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The article provides a comparative assessment of domestic and foreign scientists’ and economists’ works, who studied theoretical approaches to sustainable economic development. Countries are increasingly integrating with each other, labor productivity is higher, but at the same time natural resources are used too intensively, which leads to environmental pollution. In this regard, it is necessary to pay more attention and even be unable to influence the processes aimed at ensuring stable economic growth. In the conditions of world economic relations transformation, economic systems activity sustainability is a key element of development and growth of national economies of states. The introduction and use of theoretical approaches in the process of studying the sustainable development of the economy makes it possible to systematize various properties of economic systems in the process of analyzing its development prospects. The obtained results of the conducted research can be used in theoretical frameworks evaluation aimed at studying the sustainable development of economy.

The study of law and development coincided with other issues of development in the twentieth century, and the first and most important question that occupied the minds of jurists was whether law and development are fundamentally related, and if the answer is yes What would be the relationship like in the development process? There are two general approaches to the relationship between law and development: the first group considers development as a function of other elements by assuming law as a dependent knowledge. According to this category, development and its components determine the rules and norms of each society's legal system. In contrast, law has no power to influence the development process but rather becomes flexible according to economic growth, political will, or cultural context. Another group tried to show the independence of law from the other components of development by questioning about the subordination of law. Everyone has not followed the same path, but someone introduced law as an instrument for development and another as a framework for it. As the concept of human development expanded in the 21st century, the relationship between law, and development took on a new form and development was closely linked to the logic of law, ie justice, and law, in addition to its instrumental and institutional role, converted to one of the goals of development.

When the theoretical sources of makam music are analyzed, it is seen that various theoreticians use combined names produced by adding some adjectives to the name of any makam in the names of melodic structures such as makam, voice, branch and compound. Melodic structures with these combined names continue to exist as a variant with other melodic structures with which they are closely related or as a unique melodic structure with different characteristics. Based on the explanations of the theoreticians, it is understood that these additions to the names of makams are generally made with a specific purpose in terms of melodic aspects. In this context, this study aims to examine the purposes for the use of adjectives "kebîr", "sagîr", "sagîrek" and "kâmil", which are frequently seen in the names of makams in theoretical sources. In addition to this aims, to question the possibilities that these makam names might provide in understanding certain stages of change in the theoretical tradition, the basic approaches of theoreticians and the relationship between the fields of performance and theory. To this end, the makam names found in theoretical sources from the 13th century to the 20th century were searched for with reference to three different makam catalogs, and the makams with the aforementioned adjectives in their names were identified. The definitions of the identified makams were analyzed and compared with that of other makams to which they are closely related in terms of variantization, thus determining the purposes of use of these adjectives. According to the findings, it has been concluded that the adjectives kebîr, sagîr, sagîrek and kâmil in the names of makams are used for a functional distinction in terms of the sound field and melodic range in which the makam is realized. It has also been revealed that these makams provide important clues for understanding the various characteristics of theoretical models, the change of makams throughout their known history and the interaction between performance and theory.

Copyright of Online Journal of Music Sciences (OJOMUS) is the property of Online Journal of Music Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACTA systematic review was conducted to identify the relevant theoretical approaches used to explain farmer technology adoption in low- and middle-income countries (LMICS), and their strengths and weaknesses. Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched. 77 articles were finally included. The analysis was based on the following categorization of the theoretical approaches applied: (1) Diffusion theories, (2) User acceptance theories, (3) Decision-making theories, (4) Personality theories, and (5) Organizational structure theories. The analysis indicated that diffusion theories predicted technology adoption but excluded social determinants. User acceptance theories predicted social determinants of adoption intention but not behaviors. Decision-making theories identified measurement variables related to different adoption behaviors, but did not consider influential psychological factors, (implying that only economic factors affected adoption behavior). Personality theories were sometimes complex, resulting in weak predictability of adoption and behaviors. Organizational structure theories emphasized social structure variables but included variables not relevant to the investigation of specific adoption practices. In conclusion, the predictive and explanatory capability of different theoretical approaches depended on the context of agricultural technology adoption.

The phenomenon of “digital religion” has emerged as a research field over the past quarter century as religious experiences integrate into the digital sphere. Within this field, researchers have adopted various theoretical frameworks and empirical methodologies to illuminate the complex dynamics that arise from the interaction between digital culture and religion. However, the existing literature on this topic is characterized by fragmentation, which makes a comprehensive understanding of its trajectory difficult. This fragmentation is particularly noticeable in the absence of a coherent narrative that outlines the field’s development. This study aims to provide a scholarly framework for understanding the trajectory of Digital Religion Studies (DRSs), encompassing successive waves of academic research, theoretical paradigms, and thematic foci. This study provides a qualitative assessment of existing literature on the relationship between digital culture and religion through a comprehensive review. A thorough literature review reveals that research in the field of digital religion can be classified into four distinct phases: descriptive, categorical, theoretical, and integrative. The prominent theoretical frameworks that have emerged media ecology, mediation, mediatization, religious-social shaping of technology (RSST), and hypermediation. Finally, the thematic categorization of research primarily revolves around topics, such as rituals, authenticity, identity, community, authority, and embodiment.

Emotional intelligence is one of the new concepts in psychology, which is constantly being studied by many scientists. The article analyses the concepts of emotional intelligence, emotional competence and its structural components. The article considers various concepts of emotional intelligence of such scientists as P. Salovey, D. Mayer, D. Caruso, G. Gardner, R. Bar-On, S. Marcus, G. Dudchak, M. Mykolaychak. The article also analyses domestic concepts of emotional intelligence. As a result of the analysis of various scientific views on the concept of emotional intelligence and methods of its research, it has been made a decision to develop the author’s own psychodiagnostic test. The author has developed own test methodology for studying the emotional component, since there are no similar test methods in the national psychodiagnostics. The author's methodology includes five main and two additional scales. The main scales of the methodology include the following properties of emotional intelligence: 1. managing one’s own emotions; 2. managing the emotions of others; 3. understanding one’s own emotions; 4. understanding the emotions of others; 5. empathy. Additional scales of the methodology are the lying scale and the general level of emotional intelligence (calculated by adding the results of the 5 main scales). Subsequently, various test methods were considered to study emotional intelligence and its components. The following tests were chosen for correlation: Toronto Alexithymia Scale, N. Hall’s Self-Esteem Emotional Intelligence Inventory, and the Profile of Emotional Competence (PEC). A correlation analysis of the own methodology with existing test methods for the study of emotional intelligence has been carried out to confirm its validity. The study proved the validity and reliability of the developed test methodology. Therefore, the developed test methodology is indeed aimed at studying the general level of emotional intelligence and studying its components such as: managing one's own emotions and the emotions of others, understanding one's own emotions and the emotions of others, empathy.

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo reflexionar sobre la Sociología Jurídica como disciplina, a partir de sus conceptualizaciones, campos de estudio y principales enfoques teóricos. Aborda desde un enfoque crítico el estudio del Derecho como fenómeno social, y su comprensión desde los enfoques sociales en los que opera y de los significados que los sujetos construyen a partir de sus normas. Igualmente revisa las principales y diversas explicaciones teóricas acerca del Derecho de los clásicos autores de la Teoría Sociológica. Lejos de concluir que esta diversidad teórica es contradictoria o confusa en los análisis del Derecho y del sistema jurídico, debemos admitir que –por el contrario– la perspectiva sociológica es multiparadigmática y transitarla propone un interesante desafío. The objective of this paper is to reflect on Sociology of Law as a discipline, based on its conceptualizations, fields of study and main theoretical approaches. From a critical focus, it approaches the study of Law as a social phenomenon, and its understanding from the social approaches in which it operates and from the meanings that subjects construct from its norms. Likewise, it reviews the main and diverse theoretical explanations of Law by the classic authors of Sociological Theory. Far from concluding that this theoretical diversity is contradictory or confusing in the analysis of Law and the legal system, we must admit that – on the contrary – the sociological perspective is multi-paradigmatic and going through it poses an interesting challenge. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1359

The effects of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) and 0.5 M sulphuric acid (H2SO4) were evaluated for a new pyran derivative known as (E)-4-hydroxy-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)acryloyl)-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one (HMAP) on corrosion of MS. To evaluate the efficacy of HMAP, various techniques including weight loss measurements, potentiodynamic polarization measurement (PP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and theoretical approaches [density functional theory (DFT) and Molecular Dynamic simulations (MDS)] were utilized. The maximum inhibitory efficiency was determined to be 89.3% in 1M HCl and 94.6% in 0.5M H2SO4 at 298 K in the existence of 1 mM HMAP. Langmuir isotherm fitted well with the adsorption process. Plotting Nyquist and Bode graphs in EIS allowed to determine CPE parameters by fitting the resulting data. According to the polarization parameters, HMAP is a mixed-type inhibitor in both media, with a cathodic preponderance in the sulfuric medium. The results of the EIS investigation indicate that these compounds stop corrosion through an adsorption mechanism. Findings from experiments and theory were shown to be closely connected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the theoretical study of regional contradictions that arise in the modern world in the context of conflicts and wars, the culture of dialogue. The study emphasizes that the paradigm of peace and security presented by Azerbaijan to the world is a program towards resolving contradictions in an intellectual society, and the immutability of the dialogue quot; formula quot; implemented by our country in resolving various conflicts between peoples, states and societies is of great value. Considering the problem from a theoretical point of view, it is noted that attempts to resolve the contradictions that arise in the system of modern relations should become the strategic goal of modern society in the context of dialogue, and research in the direction of its solution should be activated and accelerated. Purpose: To draw attention to the problem of resolving conflicts and achieving peace in the intellect society. Methodology: The article has been studied using the scientific method, comparative analysis, empirical, descriptive, historical and analytical methods. Scientific novelty: In scientific research, the culture of communication with many contradictions of modern society has been studied from the point of view of the context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to present the importance of gender studies in comparative education and the role of female scientists in its development. The first part of the text is devoted to the phenomenon of the gradually increasing comparative interest in the issue of gender, both in the research and teaching contexts. Then two basic theoretical approaches to the analysis of gender in comparative education are presented, in the context of the issue of inequality: direct gender inequality and structural inequality (gender, class, race). Both of the approaches are illustrated with examples of research and publications. In the second part of the text, an attempt is made to present the role of women as researchers in the development and organisation of comparative education, with regard to scientific work and holding positions in international associations of comparative education. The article is intended as a contribution to understanding the phenomenon of expanding the problem field of comparative education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem statement . Modern teacher education is designed to meet the needs of the state and the requests of society related to the global information and digital transformation. This strengthens the tendency to modernize the system of teacher training at the state, regional, local and subject levels. Based on the analysis of the concepts of “digitalization”, “informatization”, “pedagogical education”, “pedagogical activity”, the filling of the parameters of digital education, depending on its functions to ensure the quality of pedagogical education at all levels is determined. The interconnection and interdependence of the components of the digital educational environment and the structural and functional constructs of teacher education are considered. Methodology. The definition of problems and prospects for the development of informatization and digitalization of teacher education is based on a terminological and content-functional analysis of the concepts of digitalization and informatization of education, the digital educational environment. A structural and functional analysis of the positive domestic experience in the formation of information and digital educational environments in the universities of the Russia was carried out. The criteria for the directions of development of informatization and digitalization of teacher education was specified, based on the requirements of the state reflected in regulatory documents, the requests of regions, determined on the basis of an analysis of strategies for their development, modernization of the structure, content and requirements for training at the institutional level. Results. The theoretical aspects of the conjugation of the terms of informatization and digitalization, influencing the modernization of the sphere of teacher training, have been identified and substantiated. The problems of the system of teacher education are considered, which indicate the need for its reform on the basis of intensification of information and digital transformation of this sphere. Conclusion. The requirements and directions of modernization of teacher education in the conditions of digital transformation, which are associated with a change in approaches to the training of teachers, to the need for integrative consideration of the functions of pedagogical activity and the digital educational environment are defined.

The effect of minimum wages on employment is a mature, continuously researched topic. This study discusses the core theoretical approaches on the relationship between the minimum wage and employment, which is reflected by the empirical results from the international literature. Moreover, it presents the findings of the most recent research and the results of meta-analyses of this issue. While the theoretical approaches and outcomes of empirical studies vary, the meta-analysis demonstrates the lack of a significant correlation between minimum wages and employment. In light of the latest developments and meta-regressions, the literature does not provide a clear and definite sign of the relationship, but the trend seems to be driven towards a negative direction of the impact for the more sensitive groups. Therefore, further light needs to be shed onto this issue.

Copyright of Ḥawliyyaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Adāb: Ǧāmiʿaẗ Binī Sūwaīf is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional y Comparada de Relaciones Laborales y Derecho del Empleo is the property of ADAPT University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research objective of the study is to analyse the essence and specificity of energy security in the light of research on international security. Thus, various theoretical approaches, useful in the analysis of energy security issues, were taken into account. The analysis allows us to conclude that energy security issues take into account long-term development trends as well as unpredictable events related to the functioning of energy market and energy technology. Thus, unexpected, sudden phenomena resulting from the dynamics of the international environment gain in importance. The dilemma related to non-linear thinking often ignores a variety of solutions that, taken together, can cause a radical turn in the energy security concept and its evolution.

Definition: The effect of minimum wages on employment is a mature, continuously researched topic. This study discusses the core theoretical approaches on the relationship between the minimum wage and employment, which is reflected by the empirical results from the international literature. Moreover, it presents the findings of the most recent research and the results of meta-analyses of this issue. While the theoretical approaches and outcomes of empirical studies vary, the meta-analysis demonstrates the lack of a significant correlation between minimum wages and employment. In light of the latest developments and meta-regressions, the literature does not provide a clear and definite sign of the relationship, but the trend seems to be driven towards a negative direction of the impact for the more sensitive groups. Therefore, further light needs to be shed onto this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, Young’s modulus of a flexible piezoresistive nanocomposite made of a certain amount of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) contents dispersed in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been investigated using theoretical and experimental approaches. The PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites with the governing factor of MWCNT weight fraction (e.g., 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 wt%) were synthesized by the solution casting fabrication method. The nanocomposite samples were subjected to a standard compression test to measure their elastic modulus using Instron Universal testing machine under force control displacement mode. Due to the costs and limitations of experimental tests, theoretical predictions on the elasticity modulus of such flexible nanocomposites have also been performed using Eshelby–Mori–Tanaka (EMT) and Halpin–Tsai (HT) approaches. The theoretical results showed that HT’s approach at lower MWCNT contents and EMT’s approach at higher MWCNT contents have a better agreement to experimental results in predicting the elastic modulus of PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites. The experimental results indicated that the inclusion of MWCNT in the PDMS matrix resulted in a noticeable improvement in Young’s modulus of PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposite at small values of MWCNT contents (up to w f = 0.25%); however, exceeding this nanofiller content did not elevate Young’s modulus due to the emergence of MWCNT agglomerations in the nanocomposite structure.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is defined by the International Classification as impairments to emotional state and reactions to a stressful situation in humans. the symptoms of PTSD include anxiety and intrusive memories of the traumatizing event, nightmares, irritability, increased awareness of danger or preoccupation with potential danger, impaired attention, and emotional blunting. The cause of PTSD is an acute psychological trauma induced by a powerful stress-inducing event such as participation in military combat or being in a military combat zone, terrorist acts, natural or technogenic catastrophes, domestic or sexual violence, and the sudden death of a close person, or even health problems. The mechanisms of PTSD have in recent years attracted ever more research attention. Despite great advances in studies of PTSD at the behavioral and psychological, as well as the physiological level, in humans and in a large number of models of PTSD in laboratory animals, the phenomenon of post-traumatic stress disorder remains poorly understood at the theoretical level. This article reviews current concepts of the mechanisms by which PTSD develops, theoretical approaches to understanding this disorder, and experimental data supporting these models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the extract of Inula viscosa leaves (IVE) was used as an environmentally-friendly and green corrosion inhibitor for X70 carbon steel in 1 M HCl. The experimental results were endorsed by computational approaches. The corrosion inhibition effect of the extract was investigated by weight loss measurements, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Besides the surface characterization by SEM/EDS (scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) and AFM (atomic force microscopy), the mechanism of inhibition was assessed through FTIR and UV/Vis studies. The results of weight loss measurements and electrochemical experiments showed that IVE was an excellent corrosion inhibitor, as the corrosion inhibition efficiency was found to increase with the concentration of plant extract and exceeded 92% at a concentration of 600 mg L−1. This excellent inhibitory efficiency was attributed to the efficient adsorption of this green inhibitor onto the steel surface and its mixed-type behavior; the adsorption data were fitted to the Langmuir isothermal model. The studies at an optimum concentration and for an immersion time of 120 h revealed the stability of adsorbed inhibitor layer on the X70 surface in acidic media. The success of the adsorption was confirmed by analysis of the organic protective film formed by SEM/EDS and FTIR tools. AFM showed a significant reduction of surface roughness of the susbtrate in the presence of IVE. Moreover, the adsorption-inhibition relationship was discussed in light of the quantum chemical parameters calculated for the main components of the plant extract using the density functional theory (DFT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problems of scientific definition and redefinition of terms, consequently , in accordance with the topic of this scientific paper, are also problems of scientific definition of the term genre and classification of genres in the scientific fund. Defining the term genre is an important scientific-cognitive process, that acquires the essential determinants of the term itself, which have a definiendum and definiens; subject and content value, which includes the whole subject and especially the criteria for classification of the term. In this paper, genetic definitions will include the genesis and development of the concept of genre and scientific-theoretical and methodological directions of various sciences and scientific disciplines. According to temporal and territorial determinants, this paper covers a closer scientific-theoretical and methodological past, as well as modern conditions of scientific communities, both from the former SFRY and other European and wider scientific communities and their paradigms.

Electrochemical CO2 conversion offers an attractive route for recycling CO2 with economic and environmental benefits, while the catalytic materials and electrode structures still require further improvements for scale‐up application. Electrocatalytic surface and near‐surface engineering (ESE) has great potential to advance CO2 reduction reactions (CO2RR) with improved activity, selectivity, energetic efficiency, stability, and reduced overpotentials. This review initially provides a panorama of ESE effects to give a clear perspective and leverage their advantages, including surface electronic effects, ensemble effects, strain effects, and local environment effects. Additionally, relevant in situ spectroscopic characterization techniques to detect, and theoretical computational approaches to reveal these ESE effects are presented. Typical ESE strategies are also summarized, e.g., in situ surface reconstruction, surface morphology control, surface modifications, etc. Rational manipulations of specific ESE approaches or combinations of them are critical to designing composite catalysts and electrodes, consequently promoting sustainable development and steadily increasing the prosperity of this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interventions to increase physical activity in children have adopted broad approaches and achieved varying success. There is a need to adopt approaches underpinned with a theoretical basis. Accordingly, the aim here was to implement and evaluate a 12-week intervention designed using the concepts of the COM-B model to determine the effect this has on physical activity levels. One hundred and forty-seven school-age children (mean age 8.9 ± 1.3 years) took part in a 12-week program delivered in a school setting. Topics included physical activity, healthy eating, sleep quality and reducing screen time/sedentary activities when not in school. A sample of participants wore a wrist-worn accelerometer for seven days pre-and post-intervention (N = 11). The physical activity frequency was unchanged (2.9 ± 1.0 AU) when compared with post-intervention values (3.1 ± 0.8 AU, mean increase 6.8 ± 3.7%, p > 0.05). Changes were observed in the daily consumption of fruit and vegetables (pre-intervention 44.6% vs. post-intervention 60.2%, p < 0.05). Sedentary time, light activity, moderate activity and vigorous activity were unchanged post-intervention (p > 0.05). There is a need to adopt a broader approach that incorporates a theoretical basis and considers the complex ways by which physical activity behaviours are influenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to identify the most relevant approaches that the link between state bureaucracy and politics can take within the space opened by Weber's classic intervention. I seek to contribute to the construction of a cartography that locates the changing discursive hegemonies in the academic field. First, I analyze the Weberian formulation that alludes to a complementary tension between administrative cadre and political practice. Afterwards, I identify six distinct, but non-exhaustive, theoretical strategies or directions: one that conceives of bureaucracy as a space crossed by internal political tensions that condition its role in relation to politics; one that defines bureaucracy as a force that intervenes guided by its own interests; one which sees in technocracy a new politically dominant class or elite; one that maintains that politicians and bureaucrats are interdependent actors; and a perspective that delimits bureaucrats as strategic managers with political capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Czech Journal of Historical Heritage Preservation / Zpravy Pamatkove Pece is the property of Narodni Pamatkovy Ustav and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hazard and disaster research requires a willingness to step outside of traditional disciplinary ontological and epistemological assumptions to both accommodate and integrate different perspectives. Moreover, the complex qualities of hazards and disasters necessitate interdisciplinary approaches to inform theory development that encompasses environmental, human, and infrastructure systems at multiple scales and units of analysis. Unfortunately, truly integrative hazard and disaster theory at a scale broad enough to account for the many systems and processes involved is currently limited. In this article, we argue that robust hazard and disaster theory can only arise from interdisciplinary research and collaboration. We examine challenges to the development of interdisciplinary hazard and disaster theory, and discuss the characteristics of theory necessary for the goal‐oriented nature of research aimed at reducing disaster impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to conduct a comparative analysis of youth parties in the EU. Investigate theoretical approaches to understanding the concept of "political party" - as well as to highlight the main features and characteristics of youth parties.

Against photon energies extending from 0.015 to 15 MeV, MCNPX, FLUKA and PHITS codes are operated to simulate mass attenuation coefficients (μ/ρ) for a total of ten B2O3-Bi2O3-Li2O glass compositions with added Bi2O3 amount from 10 to 55 mol% (5 mol% growth gradually) as a substitute for total (B2O3 + Li2O) mol% content. All the computed μ/ρ values correctness is examined by Py-MLBUF and WinXCOM programs’ μ/ρ outcomes and we found a good agreement among them. 55Bi2O3-35B2O3-10Li2O (mol%) glass half-value layer (HVL) and mean free path (MFP) quantities are compared with distinct commercial γ-ray attenuating glasses, alloys, polymers, concretes and lead and ceramics corresponding values. Next, equivalent atomic numbers (Zeq) and by employing geometric progression (G–P) fitting method at 1–40 mfp PDs (penetration depths), at 0.015–15 MeV energy range ‘buildup factors’ were calculated. At all chosen twenty-five energies derived radiation protection efficiency (RPE) results assured investigated samples exemplary competence for low energy photons absorption. Applying SRIM codes ΨP and ΦP and ΨA and ΦA (mass stopping powers (MSPs) and projected ranges (PRs) for protons and α-particles), and making use of ESTAR database ΨE (electron MSP) and continuous slowing‐down approximation (CSDA) range for electrons are determined at KE (kinetic energy) range of 0.015–15 MeV. Moreover, fast neutron removal cross-sections (ΣR), for 0.0253 eV energy neutrons absorption cross-sections have been estimated. Deduced ΣR was altered at 0.1105–0.1205 cm−1 range with Bi2O3 inclusion in studied samples. 10Bi2O3-70B2O3-20Li2O (mol%) glass has greater total cross-section (=23.251 cm−1) for thermal neutrons absorption while 55Bi2O3-35B2O3-10Li2O (mol%) sample exhibits quality shielding factors for photons and fast neutrons confirming the included Bi2O3 positive impact. Along with nuclear attenuation features various physical and mechanical aspects are also inspected. Derived Vm (molar volume), OPD (oxygen packing density), Vo (oxygen molar volume), Vt (packing density) and Gt (dissociation energy per unit volume) values indicated glasses rigidity. Following Makishima–Mackenzie's theoretical model primary mechanical features like Y, K, S and L (Young's, bulk, shear and longitudinal modulus) and σ (Poisson's ratio) are evaluated where 10Bi2O3-70B2O3-20Li2O (mol%) glass shows better elastic moduli in all samples.

The article identifies the key prerequisites for establishing and explores the evolution of development of the conception of сlient-сentricity. It is determined that the majority of researchers identify сlient-сentricity with such concepts as: customer сentricity, customer orientation, market orientation, client loyalty, client-oriented approach, management of relationships with clientele, value, culture of service, satisfaction of wants and demands by clientele in general, meeting specific needs of an individual consumer. The scientific approaches to the formulation of the term of «сlient-сentricity» are conventionally systemized according to the following classification groups: strategy or paradigm (modern business management philosophy; strategy or paradigm of conduct of business; paradigm of management; conception of enterprise management; characterization of a business; strategic direction of the enterprise?s activities); instrument (set of instruments for quality logistics service; instrument for management of relationships with clientele); marketing conception (priority of marketing strategy of enterprise; conception of relationship marketing; marketing activity); approach to management of relationships with clientele (evaluation of client loyalty; client experience; degree of compliance of organization with consumer expectations; result of efforts); component of organizational culture (key competence of enterprise; ability of company; skill; part of organizational culture, range of beliefs). On the basis of a theoretical generalization of existing scientific developments as to the conceptual apparatus, the authors? own interpretation of the term of «сlient-сentricity» is suggested as follows: an instrument for transforming the system of management of consumer relationships, an efficient form of the enterprise-to-consumer partnership in the context of the conception of relationship marketing.

The main indicators of the dynamics of the population of Russia indicate active processes of urbanization, which is characterized by the concentration of the country’s inhabitants in large cities and the outflow of population from small and medium-sized cities. The relevance of studying the problems of small and medium-sized cities is that they, in fact, are a link between rural areas and large cities, and as a consequence they play a key role in the integration of urban and rural environments. The article outlines the main problems of social and economic development of small and medium-sized ones. It focuses on the fact that when there is a large number and variety of city types, each of them has its own problems, which must be considered when choosing the most effective methods and tools to manage their development. The approaches of modern authors to the classification of small and medium cities are considered. It is revealed that in the scientific literature a quantitative approach to the classification by the population of a city is present in almost every job, however, other indicators are taken into account, such as city functions, the position of relatively large agglomerations, the characteristics of the socio-economic situation, the type of municipality to which city.