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Изучены технологии возделывания ячменя с использованием отечественных сельскохозяйственных машин и районированного сорта. Экстенсивная технология ориентирована на использование естественного фона плодородия почвы, включая систему вспашки без применения удобрений и средств защиты растений. Нормальная технология включает почвозащитную обработку почвы с применением стартовых доз удобрений и в минимуме средств защиты растений от сорной растительности и болезней. Интенсивная технология рассчитана на получение планируемого урожая с высоким качеством зерна и применением интегрированной системой защиты растений. Применяемые технологии под ячмень позволяют обеспечивать благоприятный водно-воздушный и питательный режимы почвы, а также оптимально сочетать удобрения и средства защиты растений при различных способах основной обработки почвы. Поэтому фактический уровень интенсификации агротехнологий в хозяйствах может выбираться в зависимости от производственно-ресурсного потенциала товаропроизводителя. Наибольшая (2,98 т/га) урожайность ячменя отмечена по системе вспашки при поддерживающей дозе удобрений и интегрированной защите растений, прибавка зерна на этом варианте составила 0,58 т/га. При применении в качестве основной обработки почвы почвозащитных и гребнекулисных обработок производственные затраты по отношению к вспашке снижались на 8,8-11,5%. Возделывание ячменя по нормальной и интенсивной технологиям с применением удобрений и средств защиты растений - наиболее важные факторы развития производства и повышения его эффективности, обеспечивающие устойчивость и дальнейший рост урожайности ячменя., Technologies of barley cultivation using domestic agricultural machines and zoned varieties were studied. Extensive technology is focused on using the natural background of soil fertility, including the system of plowing without the use of fertilizers and plant protection products. Normal technology includes soil protection treatment with the use of starting doses of fertilizers and a minimum of plant protection products from weeds and roots. Intensive technology is designed to produce the planned crop with high grain quality and the use of an integrated plant protection system. The applied technologies for barley allow providing favorable water-air and nutrient regimes of the soil, as well as optimally combining fertilizers and plant protection products for various methods of basic soil treatment. Therefore, the actual level of intensification of agricultural technologies in farms can be selected depending on the production and resource potential of the commodity producer. The highest yield of barley was marked by the plowing system with a supporting dose of fertilizers and integrated plant protection of 2.98 t/ha, the grain yield on this variant was equal to the absolute control – 0.58 t/ha. With the use of soil protection and combback processes as the main tillage, production costs decreased by 8.8-11.5% in relation to plowing. The cultivation of barley using normal and intensive technologies with the use of fertilizers and plant protection products are the most important factors for the development of production and increasing its efficiency, ensuring stability and further growth of barley yield.

Background. The study of morphological, genetic and environmental factors explaining the subdivided (metapopulational) structure of habitats is a new and methodologically poorly developed scientific field. An important part of such research is the study of the genetic structure of animal populations. This scientific field is aimed at solving fundamental biological problems: the integrity of the biological species, microevolution and intraspecific differentiation, and population dynamics. The purpose of the work is to study the ecological characteristics of genetic polymorphism of Herb Field Mouse (Apodemus uralensis Pallas, 1811), Striped Field Mouse (Apodemus agrarius Pallas, 1771) and Yellow-necked Field Mouse (Apodemus flavicollis Melchior, 1834) mice in the Middle Volga region on the example of the Ulyanovsk region. Materials and methods. The genetic material for the work was collected in the Ulyanovsk region during field work over the period from 2014 to 2018. A total of 33 sequences (699 bp) of wood mice, 14 sequences (623 bp) of field mice and 9 sequences (700 bp) of yellow-necked mice were analyzed. For this, the MEGA 7.0.21 and DnaSP 5.10 software packages were used (Librado and Rozas, 2009; Tamura et al., 2012). In order to identify the environmental patterns of the distribution in the Ulyanovsk region of populations of the studied species of mouse-like rodents, except population groups obtained from data on their geographical proximity, we used two variants of zoning of the region under study- floristic and ecologicallandscape. Results. The highest level of variability of mitochondrial D-loop fragments was detected in A. flavicollis (2.4 ± 0.3%), while this indicator for A. uralensis and A. agrarius had average values (0.8 ± 0.2% and 0.7 ± 0.2%, respectively). Analysis of sequence samples by geographically selected population groupings did not reveal the corresponding genetic differentiation. Distribution of the identified mitotypes by population groupings does not have any pattern. Mitotypes found only in one of the groupings are present in the samples, and for this reason they are specific. The same results were obtained when analyzing the distribution of the identified mitotypes by floristic zoning of the Ulyanovsk region. The distribution of the identified mitotypes by landscapeecological regions reflects the ecological requirements of the studied species of mouse-like rodents. Conclusion. The results obtained indicate a good resolving power of the developed primer systems for amplifying D-loop and studying populational polymorphism of natural populations, as well as for grouping geographically separated populations of mouse-like rodents. The study of the distribution of the identified mitotypes of all three species of mouse-like rodents according to the floristic regions of the Ulyanovsk region did not reveal any connection between the floristic specificity of the territories and the distribution of these rodents in the region. This is probably due to the fact that the criteria for floristic zoning do not correlate with the biotopic preferences of the studied species. The distribution of the identified mitotypes by landscape-ecological regions, on the contrary, is in good agreement with the environmental requirements of the three species of mouse-like rodents. The D Tajima test for three species of mice in the Ulyanovsk Region indicates a possible increase in the number of their populations after going through the “bottleneck” during the period of population decline. This synchronization of demographic processes in populations of these species of mouse-like rodents is probably associated with a strong fragmentation of the habitat observed in the Ulyanovsk region, and high degree of subdivision of local populations of rodents.

На основании проведенных исследований выявлено современное состояние биоты на территории ветропарка «Ульяновский» и его ближайших окрестностей. В настоящий момент ветропарк уже вырабатывает электроэнергию и в перспективе предусмотрено его дальнейшее развитие. Установлено, что ветропарк «Ульяновский» в окрестностях с. Красный Яр Чердаклинского района создан во вмещающих его маловидовых агроценозах и искусственных лесных сообществах и растительных группировках, мониторинговые исследования которых смогут показать последующие изменения состава флоры и фауны, а также трансформацию фитоценозов и зооценозов под влиянием его деятельности. В результате проведенных исследований выявлен видовой состав фауны и флоры исследованной территории, который показал обеднение биоразнообразия. Обнаружено 82 вида птиц из 28 семейств, 9 отрядов, из них 10 видов занесены в Красные книги РФ и Ульяновской области. В ходе исследования проанализировано влияние работы ветропарка «Ульяновский» на суточные и сезонные миграции птиц, которое проявляется в смещении линий миграционных потоков вдоль береговой линии Куйбышевского водохранилища. В фитоценозах отмечено 109 видов сосудистых растений, входящих в состав 87 родов из 32 семейств, с большой долей участия видов из семейств сложноцветных и злаковых, что свидетельствует об их полностью искусственном происхождении. Обнаружено 44 вида насекомых из 22 семейств, 7 отрядов. Отмечены 2 вида рептилий: ящерица прыткая Lacerta agilis L., медянка обыкновенная Coronella austriaca Laurenti (Красная книга Ульяновской области); 2 вида млекопитающих: лисица обыкновенная Vulpes vulpes L., барсук обыкновенный Meles meles L., During the field seasons of 2017—2019, the bioecological studies of the fauna and flora in the territory of the wind farms in the Ulyanovsk Region (the Middle Volga Region) were carried out. The features of biodiversity are revealed and the biota in the ecosystems of this territory is assessed. On the basis of the conducted research, the current state of biota in the territory of the Ulyanovsk wind park and its immediate surroundings was revealed. At the moment, the wind farm is already generating electricity and in the future it is planned to develop it further. It is established that the wind park “Ulyanovsk” in the vicinity of the settlement Krasny Yar in the Cherdaklinsky District was created in the enclosing low-species agrocenoses and artificial forest communities and plant groups, monitoring of which will help show the subsequent changes in the composition of the flora and fauna, as well as the transformation of phytocenoses and zoocenoses under the influence of its activities. As a result of the research, the species composition of the fauna and flora of the studied territory was revealed, which showed the depletion of biodiversity. Eighty two species of birds from 28 families, 9 orders, of which 10 species are listed in the Red Data Books of the Russian Federation and the Ulyanovsk Region were found. The study analyzed the impact of the Ulyanovsky wind farm on the daily and seasonal migrations of birds, which is manifested in the displacement of the lines of migration flows along the coastline of the Kuibyshev Reservoir. In phytocenoses, 109 species of vascular plants are included in 87 genera from 32 families, with a large share of species from the species of compositae and cereals, which indicates their fully artificial origin. Forty four species of insects from 22 families, 7 orders were also found. Two species of reptiles are identified: agile lizard Lacerta agilis L., сopperhead Coronella austriaca Laurenti (the Red Data Book of the Ulyanovsk Region); 2 species of mammals: the red fox Vulpes vulpes L., the European badger Meles meles L.