The study aims to determine the details of the national information marketing modern conditions of education and study areas of improvement. Research methods. The paper used a set of scientific methods and approaches, including systemic, structural, comparative, factorial, allowing realize conceptual integrity of the study. The results of the work. The features information implementation of national education policy. A priority directions of improvement of information marketing the medium term. Range of application results. The sphere of education. Conclusions. Information Marketing sets and continually supports not only trade but also exchange of information between potential participants of market relations. Need it the better, the more manufacturers of similar products opposed to those in need in her subjects. Typically, before the conclusion of the agreement, the employer is trying to explore the smallest detail nuances consumer preferences and buyer, in turn, operational and economic characteristics of the proposed goods. With channel marketing communications network information about the state of supply and demand are the property of both parties. The act of sale is only if the producer and the buyer agree on a mutually beneficial contract. The result of the agreement - the transition from producer to consumer rights to use goods in exchange for other goods or money.

Copyright of IUG Journal of Islamic Studies is the property of Islamic University of Gaza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of IUG Journal of Islamic Studies is the property of Islamic University of Gaza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the help of the international research literature, and the legislative framework of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Armenia in the article reveals the basic concepts and the essence of the real estate market, as well as given the classification of real estate. Thoroughly explains the difference between the concepts of "real estate" and "real property". In the article considered the main elements which includes the structure of the real estate market.

The article describes the evolution of the real estate market of the Republic of Armenia. It presents the emergence and development of real estate market after the collapse of the USSR. The main influence on the impact of the global financial crisis on the real estate market in Republic of Armenia. Discusses some of the important issues for long-term development of the real estate market.

Terrorism is a constant companion of history and today has become an inevitable part of every country's economy, both in theory and in practice. This paper will analyze and examine the economic implications of terrorism, links between the incidence of terrorism and the state of a country's economy, as well as to present the basis for the analysis of terrorism within the economic framework. Terrorism has multiple roots and produces multiple effects, which can contribute to the significant decline in the economy of a state, and in some cases may be affected even in countries that are not included in the act. Although attention to the threat of terrorism is often focused on the death and injury caused by the terrorist attacks, acts of violence can also cause significant economic damage. Economic considerations come on the agenda in any discussion on this subject, but it certainly was difficult for scientists and policymakers to achieve a consensus on what is the role of the economy in fostering terrorism and how economic analysis can be useful for understanding terrorism and in creating strategies and specific policies to fight it.

Torts of economic crime, especially torts of bribery as elements of corruption, are not only extremely serious, but also insufficiently visible and incompletely explored social phenomena. For effective prevention, essentially important is reliable knowledge of their characteristics, in order to develop appropriate mechanisms and measures to fight against them. The paper discusses certain aspects of the problem of economic criminal acts and corruption in the Republic of Serbia. It especially emphasizes the problem of criminal acts of economic crime in the economy, as one of the most dangerous and damaging forms of this negative social phenomenon. It also covers certain forms of criminal activity in some sectors of the economy and discusses the most important aspects of fight against them, in accordance with the provisions of the National Strategy for Combating the Corruption, the Action Plan for the implementation of the National Strategy for Combating the Corruption, and the Law on the Agency for Combating the Corruption. In addition, there is a brief review of the legislative framework, activities and results achieved by the police force in fight against these acts. Torts of economic crime and corruption, as severe forms of criminal activity, cannot be completely eradicated. However, they must be suppressed through appropriate forms of counteraction, with the ultimate aim of effective suppression with adequate resources and, if possible, eradicated in those areas in which they inflict maximum damage. Harmfulness of these offenses, and especially of corruption, is reflected primarily in their destructive action on the most important social values and goods: democratic institutions and a market economy.

This study seeks to identify factors affecting the Iranian economy underdevelopment and the ranking. The method applied, due to the nature of the research, is descriptive. The population of the study was experts in the field of economy. First, by deployment of experts using the Delphi technique, we identified 20 factors affecting underdevelopment in the Iranian economy, in five categories. Then using statistical methods and fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making techniques these factors were rated. The results show of the use of techniques such as multi-criteria decision DEMATEL and ANP. Among the five factors affecting economic underdevelopment, human factors and management have the greatest impact on underdevelopment, and are followed by cultural factors, political factors, social factors, and financial and economic as those with the most impact.

This paper discusses contemporary social and political processes which characterize the town of Zaječar in eastern Serbia: 1. Autocracy, showbiz-like public policy and crime-linked local authorities, 2. a very bad economic situation and a high unemployment rate, 3. Depopulation, 4. The increase in the number of tourist visits, 5 Ethno-cultural and identity diversity and “the Vlach issue.” These processes are closely related to difficult transitional times in Serbia, but also to local and regional particularities which are largely determined by provincial and border position of this town. The present conditions in Zaječar are considered in a context determined by the terms: small town, transition, provinces, bordering area, cultural heritage and multi-ethnicity. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 179013: Održivost identiteta Srba i nacionalnih manjina u pograničnim opštinama istočne i jugoistočne Srbije]

The topic of this seminar paper are techno economic specification and analysis of systems with renewable energy sources. Necessary technological innovations in the manufacturing of renewable energy and economic control to produce enough energy and that this has a negative impact on the ecology and economy.

In today's economy, which is burdened by problems such as non-productive economy, high unemployment rates, constant inflationary pressures, great attention is paid to the interaction of monetary and fiscal policies in order to achieve macroeconomic stability. There is no universal model of economic policy even in countries around the world, nor in the Serbian economy, and policy makers are looking for the optimal design of monetary and fiscal strategies and their synchronization with other non-negligible specific economic policy objectives (in terms of balance of payments, objectives related to foreign currency course, the distribution of income), implemented stage of market reforms of the nineties, and then phase of reforms in the first decade of the 21st century. How good coordination of monetary and fiscal measures can be no qualitative basis, or as it is not possible to reconstruct and degrade previous economic structure, and that there is no definition of the new strategy, and continued the process of reforming and in the period from the time of deepening global financial crisis in 2008 . The Republic of Serbia, a country whose economy in the long process of reforming, seeks better use of comparative advantages, encouraging production and employment, adequate planning and allocation of available resources of its own and charge, absorption of new technologies, intensifying exports, encouraging investment, and with a constant potential danger which increase the vulnerability of small economies. The solid foundations of macroeconomic stability and discipline must be in production, proper allocation of resources, which will run the economy, and then increase the employment rate, and therefore national income. of crucial importance of good projections of macroeconomic aggregates, because of them depend on public revenue and public expenditure.

Every state is interested in improving the quality of life of the population. One of the indicators reflecting the living standards is GDP of the country in its general understanding, and in per capita terms. Therefore, increasing the country's GDP is the main goal of any state. GDP growth is limited by many factors. In developing countries with export-oriented and commodity-based economy the main factor is the price of resources in international market prices and the central rate. In this article, we addressed the issue of Russia's GDP, depending on oil prices, as well as the impact of exchange rate of the US dollar to the Russian Federation rouble. We tried to answer the question whether Russia's economy is export-oriented at the commodity sector, and whether it is possible to grow GDP excluding exchange rates.

The scientific article is devoted to research of features of economic knowledge in Western Ukraine during the second half of the XIX – first half of the XX century, also summarizes the essence of economic knowledge and the high importance which affects the activity level of investment, entrepreneurial activity, employment, governance, and efficiency etc. The article noted that economic knowledge affects the possibility of personal fulfilment as the economically active member of society. Particular attention is given to determine the characteristics and transformation processes in the second half of the XIX – early XX century in Western Ukraine in the formation, development, and dissemination of economic knowledge among the population. Particular attention is paid to the identification of economic knowledge of business culture, which in turn includes to its structure the need to consider the public interest. Significant values of the revitalization process of the cooperative movement in the territories, forced by the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, including in western Ukraine. The analysis of the institutional framework of economic knowledge in the population allowed to mark a key role in these processes of self-organization of institutions, including the society "Prosvita" and others. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of the functioning of societies and the basic aspects of their activities. It is stated that the main purpose of the society were educational and economic spheres. The paper describes the key achievements of societies in terms of establishment and the commencement of the different organizations as associations and in order to do businesses, cooperatives, educational institutions, professional courses, publishing, the organization of specialized events and more. The results of other institutions, with the specification of their main activities for the development and dissemination of economic knowledge among the population of Western Ukraine, were studied. To form the contemporary economic knowledge to the population some economists, thinkers and their achievements on the benefits of cooperative forms of economic activity were mentioned. Features of economic knowledge in Western Ukraine in the second half of the XIX – early XX century with a focus on national values, self-organization, dissemination of professional schooling which stimulated the development of economic knowledge in Ukraine were proved.

The article presents the problem of the impact of ratings issued by credit rating agen­cies in the macroeconomic dimension, in particular considerations referring to the Polish national economy in the year 2016. Ratings issused by major agencies have a very significant impact on investors. In tum, the assessment issued by the agency is influenced by the political situation in the country to a large extent.

Mega-sport events such as Olympic Games or Football World Cup are always presented as providing the hosting nation and/or city with huge benefits. Supporters of such events quote economic, social and cultural impacts for the region as well as contributions to scientific and technological progress and innovation. obviously, they need to politically justify the impressive and growing financial investment required by organizing Olympic Games or World Cup. The article aims at looking at a quite abundant academic literature with the objectives of defining the various potential impacts and the methods used for their assessment. It concludes that there is no universal and scientifically valid model for evaluating the benefits of mega-sport events and that organizers should be very cautious when arguing in favor of deciding to host such events.

The Russian Orthodox Church is the first in the Orthodox world to start building codified social teaching. The basic document was published in 2000. as the basis for the future development of specific questions. In this article the author analyses the position of the Church in issues of work and the economy. He starts with an analysis of the appropriate parts of the 2000. document, and then moves to the second document that was adopted in 2004. under the name of the Code of moral rules in the economy. At the end, these attitudes are compared with the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and the author explores the consequences of the attitudes of the Russian Church in the overall social trends in Russia.

One of the most prominent stylized facts about contemporary capitalism concerns its “financialization.” Like all economic stylized facts, however, facts about financialization are recognized by some commentators and not by others. This article offers one explanation why. It argues that the claims we can make about “the economy” depend upon how we envision that economy in the first place. The economy can be pictured in myriad ways – it is multiple, not singular – and different pictures of it enable the identification of different stylized facts about it. So it is with financialization. The article illustrates this by examining the history of two different traditions of picturing the economy. One – national accounting – increasingly has enabled financialization to be seen; the other – mainstream economics – generally has not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the ways in which organic-medical metaphors were used to set the boundary of discourse between the economy and politics. The successful establishment of organic-medical metaphors for the economy is mainly explained by their connectivity to different political views. Concepts such as 'Wirtschaftsleben' or perceptions of the economy as an 'organism' laid the foundation for diagnosing sick or healthy conditions. From the end of the 19th to beyond the mid-20th century typical statements illustrate that the use of such metaphors supported the naturalization and stabilization of the boundary-setting discourse, insofar as it seemed natural that the relation between the two spheres should be formulated in terms of health and disease. Within liberal economic discourse in particular, politics was on the one hand targeted as a potential cause for economic disease, while on the other, it was claimed that politics had the task of keeping economic forces healthy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

В статье автор анализирует становление малого предпринимательства в Украине в период перехода от плановой экономики к рыночной. Делается сравнительный анализ развития и места малого бизнеса за рубежом. Исторический анализ опирается на статистические данные и наративные источники, используются как первичные так и вторичные данные. Обобщаются теоретические и практические основы предпринимательской деятельности, достижения и пробелы в этой работе. Делается вывод, что предпринимательская инициатива в системе малого бизнеса способна существенно ускорить структурные преобразования в народном хозяйстве, стимулировать цивилизованную конкуренцию, дополнительные поступления в бюджет. При этом открываются новые рабочие места, создаются условия: для повышения социально-экономического положения населения.Материалы могут быть полезны при написании обобщающих трудов, учебников и учебных пособий по истории развития малого бизнеса, в практике законодательной деятельности в этих вопросах.Purchase on Elibrary.ru > Buy now