Search

Purpose: The association between thyroid dysfunction and exudative age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is unknown. Methods: In this Danish longitudinal nationwide registry‐based cohort study we included all Danish residents aged 50–100 between 2008 and 2018. Using the Danish national registries, we studied the association between thyroid dysfunction and exudative AMD. Thyroid dysfunction was classified as two consecutive redeemed prescriptions of thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism) or anti‐thyroid medication (hyperthyroidism). Exudative AMD was classified as an ICD diagnosis of AMD and a code for anti‐VEGF treatment. All patients are treated for exudative AMD in a hospital in Denmark, and we therefore have complete registration of this patient group. Results: We included 2 087 305 individuals, of which 1 072 567 (51.4%) were women; 59 318 (2.8%) had hypothyroidism, and 33 922 (1.6%) had hyperthyroidism. During a median follow‐up of 11 years, 26 998 (1.3%) people developed exudative AMD. Hypothyroidism (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10–1.25; p < 0.001) and hyperthyroidism (HR: 1.23; 95% CI:1.13–1.34; p < 0.001) were both associated with the development of exudative AMD. The age‐stratified analyses yielded similar results to the main analyses, except that the risks were exaggerated in the older part of the population. Conclusion: This is the first longitudinal nationwide study showing that both hypo‐ and hyperthyroidism are associated with an increased risk of exudative AMD. AMD is a quantitative problem in the population and our findings could have a public health impact. Further studies are needed to study the underlying mechanisms of the association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over the past two decades, the incidence of thyroid disorders has been steadily increasing. There is evidence to suggest that air pollution may be one of the etiological factors of thyroid diseases. This comprehensive review aimed to examine the evidence related to air pollutants and thyroid disorders and thyroid hormones levels from an epidemiological perspective. Methods: The scoping review adopted a systematic approach to search for, identify, and include peer-reviewed articles published in English. We performed a comprehensive search of three databases-PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science to identify relevant literature on the relationship between air pollution [particulate matter, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2)] exposure and thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism, congenital hypothyroidism (CH), thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer, autoimmune thyroid diseases, as well as thyroid hormone levels, such as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4). Articles published until August 1, 2023, were included. Results: A total of 3,373 studies were retrieved, and among them, 25 studies covering eight different air pollutants were relevant. The most frequently studied air pollutants in this review included fine particulate matter (with fine particulate matter (PM2.5), n=21; inhalable particles (PM10), n=10; PM10-2.5, n=1) and nitrogen oxides (with NO2, n=13; NOx, n=3). The thyroid disorders and thyroid hormone levels most commonly associated with evidence of air pollution exposure were hypothyroidism (n=7) and TSH (n=12). Conclusions: Despite variations in study designs and exposure assessments, the findings consistently highlight the substantial health risks that air pollution, particularly PM2.5, poses to thyroid health, especially among vulnerable populations. Given that our study was limited to epidemiological investigations and the increasing prevalence of toxic substances in the environment, there is an urgent need for further research to elucidate the mechanisms by which these pollutants disrupt thyroid function and contribute to the development of thyroid diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyrotropin-receptor antibodies (TRAb) are used to diagnose Graves' hyperthyroidism in pregnant women. Bioassays provide a measure of thyrotropin-receptor stimulatory antibodies (TSI) specifically. The objective was to measure TSI in pregnant women for establishment of a pregnancy-specific cut-off and comparison with immunoassay measurements of TRAb. The retrospective Danish study was performed within the North Denmark Region Pregnancy Cohort (2011–2015) that includes stored biobank samples from early pregnancy (median week 10) with immunoassay measurements of thyroid function parameters and TRAb. TSI were measured in the same samples using the Turbo TSI bioassay (Quidel/Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics) with a recommended cut-off of 0.0241 IU/L in non-pregnant adults. A pregnancy-specific TSI cut-off (95-percentile) was established using Regression on Order Statistics. The established TSI cut-off was 0.0418 IU/L (95 % CI: 0.0417–0.0419). Among women with early pregnancy hyperthyroidism (n=438), 43 women (9.8 %) were TSI positive using the established cut-off, and these women had lower TSH (median 0.008 mIU/L) compared to women with TSI levels below 0.0241 (median TSH 0.040 mIU/L) or in the range from 0.0241 to 0.0418 (median TSH 0.033 mIU/L). Among the 438 women with early pregnancy hyperthyroidism, 22 women were positive for TSI and TRAb, 388 were negative for both, and 28 women were positive for either TSI or TRAb. This is the first study on TSI measurements in a large cohort of early pregnant women. A pregnancy-specific cut-off for TSI was established and agreement in the classification with immunoassay measurements of TRAb was seen in 94 % of cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subclinical hyperthyroidism (SCH) is a subtle thyroid dysfunction marked by decreased serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels while maintaining a normal thyroid hormone profile. Despite its mild nature, SCH can significantly impact various physiological functions, including male reproductive health. However, the effects of SCH on reproductive hormones and semen quality are less understood compared to overt thyroid disorders. This study employed extensive search methods across various databases from January 2000 to February 2024 to explore the relationship between SCH and Hormonal and Seminal Perspectives. Effect sizes, estimated using the standardized mean difference (SMD) and pooled with a Random-effect model, provided significant insights from 748 participants. Included studies adhered to the following criteria: Patients (male individuals with SCH), Intervention (assessment of reproductive hormones and semen quality), Comparison (SCH patients versus healthy controls), and Outcome (changes in reproductive factors). Significant alterations in reproductive hormones were observed in SCH patients, including reduced LH levels (SMD = − 0.20; p = 0.007), elevated FSH levels (SMD = 0.25; p = 0.002), and stable testosterone levels (SMD = − 0.05; p = 0.50). Regarding thyroid profile, SCH was associated with increased FT3 (SMD = 0.15; p < 0.001) and FT4 (SMD = 0.08; p = 0.002) levels, along with decreased TSH levels (SMD = − 2.00; p < 0.001). Adverse effects on semen quality were also observed. These findings underscore the need to incorporate thyroid health assessments in the evaluation of male infertility, recognizing the impact of minor thyroid hormone deviations on reproductive outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyroid hormones (THs), including triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and their metabolites, are essential for regulating development, growth, and energy metabolism. Thyroglobulin (Tg) produced by thyroid follicular cells acts as an essential substrate for TH synthesis. The combination of THs with Tg is a widely used serological laboratory test for thyroid function assessment. Early detection and timely intervention are significant for preventing and managing thyroid disease. In recent years, liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) has emerged as a powerful tool for the precise detection of small molecular analytes and steroid hormones in clinical practice as a result of its high sensitivity and specificity. While LC‐MS/MS has been increasingly used for detecting THs and Tg recently, its application in clinical practice is still in its early stages. Recent advances in the assessment of thyroid metabolism using LC‐MS/MS in clinical samples published during 2004–2023 were reviewed, with a special focus on the use of this technique for quantifying molecules involved in thyroid diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thyroid disease is a global health problem and the most common type of endocrine disorder next to diabetic mellitus, accounting for around 30–40% burden of the endocrine disorders. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess patterns, treatment outcome and associated factors of surgically treated thyroid disease at Public Hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia. Methods: The study was conducted among surgically treated patients for thyroid disorders using a retrospective cross-sectional study design by reviewing all patients' charts. A data abstraction sheet was used to collect relevant data, and the collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 26 software. Bi-variable and multivariable binary logistic regression was employed to assess the association between dependent and independent variables. Results: The study was conducted on 200 patients' medical records who had complete information. Out of this, 84.5% were female and 66.5% of patients' age was between 20 and 40 years. Toxic goiter was the most common thyroid disease which accounted for 49.5%. Hemorrhage and Hypocalcemia were the most common complications after surgery. Anterior neck swelling of greater than 15 years [(AOR: 52.892 CI = 95% (6.087–459.5.68) (P-0.000)], Total/ near total thyroidectomy [(AOR: 20.139 CI = 95% (4.059–99.931) P-00.000] were significantly associated with complicated post-operative course, while female sex [(AOR: 0.124 CI = 95% (0.34–0.494) P- 0.003)] was associated with lower risk of developing post-operative complications. Conclusion: This study showed that 9.5% of operated patients with thyroid disease had complicated post-operative course. Long standing goiter and total/ near total thyroidectomy were significantly associated with complicated post-operative course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Some correlations between thyroid disorders and insomnia have been found in previous studies; however, the causal relationship between them is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the causal relationship between insomnia and five thyroid disorders (hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer). Methods: We assessed the causal relationship between insomnia and thyroid disorders using inverse variance weighted, weighted median, and Mendelian randomization (MR)‐Egger analyses in MR analyses and then used inverse MR analyses to assess the causal relationship between thyroid disorders and insomnia. Results: MR analysis showed that insomnia did not increase the risk of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer. However, reverse MR analysis showed that thyroid cancer increased the risk of insomnia (OR = 1.01, 95%CI: 1.00–1.02, p =.01), and the other four thyroid disorders had no direct causal relationship with insomnia. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the results were robust and no pleiotropy or heterogeneity was detected. Conclusion: This study did not find evidence of a bidirectional causal relationship between genetically predicted insomnia and hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, and thyroid nodules. However, we found that although insomnia does not increase the risk of thyroid cancer, thyroid cancer does increase the risk of insomnia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spectrum of thyroid disorders presenting to paediatricians is different to that seen by adult physicians. Referrals reflect cases detected by the neonatal screening programme for congenital hypothyroidism and many of the inherited defects of thyroid hormone generation or action will be manifest in early life. Autoimmune thyroid disease can be particularly challenging to manage in the young and the potential impact of thyroid status on neurodevelopment and schooling are key considerations throughout childhood and adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender medicine is also becoming increasingly more important in the field of surgery of endocrine and neuroendocrine diseases. Gender differences in the incidence, symptoms and disease progression are common to all (neuro)endocrine diseases. Understanding these special features, which include socioeconomic aspects as well as different anatomical and biological factors, is essential for the selection of optimal diagnostics and treatment but in some cases further scientific research is required. To date, there is a paucity of gender-specific recommendations in established guideline recommendations. There is an enormous potential in all areas of endocrine surgery to take advantage of differences between men and women in the diagnostics, surgical treatment and perioperative management. Individualized approaches could lead to improved surgical outcomes, reduced perioperative complications and improved follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyroid disorders are critical conditions that considerably affect a person's general health, and may lead to additional health complications. Notably, these conditions often remain undetected in individuals who show "normal" results on traditional thyroid function tests. To enhance the diagnostic accuracy for thyroid disorders, such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, this study leveraged digital health records and explored semi-supervised learning methods. We intentionally removed the labels from subjects initially categorized as "normal," incorporating them into our dataset as unlabeled data. The goal was to overcome the limitations of conventional diagnostic techniques, which may fail to detect subtle imbalances in thyroid hormones. In pursuit of this objective, we employed a combination of semi-supervised learning methods, namely FixMatch, Co-training, and self-training, in conjunction with supervised learning algorithms, specifically Naive Bayes and logistic regression. Our findings indicate that the FixMatch algorithm surpassed traditional supervised learning methods in various metrics, including accuracy (0.9054), sensitivity (0.9494), negative predictive value (0.9365), and F1 score (0.9146). Additionally, we propose a framework for integrating these diagnostic tools into the Internet of Everything (IoE) to promote early detection and facilitate improved healthcare outcomes. This research highlights the potential of semi-supervised learning techniques in the diagnosis of thyroid disorders and offers a roadmap for harnessing the IoE in healthcare advancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Thyroid diseases are prevalent endocrine disorders that significantly affect overall health. Although the impact of pre-existing thyroid dysfunction on total knee replacement (TKR) outcomes has been studied, the potential for TKR to increase the risk of developing thyroid disorders remains unexplored. Patients and Methods: We examined electronic medical records from a large U.S. research network in the TriNetX research network. The study focused on patients with osteoarthritis, comparing those who had total knee replacement surgery (TKR) between 2005 and 2018 to a non-TKR group who did not have the surgery. Propensity score matching was employed to control for critical confounders. The hazard ratios (HRs) for the risk of thyroid diseases in TKR patients versus non-TKR controls were assessed. Results: Postmatching, the TKR cohort demonstrated a significantly higher risk of developing thyroid diseases compared to the non-TKR cohort (unadjusted HR=1.218, 95%CI=1.169-1.269). This elevated risk persisted after adjusting for confounders (adjusted HR=1.126, 95%CI=1.061-1.196). Stratification analysis indicated that female TKR patients and those aged ≥65 years were at higher risk of developing thyroid diseases than their respective control groups. Conclusion: This study suggests a potential link between TKR and an increased risk of thyroid diseases, particularly among older adults and females. Potential mechanisms include inflammatory processes, surgical stress, autoimmune responses, and pharmacological effects. Healthcare providers should be vigilant in monitoring and managing thyroid dysfunction in TKR patients. Further research is necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and develop preventive strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Thyroid disease is a global health problem and the most common type of endocrine disorder next to diabetic mellitus, accounting for around 30–40% burden of the endocrine disorders. Objective The objective of the study was to assess patterns, treatment outcome and associated factors of surgically treated thyroid disease at Public Hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia. Methods The study was conducted among surgically treated patients for thyroid disorders using a retrospective cross-sectional study design by reviewing all patients’ charts. A data abstraction sheet was used to collect relevant data, and the collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 26 software. Bi-variable and multivariable binary logistic regression was employed to assess the association between dependent and independent variables. Results The study was conducted on 200 patients’ medical records who had complete information. Out of this, 84.5% were female and 66.5% of patients’ age was between 20 and 40 years. Toxic goiter was the most common thyroid disease which accounted for 49.5%. Hemorrhage and Hypocalcemia were the most common complications after surgery. Anterior neck swelling of greater than 15 years [(AOR: 52.892 CI = 95% (6.087–459.5.68) (P-0.000)], Total/ near total thyroidectomy [(AOR: 20.139 CI = 95% (4.059–99.931) P-00.000] were significantly associated with complicated post-operative course, while female sex [(AOR: 0.124 CI = 95% (0.34–0.494) P- 0.003)] was associated with lower risk of developing post-operative complications. Conclusion This study showed that 9.5% of operated patients with thyroid disease had complicated post-operative course. Long standing goiter and total/ near total thyroidectomy were significantly associated with complicated post-operative course.

Thyroid disorders are critical conditions that considerably affect a person’s general health, and may lead to additional health complications. Notably, these conditions often remain undetected in individuals who show "normal" results on traditional thyroid function tests. To enhance the diagnostic accuracy for thyroid disorders, such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, this study leveraged digital health records and explored semisupervised learning methods. We intentionally removed the labels from subjects initially categorized as "normal," incorporating them into our dataset as unlabeled data. The goal was to overcome the limitations of conventional diagnostic techniques, which may fail to detect subtle imbalances in thyroid hormones. In pursuit of this objective, we employed a combination of semi-supervised learning methods, namely FixMatch, Co-training, and self-training, in conjunction with supervised learning algorithms, specifically Naive Bayes and logistic regression. Our findings indicate that the FixMatch algorithm surpassed traditional supervised learning methods in various metrics, including accuracy (0.9054), sensitivity (0.9494), negative predictive value (0.9365), and F1 score (0.9146). Additionally, we propose a framework for integrating these diagnostic tools into the Internet of Everything (IoE) to promote early detection and facilitate improved healthcare outcomes. This research highlights the potential of semi-supervised learning techniques in the diagnosis of thyroid disorders and offers a roadmap for harnessing the IoE in healthcare advancement.

AbstractBoth insufficient and excessive iodine intake can lead to thyroid-related disorders. Although China has made progress in eliminating iodine deficiency over the past few decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing. Currently, there is a lack of relevant research on the tradeoff between the benefits and risks of salt iodization in China. In this study, we developed a method that combines the total probability algorithm and disease burden to evaluate the appropriate amount of salt iodization. Following the principle of minimizing the comprehensive disease burden and using the metabolic model of human iodine nutrition. Based on the average national iodine level in water, the optimal iodine content in Chinese salt is determined to be 17 mg/kg. However, iodine content in water is not evenly distributed in China. Approximately 3.23% of administrative villages have water iodine concentrations exceeding 80 ug/L, eliminating the need for iodine fortification in salt. Approximately 83.51% of administrative villages need to continue implementing the salt iodization policy, with the optimal iodine content in salt ranging from 15 to 18 mg/kg. In 13.16% of administrative villages, the iodine content in salt is determined based on the local water iodine concentration, ranging from 0 to 15 mg/kg. Our study cracks open a window of insight suggesting that the optimal iodine content for salt is lower than the existing benchmark dictated by the prevailing policy in China. Hence, there is an urgent need to refine and advance the iodine supplementation strategy in salt to pave the way for precision medicine and health-centric iodine supplementation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyroid autoimmunity is extremely common in the adult population and can affect pregnancy outcomes. Signs in the newborn can range from absent to severe, making the diagnosis easy to miss. We present an interesting case of neonatal Graves disease associated with intrauterine growth restriction, premature delivery, and liver failure with severely high ferritin, thought to be secondary to hemochromatosis. Treatment of the underlying hyperthyroidism caused a rapid resolution of the elevated ferritin and liver failure. This report highlights the importance of considering Graves disease in newborns with liver failure of unknown etiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess thyroid function and lesions after radiotherapy to the head and neck region in children with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) or central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Material and Methods: The study included children diagnosed with HL or CNS tumors who were in complete remission at least one year after completion of chemotherapy (CT) and who had all received radiotherapy (RT) to the head and/or neck. All patients were requested to undergo thyroid function tests and thyroid ultrasonography (USG). Results: A total of 37 patients were included. The mean age was 13.7±3.8 years. The mean follow-up time was 5.09±2.5 years. All patients had CT and RT. Seven (18.9%) patients had subclinical hypothyroidism, and 7 (18.9%) had thyroid USG abnormalities. None of the patients had thyroid malignancy. Age under 10 years at diagnosis, follow-up time of 3 years or more, and an RT dose of 25 Gy or more were found as effective factors for subclinical hypothyroidism development. Only an RT dose of 25 Gy or more was found to be related to thyroid USG abnormalities. Conclusion: Thyroid function tests and thyroid imaging should be routinely examined in any patient who has been treated for cancer to evaluate thyroid dysfunction regardless of clinical findings and the follow-up of these patients should be lifelong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common endocrine issue affecting millions globally is thyroid illness. For this ailment to be effectively treated and managed, an early and accurate diagnosis is essential. Machine learning algorithms have attracted a lot of attention recently in the healthcare industry and have the potential to improve thyroid disease diagnosis and categorization. The implementation of machine learning methods for the classification of thyroid disease is presented in this study. To create predictive models, the study makes use of a dataset that includes a variety of thyroid-related factors, including age, gender, and hormone levels. To evaluate the effectiveness of several machine learning techniques in classifying thyroid diseases, including random forest, support vector machines, XG-Boost, and ensemble classifier, they are implemented and compared. To ensure robust model performance, the methodology includes data preparation, feature selection, and model training, as well as strategies for hyperparameter adjustment and cross-validation. To assess the algorithms’ efficiency in differentiating between several thyroid illness classifications, such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and the study measures the algorithms’ accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, voting, and area under the ROC curve.Highlights: Machine Learning models has been proven important tool for disease diagnosis and classification. Here, in this research various machine learning models are implemented for thyroid disease classification. An analysis between various machine learning models is done to choose the best model for classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The occurrence of thyroid disease varies among populations. While the iodine nutrition level of the Faroese seems to have been decreasing over the past decades, there is no systematic evaluation of the thyroid disease pattern in the Faroe Islands. Such knowledge of thyroid disease occurrence in the North Atlantic region may support healthcare planning and prevention. To investigate incidence rates, including subtypes of thyroid diseases, and demographic characteristics of thyroid disease patients in the Faroe Islands, to improve understanding of the patterns and trends of these disorders. Design and Method: A registry‐based observational study was conducted over 10 years, encompassing all adult Faroese individuals. Patients and Measurements: Health records from general practitioners and hospitals were used to identify incident cases of thyroid diseases. Validation was performed using multiple data sources. The incidence rates were standardised using population data from the middle of the study period 2006–2018. Results: Among the 1152 individuals diagnosed with thyroid disease, the standardised incidence rates per 100,000 person‐years were 55 for hyperthyroidism and 112 for hypothyroidism, and around four times higher in women than in men. Hashimoto's thyroiditis was the dominant cause of hypothyroidism, while Graves' disease was the leading cause of hyperthyroidism. The incidence of hypothyroidism increases with age. A decreasing trend was observed over time for both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Conclusion: Considering the decrease in iodine nutrition levels over the past decades, we were surprised by the high incidence of autoimmune thyroid disease. The findings highlight the need for continuous monitoring of thyroid disease occurrence in coastal areas of the North Atlantic Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correct interpretation of thyroid function tests relies on correct reference intervals (RIs) for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4). ISO15189 mandates periodic verification of RIs, but laboratories struggle with cost-effective approaches. We investigated whether indirect methods (utilizing historical laboratory data) could replace the direct approach (utilizing healthy reference individuals) and compared results with manufacturer-provided RIs for TSH and FT4. We collected historical data (2008–2022) from 13 Dutch laboratories to re-establish RIs by employing indirect methods, TMC (for TSH) and refineR (for FT4). Laboratories used common automated platforms (Roche, Abbott, Beckman or Siemens). Indirect RIs (IRIs) were determined per laboratory per year and clustered per manufacturer (>1.000.000 data points per manufacturer). Direct RIs (DRIs) were established in 125 healthy individuals per platform. TSH IRIs remained robust over the years for all manufacturers. FT4 IRIs proved robust for three manufacturers (Roche, Beckman and Siemens), but the IRI upper reference limit (URL) of Abbott showed a decrease of 2 pmol/L from 2015. Comparison of the IRIs and DRIs for TSH and FT4 showed close agreement using adequate age-stratification. Manufacturer-provided RIs, notably Abbott, Roche and Beckman exhibited inappropriate URLs (overall difference of 0.5–1.0 µIU/mL) for TSH. For FT4, the URLs provided by Roche, Abbott and Siemens were overestimated by 1.5–3.5 pmol/L. These results underscore the importance of RI verification as manufacturer-provided RIs are often incorrect and RIs may not be robust. Indirect methods offer cost-effective alternatives for laboratory-specific or platform-specific verification of RIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although thyroid disease is a common condition, there is limited research examining the prevalence of thyroid disease over a long period of time, including both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we aimed to investigate sociodemographic aspects that might be associated with thyroid disease and how its prevalence has varied during the pandemic. Methods: We assessed the prevalence of thyroid disease among Korean adults by using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1998 to 2021. We evaluated weighted prevalence and β-coefficients with 95 % CI for factors such as age, sex, residential area, education level, household income, perceived stress level, weight change, occupation category, and body mass index groups. Results: From 1998 to 2021, the prevalence of thyroid disease among 159,896 Korean adults (88,120 females [55.1 %]) aged 20 years and older exhibited an overall increasing trend. The weighted prevalence in the general population rose from 1.52 % (95 % CI, 1.41–1.64) in 1998–2005 to 3.84 % (3.30–4.39) in 2021, with a higher likelihood of thyroid disease exposure as age increased. In addition, females, individuals with lower education levels, those with high levels of perceived stress, those who gained weight, and those classified as overweight or obese emerged as vulnerable groups for thyroid disease. For the majority of subgroups, the change amid the effect of the pandemic on prevalence was minimal. However, the aged ≥60 years group showed a greater increase in prevalence during the pandemic than before the pandemic (βdiff: 0.52 [95 % CI, 0.37–0.68]). Conclusions: A nationwide representative study in South Korea revealed an increasing trend in the prevalence of thyroid disease over 24 years, particularly among the older population. Despite the minimal variation during the pandemic, our findings emphasize the need for targeted thyroid disease policies and further research, especially for specific subgroups such as the older population.

OBJECTIVES To determine the frequency of fetomaternal outcomes in women with pregnancy with thyroid disease presented to Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar. METHODOLOGY A descriptive observational study was conducted in Khyber’s Obstetrics and Gynecology Department Teaching Hospital Peshawar from February to July 2022. A total of 160 pregnant patients with thyroid disease were included in the study. All patients were followed till delivery, and fetomaternal outcomes (gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, postpartum hemorrhage, mode of delivery, Oligohydramnios, birth weight, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia) were noted. RESULTS The age range in this study was from 18 to 40 years with a mean age of 29.787 +2.23 years, mean gestational age of 25.331+4.14 weeks, mean parity of 1.818+1.23 and mean weight of 68.462+3.30 kg. Hypothyroidism was seen in 76.9% of patients, and hyperthyroidism was seen in 23.1%. Gestational hypertension was observed in 11.9%, pre-eclampsia in 5%, postpartum haemorrhage in 47.5%, the cesarean section in 27.5%, Oligohydramnios in 11.3%, low birth weight in 21.3% and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in 10.6%. CONCLUSION The most frequent complication observed in pregnancy with thyroid disease was postpartum haemorrhage, followed by cesarean section and low birth weight.

Abstract Objective Some correlations between thyroid disorders and insomnia have been found in previous studies; however, the causal relationship between them is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the causal relationship between insomnia and five thyroid disorders (hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer). Methods We assessed the causal relationship between insomnia and thyroid disorders using inverse variance weighted, weighted median, and Mendelian randomization (MR)‐Egger analyses in MR analyses and then used inverse MR analyses to assess the causal relationship between thyroid disorders and insomnia. Results MR analysis showed that insomnia did not increase the risk of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer. However, reverse MR analysis showed that thyroid cancer increased the risk of insomnia (OR = 1.01, 95%CI: 1.00–1.02, p = .01), and the other four thyroid disorders had no direct causal relationship with insomnia. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the results were robust and no pleiotropy or heterogeneity was detected. Conclusion This study did not find evidence of a bidirectional causal relationship between genetically predicted insomnia and hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, and thyroid nodules. However, we found that although insomnia does not increase the risk of thyroid cancer, thyroid cancer does increase the risk of insomnia.

The worldwide prevalence of thyroid disease is on the rise, representing a chronic condition that significantly impacts global mortality rates. Machine learning (ML) approaches have demonstrated potential superiority in mitigating the occurrence of this disease by facilitating early detection and treatment. However, there is a growing demand among stakeholders and patients for reliable and credible explanations of the generated predictions in sensitive medical domains. Hence, we propose an interpretable thyroid classification model to illustrate outcome explanations and investigate the contribution of predictive features by utilizing explainable AI. Two real-time thyroid datasets underwent various preprocessing approaches, addressing data imbalance issues using the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique with Edited Nearest Neighbors (SMOTE-ENN). Subsequently, two hybrid classifiers, namely RDKVT and RDKST, were introduced to train the processed and selected features from Univariate and Information Gain feature selection techniques. Following the training phase, the Shapley Additive Explanation (SHAP) was applied to identify the influential characteristics and corresponding values contributing to the outcomes. The conducted experiments ultimately concluded that the presented RDKST classifier achieved the highest performance, demonstrating an accuracy of 98.98 % when trained on Information Gain selected features. Notably, the features T3 (triiodothyronine), TT4 (total thyroxine), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), FTI (free thyroxine index), and T3_measured significantly influenced the generated outcomes. By balancing classification accuracy and outcome explanation ability, this study aims to enhance the clinical decision-making process and improve patient care.

Previous studies have suggested a possible association between carbon monoxide poisoning (COP) and hypothyroidism, but the evidence is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to further investigate this relationship. Using data from the Taiwan National Health Research Database, we identified 32,162 COP patients and matched with 96,486 non-COP patients by age and index date for an epidemiological study. The risk of hypothyroidism was compared between the two cohorts until 2018. Independent predictors of hypothyroidism were analyzed using competing risk analysis. An animal study was also conducted to support the findings. COP patients had an increased risk of hypothyroidism compared to non-COP patients in the overall analysis (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR]= 3.88; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 3.27−4.60) and in stratified analyses by age, sex, and comorbidities. The increase in the overall risk persisted even after more than six years of follow-up (AHR= 4.19; 95 % CI: 3.18−5.53). Independent predictors of hypothyroidism, in addition to COP, included age ≥65 years, female sex, hyperlipidemia, and mental disorder. The animal study showed damages in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid, as well as altered hormone levels 28 days after COP exposure. The epidemiological results showed an increased risk of hypothyroidism in COP patients, which was further supported by the animal study. These findings suggest the need for close monitoring of thyroid function in COP patients, especially in those who are age ≥65 years, female, and have hyperlipidemia or mental disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Thyroid disorders constitute one of the most common endocrine disorders seen in pregnancy. Thyroid disorders may be overlooked in pregnancy because of nonspecific symptoms and hypermetabolic state of pregnancy. There is also a paucity of data on the prevalence of thyroid disorders in Indian pregnant women. Hence, this study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of thyroid disorders in pregnant women of rural Bengaluru. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to describe the prevalence of thyroid disorders during pregnancy among the study subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This hospital-based descriptive study was conducted among the antenatal mothers of the community health center of Thyamagondlu in rural Bengaluru. Antenatal mothers who come for antenatal checkup were interviewed and the data were collected using pretested; semi-structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The present study showed that 3% were hyperthyroid, 25% were hypothyroid, 21% had subclinical hypothyroidism, and 4% had overt hypothyroidism. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that the prevalence of thyroid disorders, especially hypothyroidism (25%) was high. This warrants the need for the adoption of appropriate strategies to identify women at risk of thyroid disorders and the implementation of screening tools for its early detection and initiation of effective treatment.

Due to mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency in Denmark, health authorities initiated a voluntary iodine fortification (IF) program in 1998, which became mandatory in 2000. In line with recommendations from the World Health Organization, the Danish investigation on iodine intake and thyroid disease (DanThyr) was established to monitor the effect on thyroid health and disease. The program involved different study designs and followed two Danish sub-populations in the years before IF and up till 20 years after. Results showed that the IF was successfully implemented and increased the level of iodine intake from mild–moderate iodine deficiency to low adequacy. The level of thyroglobulin and thyroid volume decreased following IF, and there was an indication of fewer thyroid nodules. The incidence of hyperthyroidism increased transiently following IF but subsequently decreased below the pre-fortification level. Conversely, thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity increased along with an increase in the incidence of hypothyroidism. These trends were mirrored in the trends in treatments for thyroid disease. Most differences in thyroid health and disease between regions with different iodine intake levels before IF attenuated. This review illustrates the importance of a monitoring program to detect both beneficial and adverse effects and exemplifies how a monitoring program can be conducted when a nationwide health promotion program – as IF – is initiated.

Abstract Background Thyroid dysfunction is common in older people, with females at higher risk. Evidence suggests that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels naturally increase with age. However, as uniform serum TSH reference ranges are applied across the adult lifespan, subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) diagnosis is more likely in older people, with some individuals also being commenced treatment with levothyroxine (LT4). It is unclear whether LT4 treatment in older people with SCH is associated with adverse cardiovascular or bone health outcomes. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to synthesise previous studies evaluating cardiovascular and bone health outcomes in older people with SCH, comparing LT4 treatment with no treatment. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception until March 13, 2023, and studies that evaluated cardiovascular and bone health events in people with SCH over 50 years old were selected. Results Six articles that recruited 3853 participants were found, ranging from 185 to 1642 participants, with the proportion of females ranging from 45 to 80%. The paucity of data resulted in analysis for those aged over 65 years only. Additionally, a study with 12,212 participants aged 18 years and older was identified; however, only data relevant to patients aged 65 years and older were considered for inclusion in the systematic review. Of these 7 studies, 4 assessed cardiovascular outcomes, 1 assessed bone health outcomes, and 2 assessed both. A meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcomes revealed a pooled hazard ratio of 0.89 (95% CI 0.71–1.12), indicating no significant difference in cardiovascular risk between older individuals with SCH treated with LT4 compared to those without treatment. Due to overlapping sub-studies, meta-analysis for bone health outcomes was not possible. Conclusions This systematic review and meta-analysis found no significant association between LT4 use and cardiovascular and bone health outcomes in SCH participants over 65 years. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42022308006

Abstract Determination of long COVID requires ruling out alternative diagnoses, but there has been no report on the features of alternative diagnoses. This study was a single-center retrospective study of outpatients who visited our clinic between February 2021 and June 2023 that was carried out to determine the characteristics of alternative diagnoses in patients with post-COVID-19 symptoms. In a total of 731 patients, 50 patients (6.8%) were newly diagnosed with 52 diseases requiring medical intervention, and 16 (32%) of those 50 patients (2.2% of the total) were considered to have priority for treatment of the newly diagnosed disorders over long COVID treatment. The proportion of patients with a new diagnosis increased with advance of age, with 15.7% of the patients aged 60 years or older having a new diagnosis. Endocrine and metabolic diseases and hematological and respiratory diseases were the most common, being detected in eight patients (16%) each. Although 35 of the 52 diseases (67%) were related to their symptoms, endocrine and metabolic diseases were the least associated with specific symptoms. Other disorders that require attention were found especially in elderly patients with symptomatic long COVID. Thus, appropriate assessment and differentiation from alternative diagnoses are necessary for managing long COVID.

Abstract Systemic sclerosis (SSc), also known as scleroderma, is an autoimmune-related connective tissue disease with a complex and unknown pathophysiological mechanism with genes association. Several articles have reported a high prevalence of thyroid disease in SSc patients, while one study suggested a potential contribution of appendicitis to the development of SSc. To investigate this causal association, we conducted Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using instrumental variables (IVs) to assess exposure and outcome. In the MR study involving two cohorts, all analyses were conducted using the TwoSampleMR package in R (version 4.3.0). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) meeting a statistically significant threshold of 5E−08 were included in the analysis. Multiple complementary approaches including MR-IVW, MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode were employed to estimated the relationship between the exposure and outcome. Leave-one-out analysis and scatter plots were utilized for further investigation. Based on the locus-wide significance level, all of the MR analysis consequences manifested no causal association between the risk of appendicitis with SSc (IVW OR 0.319, 95% CI 0.063–14.055, P = 0.966). Negative causal effects of autoimmune thyroiditis (AT) on SSc (IVW OR 0.131, 95% CI 0.816–1.362, P = 0.686), Graves’ disease (GD) on SSc (IVW OR 0.097, 95% CI 0.837–1.222, P = 0.908), and hypothyroidism on SSc (IVW OR 1.136, 95% CI 0.977–1.321, P = 0.096) were derived. The reverse MR revealed no significant causal effect of SSc on thyroid disease. According to the sensitivity analysis, horizontal pleiotropy was unlikely to distort the causal estimates. The consequences indicated no significant association between AT, GD, and hypothyroidism with SSc. Similarly, there was no observed relationship with appendicitis.

Gastrointestinal motility symptoms may be closely related to thyroid diseases. Sometimes, such symptoms are the only thyroid disease-related clue although the degree of the symptoms may vary. The exact mechanism of action of thyroid hormones on gastrointestinal motility is not completely understood, however, a clue lies in the fact that muscle cell receptors can be directly acted upon by thyroxines. Both hypo- and hyperthyroidism can cause impairment of gastrointestinal motility, modifying structure and function of pharynx and esophagus, and regulating esophageal peristalsis through neuro-humoral interaction. In hyperthyroid patients, alterations of postprandial and basic electric rhythms have been observed at gastro-duodenal level, often resulting in slower gastric emptying. Gastric emptying may also be delayed in hypothyroidism, but an unrelated gastric mucosa-affecting chronic modification may also cause such pattern. Hyperthyroidism commonly show malabsorption and diarrhoea, while hypothyroidism frequently show constipation. In summary, it can be stated that symptoms of gastrointestinal motility dysfunction can be related to thyroid diseases, affecting any of the gastrointestinal segment. Clinically, the typical thyroid disease manifestations may be missing, borderline, or concealed because of intercurrent sicknesses. Motility-linked gastrointestinal problems may easily conceal a misdetected, underlying dysthyroidism that should be carefully analyzed. Here, we aim to elaborate on the associations between thyroid disorders and GI dysmotility and the common clinical manifestations associated with GI dysmotility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thyroid dysfunction is common in older people, with females at higher risk. Evidence suggests that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels naturally increase with age. However, as uniform serum TSH reference ranges are applied across the adult lifespan, subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) diagnosis is more likely in older people, with some individuals also being commenced treatment with levothyroxine (LT4). It is unclear whether LT4 treatment in older people with SCH is associated with adverse cardiovascular or bone health outcomes. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to synthesise previous studies evaluating cardiovascular and bone health outcomes in older people with SCH, comparing LT4 treatment with no treatment. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception until March 13, 2023, and studies that evaluated cardiovascular and bone health events in people with SCH over 50 years old were selected. Results: Six articles that recruited 3853 participants were found, ranging from 185 to 1642 participants, with the proportion of females ranging from 45 to 80%. The paucity of data resulted in analysis for those aged over 65 years only. Additionally, a study with 12,212 participants aged 18 years and older was identified; however, only data relevant to patients aged 65 years and older were considered for inclusion in the systematic review. Of these 7 studies, 4 assessed cardiovascular outcomes, 1 assessed bone health outcomes, and 2 assessed both. A meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcomes revealed a pooled hazard ratio of 0.89 (95% CI 0.71–1.12), indicating no significant difference in cardiovascular risk between older individuals with SCH treated with LT4 compared to those without treatment. Due to overlapping sub-studies, meta-analysis for bone health outcomes was not possible. Conclusions: This systematic review and meta-analysis found no significant association between LT4 use and cardiovascular and bone health outcomes in SCH participants over 65 years. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42022308006 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objective: To determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunctions and thyroid autoantibodies in Thai systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, and compare them with age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls (HCs). Associations between thyroid dysfunctions and SLE disease activity, and associated factors for thyroid dysfunctions in SLE also were determined. Method: One hundred SLE patients, without apparent clinical thyroid disease, attended the Rheumatology Clinic between November 2021 and October 2022, were enrolled into this study. HCs were matched to SLE cases by age and sex (ratio of 1:1). Clinical manifestations, SLE disease activity and medication received were collected in all SLE patients. Thyroid function tests and thyroid autoantibodies (anti‐thyroglobulin: anti‐TG and anti‐thyroid peroxidase: anti‐TPO) were collected from all participants. Results: When compared with HCs, SLE patients had higher prevalence of thyroid dysfunctions, hypothyroidism and euthyroid sick syndrome (28% vs. 7%, p <.001, and 12% vs. 2%, p =.010, and 6% vs. 0%, p =.013, respectively). Prevalence of isolated hypothyroxinemia was higher numerically in SLE patients (9% vs. 3%, p =.074). Prevalence of anti‐TG or anti‐TPO was no different between SLE patients and HCs (16% vs. 18%, p =.707). There was no association between SLE disease activity and abnormal thyroid functions or thyroid autoantibodies. Family history of thyroid disease and prednisolone use (>10 mg/day) were associated factors for thyroid abnormalities with adjusted OR (95% CI) of 6.13 (1.58–23.75), p =.009 and 4.00 (1.37–11.70), p =.011, respectively. Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunctions were more prevalent in SLE patients. Family history of thyroid disease and prednisolone use (>10 mg/day) were independent associated factors of thyroid abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Thyroid disorders constitute one of the most common endocrine disorders seen in pregnancy. Thyroid disorders may be overlooked in pregnancy because of nonspecific symptoms and hypermetabolic state of pregnancy. There is also a paucity of data on the prevalence of thyroid disorders in Indian pregnant women. Hence, this study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of thyroid disorders in pregnant women of rural Bengaluru. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to describe the prevalence of thyroid disorders during pregnancy among the study subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This hospital-based descriptive study was conducted among the antenatal mothers of the community health center of Thyamagondlu in rural Bengaluru. Antenatal mothers who come for antenatal checkup were interviewed and the data were collected using pretested; semi-structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The present study showed that 3% were hyperthyroid, 25% were hypothyroid, 21% had subclinical hypothyroidism, and 4% had overt hypothyroidism. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that the prevalence of thyroid disorders, especially hypothyroidism (25%) was high. This warrants the need for the adoption of appropriate strategies to identify women at risk of thyroid disorders and the implementation of screening tools for its early detection and initiation of effective treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune disease of liver that may be associated with other conditions, including autoimmune thyroid diseases. We aimed to investigate the frequency of anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab), antithyroglobulin antibodies (TG-Ab), and anti–thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TSHR-Ab) in Tunisian patients with PBC. Methods Sera of 80 patients with PBC were collected over a 9-year period. A total of 189 healthy blood donors (HBD) were included in the control group. Measurements of TPO-Ab and TG-Ab were performed using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Competitive ELISA was used to assess TSHR-Ab. Results Antithyroid antibodies (ATA) were significantly more frequent in PBC patients than in the control group (13.7% vs 1.6%; P < 10−3). Out of 11 patients with ATA, 10 (90.9%) were female. Nine patients and 2 HBD had TPO-Ab (11.2% vs 1%; P < 10−3). TG-Ab were more frequent in patients than in healthy subjects but the difference was not statistically significant (6.2% vs 1.6%; P =.1). TPO-Ab and TG-Ab were present together in 3 patients (3.7%). TSHR-Ab were absent in patients and controls. Conclusion This study shows that PBC is associated with a high frequency of ATA but not TG-Ab or TSHR-Ab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context An association of thyroid function with mood disorders has been widely suggested, but very few studies have examined this association longitudinally. Objective We assessed the cross-sectional and longitudinal association between thyroid function and depression in a population-based cohort. Methods A total of 9471 individuals were included in cross-sectional analyses, of whom 8366 had longitudinal data. At baseline, we assessed thyroid function using serum samples (thyrotropin [TSH], free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid peroxidase antibodies) and depressive symptoms using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Incident depressive events (n = 1366) were continuously followed up with the CES-D and clinical interviews. We analyzed the cross-sectional association of thyroid function and thyroid disease with depressive symptoms using linear and logistic regression, and the longitudinal association with Cox proportional hazard models for depressive events. Results Lower TSH levels and lower and higher FT4 levels were cross-sectionally associated with more depressive symptoms with a B value of −0.07 per 1 unit increase of natural log-transformed TSH (95% CI −0.11; −0.04). Furthermore, hypothyroidism was cross-sectionally associated with less depressive symptoms and hyperthyroidism with more depressive symptoms. Longitudinally, there was a U-shaped association between FT4 and incident depressive events but only in euthyroid participants. Conclusion We show a cross-sectional association between thyroid (dys)function with depressive symptoms, and a U-shaped association between FT4 and incident depressive events in euthyroid individuals. Our findings suggest an association of thyroid function with the risk of developing depression, albeit small. Reverse causation and additional underlying factors may also contribute to the association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and aims: Hyperthyroidism is an endocrine disease with multiple etiologies and manifestations. Heart failure (HF) is a common, costly, and deadly medical condition in clinical practice. Numerous studies have suggested that abnormal thyroid function can induce or aggravate the development of heart disease. However, no study has demonstrated a causal relationship between hyperthyroidism and heart failure. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the causal link between hyperthyroidism and HF. Methods: Summary data for genetically predicted hyperthyroidism were obtained from a genetic association study. The data examined for genetically determined all-cause heart failure came from 218,208 individuals from the FinnGen Consortium. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was used to estimate the causal link between hyperthyroidism and heart failure. Statistical analyses were conducted using the inverse variance-weighted, weighted median, simple median, weighted mode, MR-PRESSO (number of distribution = 5000), MR-Egger, and leave-one-out. Results: The results of the inverse-variance weighted analysis indicated a causal association between hyperthyroidism and an increased risk of all-cause heart failure (IVW: b=0.048, OR=1.049, 95%CI: [1.013 to 1.087], P=0.007). Similarly, the weighted median approach demonstrated a positive correlation between hyperthyroidism and all-cause heart failure (OR=1.049, [95% CI, 1.001-1.100]; P=0.044). Additionally, no horizontal pleiotropy or heterogeneity was observed. The leave-one-out analysis revealed that the majority of the SNP-driven associations were not influenced by a single genetic marker. Conclusion: Our study observed a causal relationship between hyperthyroidism and all-cause heart failure. Hyperthyroidism may associate with heart failure genetically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is caused by excessive energy intake and reduced consumption，when the energy intake exceeds the containing capacity of adipose tissue（AT），AT undergoes functional disorders and triggers a series of metabolic related changes. Thyroid gland， being the key organ regulating the energy metabolism of the body，it exerts an profound influence on the adipose tissue，the main energy storage organ. It can regulate the glucose and lipid metabolism，mitochondrial function and phenotype change of adipose tissue through direct and indirect effects，and has an indispensable impact on the occurrence and development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. In the past，researches on thyroid and fat mostly focused on the unilateral effect of thyroid on adipose tissue，while it’s been recently pointed out that adipose tissue can also affect thyroid function through lipotoxicity，secretion of adipokine and proinflammatory factors， leading to thyroid diseases such as thyroid nodules，thyroid dysfunction. This article describes the interaction between thyroid and adipose tissue and its role in the occurrence and development of obesity related diseases and thyroid related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A few earlier observations and recent controlled studies pointed to the possible contribution of thyroid diseases in idiopathic adult-onset dystonia (IAOD). The aim of this study was to investigate the association between thyroid status and clinical characteristics of IAOD, focusing on dystonia localization, spread, and associated features such as tremors and sensory tricks. Patients were identified from those included in the Italian Dystonia Registry, a multicentre dataset of patients with adult-onset dystonia. The study population included 1518 IAOD patients. Patients with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were compared with those without any thyroid disease. In the 1518 IAOD patients, 167 patients (11%; 95% CI 9.5–12.6%) were diagnosed with hypothyroidism and 42 (2.8%; 95% CI 1.99–3.74) with hyperthyroidism. The three groups were comparable in age at dystonia onset, but there were more women than men in the groups with thyroid disease. Analysing the anatomical distribution of dystonia, more patients with blepharospasm were present in the hyperthyroidism group, but the difference did not reach statistical significance after the Bonferroni correction. The remaining dystonia-affected body sites were similarly distributed in the three groups, as did dystonia-associated features and spread. Our findings provided novel information indicating that the high rate of thyroid diseases is not specific for any specific dystonia subpopulation and does not appear to influence the natural history of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyrotoxicosis is a common condition resulting from excess of circulating thyroid hormones in the blood. The most frequent cause of thyrotoxicosis is Graves' disease and the clinical features include goitre and eye disease. The treatment strategies in Graves' disease involve anti-thyroid drugs, radioiodine and thyroidectomy. Thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid) is caused by release of stored thyroid hormones and may also result in thyrotoxicosis. The aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, investigation and management of conditions causing thyrotoxicosis and thyroiditis are reviewed in this chapter. Rare causes of thyrotoxicosis are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context There are differences in diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes for thyroid between racial and ethnic groups that contribute to disparities. Identifying these differences and their causes are the key to understanding and reducing disparities in presentation and outcomes in endocrine disorders. Evidence Acquisition The present study reviews original studies identifying and exploring differences between benign and malignant thyroid diseases. A PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus search was conducted for English-language studies using the terms " thyroid ," " thyroid disease ," " thyroid cancer ," " race ," " ethnicity ," and " disparities " from inception to December 31, 2022. Evidence Synthesis Many racial and ethnic disparities in the diagnosis, presentation, treatment, and outcomes of thyroid disease were found. Non-White patients are more likely to have a later time to referral, to present with more advanced disease, to have more aggressive forms of thyroid cancer, and are less likely to receive the appropriate treatment than White patients. Overall and disease-specific survival rates are lower in Black and Hispanic populations when compared to White patients. Conclusions Extensive disparities exist in thyroid disease diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes that may have been overlooked. Further work is needed to identify the causes of these disparities to begin to work toward equity in the care of thyroid disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are few reports evaluating different factors, including the severity of duodenal histopathological findings and serological levels of celiac disease (CD), in increasing the probability of thyroid diseases (TD) in adults and children with CD, so, we designed this research. Methods: CD was defined as Marsh type 2 or higher in duodenal histopathology and serological levels of anti-transglutaminase antibodies (anti-tTG) equal to or greater than 18 IU/ml. To assess the likelihood of TD in CD patients, logistic regression analysis was employed. Results: 538 patients were included in this study. Of these, 354 (65.8%) were females and 184 (34.2%) were males. 370 (68.8%) patients were children. Overall, 57 (10.6%) patients had TD, of which 49 (9.1%) had hypothyroidism and 8 (1.5%) had hyperthyroidism. Adults had a significantly higher probability of developing TD than children (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.1-3.4; P = 0.03). The odds of developing TD were also significantly higher in patients with family marriage in parents (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.1-4.7; P = 0.03). Other variables such as gastrointestinal symptoms, anti-tTG levels, and severity of Marsh classification did not exhibit a substantial rise in the likelihood of TD development. Conclusion: The study findings indicated that the likelihood of developing TD in CD patients can be linked to advancing age and having family marriage in parents, while there was no significant association observed with anti-tTG levels, severity of histological damage, and gastrointestinal symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]