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Polyphenols, naturally occurring phytonutrients found in plant-based foods, have attracted significant attention for their potential therapeutic effects in neurological diseases and neuroinflammation. These compounds possess diverse neuroprotective capabilities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-amyloid properties, which contribute to mitigating the progression of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Dementia, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Stroke, and Huntington's Disease (HD). Polyphenols have been extensively studied for their ability to regulate inflammatory responses by modulating the activity of pro-inflammatory genes and influencing signal transduction pathways, thereby reducing neuroinflammation and neuronal death. Additionally, polyphenols have shown promise in modulating various cellular signaling pathways associated with neuronal viability, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive function. Epidemiological and clinical studies highlight the potential of polyphenol-rich diets to decrease the risk and alleviate symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, polyphenols have demonstrated their therapeutic potential through the regulation of key signaling pathways such as Akt, Nrf2, STAT, and MAPK, which play critical roles in neuroprotection and the body's immune response. This review emphasizes the growing body of evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of polyphenols in combating neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, as well as enhancing brain health. Despite the substantial evidence and promising hypotheses, further research and clinical investigations are necessary to fully understand the role of polyphenols and establish them as advanced therapeutic targets for age-related neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammatory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is essential for the development and functioning of the vestibular system. BDNF promotes the growth, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity of vestibular neurons, ensuring their normal operation and maintenance. According to research, BDNF is pivotal during vestibular compensation, aiding in the recovery of neuron function by remodeling the spontaneous resting potentials of damaged vestibular neurons. Additionally, BDNF exhibits dose-dependent and age-dependent characteristics during vestibular system development, with its deficiencies leading to the degeneration of vestibular neurons. BDNF dynamically interacts with other neurotrophic factors, such as fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), synergistically enhancing neuron survival and functionality. This review outline the function of BDNF in the vestibulocochlear system and explores its potential therapeutic applications, offering fresh perspectives and guidance for future research and treatment of vestibulocochlear system disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocular trauma is a common and serious condition in the field of ophthalmology, often resulting in eye injuries and vision impairment, which can cause significant suffering and impact on patients’ lives. In recent years, amniotic membrane, recognized as a biological material, has increasingly become a focus in the management of ocular trauma. The amniotic membrane not only exhibits good biocompatibility and bioactivity but also promotes tissue repair and regeneration, showing unique advantages particularly in the repair of ocular injuries. However, despite numerous clinical studies have confirmed the effectiveness of amniotic membrane treatment, there are still unsolved questions concerning its application range, processing methods, and long-term outcomes. Therefore, this article aims to review the mechanisms of underlying the amniotic membrane’s action, its clinical applications, advantages and disadvantages, and potential avenues for future research, with the goal of providing new ideas and methods for the treatment of ocular injuries and promoting further development in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epimedium has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for several thousands of years. This plant is known for tonifying kidney Yang, strengthening muscles and bones, and dispelling wind and dampness. It is worth noting that icaritin, a prenylated flavonoid isolated from Epimedium, has received increasing attention in recent years due to its wide range of pharmacological activities. Icaritin exhibits significant therapeutic potential against various diseases, such as osteoporosis, tumors (hepatocellular carcinoma, stomach cancer, breast cancer, and glioblastoma), cerebral ischemia skin injury, thrombocytopenia, and systemic lupus erythematosus. We review the pharmacological activities of icaritin and its potential molecular mechanisms for the treatment of related diseases. The data suggest that icaritin can have the pharmacological effects of mediating Wnt/ β -catenin, IL-6/JAK2/STAT3, AMPK/mTOR, PTEN/AKT, MAPK, NF- κ B, and other signaling pathways. This paper also discusses the progress of clinical trials of icaritin. Icaritin was approved by the State Food and Drug Administration in January 2022 for the treatment of advanced HCC, and has various clinical drug prospects. Although it has some disadvantages, including poor solubility, and low bioavailability, icaritin is still a prospective candidate for the development of naturally derived drugs, especially in the treatment of tumors and inflammatory diseases. This review aims to update and deepen the understanding of icaritin, and provide a theoretical basis for its further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils (EOs) are complex mixtures of volatile compounds, primarily terpenoids and phenolic constituents, derived from plants. They have been widely studied for their diverse biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects, among others. These bioactivities are attributed to the unique chemical composition of EOs, which enables multi-targeted modes of action such as disruption of microbial cell membranes, inhibition of spore germination, and modulation of inflammatory pathways. Their potential as alternatives to conventional antimicrobial therapies has gained attention, particularly in addressing antimicrobial resistance. Additionally, EOs exhibit significant antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, contributing to food preservation by preventing spoilage and extending shelf life. In agriculture, their roles in pest management and plant growth regulation highlight their sustainable applications. In conclusion, EOs present a promising avenue for sustainable applications in healthcare, food preservation, and agriculture, though further research is necessary to overcome challenges related to their variability and clinical validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Ganoderma lucidum (GL) is a white rot fungus widely used for its pharmacological properties and health benefits. GL consists of several biological components, including polysaccharides, sterols, and triterpenoids. Triterpenoids are often found in GL in the form of lanostane-type triterpenoids with quadrilateral carbon structures. Key findings The study revealed that triterpenoids have diverse biological properties and can be categorized based on their functional groups. Triterpenoids derived from GL have shown potential medicinal applications. They can disrupt the cell cycle by inhibiting β-catenin or protein kinase C activity, leading to anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic effects. They can also reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines, thus mitigating inflammation. Additionally, triterpenoids have been found to enhance the immune system's defenses against various health conditions. They possess antioxidant, antiparasitic, anti-hyperlipidemic, and antimicrobial activities, making them suitable for pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, triterpenoids are believed to afford radioprotection to DNA, protecting it from radiation damage. Summary This review focuses on the types of triterpenoids isolated from GL, their synthesis pathways, and their chemical structures. Additionally, it highlights the pharmacological characteristics of triterpenoids derived from GL, emphasizing their significant role in various therapeutic applications and health benefits for both humans and animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exosomes, nano-sized lipid bilayer vesicles, have garnered significant attention as mediators of cell communication, particularly within the central nervous system (CNS). Their unique properties, including high stability, low immunogenicity, and the ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB), position them as promising tools for understanding and addressing CNS diseases. This comprehensive review delves into the biogenesis, properties, composition, functions, and isolation of exosomes, with a particular focus on their roles in cerebrovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and CNS tumors. Exosomes are involved in key pathophysiological processes in the CNS, including angiogenesis, inflammation, apoptosis, and cellular microenvironment modification. They demonstrate promise in mitigating ischemic injury, regulating inflammatory responses, and providing neuroprotection across various CNS conditions. Furthermore, exosomes carry distinct biomolecules, offering a novel method for the early diagnosis and monitoring of CNS diseases. Despite their potential, challenges such as complex extraction processes, the heterogeneity of exosomal contents, and targeted delivery limitations hinder their clinical application. Nevertheless, exosomes hold significant promise for advancing our understanding of CNS diseases and developing novel therapeutic strategies. This manuscript significantly contributes to the field by highlighting exosomes' potential in advancing our understanding of CNS diseases, underscoring their unique value in developing novel therapeutic strategies and mediating cellular communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4-NPs) were synthesized by an eco-friendly technique incorporating the cyanobacterial extract Nodosilinea nodulosa as a chelating agent, marking the first study to employ this species for such a purpose. This groundbreaking methodology introduces a unique biological element, thereby contributing to more sustainable nanotechnology practices. Co3O4-NPs synthesis was validated by UV–visible spectroscopy with a distinct peak at 453 nm, while the XRD analysis determined the particle size to be 41 nm. Several in vitro analyses were conducted to evaluate the potential therapeutic applications of the nanoparticles. The antimicrobial evaluations targeted two types of bacterial strains, i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa displayed the most susceptibility with the widest zone of inhibition (ZOI), while Bacillus safensis indicated the least susceptibility. Among the fungal varieties, Fusarium oxysporum exhibited increased vulnerability with a maximum ZOI of 3 ± 0.04 µg/mL, while Aspergillus flavus showed a lower (zone of inhibition) ZOI of 2 ± 0.04 µg/mL. The cytotoxicity was examined through a brine shrimp assay, resulting in an LC50 value of 498 µg/mL. Significant hemolytic activity was observed at a higher concentration of 200 µg/mL. The antioxidant assay indicated a 60% antioxidant activity at 200 µg/mL concentration. Co3O4-NPs displayed ineffectiveness against insecticides: Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus oryzae, and Rhyzopertha dominica. Phytotoxicity was found to be dose-dependent, with stronger effects at higher concentrations. This comprehensive study, by combining multiple biological assays, not only confirms the synthesis and attributes of Co3O4-NPs but also provides new insights into their biological effects, demonstrating significant biomedical potential and making them promising candidates for both in vitro and in vivo therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review presents the chemical composition, bioactive properties, and diverse applications of Chlorella vulgaris, a green microalga widely recognized for its exceptional nutritional value and therapeutic potential. The study emphasizes the presence of key nutrients, including high-quality proteins, essential vitamins, minerals, and an array of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, chlorophyll, and polysaccharides. These compounds have been shown to exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activities, including potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic, lipid-lowering, and detoxifying effects. The review explores the multifaceted applications of C. vulgaris in various sectors, including its growing role as a functional food ingredient, a nutraceutical supplement in animal feed, and a promising therapeutic agent for combatting chronic diseases. This paper also highlights its potential for enhancing immune responses, mitigating oxidative stress, promoting detoxification of heavy metals, and improving overall health outcomes. However, current limitations in clinical evidence surrounding its medicinal efficacy present challenges that need to be addressed. Furthermore, significant obstacles remain in scaling up C. vulgaris production, including optimizing cultivation techniques and improving bioavailability. Additionally, this review identifies crucial research gaps, particularly in optimizing cultivation techniques, improving bioavailability, and validating the clinical efficacy of C. vulgaris. By addressing these challenges, C. vulgaris holds significant promise in contributing to global health, sustainable nutrition, and environmental conservation efforts by serving as a source of protein and bioactive components for a growing population while simultaneously having a lower environmental impact and requiring fewer resources in production compared to traditional ingredients like soybean meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The placebo effect can induce physiological or clinical neurological and organic responses despite the recipient receiving no active ingredients; these responses are based instead on the recipient's perceptions. Placebo effects come from the rostral anterior cingulate cortex, pontine nucleus, and cerebellum of the brain; this information provides a better understanding of placebo effects and can also help us understand the mechanism of the modulation of neurotransmitters from the use of psychedelic substances, activity of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, the process of transcranial magnetic stimulation, and deep brain stimulation, as well as aid in developing novel therapies, challenging the validity of controlled clinical trials (RCTs) that the regulatory agencies now appreciate. Education about how placebo effects bring in social, political, and religious beliefs and whether these can be modulated may help reduce global confrontations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algae, both micro- and macroalgae, are recognized for their rich repository of bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic applications. These marine organisms produce a variety of secondary metabolites that exhibit significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, offering promising avenues for the development of new drugs and nutraceuticals. Algae-derived compounds, including polyphenols, carotenoids, lipids, and polysaccharides, have demonstrated efficacy in modulating key inflammatory pathways, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting microbial growth. At the molecular level, these compounds influence macrophage activity, suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and regulate apoptotic processes. Studies have shown that algae extracts can inhibit inflammatory signaling pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK, reduce oxidative damage by activating Nrf2, and offer an alternative to traditional antibiotics by combatting bacterial infections. Furthermore, algae's therapeutic potential extends to addressing diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative conditions, and cancer, with ongoing research exploring their efficacy in preclinical animal models. The pig model, due to its physiological similarities to humans, is highlighted as particularly suitable for validating the bioactivities of algal compounds in vivo. This review underscores the need for further investigation into the specific mechanisms of action and clinical applications of algae-derived biomolecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDSs) are designed to administer a consistent and effective dose of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) through the patient's skin. These pharmaceutical preparations are self-contained, discrete dosage forms designed to be placed topically on intact skin to release the active component at a controlled rate by penetrating the skin barriers. The API provides the continuous and prolonged administration of a substance at a consistent rate. TDDSs, or transdermal drug delivery systems, have gained significant attention as a non-invasive method of administering APIs to vulnerable patient populations, such as pediatric and geriatric patients. This approach is considered easy to administer and helps overcome the bioavailability issues associated with conventional drug delivery, which can be hindered by poor absorption and metabolism. A TDDS has various advantages compared to conventional methods of drug administration. It is less intrusive, more patient-friendly, and can circumvent first pass metabolism, as well as the corrosive acidic environment of the stomach, that happens when drugs are taken orally. Various approaches have been developed to enhance the transdermal permeability of different medicinal compounds. Recent improvements in TDDSs have enabled the accurate administration of APIs to their target sites by enhancing their penetration through the stratum corneum (SC), hence boosting the bioavailability of drugs throughout the body. Popular physical penetration augmentation methods covered in this review article include thermophoresis, iontophoresis, magnetophoresis, sonophoresis, needle-free injections, and microneedles. This review seeks to provide a concise overview of several methods employed in the production of TDDSs, as well as their evaluation, therapeutic uses, clinical considerations, and the current advancements intended to enhance the transdermal administration of drugs. These advancements have resulted in the development of intelligent, biodegradable, and highly efficient TDDSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual reality (VR) has found many applications in anesthesiology, in therapeutic areas, postoperative pain management, and education in regional anesthesia. VR has been used as a complement to pain management in several conditions. In the field of medical education, the combination of artificial intelligence (AI) with virtual reality gives rise to the creation of simulation platforms that provide a tangible experience for anesthesiologists, thereby enhancing the precision and performance of their techniques. These innovative tools offer advantages such as personalization of the educational process and the ability to recreate complex situations, which is crucial in the realm of modern medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in the engineering and therapeutic application of tetracycline-loaded nanoparticles have significantly enhanced the efficacy of this widely used antibiotic. Tetracycline's broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity is challenged by rising antibiotic resistance, necessitating innovative delivery systems that improve its bioavailability and therapeutic outcomes. The development of various nanoparticle platforms, including lipid-based, polymeric and metallic nanoparticles has demonstrated promising results in overcoming these challenges. These engineered systems facilitate sustained and targeted drug release, allowing for higher concentrations of tetracycline at the infection site while minimizing systemic toxicity. Research indicates that tetracycline-loaded nanoparticles exhibit enhanced antibacterial activity against resistant strains such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). Furthermore, the incorporation of advanced techniques such as CRISPR-Cas technology and personalized medicine approaches based on microbiome analysis holds potential for developing patient-specific formulations. This not only optimizes therapeutic efficacy but also reduces the risk of adverse effects associated with conventional tetracycline therapies. In addition to antibacterial applications, tetracycline-loaded nanoparticles are being explored for their anticancer properties, showing synergistic effects when combined with chemotherapeutic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenols, naturally occurring phytonutrients found in plant-based foods, have attracted significant attention for their potential therapeutic effects in neurological diseases and neuroinflammation. These compounds possess diverse neuroprotective capabilities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-amyloid properties, which contribute to mitigating the progression of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Dementia, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Stroke, and Huntington’s Disease (HD). Polyphenols have been extensively studied for their ability to regulate inflammatory responses by modulating the activity of pro-inflammatory genes and influencing signal transduction pathways, thereby reducing neuroinflammation and neuronal death. Additionally, polyphenols have shown promise in modulating various cellular signaling pathways associated with neuronal viability, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive function. Epidemiological and clinical studies highlight the potential of polyphenol-rich diets to decrease the risk and alleviate symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, polyphenols have demonstrated their therapeutic potential through the regulation of key signaling pathways such as Akt, Nrf2, STAT, and MAPK, which play critical roles in neuroprotection and the body’s immune response. This review emphasizes the growing body of evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of polyphenols in combating neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, as well as enhancing brain health. Despite the substantial evidence and promising hypotheses, further research and clinical investigations are necessary to fully understand the role of polyphenols and establish them as advanced therapeutic targets for age-related neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammatory conditions.

Our understanding of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their biological properties is steadily increasing, with more studies focusing on their therapeutic effects in the domains of immunology, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. MSCs may be derived from tissues such as bone marrow, adipose, the umbilical cord, as well as from dental tissues (e.g., tooth germ, dental follicle, pulp tissue of exfoliated deciduous and permanent teeth, apical papilla, periodontal ligament, gingiva, and alveolar bone). Gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) are non-hematopoietic adult stem cells isolated from the gingival lamina propria. When compared to MSCs purified from various dental and non-dental tissues, GMSCs are more abundant in source, relatively non-invasive to obtain, and genetically stable. In recent years, many studies have found that GMSCs possess the ability of self-renewal, multi-directional differentiation, and chemotaxis to inflammatory sites for immunity regulation. Their molecular and stem-cell properties make them highly suitable for both preclinical and clinical research. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by GMSCs are of key interest due to their ability to emulate the biological and therapeutic activity of GMSCs themselves. This paper will therefore review the current consensus on GMSCs, surveying their sources and isolation methods, their biological properties, and their therapeutic applications on inflammatory and immune-related diseases.

This study shows that ethnomedicine and ethnobotany have gained great relevance for their role in preserving ancestral knowledge about the use of medicinal plants. Despite the benefits, such as cultural preservation and biodiversity, new challenges arise, such as the lack of standardization and scientific validation, which limits their integration into modern medicine. Therefore, this systematic review aims to assess the documentation, evaluation, and conservation of medicinal plants and their therapeutic applications across different cultures, using the systematic literature review (SLR) methodology. The searches were conducted in electronic databases, such as Scopus, EBSCO, and Web of Science, following PRISMA protocol guidelines and focusing on studies published between 2007 and 2024. Research gaps were identified, and questions were developed to better understand ethnomedicinal practices, their validation, and conservation. A total of seventy studies were selected, documenting a wide diversity of medicinal plants, with a significant focus on the conservation of traditional knowledge. However, critical gaps were identified in the scientific validation and integration of this knowledge into conservation policies. The results of the thematic analysis highlight the need for standardized protocols and a multidisciplinary approach to validate and preserve ethnomedicinal knowledge, ensuring its relevance in modern medicine and its transmission to future generations.

Atraphaxis pyrifolia, a native medicinal plant of Central Asia, has a long history of traditional medicinal use; however, scientific research on its phytochemical and biological properties remains scarce. This paper aims to elucidate its chemical profile and assess its pharmacological potential through a comprehensive investigation of the phytochemical composition of stems and leaves using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), in conjunction with the assessment of its antioxidant (DPPH and ABTS) and cytotoxicity test on Artemia salina. Predominantly, glycosylated flavonoids were detected in stems and leaves extracts, notably including 8-Acetoxy-3′,4′,5,5′-tetrahydroxy-7-methoxy-3-α-L-rhamno-pyranosyloxyflavone, pyrifolin, and dehydroxypyrifolin. While the latter compound is exclusive to A. pyrifolia, the former compounds serve as shared chemical markers with other Atraphaxis species. The methanolic extracts of A. pyrifolia leaves exhibited significant antioxidant capacity without toxicity against Artemia salina. This study contributes to current research through providing valuable insights into the chemical diversity and potential medicinal properties of this plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, research has unveiled the significant role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in many physiological and pathological processes. The role of endogenous H2S, H2S donors, and inhibitors has been the subject of studies that have aimed to investigate this intriguing molecule. The mechanisms by which H2S contributes to different diseases, including inflammatory conditions, cardiovascular disease, viral infections, and neurological disorders, are complex. Despite noteworthy progress, several questions remain unanswered. H2S donors and inhibitors have shown significant therapeutic potential for various diseases. This review summarizes our current understanding of H2S-based therapeutics in inflammatory conditions, cardiovascular diseases, viral infections, and neurological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Extracellular vesicles represent a heterogeneous family of lipid bilayer-enclosed particles naturally released by all cytotypes into the extracellular space. They can act as mediators of cell–cell communication. Recently, the applications of extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been of great interest in translational cancer research. The advances in next-generation omics technologies allow us to discover EVs' selective cargo packaging and as EV roles in horizontal transport, non-invasive biomarkers, and as new therapeutic options. Herein, discussing recent studies, information on extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis, morphological characteristics, isolation, and current detection methods is summarized. In recent years, knowledge of cell-released extracellular vesicle (EV) functions has undergone rapid growth. EVs are membrane vesicles loaded with proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and bioactive molecules. Once released into the extracellular space, EVs are delivered to target cells that may go through modifications in physiological or pathological conditions. EVs are nano shuttles with a crucial role in promoting short- and long-distance cell–cell communication. Comprehension of the mechanism that regulates this process is a benefit for both medicine and basic science. Currently, EVs attract immense interest in precision and nanomedicine for their potential use in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapies. This review reports the latest advances in EV studies, focusing on the nature and features of EVs and on conventional and emerging methodologies used for their separation, characterization, and visualization. By searching an extended portion of the relevant literature, this work aims to give a summary of advances in nanomedical applications of EVs. Moreover, concerns that require further studies before translation to clinical applications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ilaj bit Tadbeer, a vital therapeutic approach in the Unani system of medicine, focuses on modifying six essential elements to restore health. This approach encompasses various regimenal therapies such as cupping (Hijāma), leeching (Ta'līq or irsal-e- 'Alaq), venesection (Fasd), massage (Dalk), irrigation (Natūl), emesis (Qay'), diuresis (Idrār-i-Bawl), diaphoresis (Tariq), concoction and purgation (Mundij and Mu'shil therapy), medicated steam (Bukhoor), cauterization (Kaiyy), and enema (Huqna). Fasd is a crucial regimen in Ilaj Bit Tadbeer, serving as a method to eliminate morbid material from the body to treat diseases or maintain good health. With a history of almost 3000 years, Fasd has been effectively utilized in treating various ailments across different eras. Although venesection, or Fasd, has a historical significance, its modern application has declined due to the lack of scientific validation. This review aims to explore the historical context, therapeutic applications, contraindications, and contemporary scientific evidence of Fasd, emphasizing its potential in modern medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements in nanomedicine and biotechnology have unveiled the remarkable potential of plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) as a novel and promising approach for cancer treatment. These naturally occurring nanoscale particles exhibit exceptional biocompatibility, targeted delivery capabilities, and the capacity to load therapeutic agents, positioning them at the forefront of innovative cancer therapy strategies. PDEVs are distinguished by their unique properties that facilitate tumor targeting and penetration, thereby enhancing the efficacy of drug delivery systems. Their intrinsic biological composition allows for the evasion of the immune response, enabling the efficient transport of loaded therapeutic molecules directly to tumor sites. Moreover, PDEVs possess inherent anti-cancer properties, including the ability to induce cell cycle arrest and promote apoptotic pathways within tumor cells. These vesicles have also demonstrated antimetastatic effects, inhibiting the spread and growth of cancer cells. The multifunctional nature of PDEVs allows for the simultaneous delivery of multiple therapeutic agents, further enhancing their therapeutic potential. Engineering and modification techniques, such as encapsulation, and the loading of therapeutic agents via electroporation, sonication, and incubation, have enabled the customization of PDEVs to improve their targeting efficiency and therapeutic load capacity. This includes surface modifications to increase affinity for specific tumor markers and the encapsulation of various types of therapeutic agents, such as small molecule drugs, nucleic acids, and proteins. Their plant-derived origin offers an abundant and renewable source to produce therapeutic vesicles, reducing costs and facilitating scalability for clinical applications. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the latest research on PDEVs as emerging anti-cancer agents in cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in microorganisms is a significant global health concern. Various factors contribute to AMR, including alterations in cell membrane permeability, increased efflux pump activity, enzymatic modification or inactivation of antibiotics, target site changes, alternative metabolic pathways, and biofilm formation. Marine environments, with their extensive biodiversity, provide a valuable source of natural products with a wide range of biological activities. Marine-derived antimicrobial compounds show significant potential against drug-resistant bacteria and fungi. This review discusses the current knowledge on marine natural products such as microorganisms, sponges, tunicates and mollusks with antibacterial and antifungal properties effective against drug-resistant microorganisms and their ecological roles. These natural products are classified based on their chemical structures, such as alkaloids, amino acids, peptides, polyketides, naphthoquinones, terpenoids, and polysaccharides. Although still in preclinical studies, these agents demonstrate promising in vivo efficacy, suggesting that marine sources could be pivotal in developing new drugs to combat AMR, thereby fulfilling an essential medical need. This review highlights the ongoing importance of marine biodiversity exploration for discovering potential antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome editing is a technology to make specific changes in the DNA of a cell or an organism. It has significantly altered the landscape of life sciences, facilitating the establishment of exceedingly customized genetic modifications. Among various genome editing technologies, the CRISPR/Cas9 system, a specific endonuclease induces a double stranded DNA break and enabling modifications to the genome, has surfaced as a formidable and adaptable instrument. Its significance cannot be overstated, as it not only allows for the manipulation of genomes in model organisms but also holds great potential for revolutionary advances in medicine, particularly in treating genetic diseases. This review paper explores the remarkable journey of CRISPR/Cas9, its natural function, mechanisms, and transformative impact on genome editing and finally the use of artificial intelligence and other intelligent manufacturing tools used. The introduction provides the background on genome editing, emphasizing the emergence and significance of CRISPR/Cas9. Subsequent sections comprehensively elucidate its natural function, disease modeling, agriculture, and biotechnology, address therapeutic applications, and ongoing clinical trials while also discussing prospects and ethical implications. We summarized the key findings, indicating that CRISPR/Cas9 has empowered the creation of disease-specific animal models. This provides invaluable insights into pathogenic mechanisms and opens new avenues for drug discovery, reaffirming the transformative impact of CRISPR/Cas9 on genome editing. Finally we discussed the importance of continued research and collaboration for comprehensive utilization of the inherent capabilities of this molecular precision tool in shaping forthcoming advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to investigate whether AI-based methods can identify additional therapeutic applications of existing medicines specific to rare conditions. Patients with rare diseases face several issues, mainly because there are few therapeutic options for such ailments. Due to this problem, drug repurposing, a process whereby known drugs are searched for new uses, proved to be a feasible approach to meeting these needs. It means that when AI is used in drug repurposing, the chance of identifying potential candidates and achieving positive results will be much faster. In this study, the pharmacology profile of existing drugs and mechanisms of action and safety data of drugs in the dataset were included. Several DL and NLP techniques were applied in this context to develop models for predicting latent drug-disease pairs regarding rare disorders. Commercialized AI formulations were built upon past correlations between drugs and diseases, whereby new candidates could be identified for certain rare diseases that had not been considered in the past. Furthermore, external validation of the entire list of predicted drug-disease pairs was done experimentally and by literature curation. This study shows that using AI for drug repurposing might prove highly useful in finding the right treatment for rare diseases. This study shows that the machine learning approach works well, as seven out of the ten identified compounds were proven to be definite drugs that could be used for rare disorders' treatment. The machine learning approach is efficient in that it helps to seek for clues among millions of compounds. The current work highlights the importance of future clinical research of the identified drug-disease pairs as well as the further development of new approaches to the treatment of rare disease patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, phage display technology has become vital in clinical research. It helps create antibodies that can specifically bind to complex antigens, which is crucial for identifying biomarkers and improving diagnostics and treatments. However, existing reviews often overlook its importance in areas outside cancer research. This review aims to fill that gap by explaining the basics of phage display and its applications in detecting and treating various non-cancerous diseases. We focus especially on its role in degenerative diseases, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and chronic non-communicable diseases, showing how it is changing the way we diagnose and treat illnesses. By highlighting important discoveries and future possibilities, we hope to emphasize the significance of phage display in modern healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants are being researched as potential sources of novel drugs, which has led to a recent acceleration in the discovery of new bioactive compounds. Research on tissue culture technology for the synthesis and processing of plant compounds has skyrocketed, surpassing all expectations. These plants can be bought either raw or as extracts, where some of the chemicals are extracted by mashing the plant in water, alcohol, or another solvent. The use of herbal medicine may open new chances for reducing the onset of infections and treating different diseases including cancer. A perennial plant that blooms in the winter, Cyclamen, is one of the most widely used potted flowers in many nations. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, sterols, and glycosides are the main active components of Cyclamen. Analgesic, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties have all been demonstrated as potential effects of various extracts of Cyclamen tubers. However, the use of this medicinal plant in official medicine will require further research in the areas of pharmacology. Furthermore, it is necessary to create standard operating procedures for a crude herbal medication. In this regard, this review aims to highlight the key characteristics of the Cyclamen plant, such as its various parts, species, stages of development, and geographic range; pinpoint its intriguing bioactivities, its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and its anti-cancerous effects; and ascertain its potential medicinal uses and the main future perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]