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This article explores discourses of civility in the key religious debates of the English Civil War period, revealing how appeals to civility were used in anti-toleration discourse and attacks on women’s preaching. It contextualizes the gender politics associated with this topic by examining early seventeenth-century conduct manuals for women, and then determining the connection between civility with other feminine ideals, such as modesty and silence. It then demonstrates the role that such a gendered notion of civility took in key religious debates of the times, including Quaker and anti-Quaker discourses of the 1650s. Anti-toleration polemicists portrayed women preachers as both uncivil and a symptom of increased social and religious disorder. I contend that at this time of increased political and religious discord, appeals to ‘civility’ and other feminine codes of conduct aimed at restricting women’s agency also served as a potent rhetorical strategy in dominant religious debate and conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a general overview of the contacts between Polish Socinians and Dutch Remonstrants during the seventeenth century. Many contemporaries regarded Socinianism and Remonstrantism as similar or related confessions and some worked to forge ties between them. At the same time however the Remonstrant leadership opposed such moves for fear that they would confirm a link that was already being exploited by the Remonstrants’ opponents to smear their reputation. In the circumstances the Remonstrants as a group saw no alternative than to copy the widely prevailing intolerant attitude towards Socinianism. By the mid-seventeenth century fears of an influx of Socinian immigrants and ideas led to calls for measures against Socinian immigration and actual ban on Socinian printing in the Dutch Republic. Nevertheless some immigration took place and Amsterdam and Rotterdam became important centres of Socinian printing for some time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

17α-Estradiol (17αE2), a less-feminising enantiomer of 17β-estradiol, has been shown to prolong lifespan and improve metabolic health in a sex-specific manner in male, but not in female mice. Recent studies have demonstrated the pivotal role of estrogen receptor α (ERα) in mediating the effects of 17αE2 on metabolic health. However, the specific tissues and/or neuronal signalling pathways that 17αE2 acts through remain to be elucidated. ERα expression in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons (principal excitatory and inhibitory neurons respectively) in the hypothalamus is essential for estradiol signalling. Therefore, we hypothesised that knocking out ERα from one of these neuronal populations would attenuate the established beneficial metabolic effects of 17αE2 in male mice exposed to a high fat diet. To test this hypothesis we used two established brain specific ERα KO models, targeting either glutamatergic or GABAergic neurons (Vglut2/Vgat-ERαKO). We show that both of these ERα KO models exhibit a strong reduction in ERα expression in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, a control centre for metabolic regulation. Deletion of ERα from GABAergic neurons significantly diminished the effect of 17αE2 on body weight relative to controls, although these animals still show metabolic benefits with 17αE2 treatment. The response to 17αE2 was unaffected by ERα deletion in glutamatergic neurons. Our results support a benefit of 17αE2 treatment in protection against metabolic dysfunction, but these effects do not depend on exclusive ERα expression in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons and persist when ERα expression is strongly reduced in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines perspectives of 53 young people (14–25) from nine villages in Java. As part of a broader project investigating violence, hatefulness, tolerance, inclusion, and peace, participants shared their opinions about LGBTQIA + people, issues, and needs, in their village context. As stigmatising and rejecting views of LGBTQIA + communities are common in Indonesian society, it is important to gather the views of those who represent Indonesia’s future. This can highlight areas requiring support and identify pathways to change. The findings in this small study showed that participants held broadly critical and exclusionary perspectives towards LBGTQIA + people. Common themes included erasure of LGBTQIA + as an identity and adherence to religiously framed notions of homosexuality (specifically) as haram and sexual and gender diversity as a sickness. While the findings largely reflected the marginalisation of this minority group, there were glimmers of opportunity that provide hope for greater inclusion and acceptance. Further, while participants viewed themselves as tolerant and inclusive towards people of different ethnicities and religions, inclusion of LGBTQIA + people was seen as unacceptable. Thus, measurement of LGBTQIA + inclusion may offer a useful proxy for assessing societal tolerance and acceptance of diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study examined the relationship between Distress Tolerance, defined as the individual's ability to withstand psychological stress or endure negative emotions, and Life Satisfaction, the cognitive component of the individual's subjective wellbeing, among Saudi young adults aged 20–30. The study aimed to understand the overall scores of distress tolerance, life satisfaction, and gender differences in these variables. Methods: Online questionnaires were distributed to 348 participants selected based on inclusion/exclusion criteria, using self-report scales: the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The sample consisted of 77 males and 271 females, with a mean age of 1.8793 years (SD = 0.81931). Data were analyzed using the SPSS program. Results: The findings supported our hypotheses that (1) Saudi young adults have high overall scores of distress tolerance and life satisfaction, (2) there is a significant positive correlation between distress tolerance and life satisfaction, (3) there are no significant differences between males and females regarding overall distress tolerance and life satisfaction levels, although (4) a significant gender difference was found in the emotional regulation subscale of DTS. A linear regression analysis also showed that distress tolerance significantly predicts life satisfaction. Conclusion: Distress tolerance and life satisfaction are positively associated among Saudi young adults, with no significant gender differences in overall levels. However, differences in specific subscales, such as emotional regulation, warrant further investigation. These findings provide valuable insights for interventions to enhance this population's wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nutritional interventions are a key strategy for sustaining general health in children with neurological impairment. Whey-based formulae have been shown to reduce gastroesophageal reflux and accelerate gastric emptying. Casein protein, on the other hand, precipitates in the stomach's acidic environment, slowing down gastric emptying. Methods: This is a prospective observational study that included 34 children with severe neurological impairment between 2–14 years old of both sexes who underwent percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (P.E.G) tube insertion, gastrointestinal dysfunction symptoms and nutritional status were compared after 6 months between those fed either peptide-based (100% whey) or casein-based formula. We aimed in the current study to determine whether peptide-based formula reduces gastroesophageal reflux episodes and improves symptoms of poor feeding tolerance compared to casein-based formula, and to evaluate the impact of both formulae on the nutritional status of those children. Results: Using peptide-based, 100% whey protein formula was associated with improved feeding tolerance and reduced gastrointestinal issues such as constipation (p-value = 0.016), reflux, and vomiting episodes (p-value = 0.034). Unlike patients who obtained the casein-based formula, patients who received the peptide-based formula exhibited significant improvement in swallowing ability 6 months after PEG insertion when compared to pre-insertion (p-value = 0.002). Conclusion: Whey-based formula is better recommended for neurologically impaired children who have poor swallowing abilities, constipation, reflux, and vomiting episodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To explore the effects of moderate-altitude exposure on intestinal flora in healthy individuals. METHODS: The aid-Tibet cadres, who were sent to work from Guangdong（ average altitude < 50 m） to Nyingchi（ average altitude of 2 900 m）, were recruited. A total of 76 samples were collected, including 42 samples from healthy adults with plateau living for 0 day and 34 samples from healthy adults with plateau living for 6 months. Fecal samples DNA were extracted, sequenced by the 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing technology and analyzed bioinformatically. RESULTS: Compared with the base group, α diversity was increased （P=4. 00×10-4） and β diversity was decreased （P=1. 00×10-3）. After moderate altitude exposure, the relative abundance of phylum Proteobacteria （|LDA|>4, P<0. 05）, genus Escherichia-Shigella, species Enterococcus_faecalis, Haemophilus_influenzae and Helicobacter_sp. _UNSW1. 7sp decreased（ adjusted P<0. 05）, wheras the relative abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes （|LDA|>4, P<0. 05）, genusButyricimona, species Lactobacillus_sp. _RA2113 （s） and Butyricimonas_sp. _Marseille-P2440 （s） increased （adjusted P<0. 05）. The functional prediction by PICRUSt showed a decrease in the relative abundance of pathway related to xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, membrane transport and amino acid metabolism （adjusted P<0. 05）. Conversely, the relative abundance of pathway related to biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites and nucleotide metabolism was increased （adjusted P< 0. 05）. Finally, the results of microbiome phenotype prediction by BugBase showed that moderate altitude exposure improves the gut microbiota functions involving anaerobic oxygen tolerance and gram positive （adjusted P<0. 05）. And bacteria containing facultatively anaerobic oxygen tolerance, oxidative stress tolerance, gram negative and biofilm formation in the six-group decreased significantly compared with those in base group （adjusted P<0. 05）. CONCLUSION: Moderate altitude exposure impacts the diversity, abundance and function of intestinal flora in healthy population, suggesting that altitude factors may have some influence on gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extant empirical evidence indicates that multicultural experiences (MCEs) are linked to numerous positive outcomes, including increased trust, reduced intergroup bias, and the promotion of large‐scale cooperation. These beneficial effects partly depend on the fact that increased MCEs enhance cultural sensitivity, which may enable individuals to better empathize with others. Therefore, we explored the beneficial effects of MCEs on empathy, along with the potential mechanisms. A sample of 1480 Chinese young adults (M = 21.40, SD = 1.86) were employed to complete anonymous questionnaires on their MCEs, positive emotions, critical thinking, empathy, and multicultural breadth. By controlling for gender and family socioeconomic status, parallel mediation analysis revealed that MCEs can independently influence individuals' levels of empathy through both positive emotions and critical thinking. Thereafter, multicultural breadth was determined as a moderator influencing this model. The results highlighted the role of MCEs in increasing empathy through their relationship with cognitive and emotional processes. This study is significant in expanding our understanding of the consequences of MCEs and has practical value in promoting more interpersonal harmony and social tolerance through enhanced empathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the backdrop of an increase in unionization rates (union election wins) and no increase in union membership rates (employees who elect to join as members), we proposed and tested a prediction model of willingness to join a union based on data collected from a broad sample of nonunion subordinates (N = 136) under the direct supervision of nonunion supervisors in work environments with a current union contract (a contract that covers members and nonmembers alike). As a hypothesized mediation model, we found support for the model, in which humility at work predicted willingness to join through union tolerance (one's tolerance of unions in relation to one's experience with unions in one's work environment). Further, posed as a research question, we asked whether the mediated results might be moderated by one's experience of respect at work in relation to one's supervisor as a contextual variable added to the model. In reference to the link between tolerance and willingness to join, we found the link was conditional on perceived respect, in which the link was present under conditions of high respect but absent under conditions of low respect. As such, within the broader context of common union avoidance tactics used by employers to discourage union membership—tactics directed at subordinates and delivered by supervisors—we anticipated and suggested that the moderated results could be rooted in fear of retaliation from one's supervisor (anticipation of poor treatment from one's supervisor in relation to one's stance on unions). Based on the study results, we provide notes on model expansion and sampling in reference to future studies on union membership and suggest development of engagement tools for subordinates to address aspects of respect with supervisors should they decide to join as members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on silencing and online incivility literature, this study examined how people evaluate and respond to impolite and intolerant online opinions in different discussion contexts. Based on a between-subject online survey experiment in the U.S. (N = 959), we found that people perceived impoliteness and intolerance as uncivil, leading to intentions to silence others. The results also revealed that intolerance resulted in higher perceived incivility and silencing intentions compared to impoliteness. Furthermore, the direct effects of impoliteness and intolerance on perceived incivility and their indirect effects on silencing intentions through perceived incivility were stronger in agreeing discussions than in disagreeing ones. However, social endorsement cues did not moderate the mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The hypothalamus undergoes significant changes with aging and plays crucial roles in age-related metabolic alterations. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are anti-diabetic agents that promote glucose excretion, and metabolic homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that a SGLT2i, Canagliflozin (Cana), can extend the median survival of genetically heterogeneous UM-HET3 male mice and improve central metabolic control via increases in hypothalamic insulin responsiveness in aged males, as well as reduced age-associated hypothalamic inflammation. We studied the long- and short-term effects of Cana on hypothalamic metabolic control in UM-HET3 mice. Starting the treatment from 7 months of age, we show that 4 weeks of Cana treatment significantly reduced body weight and fat mass in male but not female mice that was associated with enhanced glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity observed by 12 months. Indirect calorimetry showed that Cana treatment increased energy expenditure in male, but not female mice, at 12 months of age. Long-term Cana treatment increased metabolic rates in both sexes, and markedly increasing formation of both orexigenic and anorexigenic projections to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) mostly in females by 25 months. Hypothalamic RNA-sequencing analysis revealed increased sex-specific genes and signaling pathways related to insulin signaling, glycogen catabolic pathway, neuropeptide signaling, and mitochondrial function upregulated by Cana, with males showing a more pronounced and sustained effect on metabolic pathways at both age groups. Overall, our data provide critical evidence for sex-specific mechanisms that are affected by Cana during aging suggesting key targets of hypothalamic Cana-induced neuroprotection for metabolic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the representation of the justices of the peace in George Farquhar's 1706 play The Recruiting Officer. I place this play in the context of Farquhar's work of literary criticism, "A Discourse Upon Comedy" (1701), in which he claims "Liberty and Toleration" as guiding principles for his home-grown, anti-Aristotelian aesthetic. The political, legal, and theatrical history surrounding the 1688 English revolution and its aftermath frames my examination of the justices' position at the intersection of local and national legal procedures. The Recruiting Officer interrogates the justice of the peace's role in recruiting and conscription during the War of Spanish Succession. Justices of the peace in The Recruiting Officer, I argue, enable inquiry into liberty and toleration's limits and costs in their use of discretionary power and informal mediation. The situational and empirical legal judgments of Farquhar's justices render a pattern for moral judgments allowing for a temporary and tame personal license—"grains of allowance"—relative to cynical Restoration rakishness. Legal and quasi-legal relationships drive the plotlines of The Recruiting Officer—whether in representing recruiters empowered to enlist men, local justices' roles in military conscription, contractual aspects of the marriage bond, or extramarital encounters, real and imagined. Farquhar uses the justices' characters to suggest that the balances of power at home, in the community, in the government, and in the global theaters of war are all interlinked, mutually sustaining, and prone to destabilization. I maintain that the play invites critique of the law, the military, and marriage, but avoids, in its fundamental optimism and good humor, a trenchant satire on any of these institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By analyzing temporal language, this study investigates the intellectual origins and the conceptual history of three concepts of tolerance that emerged in the Arabic context towards the end of the 19th century. The first is a philosophical concept that has evolved within the philosophical-rational tradition and has connections to the Enlightenment and liberalism. The second is a theological concept that advocates for a harmonious interpretation of all monotheistic religions based on the assumption that all monotheistic scriptures are true. The third is a legal Islamic concept that aims to preserve the traditional imperial and hierarchical Islamic system while addressing contemporary concerns related to citizenship and political affiliation. Tolerance is frequently examined within the research framework on secularity and secularism. Before secularism emerged as a holistic doctrine in Arabic (ʿalmāniyya), discussions surrounding tolerance were closely linked to societal and political principles, including civil equality, freedom of conscience, and the neutrality of religion in the public domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the role of uncertainty tolerance in enhancing intercultural communication competence among high school students in Morocco, drawing on W. Gudykunst's anxiety/uncertainty management theory. Although previous studies have confirmed the theory's core principles through correlational analysis, there remains a lack of empirical research on how uncertainty tolerance impacts the perceived effectiveness of intercultural communication, particularly within the context of Moroccan educational settings. The study employed a quantitative approach with a sample of 104 English as a foreign language (EFL) high school students learning. The sample included 60 female and 44 male students. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the overall level of uncertainty tolerance, while differences between these two categories of students were examined using an independent samples t-test. Additionally, to explore the relationship between uncertainty tolerance and intercultural communication competence, Pearson's correlation analysis was performed. The results indicate that the students exhibit a moderate level of uncertainty tolerance. This was reflected in the mean score of 48.2. Whereas, the t-test revealed no significant difference between male and female students in terms of uncertainty tolerance (p-value = 0.20). However, the study found a positive correlation between uncertainty tolerance and intercultural communication competence (r = 0.35), suggesting that students with higher uncertainty tolerance tend to have better intercultural communication skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work conducted in this study was designed to establish achievable testing tolerances for non-destructive pavement density measurements using Density Profiling Systems (DPSs). Nine and six sensors were used to determine the precision of repeatability and reproducibility in the laboratory and the field, respectively. A minimum of six sensors (considered in this study as independent laboratories) were needed to comply with the minimum number of participants required in the current ASTM standard practice (ASTM E691). The methodology included the development of laboratory precision evaluation with a total of nine sensors and two different mixtures (9.5 mm fine-graded mix, 19.0 mm coarse-graded mix) compacted at four density levels (97%, 94%, 91%, and 88% of Gmm). For the field portion of this study, pavement sections built at the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) Test Track in 2021 served as experimental variables. These sections were built with fine-graded asphalt mixtures and open-graded mixes as wearing courses. Additionally, the pavement sections included three underlying materials: new asphalt (binder layer), milled asphalt surface, and granular base, with thicknesses ranging from 3.8 to 13.9 cm. Density profile testing was conducted at two locations: within the mat (center of the lane) and along the joint. Computed precision statements regarding dielectric values within and between laboratories were about double for field results compared to laboratory results. However, when converted to density, the statements were significantly below the reported statements for Bulk Specific Gravity and Vacuum Sealing in the laboratory and Nuclear and Electromagnetic density gauges in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to find out the utilisation of social media-based learning media, namely PosTer (postingan terbaik) in instagram in strengthening civic disposition. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method. The research subjects were students of class E of the Mathematics Study Programme, Yogyakarta State University. Data collection techniques and instruments used observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis used qualitative data analysis interactive model. Data validity tests include credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability tests. The results showed that the application of PosTer media in instagram in Pancasila Education lectures was carried out through three stages, namely explaining the learning topic, determining the value theme, posting in instagram, and the assessment stage carried out in the core activities of the lecture. The application of PosTer media in instagram can strengthen student’s civic disposition which includes the characters of tolerance, peace-loving, creative, communicative, responsibility, discipline, and critical thinking. Therefore, it can be concluded that this media can be used in learning to strengthen student’s civic disposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tolerance of pedestrians to red light signals is a crucial factor in urban residents' travel experiences and road traffic safety. To address the current lack of research on methods for measuring pedestrian red light tolerance time at crossings, this paper proposes a stacking model for predicting the red light tolerance time of individual pedestrians. The model employs the XGBoost (XGB), random forest (RF), support vector machine regression (SVR), and multilayer perceptron (MLP) models as primary models, with a multiple linear regression model as the secondary-layer meta-model, as well as Bayesian hyperparameter tuning. Using random survival forest (RSF) and K-means clustering methods, the dataset was divided into three categories: the low, medium, and high tolerance groups. The feature variables influencing the red light tolerance time were grouped accordingly. Stacking models were established for each tolerance and feature group. The experimental results demonstrated that the feature group voted on by multiple machine learning models performed the best in all three tolerance groups. In the low tolerance group, the mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) were 6.58, 1.91, and 19.78%, respectively. For the medium tolerant group, the MSE, MAE, and MAPE were 4.82, 1.53, and 7.63%, respectively. For the high tolerance group, the MSE, MAE, and MAPE were 33.32, 3.89, and 10.14%, respectively. Individual XGB, RF, SVR, MLP, and ungrouped stacking models were established for comparative analysis of the test set. The results indicated that the proposed grouped stacking model outperformed the other models overall. The method provides a means of obtaining the probability distribution function of the length of the waiting crowd's tolerance time for each red light range and thus determining the duration of the red light at the crossing signal for different personnel compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continued migration flows are inevitable, and research into favorable conditions for educating students in pluralistic societies is timely. This study attempts to address the operationalization of favorable conditions when educating children in diverse societies. Previous research into the contact hypothesis and acculturation theory has suggested that moderating factors are necessary for contact between groups of "others" to effect positive change in attitudes of tolerance and reduce prejudice. To represent groups of "others", this study—which analyzed ICCS data from both the 2009 and 2016 cycles—considers lower-secondary students with an immigration background, who speak a different language than the administered assessment in the home, and diversity in terms of socio-economic background. To represent a desirable or "successful" classroom context, the study focuses on attitudes of tolerance held by lower-secondary students towards minorities, investigating whether participation in civic activities in the school or community, or the act of learning in more diverse classrooms, was associated with increased rates of tolerance. Findings supported the stated hypotheses to some extent, as some associations between heterogenous classroom composition (in terms of the share of students from immigrant backgrounds and those who spoke different languages in the home) and increased attitudes of tolerance towards minorities were observed. Student participation in civic activities in school was significantly associated with higher attitudes of tolerance towards minorities in 16 out of 18 analyzed countries. A relation between civic participation in the community and tolerance towards minorities was not found. Overall, students' rates of tolerance towards minorities increased significantly for the majority of analyzed countries between 2009 and 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political polarization is often argued to be a major threat to democracy. This article examines whether the two different forms of polarization, ideological and affective, may risk some of the core assumptions of democratic legitimacy. The paper argues that ideological polarization is linked with increasingly radical ideological positions being accepted as legitimate contributions to democratic processes, which may lead to the erosion of the democratic culture of society. Affective polarization, in turn, presents a risk to the type of political collaboration that characterizes legitimate democratic processes. The article presents some remarks on how these forms of polarization could be pre-emptively addressed in education: first, by demonstrating to students the practical consequences of neglecting the core democratic principles of toleration (Forst) and reciprocity (Rawls) in society; and second, through forms of political action that engage students' political emotions in support of democratic principles and way of life in a nonpartisan way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land suitability analysis is a process to specify the suitability of a particular area according to its inherent characteristics. Inefficient land suitability leads to inefficient exploitation of natural resources, destruction of land resources, poverty, and even social harm. In this regard, land suitability assessment is important to support transportation planning and demand for construction. This study aimed to systematically review the mutual impacts of land logistics and land suitability. This study applied a meta‐analysis to integrate the results of 36 original papers published between 1990 and 2024. The findings showed there were mutual impacts of land logistics and land suitability. In this regard, demand for highway construction significantly affects warehousing (B = 6.30; p < 0.99) and distribution and transportation (B = 4.23; p < 0.99) according to Table 3. In addition, warehousing (B = 7.35; p < 0.95) and distribution and transportation (B = 2.11; p < 0.90) have significant effects on demand for highway construction based on Table 4. The temporal effect of logistics land development has the most positive influence on natural resources and environmental tolerance (4.49). The spatial effects of land suitability and food logistic providers have respectively the most positive impacts on inventory control and demand for highway construction in European countries. Policymakers should consider the global issue of land suitability according to its advantages. First, the greatest advantage of land suitability is that it gives more accountability to the officials and decision makers. Second, land suitability provides the basis for distribution and transportation and inventory control effectively controls storage costs. Thirdly, warehousing, due to land suitability, ensures a regular supply of goods in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People perceive immigration as a source of uncertainty in the host society, making them more susceptible to the most extreme ideological messages that threaten a peaceful relationship between immigrants and the host population. One such message is the idea that immigrants threaten ingroup prerogatives. This, in turn, is related to prosocial and contesting behavioral intentions (negatively and positively, respectively). Implementing inclusive integration policies can create conditions for the institutionalization of norms that promote tolerance and mitigate the negative effects of threat, which can be particularly relevant when the population perceives an economic decline. We address this phenomenon by proposing an analytic model that predicts that the perceived state of the economy and inclusive policies moderate the impact of uncertainty on realistic threat and prosocial and contesting behavioral intentions toward immigrants. We used a 2 (self-uncertainty about immigration: high vs. low) × 2 (perception of economic conditions: decline vs. stability) × 2 (integration policies: very inclusive vs. not very inclusive) between-participants design (N = 579). Results indicated that realistic threat mediated the influence of uncertainty on behavioral intentions. Importantly, the results also confirmed the impact of an economic decline on participants' realistic threat in an uncertain immigration situation and showed that integration policy influences the relationship between realistic threat and prosocial and contestation behavioral intentions. We discuss the implications of these findings for the literature on the role of uncertainty and legitimacy in anti-immigrant attitudes. Public Significance Statement: With an economic decline imminent, the progress made so far to develop a peaceful relationship between immigrants and the host population may be in jeopardy. The findings of this study suggest that integration policies can be an essential tool in the struggle for an inclusive society by suppressing people's intentions to challenge immigrants' integration, even when they feel that they threaten the nation's resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many second language (L2) speakers, including immigrants, speaking with an L2 accent can be a source of unfair or biased treatment in many workplace contexts. However, apart from research on language learners, there is currently little knowledge as to what the general public, and especially members of professional communities, know about accent and accent bias. Our goal in this study was to examine the intuitive understanding of accent and accent bias by university students in human resource (HR) management as future gatekeepers to gainful employment. We interviewed 14 students across two four-year university HR programs in Canada asking the students about their prior experience with accent bias and exploring their understanding of the broader construct of accent through thematic interview coding. The students reported multiple examples of accent bias, demonstrating a nuanced understanding of accent, where they characterized accent bias as an unconscious phenomenon, highlighted its experiential component, expressed sensitivity to different linguistic sources of accent, emphasized the role of a listener in L2 communication, and generally showed flexibility and tolerance toward accented L2 speech. We discuss these findings in light of prior work on accent awareness and highlight the importance of dedicated accent-focused training for HR professionals. Speaking a second (or additional) language with an accent typically involves speakers producing pronunciation features from their mother tongue(s) in their second language. Prior research shows that individuals who speak a second language with an accent are subject to negative biases in professional settings. Because university students enrolled in human resource (HR) management programs are future HR professionals, it is important to uncover what they know about accent and accent bias (i.e., negative judgments based on a speaker's pronunciation). To that end, we interviewed 14 undergraduate HR students in two Canadian universities, in Calgary and Montreal, to determine how they understand accent and accent bias. Students were asked about their own understanding of accent bias, their previous experiences with it, and the importance of accent bias awareness among the HR community. Overall, the students demonstrated a nuanced understanding of accent and suggested that accent-based discrimination may be an unconscious phenomenon. They also showed flexibility and tolerance toward accents, emphasizing that establishing successful communication is a shared responsibility among speakers and listeners. We discuss how negative attitudes toward second language accents may contribute to detrimental, real-life consequences for those who speak a second language with an accent. Finally, we provide suggestions for how HR students' awareness about accent bias may be honed, including through activities that require them to take the perspective of a second language speaker, through diversity training and awareness-raising about different personal characteristics that may influence professional evaluations, and finally through informal contact activities with second language speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practical high‐voltage lithium metal batteries hold promise for high energy density applications, but face stability challenges in electrolytes for both 4 V‐class cathodes and lithium anode. To address this, we delve into the positive impacts of two crucial moieties in electrolyte chemistry: fluorine atom (‐F) and cyano group (‐CN) on the electrochemical performance of polyether electrolytes and lithium metal batteries. Cyano‐bearing polyether electrolytes possess strong solvation, accelerating Li+ desolvation with minimal SEI impact. Fluorinated polyether electrolytes possess weak solvation, and stabilize the lithium anode via preferential decomposition of F‐segment, exhibiting nearly 6000‐h stable cycling of lithium symmetric cell. Furthermore, the electron‐withdrawing properties of ‐F and ‐CN groups significantly bolster the high‐voltage tolerance of copolymer electrolyte, extending its operational range up to 5 V. This advancement enables the development of 4 V‐class lithium metal batteries compatible with various cathodes, including 4.45 V LiCoO2, 4.5 V LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, and 4.2 V LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2. These findings provide insights into design principles centered around polymer components for high‐performance polymer electrolytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between chronic HCV infection and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been established; however, there is limited research on β-cell function particularly in the pre-diabetic population. Here, we evaluated indices of β-cell function and insulin sensitivity across the spectrum from normal glucose tolerance to T2DM in individuals with and without chronic hepatitis C (CHC), and the effects of antiviral treatments on these variables. A total of 153 non-cirrhotic, non-fibrotic CHC patients with a BMI <25 were enrolled in the study. Among them, 119 were successfully treated with either direct acting antiviral (DAA) drugs or pegylated interferon/ribavirin (IFN/RBV) anti-HCV therapy. Fasting state- and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)-derived indexes were used to evaluate β-cell function and insulin sensitivity. Among all subjects, 19 (13%) had T2DM and 21% exhibited pre-diabetes including 8% isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and 13% combined IFG and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Early and total insulin secretion adjusted for the degree of insulin resistance were decreased in pre-diabetic CHC patients compared to HCV-uninfected individuals. Viral eradication through DAA or IFN/RBV therapy demonstrated positive impacts on insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in CHC patients who achieved sustained virologic response (SVR), regardless of fasting or OGTT state. These findings emphasize the role of HCV in the development of β-cell dysfunction, while also suggesting that viral eradication can improve insulin secretion, reverse insulin resistance, and ameliorate glycemic control. These results have important implications for managing pre-diabetic CHC patients and could prevent diabetes-related clinical manifestations and complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant–microbe interactions are essential in shaping plant performance and overall ecosystem functioning. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying plant–microbe interactions mediated by mycorrhizal symbiosis in saline–alkaline soils are still not fully understood. Here, we aimed to clarify the synergistic regulatory mechanism through which arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis drives the rhizosphere microbiome to improve perennial herbage growth in saline–alkaline soils and evaluate phytoremediation efficiency. This study revealed that Funneliformis mosseae inoculation (i) strongly promoted the growth of all three herbage species (with values ranging from 21.62% to 233.33%), Na+ accumulation in plants (with values ranging from 24.63% to 188.89%), and decreased soil electrical conductivity (with values ranging from 7.68% to 12.87%), potentially suggesting improved phytoremediation efficiency with AMF symbiosis; (ii) increased nutritional content and decreased C:P and N:P ratios (with values ranging from 27.20% to 92.87%) and improved K+/Na+ and P/Na+ ratios (with values ranging from 2.60% to 302.96%); (iii) increased the abundance of some beneficial bacterial taxa and strengthened the significant strong relationships among most of these bacteria and plant biomass, ion homeostasis as well as stoichiometric ratio constants, and AMF inoculation treatments also consisted the higher proportion of differential genera significantly correlated with these plant factors as well as plant nutrient contents, potentially reflecting that AMF mediated the enrichment process of beneficial bacterial taxa and may strength functional interaction between plant and bacterial taxa, which may be importance for the enhancement of saline–alkaline tolerance of plants; and (iv) enhanced stability of the rhizosphere bacterial community and complexity of interaction networks, and the related indictors also established significant correlations with plant/soil factors, suggesting that the improvement of stability and functional complexity driven by AMF may also be beneficial for enhancing phytoremediation efficiency. These findings indicate that AMF inoculation plays its own beneficial role by simultaneously activating the potential of beneficial rhizosphere bacterial taxa and that their synergistic interaction is more beneficial for enhancing plant growth in salt‐affected soils and enhancing phytoremediation efficiency. This study helps to elucidate the underlying mechanisms through which AMF‐mediated rhizosphere bacterial community improve plant growth and tolerance to saline–alkaline stresses, and provides evidence that effective ecological restoration of saline–alkaline degraded grasslands can be achieved via the use of mycorrhizal symbiosis herbage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is interested in the differences between the leadership styles of Javier Milei in Argentina and Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil. It assumes that, because the leadership is a type of social relationship historically constructed, they are linked to the political culture of the country where they emerge and develop. From a sociohistorical perspective, it analyzes the role of key power groups (elites, the Armed Forces, the Catholic Church, sociopolitical organizations, and parties) after the transition to democracy. Their position located this power groups in a privileged place to (re)produce and influence the dominant values, beliefs and ideas that limit the leadership styles that are socially tolerated in each country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the religious sympathies and motivations of the antiquary William Dugdale, and of some of those who helped support the publication of his works through patronage of their engraved plates. It examines in particular a series of nineteen costume plates illustrating Catholic religious habits, which feature in Dugdale's co-authored Monasticon Anglicanum (1655–73) and (with an element of duplication) in his Antiquities of Warwickshire (1656). The patrons of these plates are for the most part not openly named, but can in certain cases be identified through their coats of arms: at least two (Thomas Yate and Miles Stapleton) were themselves Catholic, and another (Wingfield Bodenham) appears to have been sympathetic to Catholicism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is essential to focus on the variables that can empower mothers of single-parent students. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of self-healing training on perfectionism and frustration tolerance in mothers of single-parent students. The statistical population included all divorced mothers of elementary school students within the 2020–21 academic year. Sampling was performed in two stages, the first of which was multistage cluster sampling, whereas the second stage was purposive sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study sample (n = 40) was divided into two groups of 20 (control and experimental). This quasi-experimental research adopted a pretest-posttest control group design with follow-up. The experimental group was trained in the self-healing protocol for fourteen weekly 90-minute sessions. The repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS-26 was then used for data analysis. The mean ± SD of perfectionism in the self-healing and control groups in the posttest was 67.75 ± 11.84 and 106.05 ± 22.01. Moreover, in the posttest stage, the mean ± SD of frustration tolerance in the intervention and control groups was 78.60 ± 7.93 and 99.45 ± 9.36, respectively. According to findings, self-healing training significantly affected the components of perfectionism including personal standards, concern over mistakes, and parental criticism. It also had significant effects on the components of frustration tolerance including discomfort intolerance, emotional intolerance, and achievement made by single mothers of students. The results were stable over time. However, self-healing training had no significant effects on perfectionism entitlement and subscales of frustration tolerance including discipline and organization, doubt about actions, and parental expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the heavy-ion irradiation responses of MgO-Nd 2 Zr 2 O 7 (M-NZO) composite ceramics used for inert matrix fuel were experimentally investigated. And the micro and macro radiation damage of M-NZO samples was systemically unveiled after 5 MeV Xe20+ irradiation and quantified by two exposure units, displacements per atom (dpa) and phonons per atom (ppa). The newly ppa represent the number of phonon modes available in the radiated material, which are high relative to thermal properties and the resulting morphological fragmentation after irradiation. In detail, MgO phase mostly retains its pristine structure without extensive amorphization irradiated at high dpa values, meanwhile, Nd 2 Zr 2 O 7 phase also presents satisfactory radiation resistance through the distinctive order-disorder structural transformations that alleviate radiation-induced strain. Besides, MgO grains with lower ppa value dissipate ions energy more efficiently than Nd 2 Zr 2 O 7 , and exhibit higher radiation tolerance at macroscopic morphological scale. Overall, M-NZO composite ceramics have good radiation tolerance under heavy-ion bombardment, in which the lower ppa value and higher thermal conductivity of MgO make itself possess superior resistance to irradiation-induced damage than Nd 2 Zr 2 O 7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is evident that psychological recourses and stress tolerance capacity are found poor in various psychiatric conditions that have significant impact on their treatment outcome but are less studied. This study caters to the need to assess and compare the presence of psychological resources, stress tolerance abilities, and capacity to control, as well as coping ability in patients with BPAD and schizophrenia. A sample of 30 patients with Schizophrenia and 30 patients with BPAD, diagnosed clinically by a consultant psychiatrist based on ICD-10 were selected for the study from Gwalior Mansik Arogyashala. (Gwalior Mental Hospital) Patients of both genders, ranging from 18-50 years, having more than 16 responses on Rorschach were included in the study. The findings of the study reveal that patients with BPAD have significant differences in various Rorschach variables such as psychological resources, though poor in both groups, but were extremely limited in patients with schizophrenia compared to the patients with BPAD. Minimal stress tolerance was seen in patients with schizophrenia in comparison to BPAD. Situational stress is seen more in BPAD, with poor capacity of control in both groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hadrami Arab tribe is one of the ethnic groups that continue to experience dynamic involvement in nation and character development efforts in Indonesia. Habaib as a cleric or preacher of Hadrami ethnic origin has a strategic position to be involved in nation and character building and present a narrative of national values in his preaching. The issue of nation and character development is important in maintaining the unity of a pluralistic society like Indonesia. One of them is a big challenge in maintaining a sense of unity and nationality. To make all this happen, support is needed from all parties and all levels of society to get involved and contribute together. The development of new media such as YouTube has recently given rise to preachers who use social media as a tool for preaching. One of them is the young cleric Habib Ja'far Al Hadar who has almost 1.4 million subscribers. This young Habib is known as a preacher who consistently encourages tolerance and peace. This research aims to find and analyze Habib Ja'far's preaching messages containing national values on the Jeda Nulis YouTube channel. A qualitative-descriptive approach was used to analyze video recordings of Habib Ja'far's preaching. The research results show that the da'wah message conveyed by Habib Ja'far contains national values that are useful for contributing to nation and character building in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adab Al-Basrah is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of Philosophy / Roczniki Filozoficzne is the property of John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Faculty of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of Philosophy / Roczniki Filozoficzne is the property of John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Faculty of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes the stories of Sait Faik Abasıyanık's book "Sarnıç" in the context of values education. The research finds that the book contains a wide range of values, indicating Sait Faik's value consciousness and understanding of society. The article emphasizes the importance of values education and the role of literature in transmitting values. The text discusses the relationship between education and literature, highlighting the role of literature in educating society and transmitting cultural values. It specifically focuses on the works of Sait Faik Abasıyanık, a Turkish writer known for his stories that emphasize love, respect, and tolerance. The text also describes the methodology used in analyzing Sait Faik's stories in terms of values education, using the Schwartz Values Classification as a tool. The findings of the analysis are presented for two of Sait Faik's stories, "Sarnıç" and "Kalorifer ve Bahar," highlighting the values of power, hedonism, stimulation, universalism, benevolence, tradition, and security. The article concludes by suggesting that experts should investigate the function of children's literature in acquiring values education and that curriculum programs should recommend books that encourage individuals to live and be sensitive to their environment. [Extracted from the article]

While tolerance is recognised as important, especially to diverse societies, understanding tolerance poses complexities, both theoretically and in practical application. Tolerance is relevant in different social contexts, yet these pose distinct challenges to measurement. Thus, understanding the measurement of tolerance is important. This study provides a systematic review of tolerance scales, with the procedure based on the PRISMA statement. The initial collection of over 1600 papers through the systematic review process yielded a set of 11 papers. These papers trace the development of tolerance scales to encompass distinct social contexts over time, including political, cultural, ethnic and racial, racial and religious, gender and sexual, and social. Correspondingly, the approaches reflect particular challenges relevant to these domains for understanding and measuring tolerance. In contrast, some recent contributions aim to develop broader, less context-specific means to assess tolerance. Notwithstanding the breadth of articles included, this systematic review yielded articles that covered only selected Western-centric geographies: this indicates the opportunity for further research to access and integrate non-English-language articles to broaden the geographical and cultural perspectives on tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the start of the twenty-first century, 450 years after the massacre of St Bartholomew’s Day, the remembrance of this tragic ‘bloody night’ has re-emerged with force in the collective memory and in the public sphere. This revival is not just the result of the massacre’s anniversary: it is part of a particular political context in which debates on secularism and multifaithism, sparked anew by the Paris 2015 attacks, as well as on the persistent risk of political violence have flared up. While the historiography of St Bartholomew's Day, an event that immediately ‘closed in on itself’ (D. Crouzet), continues to be constantly renewed and discussed by historians themselves, this issue of Études Épistémè attempts to examine how and to what ends this protean memory of an event with paradigmatic value has gradually been (re)modeled in France and around the world, from 1572 to the present day. Our aim in this issue was to open up a history of the different memorial situations and postures that developed over the centuries in relationship to the event, to look at the uses that have been made of it, and the agendas it has been made to serve. How was Saint Bartholomew's Day portrayed and commemorated in the aftermath of the massacre, by whom, and with what purposes in mind? How did its memory travel from place to place and how was it repurposed to fit new contexts? What specific poetics or aesthetics voiced it or grew out of it? How and why do we draw analogies, do we ‘Bartholomize’ or, on the contrary, ‘de-Bartholomize’ other events in the course of history? The articles are divided among four sections, each of which attempts to address these major questions.

MacIntyre’s ‘liberal’ view of the state’s toleration of hate speech may seem surprising given his radical rejection of liberalism. It appears liberal because MacIntyre agrees with some classical liberal conclusions, as formulated by Locke, concerning the requirement of evaluative neutrality of the state. This seems to be the main reason why MacIntyre argues that the hate speech toleration at the governmental level should not be ‘content-based’, i.e. it should be strictly ‘context-based’. The paper argues that MacIntyre’s ‘context-based’ approach seems problematic because it does not take the relevance of different political contexts seriously enough and should be modified towards the ‘regime-based’ model, in which hate speech bans are justified only by the insufficient quality of a given democratic society.

Previous quantitative studies argue that European Muslims oppose gender egalitarianism due to patriarchal religious interpretations. However, this overlooks the diversity in the gendered meanings Muslim people attach to their religion, and that these might be impacted by exclusionary narratives that ‘Islam opposes core Western values’. This study uniquely compares how religiosity and exclusions shape support for women’s equality and tolerance of homosexual people (‘core Western values’) versus tolerance of transgender people (not central in exclusionary narratives on ‘Western values’). Regression analyses on MI-ID data covering 518 Dutch Muslims show, first, that women decouple their religiosity from gender values, while men connect their religiosity differently to varying gender values. For instance, among men, Quran reading decreases support for women’s equality, is unrelated to tolerance of homosexual people, and increases tolerance of transgender people. Additionally, Muslim people who perceive greater group discrimination were found to attach more patriarchal interpretations to their religion concerning women’s rights, not connect their religiosity differently to homosexuality, but hold more egalitarian interpretations concerning transgender people. Altogether, rather than a patriarchal monolith, Islamic religiosity also engenders empathy of other marginalized groups and egalitarian values – especially when those values are not portrayed as ‘core Western values unbefitting of Islam’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper examines the influence of the historical legacy regarding the impact of the border of the former Habsburg Empire, the former political membership of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR), and perceptions about the communist past - in understanding the current tolerance of bribery in Romania, more than 25 years after the fall of communism. We started from an existing background suggesting that in the aftermath of the fall of communism, Romania underwent significant socio-economic changes, with persisting regional disparities accentuated by historical and cultural legacies. Using representative data from the European and World Values Survey joint dataset v.2.0, other relevant sources (Public Opinion Barometer from 2000 and 2007), variable selection and analysis methods based on DK/NA value treatment, binary derivations, the LASSO pack in Stata 17.0 together with different types of regressions including OLS, binary and ordered logistic ones, cross-validations both random and based on wellestablished criteria (mixed-effects modeling), and collinearity removal techniques based on maximum accepted values of the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF), the results highlight that respondents from certain Romanian macro-regions that experienced higher levels of membership in the PCR and positive views about communism are less likely to be tolerant of bribery. It appears that if the region of residence was part of the former Habsburg Empire, current intentions for bribery are higher. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the propensity to bribe is negatively affected by current macro elements, such as higher crime levels, material deprivation, urban connectivity or lower levels of migration abroad, and left-wing voting preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the microstructure and thermal properties of the plasma-sprayed free-standing Lu 2 Si 2 O 7 coating before and after thermal aging at 1350 °C were investigated. The tri-layer Yb 2 SiO 5 /Lu 2 Si 2 O 7 /Si EBCs were designed and prepared onto SiC f /SiC substrates, and its thermal shocking behaviors were also explored. Results showed that the as-sprayed coating was mainly composed of Lu 2 Si 2 O 7 and amorphous phase, and significant microstructural evolution, such as grain growth and defects reduction, was observed after thermal aging. Plastic deformation and well damage tolerance including twinning and dislocation were confirmed by TEM analysis. The CTE of the coating before and after heat treatment were similar, while the thermal conductivity increased after thermal aging. After 100 thermal cycles, penetrating microcracks in the Yb 2 SiO 5 top layer were mostly stopped at the Yb 2 SiO 5 -Lu 2 Si 2 O 7 interface, implying the excellent crack propagation resistance of the tri-layer EBCs. The thermal shock behaviors were clarified based on microstructure combined with thermal stresses analysis. • Microstructure and thermal property of Lu 2 Si 2 O 7 coating were studied. • Lu 2 Si 2 O 7 exhibited microstructure and thermal property evolution after aging. • The Yb 2 SiO 5 /Lu 2 Si 2 O 7 /Si EBCs possessed excellent thermal shock resistance. • Lu 2 Si 2 O 7 could be a promising interlayer material for tri-layer EBCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pores form inside the ZnO varistor during the sintering process, especially in the edge area. The pore defects frequently lead to breakdown of the varistor. In this study, a simulation model was developed to calculate the electric field and energy density within the varistor. The presence of edge pores resulted in the distortion of the electric field and uneven energy distribution, causing a decrease in the energy capacity of the varistor. Combining the simulations with the results of impact energy tolerance tests on varistors, the mechanism of varistor failure induced by edge pores was revealed. To enhance the energy capacity of varistors, a repair medium with high permeability was developed herein. By employing a secondary sintering method, new grains were grown within the open pores at the edge of the varistor, improving the energy capacity of the varistor from 600 to 1000 A for a 2 ms square wave. Moreover, the mismatch between coefficients of thermal expansion was addressed. This work helped clarify the effects of edge defects in varistors, and a strategy for enhancing their energy capacity was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]