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Urban transportation efficiency is critical in densely populated cities, such as Seoul, South Korea, where subway transfer stations are vital. This study investigates the spatial efficiency and passenger flow dynamics of multilayered transfer stations, using triangular Fourier transform as the primary analytical method. The research incorporates principal component analysis (PCA) and K-means clustering to classify stations based on structural characteristics and congestion patterns. Data derived from transportation card usage during peak hours and architectural layouts were analysed to identify critical bottlenecks. The results highlighted notable inefficiencies in transfer times and congestion. For example, the analysis revealed that optimising transfer corridors at Seoul Station could reduce average transfer times by over 10 min. Dongdaemun History & Culture Park Station would benefit from ground-level pathways to address inefficiencies caused by its extensive underground network. Sindorim Station's reorganisation of above-ground and underground connectivity was found to enhance passenger flow. By introducing the concept of the 'entry baseline for passenger flow in public buildings', this study offers a novel framework for evaluating and improving urban transit infrastructure. The findings provide actionable insights into transfer station design, supporting strategies for addressing the challenges of urban mobility in megacities while contributing to transit-oriented development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited by the built environment and early design deficiencies, existing subway stations often face the challenge of accommodating the substantial passenger flow resulting from the introduction of new transfer lines. Taking Zhongshanba Station as a study case, this paper presents an approach to selecting passenger flow organization schemes based on different flow scenarios. Firstly, a quantitative analysis of the impact of the new transfer line on passenger flow at the existing station was conducted using a social force simulation model. Secondly, this paper examined the carrying capacity of different passenger flow organization schemes according to passenger flow forecast, thus validating the current design's feasibility. Finally, this paper conducted the extreme value calculation of platform bearing capacity under different operational passenger flows, and carried out scheme selection and demonstration. Results indicated that when future actual passenger flow is 0.8 times the passenger flow forecast, a channel transfer scheme is recommended, which will largely improve the transfer efficiency. When future actual passenger flow is 0.8 ~ 1.35 times the forecast, the combined station hall transfer scheme is advised to alleviate station load pressure. For passenger flows 1.35 times or greater than the forecast, operational strategies should be implemented to relieve load pressure. The decision-making method proposed in this paper seeks to maximize transfer efficiency while ensuring the safety of existing stations, providing a reference for efficient and safe platform operation during subway peak hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image style transfer is a technique that applies artistic styles to natural images while maintaining their original content structures. This technology has a broad spectrum of applications in the stylization of images, comics, and videos, and has emerged as a significant area of research within the field of artificial intelligence. This paper seeks to advance research on deep learning-based image style transfer by summarizing and discussing the principal methods and illustrative outcomes within this domain. It commences with a review of traditional image style transfer algorithms, analyzing their strengths and limitations. The paper then delves into deep learning-based style transfer algorithms, classifying them into image optimization-based and model optimization-based approaches based on the efficiency of transfer. Through an analysis of the current state of image style transfer research, the paper outlines the developmental trajectory and recent milestones in the field. It evaluates the merits and demerits of various methods, addressing current issues such as suboptimal image style transfer quality, model specificity, and the need for enhanced semantic depth. Via comparative analysis, the paper proposes enhancement strategies and suggests future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between the efficiency of mechanical energy flow in the torso and bat head speed at impact. Ninety-eight amateur baseball players batted a light ball tossed from the pitcher direction 3.2 m away. The batting motion and ground reaction forces acting on each foot were recorded using a motion capture system and two force plates, respectively. The mechanical powers of the joint forces and joint torques were calculated to measure the generation, absorption, and transfer of mechanical energy in the torso. The transfer efficiency of mechanical energy in the torso was defined as the ratio of the mechanical energy inflow into the thorax from the torso joint to the mechanical energy outflow from the pelvis to the torso joint. The correlation coefficient between the bat head speed and transfer efficiency of mechanical energy in the torso was very low. Conversely, the mechanical energy flow in the torso was significantly correlated to the bat head speed. Therefore, the results suggest that the torso in baseball batting is not utilised for the generation of mechanical energy but acts as a pathway for the transfer of mechanical energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mutual recognition through security checks can improve the transfer efficiency and service level between different modes of transportation, especially for large hub high-speed rail stations. Implementing a reasonable mutual recognition plan through security checks is more conducive to improving the integration of transportation and travel. In order to analyze and quantify the influencing factors of the transfer efficiency between large-scale high-speed rail hub stations, aviation and subway, the explicit and hidden cost input in the transfer was analyzed, and the input indicators covering economic from the perspective of resource input and benefit output, which manpower and management were selected and the advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of mutual recognition of security checks on stations and passengers were projected into specific indicators, and output indicators containing expected and undesired outputs were obtained so as to construct an evaluation system for the efficiency of the security inspection mutual recognition program. In order to form a complete system of different security mutual recognition schemes, the basic processes were delineated, and four basic security mutual recognition transfer flow lines were ultimately obtained. Based on the characteristics of this problem and the multi input and multi output indicator system, a slacks-based measure( SBM) evaluation model was established. Finally, taking the transfer between Lanzhou West Railway Station, Zhongchuan airport and Lanzhou rail transit as an example, the mutual recognition scheme of security inspection was assumed, and the index system and model were applied for evaluation and analysis. The results show that the one-way inspection exemption from Zhongchuan airport to Lanzhou West Railway Station, and the one-way and two-way inspection exemption between Lanzhou West Railway Station and rail transit are all effective input-output schemes. Through the comparative analysis of the input-output levels of the three effective schemes, the decision-making suggestions and references are given from the perspective of minimum cost control, minimum unexpected output and maximum economic benefits of the station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Zhou Tian Formula (ZTF) is an antidepressant traditional Chinese medicine utilized widely in clinical settings for the treatment of patients with depression. However, shortcomings persist in its extraction technology and quality control. Objective: This study aimed to propose a methodology for ZTF extraction technology based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)–criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) method and to establish a quality control framework for the efficient transfer of index components. Method: Firstly, we analyzed the chemical components of ZTF and determined the optimal extraction technology. Secondly, we calculated the transfer efficiency of the index components during the conversion of water decoction to extract powder and subsequently to granules. Thirdly, we established HPLC fingerprints for 15 batches of ZTF water decoction, extract powder, and granules. We employed SIMCA software to analyze the chemicals responsible for variations in quality among different batches of ZTF granules. Results: We determined the optimal extraction process. The average transfer efficiency of ferulic acid, puerarin, mirificin, isoferulic acid, and calycosin during the conversion of water decoction to extract powder and subsequently to granules exceeded 41%. The HPLC fingerprints of ZTF exhibited a similarity exceeding 0.890. Variable importance in projection values indicated that calycosin, ferulic acid, and puerarin were the primary contributors to quality variations. Conclusions: The AHP‐CRITIC method, coupled with an orthogonal array design, could be used for exploring extraction technology. In addition, the rules governing the transfer of index components from water decoction to extract powder, and subsequently to granules, could be applied for the evaluation and quality assessment of ZTF. This study proposed a methodology for Zhou Tian Formula (ZTF) extraction technology based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)–criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) method and established a quality control framework for the efficient transfer of index components. This method enables dynamic monitoring of the quality of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) components, ensuring the appropriateness of the employed process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We aimed to determine SARS-CoV-2 antibody seropositivity among pregnant women and the transplacental transfer efficiency of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies relative to malaria antibodies among SARS-CoV-2 seropositive mother-cord pairs. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Accra, Ghana, from March to May 2022. Antigen- specific IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (nucleoprotein and spike-receptor binding domain) and malarial antigens (circumsporozoite protein and merozoite surface protein 3) in maternal and cord plasma were measured by ELISA. Plasma from both vaccinated and unvaccinated pregnant women were tested for neutralizing antibodies using commercial kit. Of the unvaccinated pregnant women tested, 58.12% at antenatal clinics and 55.56% at the delivery wards were seropositive for both SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein and RBD antibodies. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in cord samples correlated with maternal antibody levels (N antigen rs = 0.7155, p

We aimed to determine SARS-CoV-2 antibody seropositivity among pregnant women and the transplacental transfer efficiency of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies relative to malaria antibodies among SARS-CoV-2 seropositive mother-cord pairs. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Accra, Ghana, from March to May 2022. Antigen- specific IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (nucleoprotein and spike-receptor binding domain) and malarial antigens (circumsporozoite protein and merozoite surface protein 3) in maternal and cord plasma were measured by ELISA. Plasma from both vaccinated and unvaccinated pregnant women were tested for neutralizing antibodies using commercial kit. Of the unvaccinated pregnant women tested, 58.12% at antenatal clinics and 55.56% at the delivery wards were seropositive for both SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein and RBD antibodies. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in cord samples correlated with maternal antibody levels (N antigen rs = 0.7155, p < 0.001; RBD rs = 0.8693, p < 0.001). Transplacental transfer of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein antibodies was comparable to circumsporozoite protein antibodies (p = 0.9999) but both were higher than transfer rates of merozoite surface protein 3 antibodies (p < 0.001). SARS-CoV-2 IgG seropositivity among pregnant women in Accra is high with a boost of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific IgG in vaccinated women. Transplacental transfer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 and malarial antibodies was efficient, supporting vaccination of mothers as a strategy to protect infants against SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Railway Standard Design is the property of Railway Standard Design Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Computer Measurement & Control is the property of Magazine Agency of Computer Measurement & Control and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Natural Science) is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study performed a spray-painting simulation based on the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) for spray painting using a rotary atomizer. The LES better reproduced the flow field and spray dispersion between the bell and target than the RANS. Also, the region called “over-spray” in the radially outside of the bell, in which the droplets stay, was formed, and the residence time became longer for droplets with larger diameter regardless of numerical methods for turbulent flow. Further, the transfer efficiency (TE) in the RANS was almost constant, independent of droplet diameter because all the eddy was modeled in the RANS, and the turbulent fluctuation a droplet received near the target was isotropic. In contrast, the TE in the LES varied depending on droplet diameter and showed the maximum value because only small eddies are modeled in the LES, and the turbulent fluctuation was more realistic.

Diazotrophs regulate marine productivity in the oligotrophic ocean by alleviating nitrogen limitation, contributing to particulate organic carbon (POC) export to the deep ocean. Yet, the characterization of particles composing the sinking POC flux has never been explored in such ecosystems. Moreover, the contribution of the direct gravitational export of diazotrophs to the overall flux is seldom assessed. Here we explore the composition of the sinking POC flux in a hot spot of N2 fixation (the western sub-tropical South Pacific) using polyacrylamide gel-filled traps deployed at two stations (S05M and S10M) and three depths (170 m, 270 m, 1000 m) during the TONGA expedition (November-December 2019). Image analyses of particles collected in the gels was used to classify them into 5 categories (fecal aggregates, phytodetrital aggregates, mixed aggregates, cylindrical fecal pellets, and zooplankton carcasses). Fecal aggregates were the most abundant at both stations and all depths and dominated the flux (average of 56 ± 28% of the POC flux), followed by zooplankton carcasses (24 ± 19%), cylindrical fecal pellets (15 ± 14%) and mixed aggregates (5 ± 4%), whereas phytodetrital aggregates contributed less (<1%). Since N isotope budgets show that export is mainly supported by diazotrophy at these stations, these results suggest that the diazotroph-derived N has been efficiently transferred to the foodweb up to zooplankton and fecal pellets before being exported, pleading for an indirect export of diazotrophy. However, random confocal microscopy examination performed on sinking particles revealed that diazotrophs were present in several categories of exported particles, suggesting that diazotrophs are also directly exported, with a potential contribution to overall POC fluxes increasing with depth. Our results provide the first characterization of particle categories composing the sinking flux and their contribution to the overall flux in a hot spot of N2 fixation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Improving the sharing rate of public transport and reducing operation costs are key factors affecting the sustainable development of the public transport system. After quantifying the impact of transfer, this study proposes a multi‐objective optimization model of bus networks considering the integral transfer efficiency and operation costs, whose optimal solution is hard to find. Since the heuristic algorithm has great global searchability, a non‐dominated sorted genetic algorithm (NSGA‐II) is adopted to solve this NP‐hard problem. Also, an adaptive mutation mode selection algorithm is proposed to enhance the solution efficiency. The optimization framework is applied to the benchmark case of the Swiss public transit network. The results show that the method significantly improves the transfer efficiency of the designed network when compared to existing studies. After calculation, it is found that enhancing the direct rate can improve transfer efficiency, but with high costs. Moreover, the proposed method can design an efficient and economic network to balance the benefits of passengers and operators in practice.

Diazotrophs regulate marine productivity in the oligotrophic ocean by alleviating nitrogen limitation, contributing to particulate organic carbon (POC) export to the deep ocean. Yet, the characterization of particles composing the sinking POC flux has never been explored in such ecosystems. Moreover, the contribution of the direct gravitational export of diazotrophs to the overall flux is seldom assessed. Here we explore the composition of the sinking POC flux in a hot spot of N2 fixation (the western sub-tropical South Pacific) using polyacrylamide gel-filled traps deployed at two stations (S05M and S10M) and three depths (170 m, 270 m, 1000 m) during the TONGA expedition (November-December 2019). Image analyses of particles collected in the gels was used to classify them into 5 categories (fecal aggregates, phytodetrital aggregates, mixed aggregates, cylindrical fecal pellets, and zooplankton carcasses). Fecal aggregates were the most abundant at both stations and all depths and dominated the flux (average of 56 ± 28% of the POC flux), followed by zooplankton carcasses (24 ± 19%), cylindrical fecal pellets (15 ± 14%) and mixed aggregates (5 ± 4%), whereas phytodetrital aggregates contributed less (

Summary: To solve the problem that the efficiency of a wireless power transfer system decreases with increasing transmission distance, metamaterial (MTM) has offered an effective solution. In this paper, a novel compact MTM with negative permeability is designed to improve the transfer efficiency of wireless power transfer at the operating frequency of 13.56 MHz. By placing the MTM slab at different positions between coils, the transmission coefficient of the wireless power transfer system with one MTM slab is calculated. Also, the impact of transmission distance is studied. Based on the two‐port network method, the transfer efficiency of wireless power transfer is respectively calculated for the system with one MTM slab and with two MTM slabs. The results demonstrate that transfer efficiency at the transmission distance of 150, 200, and 250 mm are, respectively, 82.4%, 67.8%, and 47.3% when one MTM slab is introduced. For the system with two MTM slabs, the corresponding transfer efficiency is 84.9%, 77.3%, and 66.1% separately. Compared with the system without MTM, it is found that there is a large improvement in transfer efficiency especially when two MTM slabs are positioned between coils at the transmission distance of 250 mm. The magnetic field distribution of the system with one or two MTM slabs introduced is investigated. The results show that magnetic coupling between coils is strengthened, which is favorable for transfer efficiency enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: This study consists of milk fatty acid (FA) data collected during 2 in vivo experiments. For this study, 8 cows from each experiment were included in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. At the start of experiment 1 (Exp1) cows were at (mean ± standard deviation) 87 ± 34.6 d in milk, 625 ± 85.0 kg of body weight, and 32.1 ± 4.17 kg/d milk yield and at the start of experiment 2 (Exp2) cows were at 74 ± 18.2 d in milk, 629 ± 87.0 kg of body weight, and 37.0 ± 3.2 kg/d milk yield. In Exp1, we examined the effects of gradual replacement of barley with hulled oats (oats with hulls) on milk FA composition. The basal diet was grass silage and rapeseed meal (58 and 10% of diet DM, respectively), and the 4 grain supplements were formulated so that barley was gradually replaced by hulled oats at levels of 0, 33, 67, and 100% on dry matter basis. In Exp2, we examined (1) the effects of replacing barley with both hulled and dehulled oats (oats without hulls) and (2) the effects of gradual replacement of hulled oats with dehulled oats on milk FA composition. The basal diet was grass silage and rapeseed meal (60 and 10% of diet DM, respectively), and the 4 pelleted experimental concentrates were barley, hulled oats, a 50:50 mixture of hulled and dehulled oats, and dehulled oats on dry matter basis. In Exp1, gradual replacement of barley with hulled oats decreased relative proportions of 14:0, 16:0, and total saturated FA (SFA) in milk fat linearly, whereas proportions of 18:0, 18:1, total monounsaturated FA, and total cis unsaturated FA increased linearly. Transfer efficiency of total C18 decreased linearly when barley was replaced by hulled oats in Exp1. In Exp2, relative proportions of 14:0, 16:0, and total SFA were lower, whereas proportions of 18:0, 18:1, monounsaturated FA, and cis unsaturated FA were higher in milk from cows fed the oat diets than in milk from cows fed the barley diet. Moreover, in Exp2, gradual replacement of hulled oats with dehulled oats slightly decreased the relative proportion of 14:0 in milk fat but did not affect the proportions of 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, total SFA, monounsaturated FA, trans FA, or polyunsaturated FA. In Exp2, transfer efficiency of total C18 was lower when cows were fed the oat diets than when fed the barley diet and decreased linearly when hulled oats were replaced with dehulled oats. Predictions of daily CH4 emissions (g/d) using the on-farm available variables energy-corrected milk yield and body weight were not markedly improved by including milk concentrations of individual milk FA in prediction equations. In conclusion, replacement of barley with oats as a concentrate supplement for dairy cows fed a grass silage-based diet could offer a practical strategy to change the FA composition of milk to be more in accordance with international dietary guidelines regarding consumption of SFA.

Liquid distributor is an important internal in packed distillation columns. One of the key features of this equipment is the drip point density, which corresponds to the number of irrigation points per area of the cross-section. For gravity liquid distributors, increasing the number of irrigation holes generally requires small hole diameters, which makes the equipment more sensitive to plugging. In this work, we disclose a new gravity liquid distributor that achieves large drip point densities without requiring smaller irrigation holes. This distributor is an adaptation of the classic orifice-pan type, in which we add a tree-like structure made of wires to spread the liquid dripping from the orifices. The liquid flows outside the wires and splits several times over the different branching levels before falling on the packed bed. From an orifice-pan configuration with drip point density of 736 pts/m2, we designed and constructed enhanced distributors with a theoretical irrigation density of 14,800 pts/m2. Performance comparison using a recently disclosed structured packing shows that these enhanced distributors can decrease HETP from 0.45 m to 0.27 m. • We design a gravity liquid distributor for separation columns. • It is based on a tree-like structure increasing the drip point density. • Liquid flows outside the wires. • HETP is decreased from 0.45 m to 0.27 m for a recent packing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the sharing rate of public transport and reducing operation costs are key factors affecting the sustainable development of the public transport system. After quantifying the impact of transfer, this study proposes a multi‐objective optimization model of bus networks considering the integral transfer efficiency and operation costs, whose optimal solution is hard to find. Since the heuristic algorithm has great global searchability, a non‐dominated sorted genetic algorithm (NSGA‐II) is adopted to solve this NP‐hard problem. Also, an adaptive mutation mode selection algorithm is proposed to enhance the solution efficiency. The optimization framework is applied to the benchmark case of the Swiss public transit network. The results show that the method significantly improves the transfer efficiency of the designed network when compared to existing studies. After calculation, it is found that enhancing the direct rate can improve transfer efficiency, but with high costs. Moreover, the proposed method can design an efficient and economic network to balance the benefits of passengers and operators in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an implantable medical device, the transcutaneous wireless energy transmission (TET) system of biaxial actuated artificial anal sphincter (BAAS) after implantation in vivo is affected by the hyperplasia of the parcel. The coupling performance is obviously lower than that of in vitro experiments, which reduces the practical value in medical treatment. Based on the experimental results of the TET system of BAAS, mainly aimed at the problem of transmission angle caused by the hyperplasia of the parcel, the existing TET system is analyzed and studied, and the relation curve between transmission angle and transmission efficiency are obtained. The experimental results show that when the transmission distance is 30 mm, the transmission efficiency reaches more than 60%. When the transmission distance is 30 mm and the transmission angle is 20°, the average transmission efficiency of the experiment can reach 66.65%. When the transmission angle is 30°, the average transmission efficiency of the experiment can reach 59.96%. The maximum of charging temperature of the transmitting coil is 23 ℃, which will not cause low temperature scald to the human body. It can meet the performance requirements of the BAAS system and achieve the purpose of long distance and high efficiency transmission.

The food system is one of the major sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The impact of emission transfer due to the separation between food production and consumption within the context of carbon neutrality remains unclear. In this study, we constructed an emission inventory for three types of grains at the production stage of their life cycle and then analysed the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the grain supply and demand. With the use of a spatial equilibrium model, we simulated the spatial distribution flow of the different types of grains from 1990 to 2018 and calculated the resulting GHG emission transfer efficiency. The main results include the following: (1) The imbalance between the grain supply and demand intensified, which was mainly reflected in the distance between the geographic centre of the grain supply and consumption increasing 3.2 times, and thus, the self-sufficiency decreased. (2) The total emission transfer TET of rice and wheat decreased because of the increase in the intra-regional supply, while that of maize gradually increased due to the increase in the inter-regional supply. (3) Overall, grain trade improved the carbon efficiency of grain production in China. The trade efficiency of crops varied, with wheat and maize leading to overall effective carbon reductions, while the carbon transfer efficiency of rice from trade was relatively low. (4) The carbon footprint of grain production in China's provinces exhibited a downward trend, but due to the intensified separation between the grain supply and demand, certain major grain-producing areas achieved inefficient carbon increases. Therefore, we suggest further optimization of the spatial structure of planting and breeding, strengthening of the grain supply in the region, and enhancement in the optimization of the low-carbon production structure and adjustment of cultivated land use combined with regional governance strategies. The application of these measures could contribute to achieving dual-carbon goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest soils harbour a vast array of organisms that govern the processing of organic matter. Through their trophic interactions, they give rise to carbon flows that sustain soil ecosystem functioning. Understanding how soil food webs shape carbon flows may enhance our knowledge about the role of biodiversity on soil processes.In this work, we assembled trophic networks representing soil food webs of two beech forests during spring and autumn, and compiled mass‐balanced models quantifying carbon flows between their components. These models were investigated using network analysis to identify the role of the components on carbon flow, cycling and functional trophic relationships. Moreover, we explored how the structure of carbon exchanges promote efficiency and stability.Results indicate the importance of indirect interactions. Most trophic groups exhibit a diffuse dependency on all the compartments for their carbon requirement although certain groups such as Collembola play the role of hubs in distributing carbon. Indirect interactions often reverse the impacts of direct trophic relationships being antagonistic to the direction of change predicted based on predator–prey interactions. The high incidence of generalist feeding habits increases the redundancy of energy channels thereby making such food webs more resilient against perturbations but at the expense of carbon transfer efficiency.Although differences can be observed across sites and periods, food web structure rather than environmental variability seems to be the main factor responsible for patterns of carbon flows in the two beech forests. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Distance Education (1672-0008) is the property of Zhejiang Open University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to improve the mileage per charge of battery electric vehicles (BEV), dynamic wireless power transfer systems are being developed. There are some problems such as is the wide gap between coils when mounted under the floor of a vehicle, and the effect of foreign objects between coils on power transmission. In‐wheel coils, in which the coils are placed inside the wheel, have been proposed as a solution to these problems. However, they a plastic wheel such as CFRP and cannot reduce the gap between coils. In this paper, we propose a coil configuration in which the coils are placed inside the tire and the wheel. This configuration has the advantage of using a conventional aluminum to reduce the gap between coils. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated via simulations and experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrates tunable coil links for a wireless power transfer system with arbitrarily-located multiple receivers and arbitrary power division between them. Both the Tx and Rx coils are composed of a main coil and an array of assistant coils loaded with varactors. By tuning the varactors to control the resonant characteristics of each assistant coil, the Tx coil can steer the near field, and the Rx coil can reconfigure its electrical size. Consequently, the proposed system maintains the high overall efficiency regardless of the position of the receivers and the power division ratio. For the verification, a two-receiver system at 6.78 MHz is designed and fabricated with a $2\times 1$ assistant coil array. A thorough investigation is performed for various cases, which include when the two receivers of the same size are located symmetrically with respect to the center of the Tx coil and two receivers of different sizes, located asymmetrically. For all cases, the overall efficiency is evaluated for various receiver locations and power division ratios when the tunable coil links are adopted on both Tx and Rx coils, only on either Tx or Rx coil. The conventional system provides the minimum transfer efficiency of 0% for symmetric case, as well as 12.8% for asymmetric case with respect to the receiver locations. On the other hand, results of the proposed system show minimum efficiency of 83.7% and 83.5% for symmetric and asymmetric case, respectively. More importantly, while the conventional system showed strong dependence not only on the Rx locations but also the power division ratio, the proposed system maintains the efficiency with little, if any, variation regardless of the two. For example, while the power division ratio is varied from 5:1 to 1:5, the proposed system remains a very high efficiency of up to 91.0% with only 0.3% variation.

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (1006-2467) is the property of Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Knowledge about the taxonomic and size composition of mesozooplankton is of critical importance for both fisheries and oceanography. In this study, we collected an annual time series of mesozooplankton samples in Funka Bay and analysed them using ZooScan to reveal the seasonal changes in taxonomic and size structure. Both zooplankton abundance and biovolume peaked in April and were dominated by an appendicularian Oikopleura labradoriensis which has been reported as being are being important food source for flatfish larvae. Furthermore, Noctiluca scintillans was abundant from September to December. The occurrence of this species may be related to the recent increase in the transport of Tsugaru Warm Current water into the bay. The Normalized Biomass Size Spectra (NBSS) was significant for 16 of 21 sampling dates. Insignificant NBSS, with an extremely flat slope, was observed for January-March. Significant NBSS with a flat slope was observed in April. Then, the relatively steep slopes of the NBSS were the case from mid-May to December. These seasonal changes in the slope of NBSS suggest that the energy transfer efficiency for higher trophic levels varied seasonally. The observed slopes of the NBSS in Funka Bay ranged from-1.09 to -0.30, which was flatter than the theoretical value (-1) and the previously reported values for the oceanic region of the western North Pacific. This suggests that the energy transfer efficiency to organisms at higher trophic levels in the Funka Bay is higher than in the adjacent oceanic region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of dietary selenium supplementation (organic and inorganic) of late-gestation ewes on blood selenium concentrations and metabolic and antioxidant status indicators in ewes and their lambs. In addition, the efficacy of selenium transfer from ewes to lambs during the suckling period was determined. The study was conducted on 30 Merinolandschaf ewes and their lambs and lasted four months. The feed mixture of the control group (group I) contained no added selenium, while the feed mixture of group II was enriched with 0.3 mg/kg of organic selenium sources and the third group with 0.3 mg/kg of inorganic selenium sources. In ewes and their lambs, selenium supplementation significantly (p < 0.01; p < 0.05) increased selenium concentration, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activity and decreased malondialdehyde concentration compared to the control group. Selenium supplementation had a positive effect on metabolism and hematological indicators in lambs. A positive correlation was found between antioxidant indicators in the whole blood of ewes and lambs. The good transfer of selenium from ewes to lambs was complemented by higher correlation coefficients when the feed mixture was supplemented with organic compared to inorganic selenium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opening and closing speeds of GIS switches are relatively fast, so it is difficult to judge the possible defects of the mechanism through manual observation. In order to quickly and accurately identify the switch state or defect type, this paper designs a GIS switch state detection platform based on image recognition technology and wireless power transfer (WPT) technology. The wireless charging capability creates the conditions for the platform’s versatility and portability to some extent. This paper mainly analyzes the stability and anti-offset of the WPT system. According to the theoretical analysis, the efficiency of the wireless charging system is more stable than that of the traditional LCC WPT system under the same output power. Within the offset distance of 0.11 m, the efficiency can be maintained at about 92%, with almost no change. The results show that the proposed method is effective.

The natural oscillation frequency of the magnetic coupling wireless power transfer system is easily affected by circuit parameters and frequency bifurcation phenomenon often occurs. In order to solve the above problems, the equivalent circuit model of magnetic coupling wireless energy transfer system is used to derive the load resistance and transfer distance range that can maintain the frequency stability of the system. Furthermore, the load resistance range under which the system frequency stability is not affected by the transfer distance is obtained. In this range, the system always maintains a constant frequency and the natural oscillation frequency is not affected by the transfer distance. Moreover, the theoretical analysis is verified by simulation and experiment. The results show that the increase of load resistance and transfer distance will reduce the output power and transfer efficiency of the system to a certain extent. Therefore, in the context of maintaining the frequency stability of the system, the output power and transfer efficiency should be considered, and the appropriate load resistance and transfer distance should be selected so as to prevent the output power and transfer efficiency of the system from being too low.

A biomedical implant (BMI) is a device that allows patients to monitor their health condition at any time and obtain care from any location. However, the functionality of these devices is limited because of their restricted battery capacity, such that a BMI may not attain its full potential. Wireless power transfer technology–based magnetic resonant coupling (WPT–MRC) is considered a promising solution to the problem of restricted battery capacity in BMIs. In this paper, spider web coil–MRC (SWC-MRC) was designed and practically implemented to overcome the restricted battery life in low–power BMIs. A series/parallel (S/P) topology for powering the BMI was proposed in the design of the SWC-MRC. Several experiments were conducted in the lab to investigate the performance of the SWC-MRC system in terms of DC output voltage, power transfer, and transfer efficiency at different resistive loads and distances. The experimental results of the SWC-MRC test revealed that when the Vsource is 30 V, the DC output voltage of 5 V can be obtained at 1 cm. At such a distance (i.e., 1 cm), the SWC-MRC transfer efficiency is 91.86% and 97.91%, and the power transfer is 13.26 W and 23.5 W when 50- and 100- $\Omega $ resistive loads were adopted, respectively. A power transfer of 12.42 W and transfer efficiency of 93.38% were achieved at 2 cm for when a 150- $\Omega $ resistive load and a Vsource of 35 V were considered. The achieved performance was adequate for charging some BMIs, such as a pacemaker.

Electrostatic coating is being developed as an attractive alternative to overcome the problems encountered during conventional coating which includes non‐uniform coating, dust generation, high energy and time consuming, equipment cleaning, and operating expenses. In this method, powder particles are charged by passing through an ion‐rich region, which repel each other to produce an evenly distributed coating. This results in a uniform distribution of powder on target surface. In this study, the electrostatic coating of black pepper powder was applied by varying the applied voltage (0–20 kV), at a conveyor belt speed of 10 m/s and compared with manually coated cheese slices. The values of transfer efficiency (52.7%–87.0%), dust reduction (76.2%–85.8%), and adhesion (20.8%–85.3%) were higher for electrostatic coatings. The weight losses were lower (0.19%) at 15 kV as compared to 20 kV (0.67%). The total plate count of cheese slice coated at 20 kV was significantly higher (p < 0.05), whereas at 15 kV it was lower than all other treatments. The shelf life of coated cheese slices at 15 kV lasted up to 1 month due to better coating compared to other treatments. From the results, it can be concluded that electrostatic coating of cheese slice with black pepper is best at 15 kV along with higher transfer efficiency and dust reduction. Practical Application: Electrostatic powder coating of cheese resulted in higher transfer efficiency and reduction in dust production. later one has reduce the coating material requirement, thereby, reducing the processing cost. Moreover, dust reduction will reduce the burden of cleaning cost of environment and enhance worker health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a novel power supply method, single-wire power transfer has gained a great deal of attention. However, most of the related studies were based on using loops to realize a two-way power transfer. To further develop single-wire power transfer technology, a single-wire power transfer method is proposed in this paper, which does not rely on loops for power transfer. Through theoretical derivation, its transfer principle is analyzed, and a single-wire power transfer structure is designed. In addition, the theoretical derivation is verified by simulation analysis. Finally, the factors and laws that affect transfer efficiency are obtained through simulations and experiments. The research conducted in this paper is conducive to the development of single-wire power transfer methods, and lays a foundation for further research on transfer characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai University / Shanghai Daxue Xuebao is the property of Journal of Shanghai University (Natural Sciences) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In view of problem that current impedance matching methods ca't automatically adjust load impedance of magnetic resonant wireless power transfer system(MR-WPT) when load changes, which leads to reduction of energy transfer efficiency of the system, a load adaptive impedance matching method of MR-WPT system was proposed. In order to improve power transmission efficiency of MR-WPT system by using high frequency, class E power amplifier is used as high frequency inverter circuit. A DC/DC converter is added between magnetic resonance device and load. When the load impedance changes, the load resistance is transformed to the maximum efficiency transmission resistance by adjusting the duty cycle of the DC/DC converter, thus ensuring that the MR-WPT system always works at maximum efficiency. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed impedance matching method is feasible and can optimize transmission efficiency of MR-WPT system. When the output power is 3.5 W, the transmission efficiency reaches 35%.

This paper proposes a new hybrid evaluation method including Improved Analytic Hierarchy Process (IAHP), Entropy Method (EM), and Grey Comprehensive Evaluation Method (GCEM) to assess the transfer efficiency between rail transit and public bicycles. In particular, the IAHP method that replaces the nine-scale approach with three-scale approach to naturally meet the consistency requirements is applied to qualitatively calculate the weights of evaluation indices, the EM method is utilized to calculate the weights of evaluation indices with relatively high degrees of quantification, and the GCEM method is used to calculate the transfer efficiency between rail transit and public bicycles. In addition, a three-level evaluation-index system including target level, criteria level and index level is established. A numerical example is also provided to verify the feasibility of the proposed hybrid evaluation method and explore the reasons for low transfer efficiency between rail transit and public bicycles.

The biological carbon pump is a key component of the marine carbon cycle. This surface‐to‐deep flux of carbon is usually assumed to follow a simple power law function, which imposes that the surface export flux is attenuated throughout subsurface waters at a rate dictated by the parameterization exponent. This flux attenuation exponent is widely assumed as constant. However, there is increasing evidence that the flux attenuation varies both spatially and seasonally. While the former has received some attention, the consequences of the latter have not been explored. Here we aim to fill the gap with a theoretical study of how seasonal changes in both flux attenuation and sinking speed affect nutrient distributions and carbon fluxes. Using a global ocean‐biogeochemical model that represents detritus explicitly, we look at different scenarios for how these varies seasonally, particularly the relative "phase" with respect to solar radiation and the "strength" of seasonality. We show that the sole presence of seasonality in the model‐imposed flux attenuation and sinking speed leads to a greater transfer efficiency compared to the non‐seasonal flux attenuation scenario, resulting in an increase of over 140% in some cases when the amplitude of the seasonality imposed is 60% of the non‐seasonal base value. This work highlights the importance of the feedback taking place between the seasonally varying flux attenuation, sinking speed and other processes, suggesting that the assumption of constant‐in‐time flux attenuation and sinking speed might underestimate how much carbon is sequestered by the biological carbon pump. Key Points: The inclusion of seasonal variability in the flux attenuation parameter is found to increase the particulate organic carbon transfer to depthThe increase observed is sensitive to the relative phase between the flux attenuation and the solar radiationA constant‐in‐time flux attenuation might underestimate how much carbon is sequestered by the ocean [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A stacked-coil technology is demonstrated that realizes size-adjustable coil systems to compensate the notorious problem of lateral misalignment in nonradiative wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. The proposed system has a simple structure that consists of multiple layers of coils with various sizes. Depending on the misalignment, the coil pair that provides the best transfer efficiency is switched on. Thus, not only the transfer null is removed, but also a very high transfer efficiency is maintained even with extreme misalignment. Experimental results at 6.78 MHz show the effectiveness of the stacked coil for both short- and mid-range wireless power transfer systems. The transfer efficiency maintains abovementioned 80% up to 87% and 65% lateral misalignment when the separation between Tx and Rx coils are 10% and 50%, respectively, relative to the largest dimension of the coil. The three-layer short-range system successfully removes the transfer null to maintain a minimum transfer efficiency of 39.7% up to 126% misalignment. The two-layer mid-range system maintains transfer efficiency abovementioned 50% up to 103% misalignment. Furthermore, the performance is virtually the same even in an asymmetric WPT system, i.e., when the technique is applied to only one of the two coils. A detailed design procedure is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of South Architecture / Nanfang Jianzhu is the property of South Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to determine levels of flame retardants (FRs) in infant products, and to characterize potential for hand-to-mouth transfer efficiency from these products. Select FR concentrations were found in polyurethane foam (PUF) in ten infant products. We examined dermal loading and hand-to-mouth transfer efficiency by simulating handling of two products by participants (n = 9), one of which was handled with and without a fabric covering. Tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was detected in all infant products. The total TCIPP mass transferred to hands was higher for products without covers; however, the relative transfer efficiency (TE) from hands to saliva was higher after handling the product with the cover. Average TCIPP dermal loading was significantly higher without the cover, indicating that these materials may act as a barrier for FR transfer from the PUF to the skin. Estimated highest average daily TCIPP ingestion in infants and children resulting from hand-to-mouth transfer during normal use was 9390 ng/day (1570 ng/kg bw-day) for the uncovered bath product, assuming 100% TE. This study indicates that further research is needed to understand factors that influence individual variability of dermal loading and transfer efficiency, variability of FR concentrations in PUF, and to elucidate the role of fabric coverings on dermal transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM), the contactless energy transfer (CET) system based on the rotary transformer can replace the well-established slip ring technology to supply power for the revolving ultrasonic vibrator. However, the transfer efficiency and power output capability of the CET system is usually a pair of contradictions. The high voltage of the compensation element is prone to occur, especially in high power applications, which is dangerous. In this paper, for four basic compensation topologies, the mathematical models of the transfer efficiency, the load impedance and the compensation elements' voltages are presented. The compensation elements are optimized for improving the transfer efficiency. The effects of coil turns on the transfer efficiency, the load impedance and the compensation elements' voltages are researched. The coil turns are optimized to control the load impedance of the power supply and the voltages of the compensation elements. The experimental results basically agree with the theoretical results. The optimized CET system not only has high transfer efficiency, but also has high power output capability. At the same time, the high voltages of compensation elements are avoided effectively and the safety of the system is guaranteed.

In order to solve the problem of high failure rate in the operation of planetary power shift gearbox for engineering vehicles， a dynamics simulation model of planetary gearbox is established based on the dynamics transmission theory， and the rotational speed， torque and transmission efficiency of planetary transmission components are analyzed. The ADAMS and Matlab simulation software are used to establish the virtual prototype joint simulation model of the gearbox， the dynamic performance of the gearbox under the forward working condition of the vehicle is simulated， and the transmission efficiency and power flow direction of the planetary gearbox are analyzed. The test results show that the speed change of the gearbox before and after gear shifting is relatively gentle， which shows that the new dynamic gear shifting strategy can reduce the gear shifting time of the gearbox and improve the dynamic response of the gearbox effectively during the operation of the engineering vehicle. The research results have practical significance for condition monitoring and power shift strategy formulation of planetary gearbox.

The transfer characteristic of the CT's axial load is necessarily investigated for its safety operation. In this study, a mechanical model of the coupled tube systems is described using micro element method. To analyse the effects of ocean loads, an experimental downsized platform is built. A physical vibration exciter is used to simulate the SCR's lateral vibration, and then the axial load and its transfer efficiency of the CT are obtained under the excitation frequencies of 3, 6, 9 Hz and excitation forces of 30, 50, 70 N. Experimental results show that the excitation forces and excitation frequencies within certain ranges would promote the transmission of the axial force of the inner pipe. The force-outs under excitation frequencies and excitation forces are greater than that under no force excitation, and the transfer efficiencies of axial force will increase with the growth of the excitation forces and excitation frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of dietary selenium supplementation (organic and inorganic) of late-gestation ewes on blood selenium concentrations and metabolic and antioxidant status indicators in ewes and their lambs. In addition, the efficacy of selenium transfer from ewes to lambs during the suckling period was determined. The study was conducted on 30 Merinolandschaf ewes and their lambs and lasted four months. The feed mixture of the control group (group I) contained no added selenium, while the feed mixture of group II was enriched with 0.3 mg/kg of organic selenium sources and the third group with 0.3 mg/kg of inorganic selenium sources. In ewes and their lambs, selenium supplementation significantly (p < 0.01; p < 0.05) increased selenium concentration, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activity and decreased malondialdehyde concentration compared to the control group. Selenium supplementation had a positive effect on metabolism and hematological indicators in lambs. A positive correlation was found between antioxidant indicators in the whole blood of ewes and lambs. The good transfer of selenium from ewes to lambs was complemented by higher correlation coefficients when the feed mixture was supplemented with organic compared to inorganic selenium.