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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tobacco tar are regarded as a significant threat to human health. PAHs are formed due to the incomplete combustion of organics in tobacco and cigarette paper. Herein, for the first time, we extended the application of CsPbBr3 quantum dots (CsPbBr3) to the photocatalytic degradation of tobacco tar, which was collected from used cigarette filters. To optimize the photoactivity, CsPbBr3 was coupled with Bi2WO6 for the construction of a type-II photocatalyst. The photocatalytic performance of the CsPbBr3/Bi2WO6 composite was evaluated by the degradation rate of PAHs from tobacco tar under simulated solar irradiation. The results revealed that CsPbBr3/Bi2WO6 possesses a large specific surface area, outstanding absorption ability, good light absorption and rapid charge separation. As a result, in addition to good stability, the composite photocatalyst performed remarkably well in degrading PAHs (over 96% were removed in 50 mins of irradiation by AM 1.5 G). This study sheds light on promising novel applications of halide perovskite.

The aim of the research was to investigate the relationship and/or occurrences in and between chemical composition information (tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide), market information (brand, manufacturer, price), and public health information (class, health warning) as well as clustering of a sample of cigarette data. A number of thirty cigarette brands have been analyzed. Six categorical (cigarette brand, manufacturer, health warnings, class) and four continuous (tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide concentrations and package price) variables were collected for investigation of chemical composition, market information and public health information. Multiple linear regression and two clusterization techniques have been applied. The study revealed interesting remarks. The carbon monoxide concentration proved to be linked with tar and nicotine concentration. The applied clusterization methods identified groups of cigarette brands that shown similar characteristics. The tar and carbon monoxide concentrations were the main criteria used in clusterization. An analysis of a largest sample could reveal more relevant and useful information regarding the similarities between cigarette brands.

Ill ÖZET Bu çalışmada sigara içimi sırasında oluşan organik maddelerden kanserojen etkisi olan benz(a) pirenin, BaP, vüksek basınç sıvı kromatograf isi ile tayini için yön tem geliştirildi. Sigara filtreleri önce asetonitril ile çözüldü sonra farklı pH larda n-heksan ile ekstr aks iyon lar yapıldı. Kromatograf ik kolon olarak LiChrosorb RPCI8, hareketli faz olarak da %84_ asetonitril-su karışımı kul lanıldı. Geri alınabilirlik % 50 dolayında ve farklı üç si garadaki benz(a) piren miktarları sırasıyla 0.076, 0.039, 0.081 ug/ filtre bulundu. IV SUMMARY In this study a method has been developed for the determination of benz (a)oyrene in cigarette filter. The method was based on the acetonitril and n-hexane extrac tions of the analayt from filtre and high pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of the extract using L-iChrosorb RPC 18 reversed-phase column. The extraction yield was found to be 50% by applying the proposed method benz (a) pyrene content of three different cigarettes filters were found as 0.076, 0.039, 0.081, yg/ filter. 51

İki bölümden oluşan çalışmanın ilk kısmında ters-faz yüksek basınç sıvı kromatografisinde (HPLC) çeşitli polisik- lik aromatik hidrokarbonların (PAH) (florenten,benz (a) piren, benz (a) antrasen, benz (b) florenten, di benz (a-c) antrasen gibi) alıkonma mekanizmaları incelendi, HPLC, Vari- an, 5560, hareketli faz; $> 80 asetonitril-su detektörjUV 200 ve kolon LiChrosorb C_g kullanıldı. İçerisinde 0,2 mg/ml. PAH bulunduran standart çözeltilerin herbirinden 5 lik en jeksiyonlar yapıldı. Elde edilen kromat o gramlardan k'(= ba ğıl alıkonma zamanı) değerinin, molekülün boy/en ( -§-) oranı, karbon sayısı ve suda çözünürlük gibi parametrelerle olan ilişkisi incelendi. Sonuçta aynı sayıda karbon içeren (16,18,20) moleküllerin alıkonma zamanının, -=- ile doğru orantılı, suda çözünürlükle ters orantılı arttığı gözlendi. 22 karbon içerenlerde böyle bir doğrusal bağıntı bulunamadı. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde yine bir PAH olan benz (a) pirenin, sigara filtresindeki zifirde, HPLC ile tayini için metod geliştirildi. Zifirde diklorometan (DCM) ile ekstrakte edilen, önceden enjekte edilen standart benz (a) piren, çeşitli ön temizleme işlemlerinden (filtrasyon-kolon-kromatog- rafisi) sonra yüksek basınç sıvı kromatografisi kolonuna enjekte edildi. Yukarıda verilen kromatografik şartlarda benz (a) piren zifirden ekstrakte edilen maddelerden kolaylıkla ayrılırken, geri alınabilirlik # 30 dolaylarında kaldı. Summary This work was carried out in two parts. In part one, the retention mechanisms of some policylic aromatic hidrocarbons (PAH) ( e.q. f luoranthene, benzo (a) pyren, benzo (a) anthracene, benzo (b) f luoranthene and di benzo (a-c) antracene) have been studied by reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatogrophy. HPLC: Varian 5560, mobxl phase: SO # acetonitril/water, detector: UV 200 and colon: LiChrosorb C-q. The influence of number of corbon atoms, water solubi lity and length to breeth ratio on the k» values (capacity factor) of PAH' s was examined. It was observed that for the molecules containing 16,18,20 karbon, k* »values increase with the increase in L/B ratio and decrease with the water solubility. There is no similar lineer relationship could be found for PAH' s with 22 carbon atoms. İn part two, a method for the determiation of benz (a) pyren in tobacco tar. by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. Added benz (a) pyren was extracted with dichloromethan from tar. After being isolated, concent rated and fractionated 5M of sample was injected to HPLC under the some chromatografic conditions mentioned above. A good chromatographic resolution was obtained while the reco very was around 30 #. 56

Introducción: La PCR se conoce como reactante de fase aguda, pero con los nuevos métodos de análisis ultrasensibles, aparece el concepto de PCR como marcador de inflamación crónica. En este estudio vamos a investigar si el tabaquismo se comporta como una enfermedad sistémica, ver si existe relación entre los valores de la PCR y el tabaquismo. Material y métodos: Se estudian 762 personas de edad media 41,74 (d.s.10,03) años. 200 eran fumadoras, 344 no fumadoras y 218 exfumadoras. En la historia de tabaquismo se recoge: marca de tabaco, número de cigarrillos/ día, duración en años del hábito y milígramos de nicotina y alquitrán. En los exfumadores el número de años de abandono tabáquico. La PCR se determina mediante ensayo Tina - Quant ultrasensible. Se aplica el programa informático SPSS windows versión 11.0 Resultados: Aparecen valores de PCR con diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos de fumadores y de no fumadores. Se observa un aumento estadísticamente significativo de la PCR en relación con el número de cigarrillos/ día (p ≤ 0,001), con los mg de nicotina (p = 0,017), con los mg de alquitrán (p = 0,020) y con los años de duración del hábito tabáquico (p ≤ 0,001). Sin embargo, al estudiar la relación entre PCR y años de abandono tabáquico se observa una pendiente negativa de la ecuación de 0,02, pero no es estadísticamente significativa. Conclusiones: Los niveles de PCR aumentan al incrementarse el consumo de cigarrillos/día, los mg de nicotina, de alquitrán y la duración del hábito. Introduction: The CRP is known to be an acute phase reactant, but with new high sensitivity assay methods it appears that CRP is also a marker of chronic inflammation. This study was to investigate whether smoking acts as a systemic disease and to see if there is a relation between CRP values and smoking. Material and methods: 762 persons were studied, with a mean age of 41.74 ± 10.03 years. 200 were smokers, 344 were non-smokers and 218 were ex-smokers. The following details were noted in the smoking history: cigarette brand, number of cigarettes/day, number of years' smoking and milligrams of nicotine and tar. In the case of ex-smokers, the number of years since giving up smoking was noted. The CRP was determined using the high sensitive Tina - Quant assay. Windows SPSS version 11.0 software was used. Results: The CRP values showed statistically significant differences between the smoking and non-smoking groups. A statistically significant increase in CRP was observed in relation to number of cigarettes/day (p ≤ 0.001), mg of nicotine (p = 0.017), mg of tar (p=0.020) and number of years of smoking (p ≤ 0.0001). However, when analysing the relation between CRP and the number of years since giving up smoking, there was a negative curve of 0.02 in the equation, but this was not of statistical significance. Conclusions: CRP levels rise when there is an increase in number of cigarettes/day, mg of nicotine and tar and years' smoking.