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This study explores the feasibility of an automated sensor system for precise plant protection product application in plum orchards, aiming to address issues related to inefficient spraying practices, environmental pollution, and reduced crop quality associated with traditional training systems. The research focuses on detecting tree canopy presence, evaluating electromagnetic valve actuation in different plum training systems, and optimizing plant protection product usage. Sensor-based spraying demonstrates its potential to improve operational efficiency, reduce product losses, and foster environmentally responsible agricultural practices, contributing to the broader field of precision agriculture. For the selected scene, the results show the possibility of a substantial savings of 71.37%, 47.17%, 58.59%, and 55.06% for the One-axis, Bi-axis, UFO, and Combine systems, respectively. Implementing this technology can potentially lead to significant improvements in plum orchard operations while minimizing the industry's ecological impact on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids play an important role in forming wine grapes and wine quality characteristics. The flavonoids of three winter red wine grapes, Yeniang No. 2 (YN2), Marselan (Mar), and Guipu No. 6 (GP6), were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QQQ-MS). Furthermore, the flavonoids in GP6 grapevines using two types of training systems, namely, trellis (T) and espaliers (E), were also compared in this study. Overall, 196 flavonoid metabolites, including 96 flavones, 38 flavonols, 19 flavanones, 18 polyphenols, 15 anthocyanins, 7 isoflavones, and 3 proanthocyanidins, were identified. The flavonoid profiles were remarkably different among these three grape varieties, while they did not change much in the GP6 managed on trellis and espaliers. Grape varieties with different genetic backgrounds have their own unique flavonoid profiles. Compared with Mar-T, isoflavones and flavonols presented higher contents in GP6-T and YN2-T, which mainly contain glycitein, genistin, calycosin, kaempferide, isotrifoliin, and ayanin. The anthocyanin content was significantly higher in YN2-T than in the other two varieties. YN2 and GP6-T present a more stable color, with significantly more acetylated diglucosides and methylated anthocyanins in YN2-T and GP6-T than in Mar-T. Notably, GP6 had more varied flavonoids and the better characteristics to its flavonoid profile out of these three varieties, due to it containing a higher number of anthocyanins, flavone, and flavonols and the greatest number of different flavonoid metabolites (DFMs), with higher contents than YN2 and Mar. Compared with the trellis training system, the espaliers training system increased the content of flavonoids detected in GP6 grape berries; however, the composition of flavonoids strictly depends on the grape variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hedgerow growing system is prevalent in new olive orchards worldwide due to its fully mechanized harvesting. Several works have been published to compare cultivars planted in this system, focusing on productivity and oil composition. However, little research has been conducted on the long-term evaluation of cultivars' growth habits when trained in hedgerow systems and on how it affects their interannual productivity. In this work, we report the canopy growth habit, productivity, and their correlation for the 'Arbequina', 'Arbosana', 'Koroneiki', 'Lecciana', 'Oliana', and 'Sikitita' cultivars grown in a hedgerow system in Extremadura, central-western Spain, for 9 years. 'Koroneiki', 'Arbequina', and 'Lecciana' were the cultivars with the highest canopy growth, both in young and adult trees, and the ones with the highest pruning needs from 5 to 10 years after planting. The yield behavior in each of the years evaluated was stable in all cultivars except 'Lecciana'. This alternate bearing was associated with the distribution of total yearly produced biomass between fruits and vegetative growth. 'Oliana', 'Arbosana', and 'Sikitita' were the cultivars with the highest proportion of fruit of the total biomass, and 'Lecciana' showed the lowest. This study indicates that cultivars with higher fruit proportions of total biomass might have better suitability for long-term growing in hedgerow formation, fewer pruning needs, and more stable productivity across the years. In this sense, in the climatic conditions considered here, 'Arbosana', 'Sikitita', and 'Oliana' could be the most suitable cultivars for this growing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European hazelnut is a temperate nut crop, often managed as a multi-stemmed shrub due to its natural aptitude to produce several suckers at the base of the stump, depending on variety. Traditional hazelnut-growing regions such as Italy, Turkey, and Spain typically adopt this architecture, while other hazelnut-producing countries such as the USA, France, and Chile increasingly use single-trunk systems to facilitate orchard management. Multi-stemmed plants allow gradual renewal through sucker selection but may lead to excessively dense canopies, reducing the effectiveness of pest and disease control, increasing biennial bearing, and lowering nut yields in vigorous cultivars. In order to drive the ongoing enlargement of hazelnut cultivation, attempts in designing high-density (HD), and more occasionally super-high-density (SHD), hazelnut orchards are on-going, although these are poorly explored in terms of suitable plant training systems, such that, sometimes, multi-stemmed plant shapes are used; otherwise, single-trunk solutions are adopted. In order to explore new hazelnut planting and training solutions focused on sustainable intensification, a trial was established in 2019 in central Italy to evaluate the eligibility of three training systems (treatment A: regular four-stemmed shrub; treatment B: single-trunk sapling; treatment C: traditional multi-stemmed shrub), applied on unpruned three-year-old plants of the hazelnut cultivar Nocchione, planted in the HD approach (740 plant ha−1). Over five growing seasons (2019–2023), measurements included pruned wood removed, yield, vigor, yield efficiency, nut and kernel traits, and incidence of the main commercial defects. In general, treatment A outperformed other plant-shaping systems, maintaining high yield levels particularly in the two last growing seasons, and showing a mean kernel/nut ratio of 37.7 and a low incidence of defects. Treatment B achieved the highest yield efficiency in 2023 but had lower overall yields. Treatment A demonstrated the most balanced performance, combining high nut quality and stable production, making it the most promising plant training system for HD hazelnut orchards with planting densities above 700 plants per hectare. Future research will assess the long-term adaptability of this plant training system under varying environmental and management conditions.

This study explores the feasibility of an automated sensor system for precise plant protection product application in plum orchards, aiming to address issues related to inefficient spraying practices, environmental pollution, and reduced crop quality associated with traditional training systems. The research focuses on detecting tree canopy presence, evaluating electromagnetic valve actuation in different plum training systems, and optimizing plant protection product usage. Sensor-based spraying demonstrates its potential to improve operational efficiency, reduce product losses, and foster environmentally responsible agricultural practices, contributing to the broader field of precision agriculture. For the selected scene, the results show the possibility of a substantial savings of 71.37%, 47.17%, 58.59%, and 55.06% for the One-axis, Bi-axis, UFO, and Combine systems, respectively. Implementing this technology can potentially lead to significant improvements in plum orchard operations while minimizing the industry’s ecological impact on the environment.

ABSTRACT The worldwide main peach-producing are adopting peach training systems with canopy size-controlling clonal rootstocks. However, most peach seedlings commercialised in Brazil are still on seed-propagated rootstocks, which are vigorous and heterogeneous. This study aimed to select rootstocks which induce desirable characteristics of fruit quality, yield efficiency, size control, adaptability and stability in the ‘BRS-Kampai’ grown in subtropical regions with mild winters. We used adaptability and stability methodology and multivariate selection index to determine yield components and fruit quality. The experiment was conducted in five cycles. The treatments consisted of ‘BRS-Kampai’ grafted onto 17 clonal rootstocks of Prunus spp. and own-rooted trees. The evaluated variables were yield per tree, yield per area, fruit mass, fruit diameter, fruit firmness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, canopy volume and yield efficiency. The rootstocks ‘Ishtara®’, ‘Genovesa’, ‘Santa Rosa’ and ‘Cadaman’ always induced low yield and low fruit quality when used as clonal rootstocks for the ‘BRS-Kampai’ and showed no potential for use as rootstocks in subtropical humid regions with mild winters. The ‘BRS-Kampai’ own-rooted peach trees or those grafted onto ‘Flordaguard’, ‘Okinawa’ are alternatives for peach cultivation under the edaphoclimatic conditions of Pato Branco-PR, although the training and pruning systems must be adjusted due to high vigour. The clonal rootstocks ‘Tsukuba-3’ and ‘Tsukuba-2’ induced the highest production performance in the canopy cultivar BRS-Kampai, combining fruit quality, yield with higher stability, and yield efficiency making them the most suitable ones among the studied rootstocks.

The hedgerow growing system is prevalent in new olive orchards worldwide due to its fully mechanized harvesting. Several works have been published to compare cultivars planted in this system, focusing on productivity and oil composition. However, little research has been conducted on the long-term evaluation of cultivars’ growth habits when trained in hedgerow systems and on how it affects their interannual productivity. In this work, we report the canopy growth habit, productivity, and their correlation for the ‘Arbequina’, ‘Arbosana’, ‘Koroneiki’, ‘Lecciana’, ‘Oliana’, and ‘Sikitita’ cultivars grown in a hedgerow system in Extremadura, central-western Spain, for 9 years. ‘Koroneiki’, ‘Arbequina’, and ‘Lecciana’ were the cultivars with the highest canopy growth, both in young and adult trees, and the ones with the highest pruning needs from 5 to 10 years after planting. The yield behavior in each of the years evaluated was stable in all cultivars except ‘Lecciana’. This alternate bearing was associated with the distribution of total yearly produced biomass between fruits and vegetative growth. ‘Oliana’, ‘Arbosana’, and ‘Sikitita’ were the cultivars with the highest proportion of fruit of the total biomass, and ‘Lecciana’ showed the lowest. This study indicates that cultivars with higher fruit proportions of total biomass might have better suitability for long-term growing in hedgerow formation, fewer pruning needs, and more stable productivity across the years. In this sense, in the climatic conditions considered here, ‘Arbosana’, ‘Sikitita’, and ‘Oliana’ could be the most suitable cultivars for this growing system.

Copyright of Problems of Mechatronics. Armament, Aviation, Safety Engineering / Problemy Mechatroniki. Uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa is the property of Index Copernicus International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Science and Technology and Economics students follow a university course based on French and English. When they leave university, they find themselves in a professional environment where French takes precedence over English and even Arabic. In this article, we propose a back and forth between training engineering and pedagogical engineering to design an APESTE training project in French. By taking into consideration the desired profile in the scientific sectors, we will try to develop training systems suitable for the working methods and the language of communication used in two economic companies, namely SONATRACH and Algérienne Des Eaux. To succeed in our project, we are going to call on a hydraulic engineer, an accountant and a hydrocarbon engineer. The development of training systems for this project is based on the FOS approach and training engineering.

Boosting by the world's context, several efforts have been maiden toward the digital transformation of Education. Technology-based active learning has become pivotal in pursuing a more flexible education system. This work presents the development of an Educational Mechatronics (EM) training system based on computer vision that performs as a positioning system for mobile robots in the 2D plane. The results show that the obtained precision, exactitude, and resolution of the EM training system are suitable for robotics applications comprising position, velocity, and acceleration variables. Moreover, an instructional design aligned with the EM conceptual framework, using the EM training system and a LEGO mobile robot, is presented to construct the mechatronic concept: line segment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current game of tennis, it is very important for competitive players to possess a high level of perceptual, cognitive and motor skills. To reach this level, many sciences have contributed to the substantiation of the training process: physiology, psychology, biochemistry, etc. In recent years, specialists have been concerned with identifying and determining new factors that facilitate the learning of technical elements and tactical actions used in tennis. Contemporary tennis, through its specificity, requires coaches to understand and have the ability to implement different forms of practice that will increase the efficiency of the tennis learning process. The present paper makes an analysis of specialised perceptions that underlie the tennis learning process and guide the optimisation of the training process at beginner level. Associations that lead to functional results are a distinctive mark of sports performance in tennis. Thus, understanding how tasks, the environment and the body interact to influence the formation of these synergies is essential. Depending on the results achieved, we will be able to determine the importance of developing coordination abilities (spatiotemporal orientation ability, the ability to combine and connect movements, balance ability, kinaesthetic differentiation ability, motor reaction ability, movement transformation ability, rhythmic ability) in order to optimise the game of tennis for children aged 8-10 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil burial is a survival strategy for grapevines that can safely overwinter in north-western regions of China. A suitable training system was beneficial for soil burial to provide winter protection. Moreover, the training system can also significantly affect fruit quality during the development of grape berries, such as primary and secondary metabolites. In this study, four-year-old Cabernet Gernischt grapevines were used as experimental material and exposed to four training systems, including the Ningxia traditional vertical trunk (control, CK); the gobelet (T1); single guyot (T2); slant trunk with vertical shoot positioning (STVSP) (T3). The results showed that total soluble solid total phenol content was 12.69%, 57% higher under T3 training systems than in the control, and T3 alleviated the canopy density, leading to improving the leaf photosynthetic efficiency gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) assay used to detect the aroma compounds. The results indicated that the T3 training system enhanced the accumulation of alcohols, carbonyl compounds, C6/C9 and esters, which account for the largest proportion of volatile compounds, and the qRT-PCR reveals that VvEcar, Vvter, VvCCD1, and VvLis were raised under T3 at the transcriptional level. Moreover, T3 contributes to most free amino acid synthesis. Additionally, the PCA reveals the correlation of free amino acids under four training systems, which reflected the mostly amino acid related to T3, and thus, we could speculate that T3 enhances the overall aroma. These results may lead to new strategies to select a new, short trunk training system to achieve mechanized buried soil, to prevent cold and produce high-quality wine in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we developed a Framework for Delineation of Trees to discover the tree of urban areas. Individual tree crown extraction is important for urban forest inventory. Earlier some research studies were done which primarily deal with particular tree crown or tree species detection. These methods not found the solution for distinguishing trees from their shadows. In our framework we used methods which extract texture-based features from panchromatic images. In the proposed methodology first the input image will undergo with pre-processing where unnecessary distortions like shadows and dark spots etc. were suppressed and then image quality is used by applying enhancement techniques. Output image is segmented to detect boundaries and objects from the image. Finally a framework is developed for delineation of trees. The proposed framework process with shadows of trees and identify the tree effectively from a satellite image.

The introduction of innovative assessment techniques for the French horn can improve the process of education. The objective is to examine the effectiveness of the proposed assessment methods for improving accuracy on the French horn. The research is based on the experimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of assessment methods using statistical data analysis and paired t-test. The research took place from January to June during the 2020-2021 academic year. The sample involved 183 students from three educational institutions in the People's Republic of China. A preliminary assessment found that the academic performance of students was low. Before the implementation of the proposed assessment methods, an average score was 20.63 points interpreted by the scholars as Do not Meet Academic Expectations. After the introduction of the assessment methods, the post-implementation scores of the academic performance increased by 41.3%. The findings were interpreted as a Satisfactory level of academic performance. The paired t-test revealed significant differences in student performance learning the French horn before and after the introduction of the new assessment methods. The average difference was 3.57 points. Thus, the proposed assessment methods for the French horn playing include (1) playing by ear, (2) Instrumental Scheme Processing, (3) a range practice, and (4) an introductory exam. The research demonstrates that the assessment methods of performance can be used as a part of the standard assessment developed for teachers that include different elements of effective teaching tools and methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we developed a Framework for Delineation of Trees to discover the tree of urban areas. Individual tree crown extraction is important for urban forest inventory. Earlier some research studies were done which primarily deal with particular tree crown or tree species detection. These methods not found the solution for distinguishing trees from their shadows. In our framework we used methods which extract texture-based features from panchromatic images. In the proposed methodology first the input image will undergo with pre-processing where unnecessary distortions like shadows and dark spots etc. were suppressed and then image quality is used by applying enhancement techniques. Output image is segmented to detect boundaries and objects from the image. Finally a framework is developed for delineation of trees. The proposed framework process with shadows of trees and identify the tree effectively from a satellite image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present work was to compare the effect of the training systems Y-trellis (Y) and Vertical Shoot Position trellis (VSP) on the production efficiency and chemical characteristics of grapes and wine from ‘Sauvignon Blanc’ cultivated in high altitude regions of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. The study was carried out in 2013, 2014 and 2015 harvests in a commercial vineyard located in the municipality of São Joaquim - SC (28º 17 ’38 ”S and 49º 55’54” O, altitude 1350 m). The obtained data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) with F Test (p ≤ 0.05). The relationship between the vegetative growth and the yield was influenced by the training system. For the ‘Sauvignon Blanc’ cultivar, the yield was 93% higher in the Y-trellis training system, resulting in better vegetative-productive balance. The technological and phenolic maturation of the grapes were similar in both training systems. The results of this study show that the Y-trellis training system is an alternative to use in Santa Catarina altitude regions because it provides an increased productivity on the ‘Sauvignon Blanc’ variety without compromising the composition of grapes, when comparing to the VSP training system.

The training system Semi-Minimal-Pruned Hedge (SMPH) blends features of traditional Vertical Shoot Positioning-type (VSP) trellising systems with the concept of minimal pruning. While saving labor, this training system results in relatively high crop load and a poor leaf area to fruit weight-ratio (LFR), and thus, needs to be able to ripen grapes in a cool to moderate climate. For these reasons the impact of yield regulation strategies, including (i) shoot thinning (Darwin-Rotor), (ii) biotechnological thinning (Gibberellic acid), and (iii) bunch thinning (harvest machine) were trialed in a three year study at Geisenheim, Germany between 2017 and 2019 using Riesling (Vitis vinifera L.). The average yield per vine in SMPH (5.34 ± 1.10 kg) was 61.1% higher with a narrower LFR (14.01 cm2 g−1), compared with VSP (3.32 ± 1.02 kg, LFR: 16.99 cm2 g−1). The yield was successfully reduced and LFR simultaneously increased with shoot thinning (−33.1%, LFR: 19.04 cm2 g−1), biotechnological thinning (−18.3%, LFR: 16.69 cm2 g−1) and bunch thinning (−37.3%, LFR: 21.49 cm2 g−1). Ripening was delayed in SMPH. On average, two maturity thresholds (14.1 °Brix and 18.2 °Brix) were achieved 129 GDD (seven days according to the recorded daily mean temperatures, respectively) and 269 GDD (16 days) later in non-thinned SMPH, compared to VSP. All thinning treatments accelerated maturity progress ranging from 27 GDD (two days) to 58 GDD (three days) for 14.1 °Brix and 59 GDD (three days) to 105 GDD (six days) for 18.2 °Brix. Apart from immediate benefits on the economic efficiency, the adaption of the leaf area to fruit weight ratio using SMPH holds high potential to, (i) produce grapes targeting specific wine profiles and/or (ii) reducing the velocity of ripening under conditions of climatic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Harran Journal of Agricultural & Food Science is the property of Harran University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Different technological solutions are developing in the wine industry to mitigate the negative effects of the current global warming to mainly achieve wines with a lower alcohol content. These proposed solutions mostly act at the oenological level and are focused on intervening in the raw material to be transformed; that is, on reducing the concentration of sugar in the must using filtration techniques or also on wine dealcoholizing by physical processes. These techniques are intended to offer solutions and respond to new consumer expectations, but they may be considered too artificial to be widely accepted. In this way, viticultural strategies may offer a natural solution to obtain grapes with low sugar content, maximizing their quality by delaying ripening. This mini review surveys the viticultural strategies that can be applied in the establishment of a vineyard – that is, when it comes to planting of a new vineyard – such as vineyard altitude, latitude, orientation, and slope, as well as rootstock, variety, clone, training system, and row orientation and slope, with the aim to mitigate the negative effects of climate change on grape and wine quality and to delay grape maturation. Finally, we propose a ponderation of the strategies discussed to contextualize its importance to face global warming in viticulture. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicle stabilization is one of the components of traffic safety, so research and development in this area are relevant and indemand. In this work, a structural diagram of a closed system of automatic stabilization of the bus movement direction isdeveloped. Parametric synthesis of the systems of a moving electric bus stabilization is made and the weighty coefficientsof the additive integral quadratic functional are chosen. An algorithmic method of parametric synthesis of motionstabilization systems of a moving electric bus has been developed. By way of a sensing element it is advised to use aplatformless inertial system containing three gyroscopic angular velocity sensors and a computing device. It is alsosuggested that three sensors of linear acceleration of the housing relative to the same axes are used. The results of theresearch enable to develop a simple, fast-acting and sensitive to external perturbations system of stabilization of the busmovement direction.

The electric motor (EM) is one of the main components of any system. The EM quality is set at the design andmanufacturing stages, and its technical condition is maintained during operation. Therefore, the development of methodsfor the EM quality determining at its all life cycle stages is urgent. In the paper, for the first time, we proposed the systemapproach to traction EM quality estimation on the vibration parameter basis. This approach differs in that the study of EMvibration is carried out in 1/3 octave spectrum of frequencies from 50 Hz to 10 kHz (dB), which allows revealing allexisting faults or "weak places" of EM. This method is universal for all types of EM. It is based on the results of the largescale experiments using the system analysis and the objectives tree method and allows combining individual problemsolutions to improve the quality of design, manufacture, and operation of EM into a single integrated system of qualityassessment.

Soil burial is a survival strategy for grapevines that can safely overwinter in north-western regions of China. A suitable training system was beneficial for soil burial to provide winter protection. Moreover, the training system can also significantly affect fruit quality during the development of grape berries, such as primary and secondary metabolites. In this study, four-year-old Cabernet Gernischt grapevines were used as experimental material and exposed to four training systems, including the Ningxia traditional vertical trunk (control, CK); the gobelet (T1); single guyot (T2); slant trunk with vertical shoot positioning (STVSP) (T3). The results showed that total soluble solid total phenol content was 12.69%, 57% higher under T3 training systems than in the control, and T3 alleviated the canopy density, leading to improving the leaf photosynthetic efficiency gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) assay used to detect the aroma compounds. The results indicated that the T3 training system enhanced the accumulation of alcohols, carbonyl compounds, C6/C9 and esters, which account for the largest proportion of volatile compounds, and the qRT-PCR reveals that VvEcar, Vvter, VvCCD1, and VvLis were raised under T3 at the transcriptional level. Moreover, T3 contributes to most free amino acid synthesis. Additionally, the PCA reveals the correlation of free amino acids under four training systems, which reflected the mostly amino acid related to T3, and thus, we could speculate that T3 enhances the overall aroma. These results may lead to new strategies to select a new, short trunk training system to achieve mechanized buried soil, to prevent cold and produce high-quality wine in this area.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Èlektronnoe Modelirovanie is the property of Pukhov Institute for Modeling in Energy Engineering National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper deals with the development and study of the method to determine the parameters of the balancing devices of three-phase power supply systems, based on the analysis of the system operation mode with the subsequent graphoanalytical determination of the parameters of balancing and full compensation of reactive power. Complex methods of analysis of linear electrical circuits are used. The proposed method allows obtaining in a graphoanalytical way a numerical solution to the problem of balancing currents in a line and compensation of reactive power in a three-phase power supply system with an asymmetric load. The calculation results show that the application of the proposed method initiates significant balancing of currents in the lines of a three-phase power supply system. The unbalance coefficient in the reverse sequence decreased from 32.9% to 1.25%. The phase difference between the voltage vectors of the phase EMF and currents does not exceed 0.7 electrical degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a retrospective of the scientific and educational activities of the creative team from the Department of Applied Information Technologies and Programming. Established in 1980, the team of the department set a task to create a new type of specialists (problem programmers), who were skillful at methods of research and mathematical object description (including metallurgical objects), as well as computer programming. By a special order of the Ministry of Higher Education of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), a new specialization was created on a trial basis: "Mathematical support and computers in metallurgy", which, after the 20-year pedagogical experiment, have translated into a specialty "Information systems and technologies (branch-wise)." This department was the first to have such specialists graduate not only in the region, but also in the country, which was then adopted by other universities. The team of the newly created department was one of the first in the country to start creating mathematical metallurgical modeling, followed by simulators and training systems on its basis. An activity-based approach to learning based on a mathematical model of a specific subject area was adopted as a pedagogical concept; many years of experience in applying this approach have shown its high efficiency. For the first time in the world metallurgy, a concept and a set of models of a fundamentally new metallurgical process and a unit with elements of self-organization, which is characterized by an order of magnitude lower specific volume and one and a half times lower energy consumption, have been created. Together with the designers and specialists of West-Siberian Metal Plant (ZSMK), a large-scale pilot installation for the JER process and unit is created, on which the correctness of the proposed concept is confirmed, the main design points are worked out, and the practical feasibility of a number of new developed technologies is shown. In the creation of the new process, software tools have been developed: an interrelated process and unit algorithm, an Engineering–Metallurgy system, a complex heat transfer modeling system, and a particle level simulation system using the Monte Carlo method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicle stabilization is one of the components of traffic safety, so research and development in this area are relevant and in demand. In this work, a structural diagram of a closed system of automatic stabilization of the bus movement direction is developed. Parametric synthesis of the systems of a moving electric bus stabilization is made and the weighty coefficients of the additive integral quadratic functional are chosen. An algorithmic method of parametric synthesis of motion stabilization systems of a moving electric bus has been developed. By way of a sensing element it is advised to use a platformless inertial system containing three gyroscopic angular velocity sensors and a computing device. It is also suggested that three sensors of linear acceleration of the housing relative to the same axes are used. The results of the research enable to develop a simple, fast-acting and sensitive to external perturbations system of stabilization of the bus movement direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electric motor (EM) is one of the main components of any system. The EM quality is set at the design and manufacturing stages, and its technical condition is maintained during operation. Therefore, the development of methods for the EM quality determining at its all life cycle stages is urgent. In the paper, for the first time, we proposed the system approach to traction EM quality estimation on the vibration parameter basis. This approach differs in that the study of EM vibration is carried out in 1/3 octave spectrum of frequencies from 50 Hz to 10 kHz (dB), which allows revealing all existing faults or "weak places" of EM. This method is universal for all types of EM. It is based on the results of the large-scale experiments using the system analysis and the objectives tree method and allows combining individual problem solutions to improve the quality of design, manufacture, and operation of EM into a single integrated system of quality assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapevine training systems should be thoroughly examined to contribute to vineyards more resilient to climate change. This study was conducted on 18 three-year-old fruiting Sangiovese vines grown in pots outdoors with canopies trained to a vertical shoot positioned (VSP) spur-pruned cordon, a single high wire (SHW), and a Pergola (P) training system. Whole-canopy net CO 2 exchange rate (NCER) and transpiration (T) were monitored by an enclosure system on a 24/7 basis from DOY 179–249. All vines were kept well-watered (WW) from DOY 179 to DOY 199, and the water supply was first reduced to 50% (DOY200–204) and then to 35% (DOY 205–214) before final rewatering (DOY 215–217). Vegetative growth, yield components, and grape composition were also assessed. Seasonal gas exchange on a per vine basis reflected vine size given as total leaf area (LA) varying from 2.5 to 3.1 m2; however, when diurnal trends of NCER/LA and T/LA within the WW and rewatering periods were considered, the good correlations found with the modeled total canopy light interception (TCLI) in SHW and P, were not confirmed in VSP. In all canopy geometries, the best predictor of NCER/LA was the total direct light intensity, whereas T/LA was linearly and closely correlated with air VPD. In terms of NCER/LA during the WW period, SHW had 24% higher rates than VSP and P. Under progressive water stress, SHW again exhibited higher drought resilience, while NCER and T were severely reduced in VSP and P. Severe stress also caused lower light saturation points and quantum yield in VSP and P. Under similar yield levels, P reached the best fruit maturity. In terms of photosynthetic efficiency and adaptive response to increasing water stress, the SHW performed best. Results extrapolated at the field level indicate the P system as the most rewarding. • Three canopy geometries were compared under well watered and water deficit conditions. • Evaluation was based on seasonal and diurnal whole-canopy gas exchange trends. • Diurnal gas exchange was unrelated to modeled light interception in the hedgerow trellis (VSP). • The sprawl canopy (SHW) showed highest photosynthetic efficiency and more resilience to a water deficit. • Under stress, light response curves parameters were strongly modified in VSP and Pergola, only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peach production in the USA has been in decline in recent decades due to poor fruit quality, reduced consumption and increased cost of production. Productivity and fruit quality can only be enhanced in the orchard through optimizing preharvest factors such as orchard design and training systems. Transition from low-density plantings (LDP) to high-density plantings (HDP) in peach is associated with the availability of reliable size controlling rootstocks. Increased densities must be combined with modern training systems to diffuse vigor and further increase light interception and yields, while optimizing light distribution, fruit quality and cost of production. Several training systems have been tested in peach with various objectives and goals, such as increasing light, water use and labor efficiencies, along with designing canopy architectures to facilitate mechanization and robotics. In general, increased planting densities increase yields, but excessive densities can promote shade, while excessive crop load can deteriorate quality. An ideal peach cropping system should optimize light interception and light distribution to balance maximum yield potential with maximum fruit quality potential. Successful management of high-density peach fruiting wall systems can lead to enhanced and uniform fruit quality, and ensure a sustainable industry.

In view of the widespread use of digital technology in all human activities, it seems essential to examine the changes in activity, particularly in the working environments that concern human development. Since the Ministry of National Education (MEN) has been promoting hybrid training (M@gistère) since 2013 - alternating classroom and distance learning for school teachers (PEs) – it seemed appropriate to investigate the actual use and conditions under which this training offer produces learning and possibly changes classroom practices. The performed survey shows that if PEs do not connect much to the platform, some imposed courses are consulted by those who then declare that they are changing their classroom practice. Two interdependent objectives therefore guided the work. The first - of an empirical nature - aims at generating knowledge about the impact of participation on the construction of the experience of primary school teachers on the M@gistère platform. The second - of a pragmatic nature - aims at putting this knowledge at the service of supporting the design of a training offer online with the needs of professionals. This approach is part of a research programme in Education and Training Sciences (Albero, Guérin, 2014) whose goal is to articulate analyses conducted at different scales (macro-, meso-, microscopic) of the activity of in-situ trainees by using the conceptual tools of the “course-of-action” (Theureau, 2015) and the sociotechnical approach in training (Albero, 2010a/b/c, 2011). The aim is to identify what, in the training environment, makes a device, in order to understand what instruments the construction of the experience and the way in which it occurs in training.

The Esca complex is one of the most destructive grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) worldwide. Several factors, such as plant age, grapevine cultivar, or pattern of precipitation have been identified as possible driving forces of the disease. In the present study, a 4-year monitoring of grapevine leaf stripe disease (GLSD) symptoms in vineyards located in three areas in Rhineland-Palatinate was conducted. Vineyards of different age and planted with different cultivars, both traditional and new ones tolerant against Powdery and Downy Mildew, were chosen. All vineyards were equally subdivided into minimally and intensively pruned sections. The following aspects with regard to the training system were investigated: i) the occurrence of GLSD over the season; ii) the possible influence of cultivar, plant age and precipitation on symptom development; and iii) the possible impact of the training system on the incidence of GLSD. The seasonal patterns of symptom appearance in general were identical for the years 2015, 2016 and 2017. In 2018, however, the maximum peak of newly affected vines was reached about 4 weeks earlier, which is probably linked to the fast phenological development of the vines in this particular year. The training system did not affect the seasonal symptom appearance. All investigated parameters, i.e. cultivar, plant age and precipitation, were shown to have at least some influence on symptoms incidence, even though some of the results were inconsistent over the period of monitoring. Concerning the influence of the training system, in 2015 no differences between minimally pruned (1.8%) and intensively pruned (1.9%) vines were found. However, in the following year minimally pruned vines (6.9%) expressed significantly more symptoms than intensively pruned vines (4.9%). In the years 2017 and 2018 the opposite was the case. 2.6% and 2.4%, respectively, of the minimally pruned vines showed GLSD symptoms, while for the intensively pruned vines the mean values were 4.5% and 3.6%, respectively. Our study represents the first systematic GLSD related data collection in German vineyards over an extended period of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]