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Marmara Island is an island located in the southwest of the Sea of Marmara and is under the administration the province of Balikesir. Being the second largest island of our country in terms of surface area, its dominant role in marble mining and its tourism potential gives the island a crucial position. As we learned from historical sources, Marmara Island has always been important for the civilizations that dominate the region, thanks to its geopolitical location and the marble that it exports to all Mediterranean countries. Several civilizations such as Ancient Greece, Rome, Byzantium and the Ottoman Empire ruled the Marmara Island and led to the emergence of a multinational demographic on the island, where archaeological findings date back to the Ancient Age. Until the migraiton in 1922, the non-Muslim people, mostly Greeks, and the Muslim people lived together. It is certain that this cultural interaction has an effect on the local architecture. In this study, the local architecture of the Marmara Island will be examined through the example of Asmalı village. Remaining residential buildings, religious buildings such as mosques and churches, fountains, and similar structures will be discussed in the study. Within the scope of the subject, a general definition of Asmalı village with its historical features will be provided, the existing architectural examples will be determined with the help of photographs, and their architectural projects will be prepared. The effect of the historical and social structure of the study area on the local architecture will be investigated. The aim of the study is to examine the local architectural examples of Marmara Island, which has not been discussed so far, in terms of building type, plan, material and technique, and to bring these buildings to the literature by revealing their importance in terms of architectural history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typologies of traditional domestic architecture across the world are based on numerous criteria. Certainly, social stratification is one among them. Mamasa tribe located in the West Sulawesi Province, which is one of the Indonesian ethnic groups with traditional architecture do so based on the social and economic levels of the community and the caste divisions. Their traditional architectural heritage still maintained to this day is the Mamasa traditional house called banua. The Mamasa community introduced caste divisions based on the social and economic levels of the community which physically influenced the form and typology of the Mamasa traditional house. This study examines the architectural aspects influenced by the social stratification of the Mamasa community: the function, form, space, material, appearance and decorative variety of the Mamasa traditional house. The research employed exploratory qualitative methods. Data collection techniques included direct observations, interviews and literature studies. In-depth interviews were conducted with several traditional leaders related to the Mamasa traditional house. The field data was correlated with data from the literature studies: journals, books, or website sources related to the research study. The findings indicate a strong correlation between the architecture of the traditional Mamasa house and the social stratification that exists in the Mamasa community. The typology based on the social stratification of the Mamasa society is: the first type, Banua Sura' is intended for the tana' bulawan or high nobility class. The second type, Banua Bolong is intended for the tana' bassi or the ordinary nobility class. The third type, Banua Rapa is intended for the tana' karurung or free-people class. The fourth type, Banua Longkarrin is intended for the tana' kua-kua or the slave class. These four types of banua each reflect the social and economic status of the homeowners through their architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India has a rich cultural diversity, and often faces challenges in the preservation of these cultural traits manifested in traditional architectural values. In fact, it has undergone tremendous changes in its buildings over the years due to modernization which has impacted its architectural landscape. In this context, there is a need for a dynamic response to balance the traditions with innovations and modernity. The call for an architectural style that would minimize environmental impact while honoring local traditions require the development of new concepts. Such concepts also need to meet structural stability requirements and incorporate technological interventions. In fact, these give rise to a style often known as Neo-Vernacular architecture. This paper explores the integration of Neo-Vernacular elements and their role in the traditional Indian temples and how they affect the multifaceted functions. The research employs a qualitative descriptive method. It focuses on case studies of three temples from different regions to explore the characteristics and principles of Neo-Vernacular architecture. Data was collected through site visits to these three Temples: Lotus Temple in New Delhi, the Temple of Shiva in Barmer, Rajasthan and Nandyal Balaji Temple in Andhra Pradesh. It also derives data from literature to support these findings. It concludes that the adaption of Neo Vernacular architecture in modern Indian temples marks a crucial juncture where tradition intersects with innovation to transform the built environment. It is argued that this architectural style is significant in preserving cultural heritage while meeting the changing needs of the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the issue of living in fragile ecological environments, such as oases in deserts. Currently, the oasis of San Pedro de Atacama is experiencing a decrease in its agricultural area due to urbanization and tourism, affecting the sustainability of traditional farming practices and putting at risk the ecological and cultural balance of this Atacamenian locale. The article presents sustainable design strategies for contemporary living in fragile environments, examining thermal qualities and climate control strategies applied to the “Workshop House” or Casa Taller of Magdalena Gutiérrez. Using the principles of Lisa Heschong and Eva Horn, the review also includes Reyner Banham’s climate management modes. The methodology combines architectural and ethnographic analysis, structured in three stages: selection of works, construction of the conceptual framework, and analysis and systematization. Models, photographs, maps, and diagrams were used to contrast theories and thermal and cultural qualities with evidence from the work. Classification criteria included evaluating characteristics such as the degree of privacy of areas and rooms, ventilation, lighting, thermal insulation, and heating methods, with a binary rating employed for systematic evaluation. The results highlighted that Casa Taller manifests poetic living in the exteriority of the Atacama Desert, suggesting a vocation for community activities. The lighting qualities revealed a strategic design that maximizes controlled daylight, utilizing openings and skylights. It was concluded that the Casa Taller represents an expression of “Revisited Critical Regionalism.” The “site-form” relationship is fundamental in this approach, balancing local techniques with cultural and natural surroundings. This work offers a sustainable model for living in fragile environments, where architectural design is appropriately integrated with the place’s climatic and cultural conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article deals with cultural sustainability, authenticity and one of its basic pillars: the preservation of diversity. It looks at constructions around the world and how they have adapted to local geophysical circumstances, both in the construction methods and materials used. It analyses how diversity has been endangered by globalisation in the territory of Slovakia and elsewhere. Subsequently, the article focuses on monument care and preservation in Slovakia and other countries, comparing the legal instruments used in different countries. The article proposes a system for the categorisation of objects built before 1947 in Slovakia. This is key to better understanding the topic of protection of heritage buildings for professionals and government agencies dealing with monument protection. The proposed categorisation could help significantly in systematising the protection of tangible cultural heritage and building culture in Slovakia.

The situation of depopulation that rural Spain has been experiencing for more than half a century has led to the progressive abandonment and loss of traditional architecture in agroforestry environments. In the current context, where sustainability criteria set a paradigm, the rescue and reuse of these traditional constructions (farmhouses, farmhouses, inns, corrals, etc.) represents in itself a sustainable action. Implementing low environmental impact and economically viable architectural solutions that contribute to the revitalisation of rural heritage is a very good opportunity to develop and apply new methodologies and materials in sustainable construction processes and systems, as set out in the European Green Pact and, specifically, in the European Bioeconomy Strategy and the Energy Efficiency Directive. Under these principles, this work proposes an intervention methodology that allows the integration of the pre-existing architecture with prefabricated elements made of wood and cork as ecological materials. As an example of the application of this methodology, the intervention for the rehabilitation of a rural building in ruins is presented in order to be used for public use, specifically as an interpretation centre for an Iberian archaeological site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of NEU Journal of Faculty of Architecture (NEU-MFD) / YDÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of NEU Journal of Faculty of Architecture (NEU-MFD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Traditional architecture is the result of collective experience in the optimum use of available materials in a given location and adapted to specific conditions and needs. Although forms and groups also depend on other cultural and social issues, the constructive techniques used depend mostly on geographical conditioning factors such as altitude, hydrography, lithology, climate, etc. This text aims to analyse the possible relationships among the multiple variants and specific geographical conditioning factors of each location; in turn, this should provide an understanding of the reasons motivating or reducing their use and the mechanisms adapting these techniques to these conditioning factors. The analysis cross-referenced GIS systems from a database compiling information on 1160 half-timbered walls with a series of themed maps containing information on geographical factors. The conclusions reached show that a single technique adapts to different geographical conditioning factors, giving rise to a wide range of solutions which can provide greater durability and improved habitability. This capacity to adapt to the location is a lesson in sustainability that can be applied at present and is above all part of the intrinsic wealth and value of traditional architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of Indonesian traditional architecture has not yet addressed the history of architecture itself; instead, it has only addressed national and regional universal history as a backdrop or ancestry. Furthermore, the sources mainly relied on Western paradigm-adhering written documents and literature rather than empirical sources from a specific cultural community, particularly oral traditions. As a result, the significance of historical context for the evolution of Indonesian architecture has diminished somewhat. Indeed, anthropology, archaeology, and history have long used ethnohistory as a research methodology. Furthermore, traditional architecture has been mentioned in these studies. How does one go about researching the history of traditional architecture using ethnohistory? The objectives of this research are to identify research trends on this topic as well as to discover novelty as a new direction for future studies. This study employs a systematic literature review (SLR) method to descriptively analyze a big dataset and examine the content of primary data selected from publications between 2013 and 2023. It indicates how very promising the research trend is for architecture science. Furthermore, this study develops three research focuses, approaches, implications and constraints in light of the data gathered and examined.

The cultural richness that characterizes Sasak is reflected in the form of architecture, landscape patterns, and settlements. It is known that there are six traditional villages, each of which has a share in the enrichment of Sasak culture and beauty. The architectural objects taken are from traditional villages on Lombok Island inhabited by the Sasak Tribe by exploring the historical and socio-cultural significance to explain their unique characteristics and the influence of history and cultural beliefs on settlement patterns. This research focuses on physically grouping settlement patterns and relating them to culture and local regulations to find the typology and morphology of traditional Sasak settlements. These two classifications are influenced by history and the phenomenon of the 2018 earthquake in these settlements, highlighting the resilience and cultural significance of traditional Sasak structures. Key findings include the classification of two forms of Sasak architecture settlement patterns: hilly Sasak architecture and flat land Sasak architecture., each with distinct characteristics and orientations. The study provides valuable insights into the architectural, historical, and cultural aspects of traditional Sasak settlements, contributing to a deeper understanding of their significance and unique characteristics.

A study of traditional Iranian architecture reveals the special significance of decorative elements that reflect the beliefs, customs, and traditions of each society within the decorative elements of residential buildings. The city of Masouleh, located in Fouman County, is a historical city listed in the national heritage registry for its cultural and natural significance. Around the 8th century AH (14th century CE), people from various regions of Iran migrated to the area known today as Masouleh, along with the ancient residents of Masouleh located 6 kilometers northwest of the city. Masouleh features a rich array of decorative elements that have evolved over successive centuries. This research aims to analyze and study the decorative elements of Masouleh's residential buildings. The research objectives include identifying and classifying the patterns and main themes of the architectural decorations in Masouleh's buildings and addressing questions such as: how many types of architectural decorations, in terms of patterns and decorative elements, exist in Masouleh's residential buildings? What factors have influenced the formation of these decorative elements in Masouleh's residential architecture? The present research, based on field surveys, library studies, and utilizing descriptive-analytical methods, indicates that the decorations on residential buildings in Masouleh are categorized into elements such as doors, domes, windows, railings, bell covers, and electrical meter boxes, as well as floral and mirror motifs. The results also show that the main factors influencing the formation of decorations on residential buildings in Masouleh are for enhancing security (doors), reducing structural pressures against wind and earthquake (domes), meeting spatial lighting needs (windows), increasing safety, creating green spaces and seasonal employment spaces (railings), meeting user needs for facilitating and enhancing user well-being in contemporary times, and eliminating the undesirable appearance of electronic equipment (bell covers and electrical meter boxes) derived from religious and cultural beliefs (floral motifs) stemming from people's interest in flowers and plants and being influenced by the geography of Gilan Province (floral decorations), as well as rooted in the religious and ritual beliefs of the people of Masouleh.

Domestic architecture in the city of Tlemcen knew changes in architectural design and construction techniques over time, from prehistoric times, through the succession of Islamic dynasties, the colonial era and the current period. Individual housing during the colonial period was marked by the transition from the traditional patio house to suburban housing and individual villas with courtyards and gardens. A comparative study was carried out of a traditional Ottoman house in Bab El Hadid and a colonial villa in the avenue Allée des Pins. It reveals two architectural styles from two different eras, designed for two populations with different lifestyles, and highlights the traditional and modern construction techniques and materials used.

Round doors and windows are typical forms of language and symbolic symbols in traditional Chinese architecture, which can be seen everywhere and even become rampant. However, there is no consensus on when, how, and what the significance of the"Chinese style"of this round motif originated. By reviewing historical literature and relevant scholars'discussions, combined with specific cases such as traditional modeling, traditional painting, and traditional garden architecture, this article attempts to clarify the development origin, formal characteristics, and spatial and cultural significance of round doors and windows in traditional Chinese architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As peri-urban regions undergo urbanisation, there arises a need to scrutinise the influence of modernization and urban expansion on traditional housing within these areas. This study delves into the web of spatial evolution within the housing development of Tse-Ayu village in Makurdi, Nigeria over 18 years. Employing a qualitative research methodology, this investigation seeks to delve deeply into spatial transformation in housing development within the study area. The research collected diachronic data from 2004 to 2022 utilising Google Earth’s historical imagery feature. This comprehensive data compilation enabled the observation of gradual shifts in housing development, building materials, and building typologies throughout this temporal spectrum. Additionally, the study conducted interviews with five key informant interviewees (KII), each with over 18 years of residency, to provide insight. Contextual analysis was subsequently conducted to decipher the emerging patterns and trends associated with the evolution of housing development. Findings unveiled a transformation in the housing landscape, characterised by an upsurge in housing density and a transition from traditional structures to contemporary buildings and materials. Changes were primarily motivated by practical considerations, including termite damage mitigation and the dwindling availability of thatch for roofing, alongside aspirations for enhanced living conditions and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista AUS is the property of Revista AUS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the context of Arab cities, this study explores the intricate interplay between cultural, historical, and environmental elements that shape their unique soundscapes. The paper aims to shed light on this underrepresented field of study by employing a three-fold research approach: systematic review, a comprehensive literature review, and the formulation of a future research agenda. The first part of the investigation focuses on research productivity in the Arab world regarding soundscape studies. An analysis of publication trends reveals that soundscape research in Arab cities is still an emerging area of interest. Critical gaps in the existing body of literature are identified, highlighting the importance of addressing these gaps within the broader context of global soundscape research. The second part of the study delves into the distinctive features that inform the soundscapes of Arab cities. These features are categorized into three overarching groups: (i) cultural and religious life, (ii) daily life, and (iii) heritage and history, by exploring these factors, the study aims to elucidate the multifaceted nature of Arab urban soundscapes. From the resonating calls to prayer and the vibrant ambiance of traditional cafes to the bustling markets and architectural characteristics, each factor contributes to the auditory tapestry that defines Arab cities. The paper concludes with a forward-looking research agenda, proposing sixteen key questions organized into descriptive and comparative categories. These questions emphasize the need for a more profound understanding of sound perception, sources, and the impact of urban morphology on the soundscape. Additionally, they highlight the need for interdisciplinary research, involving fields such as urban planning, architecture, psychology, sociology, and cultural studies to unravel the complexity of Arab urban soundscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As efforts to maximize passive cooling for building cooling are growing, attention to traditional architecture is also increasing. Traditional houses have the potential to provide a variety of passive cooling solutions needed as a solution to the environmental impact of active cooling on urban heat islands and global warming. Indonesia is a country with huge cultural diversity. Each region has traditional houses that are proud and cared for. Despite the growing importance of traditional houses as a source of passive cooling design, the number of studies exploring passive cooling in traditional houses in Indonesia and its relationship with location is still very limited. This paper aims to provide an overview of passive cooling in traditional houses in Indonesia and its relationship with location based on peer-reviewed international scientific literature using a systematic literature review. The results reveal that most of the studies still do not optimally explore the passive cooling aspect of traditional houses. Few studies explicitly link passive cooling design to the location of the house. This research identifies several future research directions and offers several applications of passive cooling of traditional houses in modern designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent studies, it has been revealed that building art forms and especially housing formations are affected by many variables. In the architectural pattern, the form is developed by following the function, which arises from the socio-cultural need of the human being. For this reason, housing formations have emerged not only as a result of physical effects or factors but also as a result of the suppression or manipulation of all social life factors. The traditional Anatolian house is the product of material culture accumulation formed by the determination of the lifestyle experienced for many years. It is a reflection of the individual's personality and worldview with its material, form and equipment. The "middle space", which is the focus of all the activities of the home life in the Anatolian residence, has a reference volume; It became the main determinant of the plan by transforming into an outer courtyard in warm climates, life in temperate regions, and a tandoori house in cold climates. The rich historical culture of the geography where the house was built has also been one of the shape determinants of the formal structure. The division of the harem-salon, which is formed due to the religious sensitivity brought by the belief in privacy, is also the agent of the furnishing of the interiors of the rooms and the shaping of the room elements. The structure of Anatolian houses, which were created with the principle of the generality of a single form and a single structure, is simple and can be read from the outside. The Anatolian house is built with an architectural style that is suitable for life, nature and environmental conditions, and instead of struggling with nature, it adapts to it and participates in the life cycle of nature. The construction methods of the Anatolian house are based on the principle of convenience and the dimensions are determined on the basis of human dimensions. In Anatolian housing construction, where the direction of the facades is determined by considering even the direction of the wind, the houses face the sunrise. Anatolian residences, built with the nobility of simplicity, have captured the aesthetics on the facades with the contrast of occupancy-space, gradation and depth of projection. This study aims to increase the recognition of traditional Anatolian residential architecture, which has emerged as a result of long historical experiences, and to create exemplary applications for future residential building designs. The study questions the function factor that determines the formation of the building elements, including the selection and planning of the place where the traditional Anatolian house will be built, and its relations with life. In addition, in the study, an answer is sought to the question of why the traditional Anatolian house is the type of building desired by the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditions, lifestyle, and production styles determined by geography and religious beliefs, are among the factors that determine traditional architecture. Traditional houses built in different cities of Anatolia exhibit great diversity based on these factors. Ankara Province's Güdül District is a settlement consisting of unique houses constructed using stone and mud-brick masonry as well as timber framed system. Settlements that have preserved their original construction techniques and traditional way of life until today constitute important examples of Anatolia's rural architecture and cultural heritage. Güdül received the title of the first Cittaslow in the Central Anatolia Region, with its traditional houses located within the urban conservation area, prehistoric caves carved into rocks, Mzinos City, and Sorgun Pond. This study includes an examination and analysis of traditional settlement characteristics, traditional material and construction techniques, and plan schemes of Güdül. The study involves a literature review on Turkish houses and Güdül as well as documentation studies on building elements, construction techniques, and building materials in the field. The historical settlement and traditional houses of Güdül have been mostly protected from the rapid changes caused by tourism and the traditional settlement texture has been preserved to a great extent. However, the number of deterioration and destruction of houses in traditional settlements has been increasing recently, especially due to migration to Ankara city center, fire and neglect. This study aims to document the unique examples of traditional housing in Güdül before they disappear and to shed light on the intervention decisions that will be taken in the future for their preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic architecture in the city of Tlemcen knew changes in architectural design and construction techniques over time, from prehistoric times, through the succession of Islamic dynasties, the colonial era and the current period. Individual housing during the colonial period was marked by the transition from the traditional patio house to suburban housing and individual villas with courtyards and gardens. A comparative study was carried out of a traditional Ottoman house in Bab El Hadid district and a colonial villa in the avenue Allée des pins, through a historical, architectural and technical approach. Based on field research and compilation of historical background by involving data collection, bibliographical research, archive consultation, site visits, architectural surveys and interviews with the occupants, and presenting the historical context, an architectural and a technical analysis of the materials and construction processes used in the two houses. This article aims to reveal two architectural styles from two different eras, designed for two populations with different lifestyles, and highlights the traditional and modern construction techniques and materials used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the recognized patterns in traditional Iranian architecture, bathhouses have been considered to prevent the heat loss required by users during bathing. In this regard, various assumptions have been made about effective strategies to reduce heat loss and energy storage in different interpretations of traditional bathhouses. However, the function of these strategies has not been investigated with respect to the climatic differences of different cities in Iran. Therefore, the aim of this research is to compare more accurately the recognized physical strategies in this regard, including "density in texture and neighborhood", "entering the ground", "thermal mass of the building", and "enclosing the greenhouse space among uncontrolled spaces" in two bathhouses in Kerman city. This issue has been carried out quantitatively and with an energy simulation solution, and can have more computational credibility compared to previous estimates due to the extraction of calculations from thermal modeling of the discussed bathhouses. In the research process, two bathhouses, "Ganj Ali Khan" and "Vakil Kerman", were selected as examples and the amount of heat loss was calculated during cold months using Design Builder software based on volumetric and structural evidence of the discussed bathhouses. The results of this study indicate that the thermal mass of the building and enclosing the greenhouse space among uncontrolled spaces were the most effective strategies in preventing heat loss in the discussed bathhouses. These two strategies, depending on the type of walls and the centrality of the greenhouse among other spaces, had similar efficiencies while having diverse functions. The thermal mass of the walls in Ganj Ali Khan and Vakil Kerman bathhouses had an average impact of 39% and 44%, respectively, on reducing heat loss. This value was 23% and 14%, respectively, for using uncontrolled spaces around the greenhouse. The efficiency of these two strategies was approximately two to eight times higher compared to "entering the ground" and "density in texture and neighborhood", emphasizing their importance in design.

Along with the times, Balinese traditional architecture is increasingly being eroded by modern architectural art and also by the occurrence of damages. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the protection of traditional architectural buildings in the modern Balinese era and problems related to the preservation of traditional architecture in the modern Balinese era. This research adopts the doctrinal research and uses primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. These legal materials were collected using a card system with a statute approach, a fact approach, and an analytical conceptual approach. Findings of the study show that: first, according to national law, Balinese traditional architecture is a cultural heritage and is regulated in Indonesian Law Number 5 of 1992 concerning Cultural Heritage Objects. Meanwhile, in the Province of Bali, Balinese traditional architecture is regulated in the Regional Regulation of the Province of Bali Number 5 of 2005 concerning Architectural Requirements for Buildings; secondly, one of the ways taken by the Government of Bali Province to preserve Balinese traditional architecture is to apply it to buildings. Balinese architecture, besides being used in the physical form of buildings, is also applied to the design of fences and gates along the main roads and streets in the environment. Balinese architecture is also required to be applied to government-owned houses or buildings, and official residences. Abstrak Arsitektur tradisional Bali seiring perkembangan jaman semakin tergerus oleh seni arsitektur modern dan juga terjadinya kerusakan-kerusakan. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah menganalisis perlindungan bangunan arsitektur tradisional di era Bali modern dan permasalahan terkait pelestarian arsitektur tradisional di era Bali modern. Penelitian ini merupakan Doctrinal Research dengan menggunakan bahan hukum primer, sekunder dan tersier. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum dilakukan dengan sistem kartu dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan fakta, dan pendekatan analisis konseptual. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu: Pertama, Secara hukum nasional, arsitektur tradisional Bali merupakan salah satu cagar budaya dan diatur di dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1992 tentang Benda Cagar Budaya. Sedangkan di Provinsi Bali, arsitektur tradisional Bali telah diatur di dalam Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali Nomor 5 Tahun 2005 tentang Persyaratan Arsitektur Bangunan Gedung; kedua, Salah satu cara yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Provinsi Bali untuk pelestarian arsitektur tradisional Bali adalah dengan mengaplikasikannya pada bangunan gedung. Arsitektur Bali selain digunakan dalam bentuk fisik dari bangunan gedung, juga diberlakukan untuk desain pagar dan gerbang disepanjang jalan raya dan jalan lingkungan. Arsitektur Bali juga diwajibkan untuk digunakan terhadap bangunan atau gedung milik pemerintah, rumah dinas maupun rumah jabatan.

Native design of buildings is a branch of architecture based on local needs and available materials that reflect regional traditions. The city of Paveh in the northwestern Iranian province of Kermanshah has many valuable buildings, with some dating back to more than three thousand years which are stepped-type based the topography of the land. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of culture and livelihood on the physical and biological space formation of traditional houses in Paveh. Data were collected through measuring livelihood standard, geographical location, and type of materials, culture and environmental factors through observation method in spring 2023 and based on questionnaire as a tool. The data analysis was done through factor analysis and regression tests with Lisrel and SPSS software. Validation of the questionnaire was confirmed through content validity and its reliability was checked through Cronbach alpha (r=0.701). By confirmatory analysis, research components with a factor load above 0.4 were identified and confirmed. The ADJR2 index in the regression test showed that the research indicators predict 61% of the physical and biospatial variance of the traditional houses in Paveh. The component of culture and climate has the highest influence (beta=0.779) on the physical and spatial formation of traditional houses there. The results obtained from the observation method also showed that the cultural, social, religious, livelihood features include the use of natural materials, spatial hierarchy, proper separation of spaces, building houses on top or next to each other and paying attention to the environment, including the correct orientation, the use of brick laying, the appropriate dimensions of the openings, etc. which have been the most important factors in bodily and spatial formation of houses in Paveh.

Herat has a long and rich history of architecture and culture that has been shaped by many different historical and imperial periods. Since 2002, the city’s urban landscape has changed significantly due to a rapid rise in the city’s population and modern building processes. This has had a significant impact on the historical image and identity of Herat, as modern architecture has introduced identities that are not in harmony with the city’s environment, climate, and culture. This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of architectural identity characteristics to explore the role of traditional and modern architectural elements in forming Herat’s architectural identity. This research is based on primary and secondary sources including literature reviews, historical documents, case studies, and interviews with local architects and residents. The results indicate that Herat’s architectural identity is shaped by a multitude of factors, including its historical and cultural importance, the utilization of construction materials, the surrounding environmental conditions, architectural guidelines and expertise, political dynamics, and the preferences of both the architect and client. This study provides vital insights for architects, policy makers, and government agencies seeking to promote sustainable and culturally sensitive development in Herat’s dynamic architectural landscapes.

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has many traditional dwellings that are suitable for research into architectural design. However, the current state of research on vernacular Tibetan houses is still limited by study regions, sample sizes, and historical perspective. By selecting 82 folk houses in the Gyalrong Tibetan area as study objects, this work aims to (1) record a fading tradition of vernacular architecture assisted by computer modelling and mathematical statistics; (2) analyse the historical evolution of the functional organization of the houses; and (3) explore the reasons for this evolution to give suggestions to contemporary architectural designers. The investigation reveals that (1) the evolution of the functional organization between old and new houses primarily includes an increase in the number of bedrooms and toilets and a decrease in the area of storage spaces and corrals and (2) the historical reasons for this evolution include changing concerns about defence, sanitation, and the tourism industry. Finally, suggestions for future house design are given in terms of the arrangement of building volume, the arrangement of central communication spaces, and the separation of spaces for landlords and guests.

Design based on performance and energy efficiency is important in residential buildings. The design approach, which considers climatic data and energy conservation, was also used in traditional building design. In this context, it is aimed to evaluate the Karakurt houses in Kars, built during the Russian occupation period (1878-1918) in Turkey, within the scope of climate-sensitive design. The inadequacy of studies in the literature on Kars Karakurt houses, which are traditional architectural examples that preserve the original texture of the region as qualified representatives of Baltic architecture, constitutes a research gap. In this study, qualitative and quantitativeresearch methods were used. The architectural plan and facade typologies of the buildings in Karakurt village were obtained by measuring techniques and tools. In the qualitative research part, information about the buildings was obtained from on-site investigations and a situation analysis was made. In the quantitative research part,orientation analyses of buildings and spaces, and window-wall area ratios of facades have been evaluated according to climate-sensitive design approaches. In the research findings, design criteria such as plan, facade, roof and material properties of 10 Karakurt houses, were examined and it was seen that the buildings were standardized within the scope of climate-sensitive design. It is seen that the north direction, where the wind is dominant and the sunlight penetration is the least, is not preferred for the orientation of the buildings and the space, and the window/wall area ratio is kept to a minimum, reducing the energy loss especially due to the openings.

Geography, climate, culture, and technology directly influenced the architectural production of societies. These effects first shaped the production of traditional architecture. After the developments in the industrial revolution, architectural formatting has been open to constant and rapid changes. These changes, dating back to the twentieth century and called modernism, aimed to move away from tradition and design with its forms. Design theorists divide between the view that modernism is directly influenced by tradition and that modernity is an entirely new formation. This research aims to identify the effects of these parameters with the parameters that shape tradition and modernism to shed light on the debates about the effect of modernization. In literature research, the design parameters that can be reached from the past to the present generally do not change in housing structures, and these parameters are included in the concept of environmental sustainability today. Therefore, traditional and modernist design product housing structures have been analyzed through environmental sustainability parameters. Information collected from the literature and selected structures were studied using the comparative analysis method. The results of the analysis will shed light on the discussions about the interaction of traditional and modernist designs with extracts from residents.

Many cities worldwide take pride in their traditional markets. This research aims to verify the importance of lessons learned from old traditional markets, characterized by the effective response to their physical environment. This main aim leads to many secondary aims. First is the aim to explain the role of the phenomena of diversity in the establishment of various markets. Second, the research aims to explain the relationship between the specialization of goods, the architectural form and general planning of the market. Third, the research aims to investigate the relationship between markets and the diversity of the goods, width of the corridors, roofing style, and how this diversity affects shoppers, as well as interacting among the shoppers themselves. The research adopts a descriptive analytical methodology for a number of market types in order to study the morphology of traditional markets, their form, their urban context, and their relationship with the diversity of the goods and the impact it has on shoppers. The most important conclusion reached by the research is that the diversity in the morphology of traditional markets corresponds to the diversity and change of goods, the width of the corridors and the style of the roof … etc. This diversity affects shoppers and generates a state of pleasure and social interaction.

Mudbrick settlements are a common sight in central Oman and are often attributed to the Yaʿariba and al‐Busaydī periods. They have been the subject of study of different projects in the past, providing a good basis for understanding the settlements. This paper will review how the mudbrick settlements have been studied since the beginning of this century and discuss approaches for future research. A specific focus of this study is the interpretation and analysis of the material culture of the mudbrick settlements. Previous ceramic studies are analysed and this paper aims to refine the ceramic chronology of the Late Islamic period in central Oman. This outcome provides a first comprehensive study on the ceramics of this time period and region. In doing so, one of the goals is to establish a baseline for future studies on this period so that it can provide a reference for other archaeologists who find similar material and settlements, to re(dis)cover subrecent times in Oman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current article represents a case study regarding the interest in traditional constructions, both as exterior models and in their interior. We found that the households in our museum are an inexhaustible source of inspiration for architects and the arrangements of peasant interiors are a starting point for many modern designers. It is another proof of the good taste of the peasant form the traditional village, but also of the balance represented by the peasant home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of Chinese ancient architectural design has gone through three historical stages: primitive society, slave society, and feudal society. Due to the influence of geography, the environment, and the humanities, the regional architectural styles of each region were also formed. In particular, this is reflected in the residential architecture. Among residential architectures, the courtyard architectural style is the most typical, adapting to the microclimate and improving the comfort of living. This enclosed style of architecture was accompanied by the diffusion of Chinese culture and enriched the architectural design of the East Asian region. Nonetheless, as urbanisation accelerated, this traditional style of architecture began to be undermined. In addition, there is less discussion of the architectural content that embodies design ideas in terms of ritual, order, form, components, and color. In order to preserve this precious built environment, this study highlights the design style and its connotations. Through the use of case studies, the stylistic characteristics of a traditional dwelling in Northern China and the restoration process are assessed. Furthermore, observations on key building components, construction techniques, and materials are made in terms of architectural ideas. This leads to the proposition that conservation strategies should be appropriate to local conditions. The findings show that building restoration can contribute to the effective conservation of traditional building forms and provide an opportunity to inherit traditional culture. Moreover, it is more conducive to the presence of Chinese residential architecture that shines in the world discourse. New perspectives and contributions are offered in the fields of architectural design and conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Herat has a long and rich history of architecture and culture that has been shaped by many different historical and imperial periods. Since 2002, the city's urban landscape has changed significantly due to a rapid rise in the city's population and modern building processes. This has had a significant impact on the historical image and identity of Herat, as modern architecture has introduced identities that are not in harmony with the city's environment, climate, and culture. This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of architectural identity characteristics to explore the role of traditional and modern architectural elements in forming Herat's architectural identity. This research is based on primary and secondary sources including literature reviews, historical documents, case studies, and interviews with local architects and residents. The results indicate that Herat's architectural identity is shaped by a multitude of factors, including its historical and cultural importance, the utilization of construction materials, the surrounding environmental conditions, architectural guidelines and expertise, political dynamics, and the preferences of both the architect and client. This study provides vital insights for architects, policy makers, and government agencies seeking to promote sustainable and culturally sensitive development in Herat's dynamic architectural landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]