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Background and Objective: The use of mechanical perforation as an alternative to radiofrequency wire in the treatment of pulmonary valve atresia with an intact ventricular septum, which is a duct-dependent cyanotic congenital heart disease. We share our experience with this method, which is especially relevant for centers that do not have access to radiofrequency wires. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2011 and August 2022 on all infants referred to Shaheed Almehrab cardiac surgery and Catheterization Center‎ in Babylon, Iraq whose severe cyanosis and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) dependent pulmonary valve atresia with an intact ventricular septum were confirmed by transthoracic echocardiography. A chronic total occlusion (CTO) wiring procedure was used to create perforation through the atretic pulmonary valve with subsequent pulmonary valve balloon dilation, through an antegrade (n=18) or retrograde approach (n=10). Findings: A total number of 28 infants with 14 infants younger than one month and 14 infants older than one month of age were included. 15 cases (53%) were male. The mean oxygen saturation before the intervention was 44.48±7.43% which significantly improved to 88.35±7.71% (p

Intraprocedural stroke is a well-documented and feared potential risk of cardiovascular transcatheter procedures (TPs). Moreover, subclinical neurological events or covert central nervous system infarctions are concerns related to the development of dementia, future stroke, cognitive decline, and increased risk of mortality. Cerebral protection devices (CPDs) were developed to mitigate the risk of cardioembolic embolism during TPs. They are mechanical barriers designed to cover the ostium of the supra-aortic branches in the aortic arch, but newer devices are able to protect the descending aorta. CPDs have been mainly designed and tested to provide cerebral protection during transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), but their use in both Catheterization and Electrophysiology laboratories is rapidly increasing. CPDs have allowed us to perform procedures that were previously contraindicated due to high thromboembolic risk, such as in cases of intracardiac thrombosis identified at preprocedural assessment. However, several concerns related to their employment have to be defined. The selection of patients at high risk of thromboembolism is still a subjective choice of each center. The aim of this review is to update the evidence on the use of CPDs in either Cath labs or EP labs, providing an overview of their structural characteristics. Future perspectives focusing on their possible future employment are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of renal emergencies has revolutionized over the past years and in that domain intervention radiology has gained an emerging role as the minimally invasive procedures aid at salvaging renal function and minimizing morbidity and mortality. Aim of this study is to highlight emerging importance of newer transcatheter therapies available to intervention radiologists in managing renal emergencies,attending in detail the techniques and clinical outcomes of interventional procedures. METHOD: We compiled few of the procedures performed at Shifa international hospital, Islamabad from January 2017- January 2023. These include: Management of fibromuscular dysplasia. Renal angiomyolipoma embolization. Renal artery giant aneurysm coiling/ embolization. Management of post renal biopsy bleed. Post partial nephrectomy bleed management. Embolization of renal cell carcinoma metastasis to stomach and small bowel. Renal cyst alcohol ablation. CONCLUSION: Knowledge about the disease, procedures of intervention developed for their management and their clinico-therapeutic outcomes can help efficiently treat the patients with renal illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: The use of mechanical perforation as an alternative to radiofrequency wire in the treatment of pulmonary valve atresia with an intact ventricular septum, which is a ductdependent cyanotic congenital heart disease. We share our experience with this method, which is especially relevant for centers that do not have access to radiofrequency wires. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2011 and August 2022 on all infants referred to Shaheed Almehrab cardiac surgery and Catheterization Center in Babylon, Iraq whose severe cyanosis and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) dependent pulmonary valve atresia with an intact ventricular septum were confirmed by transthoracic echocardiography. A chronic total occlusion (CTO) wiring procedure was used to create perforation through the atretic pulmonary valve with subsequent pulmonary valve balloon dilation, through an antegrade (n=18) or retrograde approach (n=10). Findings: A total number of 28 infants with 14 infants younger than one month and 14 infants older than one month of age were included. 15 cases (53%) were male. The mean oxygen saturation before the intervention was 44.48±7.43% which significantly improved to 88.35±7.71% (p<0.001). Tripartite ventricles were found in 56.5% of patients. Successful perforation with subsequent balloon valvuloplasty was achieved in 23 cases (82.1%) and death as a complication of perforation was reported in 5 cases. The antegrade operation was associated with higher survival than the retrograde (p=0.041). There were 21.5% of patients who required an additional procedure including a bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt (Glenn shunt) or Blalock-Taussig (BT) shunt to augment pulmonary blood flow. Tricuspid regurgitation improvement was confirmed in 87% of patients. Conclusion: In conclusion, transcatheter perforation of atretic pulmonary valves followed by balloon valvuloplasty is a feasible and effective treatment option for pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the experience of percutaneous transapical access (PTA) usage for performing transcatheter structural interventions in 7 patients. Four patients had paravalvular insufficiency of the prosthetic mitral valve, one patient had a reshunt of ventricular septal defect and a pseudoaneurysm in the area of fibrous mitral-aortic continuity. Two patients underwent PTA for diagnostic examination. The visualization methods, planning algorithm, and technique of the procedure have been described. The overall efficiency was 100%, the degree of paravalvular leak was reduced in all treatment procedures. The main reported complication was hemothorax in two cases. In one case, the occluder migrated from the paravalvular fistula channel into the left atrial cavity with subsequent endovascular extraction. The aim. This study was designed to evaluate modern outlooks about the use of PTA during interventions, enhance the available data and extrapolate the authors’ own experience with the development of their own conclusions and recommendations. Materials and methods. To differentiate structural pathology, the initial selection of patients was performed according to the findings of transthoracic and transesophageal ultrasound. The next step in planning of PTA is analysis of computed tomography (CT) data with 3D reconstruction. PTA and subsequent interventions were performed in the hybrid catheterization laboratory after evaluation of CT data, guided by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), and with the establishment of optimal angles of the angiograph arc for the best fluoroscopic imaging. Besides, in order to avoid trauma of left anterior descending coronary artery, selective angiography was performed. Surgical team support was essential in all cases. Results. The overall efficiency was 100%, reduction of the degree of paravalvular leak was achieved in all treatment procedures. The main reported complication was hemothorax in two cases. In one case, the occluder migrated from the paravalvular fistula channel into the left atrial cavity with subsequent endovascular extraction. Discussion. The subject of our research was PTA for structural interventions. Available data of the world literature shows that this technology has been developed since the end of the last century. The main complications that can be encountered during the intervention by PTA were: hemothorax; hemopericardium/tamponade; rupture of the coronary artery; pneumothorax; arrhythmia; death. In four out of five cases, we used a Lifetech HeartR PDA occluder to close the puncture site of the left ventricular apex. In the fifth case, LifeTech mVSD occluder was used. Conclusions. Correction of structural pathology by routine use of PTA requires a comprehensive approach to the diagnosis of this pathology using transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography, contrast-enhanced CT and 3D reconstruction. Support of a multidisciplinary team to provide transition to conventional cardiac surgery access in case of periprocedural complications is mandatory. Due to the emergence of specialized implants, as well as the development of imaging techniques, PTA requires attention and further study.

Percutaneous interventions have completely refashioned the management of children with congenital heart diseases (CHD) and the use of non-invasive imaging has become the gold standard to plan and guide these procedures in the modern era. We are now facing a dual challenge to improve the standard of care in low-risk patients, and to shift our strategies from the classic open chest surgery to imaging-guided percutaneous interventions in high-risk patients. Such rapid evolution of ultrasound technologies over the last 20 years have permitted the integration of transthoracic, transesophageal and intracardiac echocardiography into the interventional workflow to improve image guidance and reduce radiation burden from fluoroscopy and angiography. Specifically, miniaturization of transesophageal probe and advances in three-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques have enabled real-time 3D image guidance during complex interventional procedure, In addition, multimodality and fusion imaging techniques harness the strengths of different modalities to enhance understanding of anatomical and spatial relationship between different structures, improving communication and coordination between interventionalists and imaging specialists. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of 3D imaging modalities and multimodal fusion in procedural planning and live guidance of percutaneous interventions. At the present times, 3D imaging can no longer be considered a luxury but a routine clinical tool to improve procedural success and patient outcomes.

Purpose of Review: The purpose of this review was to elucidate the additional value of 3D echocardiography for the assessment of mitral regurgitation (MR) compared to standard 2D echocardiography. Recent Findings: 3D echocardiography provides key information, aetiology, degenerative mitral valve disease vs. secondary MR, causes and mechanism, severity by measurements of effective regurgitant orifice area and regurgitant volume; likelihood of reparability and assessment of pre- and intra-mitral valve transcatheter procedures. Summary: 3D echocardiography as a promising method for assessment of MR is useful and crucial for research, clinical practice and patient management in all heart valve team members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New developments in transcatheter valve technologies including aortic valve replacement and mitral valve and tricuspid valve interventions are described. Recent studies evaluating the success rate, patient outcomes, and anesthesiologic management of the procedures are discussed., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)