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Triggered instability is a nonlinear instability that may arise when finite-amplitude pulses are imposed on a combustor that is otherwise stable to infinitesimal perturbations. In this study, we investigate the role of acoustic and combustion nonlinearities in the occurrence of triggered longitudinal instabilities in a cylindrical combustion chamber. Using the Galerkin method of weighted spatial integration, we derive the nonlinear equations governing the time-dependent amplitudes of the longitudinal modes of the combustion chamber. The modal amplitude equations include quadratic and cubic acoustic nonlinearities, as well as combustion nonlinearities. The latter, arising from unsteady combustion processes, are represented using three separate models that include Crocco's pressure exponent–time lag model and two other nonlinear combustion response models. We first investigate whether a nonlinear instability may be realized when only the acoustic nonlinear terms are retained and the combustion nonlinearities are dropped. It is seen that large-amplitude pulses imposed on a stable fixed point can cause the system to evolve to another stable fixed point, with the implication that the acoustic nonlinearities indeed play a role in nonlinear instability. The inclusion of both acoustic and combustion nonlinearities did not significantly alter the nature of the nonlinear instability, at least for small values of the control parameter determining the magnitude of combustion nonlinearities. However, when both types of nonlinearities were included, perturbations of smaller magnitude were needed to trigger an instability than when only the acoustic nonlinearities were included. In addition to analyzing the two types of nonlinearities, we perform a systematic study of how their orders influence nonlinear instability. This entails retaining the quadratic or cubic acoustic terms in conjunction with the combustion nonlinearities from each of the three combustion response models. Nonlinear instability was observed when the quadratic acoustic terms were retained and cubic terms dropped, but no instability was obtained for the converse scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite tubes have become increasingly popular in crashworthiness applications. On the other hand, square section GFRP tubes are prone to damage in a catastrophic failure mode in the early stages of the crushing process. At this point, triggering mechanisms have great potential to ensure deformation in progressive mode and improve the compression performance of GFRP tubes. Motivated by these facts, this paper aims to optimize the compression performance of square GFRP tubes by implementing notch‐type triggering mechanisms. The effects of notch width, number and length on the axial compression response of tubes were investigated to determine the optimal trigger configurations that would maximize specific energy absorption (SEA) and minimize peak crushing force (PCF). Experiments were conducted based on Taguchi L9 orthogonal array design, and Taguchi coupled Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method was employed for optimizing multiple responses. The optimization results revealed that the proposed trigger mechanisms induced progressive crushing by preventing catastrophic failure, thereby significantly improving the compression performance of GFRP tubes. In particular, the results showed that the PCF of intact GFRP tube decreased by up to 38%, while SEA increased by up to 130% with the help of proposed trigger mechanism. Highlights: The compression performance of square GFRP tubes improved by notch‐type triggering.The notch width, length and number were chosen as design parameters.Taguchi experimental design was used to find the best configuration of design parameters.The optimum configurations were examined through the entropy‐WASPAS approach.The results revealed that significant improvements can be achieved using trigger mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combustion instabilities result in large combustor acoustic amplitudes due to a feedback loop between exciting acoustic/hydrodynamic disturbances and flame response. This article addresses the global heat release properties required for a seemingly stable combustor to exhibit bi-stable behavior; that is, linearly stable but destabilized by a large enough disturbance amplitude, commonly referred to as "triggering" in the combustion instability literature. The global unsteady heat release rate is expanded up to fifth order in the source disturbance amplitude to capture triggering behaviors. For a system with linear damping, results show that under zero linear flame response, the third and fifth order non-linearity must satisfy very specific relationships in phase with no constraints on relative amplitudes. Extending this to non-zero linear flame response shows shifts in the phase relationship constraints. The analysis is applied to experimentally measured datasets from the literature showing its applicability. In addition, an example problem for an anchored, premixed flame is used with the constraints, to find the combination of control parameters where triggering is possible. The ultimate goal for the presented results is that it can be used to screen datasets (such as from single nozzle flame characterization experiments) and identify parametric spaces where triggering tendencies are the highest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we show that native speakers spontaneously divide the complex meaning of a new word into a presuppositional component and an assertive component. These results argue for the existence of a productive triggering algorithm for presuppositions, one that is not based on alternative lexical items nor on contextual salience. On a methodological level, the proposed learning paradigm can be used to test further theories concerned with the interaction of lexical properties and conceptual biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract High-hazard seismic zones can remain silent over centuries with meager seismicity rates challenging our understanding of seismic processes. We focus on the comprehensive analysis of cascading episodes of swarms and seismic sequences following the 2009 L’Aquila mainshock (MW 6.3) in the southern-central Apennine that previously experienced ~ M7 earthquakes. We enhance the seismic catalog, unmasking low-magnitude seismicity down to completeness magnitude ML ~ 0, and we unveil that the microseismicity might be secondarily triggered by the L’Aquila mainshock, influencing the frictional properties in the nearby fault zones or opening fault valves generating the intense seismic activity detected from 2009 to 2013. The diffusivity, observed in the most seismic episodes, and the high Vp/Vs values (> 1.88) indicate fluid circulation promoting multilayered extensional seismicity within 11–15 km and 16–23 km depth ranges. Mapping the 3D distribution of seismicity alongside geological data reveals an evident tectonic influence, unveiling unknown geometric aspects and providing the first evidence of a NNE-dipping deformation zone bounding at depths of 11–15 km the overlying fault system. Deeper seismicity suggests a mantellic CO2 ascending shape. These findings enrich the literature on tectonic seismic swarms in extensional domains, providing essential constraints on fluid involvement in the seismic processes and contributing to forthcoming discussions on the seismotectonic setting in high-seismic-risk areas of the Apennines of Italy.

We present an analysis of magnitude clustering of microfractures inferred from acoustic emissions (AEs) during stick‐slip (SS) dynamics of faulted Westerly granite samples in frictional sliding experiments, with and without fluids, under triaxial loading with constant displacement rate. We investigate magnitude clustering in time across periods during, preceding and after macroscopic slip events on laboratory faults. Our findings reveal that magnitude clustering exists such that subsequent AEs tend to have more similar magnitudes than expected. Yet, this clustering only exists during macroscopic slip events and is strongest during major slip events in fluid‐saturated and dry samples. We demonstrate that robust magnitude clustering arises from variations in frequency‐magnitude distributions of AE events during macroscopic slip events. These temporal variations indicate a prevalence of larger AE events right after (0.3–3 s) the SS onset. Hence, magnitude clustering is a consequence of non‐stationarities. Plain Language Summary: Can we determine the size of a future earthquake based on the size of past earthquakes? This fundamental question has been controversially debated over the years, without an agreed‐upon answer. Here, we tackle this question under controlled conditions in a lab setting by studying the frictional stick‐slip dynamic of rough granite faults, which gives rise to mm‐scale seismic events. We find that the sizes of these seismic events are not independent during periods containing a macroscopic slip but instead are clustered such that larger seismic events tend to directly follow other large seismic events. We show that this can be explained by temporal changes in the frequency of occurrence of seismic events associated with the sliding motion of the fault. Our findings link the properties of mm‐scale seismic events with macroscopic slip on lab faults. Key Points: Magnitude clustering of acoustic emissions (AEs) is strongest during major slip events in fluid‐saturated samples of Westerly graniteVariations in the frequency‐magnitude distribution of AEs during slip events explain the strong magnitude clusteringThese variations indicate a prevalence of larger AEs right after the onset of slip events [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-hazard seismic zones can remain silent over centuries with meager seismicity rates challenging our understanding of seismic processes. We focus on the comprehensive analysis of cascading episodes of swarms and seismic sequences following the 2009 L’Aquila mainshock (MW 6.3) in the southern-central Apennine that previously experienced ~ M7 earthquakes. We enhance the seismic catalog, unmasking low-magnitude seismicity down to completeness magnitude ML ~ 0, and we unveil that the microseismicity might be secondarily triggered by the L’Aquila mainshock, influencing the frictional properties in the nearby fault zones or opening fault valves generating the intense seismic activity detected from 2009 to 2013. The diffusivity, observed in the most seismic episodes, and the high Vp/Vs values (> 1.88) indicate fluid circulation promoting multilayered extensional seismicity within 11–15 km and 16–23 km depth ranges. Mapping the 3D distribution of seismicity alongside geological data reveals an evident tectonic influence, unveiling unknown geometric aspects and providing the first evidence of a NNE-dipping deformation zone bounding at depths of 11–15 km the overlying fault system. Deeper seismicity suggests a mantellic CO2 ascending shape. These findings enrich the literature on tectonic seismic swarms in extensional domains, providing essential constraints on fluid involvement in the seismic processes and contributing to forthcoming discussions on the seismotectonic setting in high-seismic-risk areas of the Apennines of Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the influence of key technical determinants on shooting performance in both air rifle and pistol shooting disciplines. Following a systematic search across four databases (PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Library), a total of 22 articles were included. The findings indicate that there was a significant correlation between the stability of hold component, as measured by DEV_X (r = −0.60; 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.69 to −0.49; p < 0.001) and HITf (r = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.56 to 0.79; p < 0.001) and shooting performance in both shooting disciplines. In addition, HITr, another stability component, revealed a significant positive correlation for shooting performance (r = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.35 to 0.77; p < 0.001) in air pistol shooting. Furthermore, in both disciplines, there was a significant positive correlation between shooting performance and measures of aiming accuracy such as COGhit (r = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.49 to 0.75; p < 0.001), Targetf (r = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.63 to 0.84; p < 0.001), and Targetr (r = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.33 to 0.78; p < 0.001). In both disciplines, there was a strong negative correlation between the cleanliness of triggering and shooting performance (r = −0.63; 95% CI = −0.75 to −0.48; p < 0.001). Time on target measure significantly correlated with shooting performance (r = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.31 to 0.68; p < 0.001) across both disciplines. The relationship between postural balance and shooting performance in air rifle shooting was negative, indicating that better postural balance is associated with improved shooting (r = −0.53; 95% CI = −0.69 to −0.33; p < 0.001). This review emphasizes the significance of various technical components in both air rifle and pistol disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Wide-awake local anesthesia and no tourniquet (WALANT) represents a revolutionary technique for hand surgeons who dismiss tourniquets and sedation. In this study, we present our experience with the WALANT technique in primary flexor tendon injuries of the hand. Patient and methods: This prospective research was carried out on 30 patients undergoing hand primary, flexor tendon repair surgery. Flexor tendon injury zones 2, 3, 4, and 5 were included. WALANT was prepared and injected. The tendons were surgically managed by a cruciate single cross-stitched locked 4-strand technique. The pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) score. The range of motion (ROM) of affected fingers was assessed according to the Strickland evaluation system. Results: There was a highly significant relationship between the patient's compliance with physiotherapy and obtained ROM of the affected finger with a P value

The metacarpophalangeal joint blocking orthosis (MCPJ-BO) is one of the first-line orthotic treatment for patients with trigger finger (TF). Relative motion extension orthosis (RME-O) has recently emerged as a treatment option for various hand disorders involving TF. The primary objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 6 weeks of orthotic treatment with the MCPJ-BO and the RME-O for pain relief. Function and satisfaction with the orthosis were assessed as secondary objectives. Randomized clinical study. Thirty patients with an average age of 50 years with Froimson stage 1-3 A1 pulley triggering participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to either the MCPJ-BO (n = 15; 10 females, five males) or the RME-O group (n = 15; 12 females, three males). The orthoses were worn full time for 6 weeks. All patients received patient education, activity modification, and flexor tendon gliding exercises as part of the rehabilitation program. Pre- and post-assessments included Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire, and Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology questionnaire. The Mann-Whitney U test was conducted to analyze the difference between the two groups. There were no significant differences between the two groups in pain and function before treatment (p < 0.05). Within-group comparisons indicated that both orthoses relieved pain, but the MCPJ-BO group achieved greater pain relief (p = 0.001). There was a significant improvement in function in the MCPJ-BO group, with a mean change of 12.7 (p = 0.0001). The overall success rates for the MCPJ-BO group and RME-O group were 60% and 27%, respectively. Patients in both groups had high satisfaction with the orthosis. MCPJ-BO and RME-O could be used for pain relief in the treatment of TF. The MCPJ-BO appears to be more effective than the RME-O in improving function. • A high level of satisfaction is reported with the orthoses. • Both orthoses are effective in relieving pain. • Metacarpophalangeal joint blocking orthosis resulted in better functional status. • The overall success rate for the MCPJ-BO was 60%, and for the RME-O, it was 27%. • RME-O is not recommended for acute and subacute trigger finger management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early stages, uncontrolled groundwater extraction led to the Hangjiahu (HJH) Plain becoming one of the areas with the most severe land subsidence in China. Since the beginning of this century, comprehensive measures have been taken to control the continuous aggravation of large land subsidence patterns in some areas; however, urban land subsidence issues, influenced by various factors, still persist and exhibit complex geographical distribution characteristics. In this study, we utilized Sentinel-1A images and the SBAS-InSAR technique to capture surface deformation over the HJH Plain in Zhejiang from 16 March 2017 to 20 January 2023. Through a comparative analysis with geological conditions, changes in surface mass loading, rainfall and groundwater, and land use types, we discussed the contributions of natural and anthropogenic factors to land subsidence. Augmented with optical remote sensing images and field investigations, we conducted a correlation analysis of the land subsidence status. The preliminary findings suggest that changes in surface mass loading and short-term heavy rainfall under extreme weather conditions can lead to periodic land subsidence changes in the region. Additionally, extensive infrastructure construction triggered by urbanization has resulted in significant and sustained land subsidence deformation. The research findings play an important guiding role in formulating scientifically effective strategies for land subsidence prevention and control, as well as urban planning and construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, nonlinear dynamic phenomena such as triggering and synchronization have been experimentally reported in thermoacoustic systems. Motivated by those studies, in this research, we numerically investigate the nonlinear dynamic behavior of a standing-wave thermoacoustic engine that is driven simultaneously by a temperature difference and an external piston, through computational fluid dynamics. Signal processing techniques including Fast Fourier Transform, wavelet transform, and dynamic mode decomposition are utilized to analyze the numerical results. Results show that by changing the frequency and amplitude of the external periodic force, the thermoacoustic engine will exhibit either beating or limit-cycle oscillations at the steady state. To distinguish the steady-state responses of the thermoacoustic engine, we plot a two-parameter bifurcation diagram that is divided into three regions representing unexcited states, asynchronous states, and synchronous states, respectively. It is found that triggering of thermoacoustic oscillations happens as the thermoacoustic engine transits from the unexcited state to the asynchronous state while synchronization occurs as the thermoacoustic engine transits from the asynchronous state to the synchronous state. To give deeper insights into triggering and synchronization phenomena, the dynamic characteristics of the thermoacoustic engine operating in three regions are examined and discussed separately. This work demonstrates that computational fluid dynamics can become a valuable tool for investigating nonlinear dynamic phenomena in thermoacoustic engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffusion MRI of the spinal cord (SC) is susceptible to geometric distortion caused by field inhomogeneities, and prone to misalignment across time series and signal dropout caused by biological motion. Several modifications of image acquisition and image processing techniques have been introduced to overcome these artifacts, but their specific benefits are largely unproven and warrant further investigations. We aim to evaluate two specific aspects of image acquisition and processing that address image quality in diffusion studies of the spinal cord: susceptibility corrections to reduce geometric distortions, and cardiac triggering to minimize motion artifacts. First, we evaluate 4 distortion preprocessing strategies on 7 datasets of the cervical and lumbar SC and find that while distortion correction techniques increase geometric similarity to structural images, they are largely driven by the high-contrast cerebrospinal fluid, and do not consistently improve the geometry within the cord nor improve white-to-gray matter contrast. We recommend at a minimum to perform bulk-motion correction in preprocessing and posit that improvements/adaptations are needed for spinal cord distortion preprocessing algorithms, which are currently optimized and designed for brain imaging. Second, we design experiments to evaluate the impact of removing cardiac triggering. We show that when triggering is foregone, images are qualitatively similar to triggered sequences, do not have increased prevalence of artifacts, and result in similar diffusion tensor indices with similar reproducibility to triggered acquisitions. When triggering is removed, much shorter acquisitions are possible, which are also qualitatively and quantitatively similar to triggered sequences. We suggest that removing cardiac triggering for cervical SC diffusion can be a reasonable option to save time with minimal sacrifice to image quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We present an analysis of magnitude clustering of microfractures inferred from acoustic emissions (AEs) during stick‐slip (SS) dynamics of faulted Westerly granite samples in frictional sliding experiments, with and without fluids, under triaxial loading with constant displacement rate. We investigate magnitude clustering in time across periods during, preceding and after macroscopic slip events on laboratory faults. Our findings reveal that magnitude clustering exists such that subsequent AEs tend to have more similar magnitudes than expected. Yet, this clustering only exists during macroscopic slip events and is strongest during major slip events in fluid‐saturated and dry samples. We demonstrate that robust magnitude clustering arises from variations in frequency‐magnitude distributions of AE events during macroscopic slip events. These temporal variations indicate a prevalence of larger AE events right after (0.3–3 s) the SS onset. Hence, magnitude clustering is a consequence of non‐stationarities.

It is now generally accepted that large earthquakes can promote eruptions at nearby volcanoes. However, the prevalence of “triggered” eruptions, as well as the distance and timescale over which triggering occurs, remain unclear. Here, we use modern global earthquake and eruption records to compare volcanic eruption rates before and after large earthquakes with the time- averaged background eruption rate. We quantify the significance of observed deviations from the average eruption rate using Monte Carlo simulations. To integrate our findings with previous eruption triggering studies, we systematically vary the earthquake magnitudes we consider, as well as the distances and timescales used to calculate eruption rates. We also investigate the effects of earthquake depth and slip orientation. Overall, we find that post-earthquake eruption rates are around 1.25 times the average eruption rate within 750 km and one year following Mw ≥ 7 earthquakes, with above-average post-earthquake eruption rates possibly lasting for two to four years. By contrast, pre-earthquake eruption rates are around 0.9 times the average eruption rate within 750 km and182 days before Mw ≥7 earthquakes. Furthermore, deep earthquakes (≥7 0km) appear to more strongly affect eruption rates than shallow earthquakes, while earthquake slip orientation is also important. Further study of the relationships reported here represents a good opportunity to improve our understanding of tectono-magmatic relationships.

Composite thin‐walled tubes made of glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) are attracting great attention due to their lightweight and outstanding crashworthiness capacity. Implementing triggers to the design of GFRP composite tubes enables a further increase in specific energy absorption while simultaneously reducing peak crushing force. Motivated by these facts, a notch‐type triggering mechanism is suggested in this work to enhance the energy absorption capabilities of circular GFRP composite tubes. GFRP tube samples with (0°/90°)8 layups are manufactured using the roll wrapping process. Subsequently, these samples are triggered and subjected to quasi‐static axial compression tests. The diameter, quantity and placement of the triggering notches are selected as design parameters, and experiments are carried out using Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array. Each of these parameters has three levels to identify the optimal combination of design parameters. To optimize multiple responses, the weighted aggregated sum product assessment, a multiple criteria decision‐making technique, is employed in conjunction with mono‐criteria optimization. The findings indicated that substantial enhancements can be realized in all parameters related to energy absorption performance by triggering progressive crushing modes in a controlled manner using a notch‐type triggering mechanism. In particular, the findings indicated that the specific energy absorption and the crush force efficiency of the intact GFRP composite tubes could be improved up to 18% and 68.3%, respectively, by the selection of appropriate triggering parameters. Highlights: Axial crushing and optimal design of triggered GFRP tubes are investigatedNumber, diameter, and center distance of the notches are chosen as parametersTaguchi experimental design is used for the best configuration of parametersThe optimum configurations are investigated using the entropy‐WASPASSignificant improvements are achieved using the trigger mechanism [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Code-switching is especially common within the Southeast Asian region which is home to a large number of bilinguals and multilinguals. Over the years, code-switching has been studied extensively, both in and out of Asia, via sociolinguistics, structural linguistics, and psycholinguistics. From the psycholinguistic perspective, code-switching is said to be the result of the co-activation of languages during the process of speech production for bilinguals. Grosjean's Language Mode and Green's Control Process Model are two psycholinguistic frameworks focusing on the psycholinguistic as well as interactional factors behind code-switching. However, past studies in this area were mostly experimental in nature. It is necessary to consider authentic production data to develop a greater understanding of the code-switching phenomenon especially within the Southeast Asian context due to its bilingual and multilingual communities. This conceptual paper aims to demonstrate how the interactional and psycholinguistic factors behind code-switching can be examined using authentic production data. In particular, a review of the literature pointed to the Conversation Analysis (CA) approach to code-switching as well as the concepts of triggered code-switching and primed code-switching as being relevant. Accordingly, this paper describes each construct in detail and provides suggestions on how they can be brought together in a single study on code-switching based on authentic production data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early stages, uncontrolled groundwater extraction led to the Hangjiahu (HJH) Plain becoming one of the areas with the most severe land subsidence in China. Since the beginning of this century, comprehensive measures have been taken to control the continuous aggravation of large land subsidence patterns in some areas; however, urban land subsidence issues, influenced by various factors, still persist and exhibit complex geographical distribution characteristics. In this study, we utilized Sentinel-1A images and the SBAS-InSAR technique to capture surface deformation over the HJH Plain in Zhejiang from 16 March 2017 to 20 January 2023. Through a comparative analysis with geological conditions, changes in surface mass loading, rainfall and groundwater, and land use types, we discussed the contributions of natural and anthropogenic factors to land subsidence. Augmented with optical remote sensing images and field investigations, we conducted a correlation analysis of the land subsidence status. The preliminary findings suggest that changes in surface mass loading and short-term heavy rainfall under extreme weather conditions can lead to periodic land subsidence changes in the region. Additionally, extensive infrastructure construction triggered by urbanization has resulted in significant and sustained land subsidence deformation. The research findings play an important guiding role in formulating scientifically effective strategies for land subsidence prevention and control, as well as urban planning and construction.

This prospective randomized controlled study compared two injection techniques for trigger digit: either dorsal to the tendons in the proximal phalanx (PP group) or anterior to the tendons at the A1 pulley level (A1 group) in 106 patients. The primary outcome was the number of days to total relief of pain, stiffness and triggering, as recorded by the patients on visual analogue scales day-by-day for 6 weeks. The median number of days to complete symptom relief was 9 days in the PP group and 11 days in the A1 group for pain, 11 days and 15 days for stiffness and 21 and 20 days for triggering, respectively. Ninety-one per cent of all patients did not require any additional treatment, but 11 patients in both groups reported some remaining symptoms at 6 weeks. This study did not detect any significant difference between the two injection techniques, but provides detailed data of the rate and order of symptomatic relief after corticosteroid injection for this common condition. Level of evidence: I [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temporal variation of seismic b-values during 1964–2020 was investigated for the Himalayas and foreland lying between 69°E-98°E and 21°N-36°N covering a range of more than 3000 km in five different time windows; 1964–1974, 1975–1985, 1986–1996, 1997–2007, and 2008–2020. The b-values show a very significant variation from 0.4 to 3.3. Seismically active areas are either in the phase of incubation or the phase of trigger indicating stress accumulation punctuated release. Since each jump in the magnitude of earthquakes is associated with a logarithmic decrease in frequency, an incubation period can be treated as the occurrence of a large number of low-magnitude earthquakes (cumulative energy released is much smaller than a single big trigger); hence, large b-value and the vice-versa. Thus the low b-value anomaly zones may be regarded as high-stress accumulation zones approaching the phase of triggering. The study area was divided into six type zones based on geological, gravity and DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data. As expected, most of the large-magnitude earthquakes were seen to have occurred in the low b-value regions. A comparative study of variation in b-values with depth for two windows, the western Himalayan syntaxis and the Indo-Burma range shows differences in the stress accumulation and the triggering potential for different ranges of depths. The study reveals that in the central Himalayas and its adjoining region large-magnitude earthquakes are due in the near future as crustal stress accumulation is high in these zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this review is to describe the causes of patients with acute urticaria who admitted dermatology outpatient clinic. Materials and methods: Adult patients (age > 18 years) who were diagnosed with acute urticaria were included in our study. Our sample consisted of 159 patients with acute urticaria who applied to three different dermatology outpatient clinics between 2021-2022 years. Age, gender, duration of disease, history of angioedema, presence of triggering factor, history of chronic urticaria, and admission to the emergency department were collected retrospectively from records. Result: A total of 159 patients 102 (%64.1)were female and 57 (%35.8) were male. 82 (51.6%) patients had a triggering factor and no factor was detected in the remaining 77 (48.4%) patients. The total number of patients who admitted to the emergency department was 42 ( 26.4%). The most common triggering factor was drugs (n=31, 37.8%) followed by infections. The most commonly used drug type was Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the most common infection was upper tract ınfections. Conclusion: Our study revealed that drugs and infections are common causative factors for acute urticaria consistent with the literature. When we examined patients with acute urticaria, especially in the emergency department or dermatology outpatient clinic, we need to keep in mind that detecting possible trig- gering factors can prevent the disease from recurring or the development of life-threatening symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil liquefaction remains an important and interesting problem that has attracted the development of enumerable prediction models. Increasingly, these models are utilizing algorithmic learning or "artificial intelligence" (AI). The rapid growth of AI in the liquefaction literature is unsurprising, given its ease of implementation and potential advantages over traditional statistical methods. However, AI liquefaction models have been widely ignored by practitioners and researchers alike; the objective of this article is to investigate "why?" Through a sample review of 75 publications, we identify several good reasons. Namely, these models frequently (1) are not compared to state-of-practice models, making it unclear why they should be adopted; (2) depart from best practices in model development; (3) use AI in ways that may not be useful; (4) are presented in ways that overstate their complexity and make them unapproachable; and (5) are discussed but not actually provided, meaning that no one can use the models even if they wanted to. These prevailing problems must be understood, identified, and remedied, but this does not mean that AI itself is problematic or that all prior efforts have been without merit or utility. Instead, understanding these recurrent shortcomings can help improve the direction and perceptions of this growing body of work. Toward this end, we highlight papers that are generally free from these shortcomings, and which demonstrate applications where AI is more likely to provide value in the near-term: permitting new modeling approaches and potentially improving predictions of liquefaction phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thickened A1 pulley is the most common cause of trigger finger. The patient complains of snapping and locking of finger like a trigger as the gliding of the flexor tendon become harder through the thickened pulley during flexion and superadded development of nodule on the surface of the tendon proximal to pulley. In severe cases or failed conservative/steroid injection cases, real-time percutaneous release of pulley under ultrasound (US) guidance can be considered. The percutaneous pulley release is a minimally invasive procedure compared to open surgical release and more accurate than blind percutaneous release with overall minimal complications. The US-guided percutaneous A1 pulley release has been described in the literature and done by knife, straight needles, and acutely bent needles with variable results. We describe the curved needle technique of percutaneous pulley release. The curved needle technique for US-guided A1 pulley release is novel and has the advantage of easy maneuverability over acutely bent needle and minimal chances of complications. The cutting edge of the curved needle scores through the thickened pulley with effective release and easy maneuverability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classroom interaction in the second language (L2) is an important source of language input for students. Yet, code-switching from the target language to another language is commonplace in many L2 classrooms. Psycholinguistic studies have shown codeswitching happens through top-down and bottom-up processes during bilingual speech production. Triggering is a bottom-up process where code-switching is caused by words that are shared between different languages. To investigate if triggered code-switching takes place among secondary school ESL teachers in Malaysia, a study on teachers' language use in class was conducted. A total of 111 minutes of interaction from two English lessons was audio recorded and 225 instances of teacher code-switching in the recordings were analysed. The analysis reveals that lexical transfers between English and Malay and selected discourse markers triggered instances of code-switching among the teachers. The findings suggest that teacher code-switching in L2 classrooms should be considered from both top-down and bottom-up perspectives. Based on these findings, suggestions for future studies on code-switching among L2 teachers were provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A devastating doublet of earthquakes with moment magnitude MW 7.9 and MW 7.6 earthquakes contiguously occurred in SE Türkiye near the NW border of Syria. Here we perform a potency‐density tensor inversion to simultaneously estimate rupture evolution and fault geometry for the doublet. We find the initial MW 7.9 earthquake involved discrete episodes of supershear rupture and back‐rupture propagation, and was triggered by initial rupture along a bifurcated splay of the East Anatolian Fault. The second MW 7.6 event was triggered by the earlier MW 7.9 event, and it involved more extensive supershear rupture along a favorably curved fault, and was likely stopped by geometric barriers at the fault ends. Our results highlight the multi‐scale cascading rupture growth across the complex fault network that affects the diverse rupture geometries of the 2023 Türkiye earthquake doublet, contributing to the strong ground shaking and associated devastation. Plain Language Summary: On 6 February 2023, devastating dual earthquakes; moment magnitude 7.9 and 7.6 events struck southern Türkiye near the northern border of Syria. The two earthquakes were only separated ∼90 km and ∼9 hr apart. The strong shaking from the two earthquakes caused significant damage to the buildings and people, having caused over 50,000 fatalities in Türkiye and Syria. The source region is where the Anatolian, Arabian and African plates meet, developing the network of faults that hosted the large devastating earthquakes. Seismological analyses using observed seismic waveforms are effective for rapidly estimating how the rupture of the two earthquakes evolves over such distinctively oriented and possibly segmented faults. We use the globally observed seismic records to simultaneously estimate rupture evolution and fault geometry of the earthquake doublet. We find the sequence of both earthquakes involves curved and segmented fault ruptures, including the back‐propagating rupture for the initial earthquake, which is facilitated by the complex active fault network. The 2023 earthquake doublet displays the irregular rupture evolution and diverse triggering behaviors both in a single event and across the earthquake sequence, which provide critical inputs in both our understanding of earthquake‐rupture dynamics and better assessment of future damaging earthquakes. Key Points: An earthquake doublet of MW 7.9 and MW 7.6 ruptured multiple segments and curved faultsInitial splay fault rupture triggered a large MW 7.9 rupture involving pulses of back‐propagating supershear ruptureMulti‐scale rupture growth in a complex fault network may facilitate diverse rupture behaviors and triggering interactions in the doublet [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A devastating doublet of earthquakes with moment magnitude MW 7.9 and MW 7.6 earthquakes contiguously occurred in SE Türkiye near the NW border of Syria. Here we perform a potency‐density tensor inversion to simultaneously estimate rupture evolution and fault geometry for the doublet. We find the initial MW 7.9 earthquake involved discrete episodes of supershear rupture and back‐rupture propagation, and was triggered by initial rupture along a bifurcated splay of the East Anatolian Fault. The second MW 7.6 event was triggered by the earlier MW 7.9 event, and it involved more extensive supershear rupture along a favorably curved fault, and was likely stopped by geometric barriers at the fault ends. Our results highlight the multi‐scale cascading rupture growth across the complex fault network that affects the diverse rupture geometries of the 2023 Türkiye earthquake doublet, contributing to the strong ground shaking and associated devastation.

Earthquakes rarely occur in isolation but rather as complex sequences of fore, main and aftershocks. Assessing the associated seismic hazard requires a holistic view of event interactions. We conduct frictional sliding experiments on faulted Westerly Granite samples at mid‐crustal stresses to investigate fault damage and roughness effects on aftershock generation. Abrupt laboratory fault slip is followed by periods of extended stress relaxation and aftershocks. Large roughness promotes less co‐seismic slip and high aftershock activity whereas smooth faults promote high co‐seismic slip with few aftershocks. Conditions close to slip instability generate lab‐quake sequences that exhibit similar statistical distributions to natural earthquakes. Aftershock productivity in the lab is linearly related to the residual strain energy on the fault which, in turn, is controlled by the level of surface heterogeneity. We conclude that roughness and damage govern slip stability and seismic energy partitioning between fore, main and aftershocks in lab and nature. Plain Language Summary: Earthquakes commonly occur as sequences of fore, main and aftershocks rather than isolated events. A complete assessment of seismic hazard thus requires a holistic view of interactions between seismic events. We investigated such event interactions during frictional experiments on Westerly Granite. The samples contained rough and planar fault surfaces and we investigated seismic events, specifically aftershocks after abrupt laboratory slip. We observed that larger roughness promotes less slip on the fault during macroscopic failure but more aftershock activity. Smooth faults, on the other hand, promote more slip in large events with few aftershocks. The statistical characteristics of small lab‐quake sequences and aftershocks are statistically indistinguishable from natural earthquakes. We conclude that roughness and damage govern slip stability and seismic energy partitioning between fore, main and aftershocks in lab and nature. Key Points: Aftershock productivity in lab experiments is directly correlated with residual stress on the fault after abrupt slipBoth residual stress and aftershock productivity are substantially higher on rough than on smooth faultsSpatio‐temporal clustering of laboratory seismicity in the transitional frictional regime is similar to Southern California seismicity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study is one of the early attempts to provide empirical evidence to inform Interest-Driven Creator (IDC) theory through a discrete Educational Technology course. In this study involving 64 undergraduate students who majored in education, we focused on the interest loop (triggering, immersing and extending) as it acts as an impetus to nurturing habitual learners. Qualitative data were sought to answer two research questions that explored student teachers' initial interest in learning educational technology and to understand the development of their interest using IDC as the underpinning theory. The findings indicated that they initially showed little interest in the course. However, others felt good about and were drawn towards educational technology. The findings also indicated that interest development begins when situational interest is triggered and they become aroused by the course contents. The student teachers then willingly spend time accomplishing the given task when immersed in the learning process with a clear goal. They then progress to extend their interest, making sense of their newly acquired knowledge and connecting with other previously known knowledge to expand it further. Overall, our findings suggested that the interest loop of IDC was able to describe the development of student teachers' interest in educational technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the agreement of 4D flow cMRI-derived bulk flow features and fluid (blood) velocities in the carotid bifurcation using prospective and retrospective gating techniques. Methods: Prospective and retrospective ECG-gated three-dimensional (3D) cine phase-contrast cardiac MRI with three-direction velocity encoding (i.e., 4D flow cMRI) data were acquired in ten carotid bifurcations from men (n = 3) and women (n = 2) that were cardiovascular disease-free. MRI sequence parameters were held constant across all scans except temporal resolution values differed. Velocity data were extracted from the fluid domain and evaluated across the entire volume or at defined anatomic planes (common, internal, external carotid arteries). Qualitative agreement between gating techniques was performed by visualizing flow streamlines and topographical images, and statistical comparisons between gating techniques were performed across the fluid volume and defined anatomic regions. Results: Agreement in the kinematic data (e.g., bulk flow features and velocity data) were observed in the prospectively and retrospectively gated acquisitions. Voxel differences in time-averaged, peak systolic, and diastolic-averaged velocity magnitudes between gating techniques across all volunteers were 2.7%, 1.2%, and 6.4%, respectively. No significant differences in velocity magnitudes or components ( v r , v θ , v z ) were observed. Importantly, retrospective acquisitions captured increased retrograde flow in the internal carotid artery (i.e., carotid sinus) compared to prospective acquisitions (10.4 ± 6.3% vs. 4.6 ± 5.3%; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Prospective and retrospective ECG-gated 4D flow cMRI acquisitions provide comparable evaluations of fluid velocities, including velocity vector components, in the carotid bifurcation. However, the increased temporal coverage of retrospective acquisitions depicts increased retrograde flow patterns (i.e., disturbed flow) not captured by the prospective gating technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud bursts have become a pressing concern with their devastating impact and increasing frequency over the Himalayan region. Therefore, understanding the physical mechanisms associated with their occurrence is essential and urgent. Our investigation into the physical mechanisms of a cloud burst over Sauni Binsar, Uttarakhand, India, which occurred on 10 June 2021 around 06 UTC, is a step towards addressing this urgency. On the day of the cloud burst, there was a continuous accumulation/stagnation (at 850 hPa) of moist air over Sauni Binsar due to the northward propagation of the southwest monsoon, leading to atmospheric column supersaturation. The advection of warm air (dry) from the monsoon heat low at higher (700 hPa) caused potential instability over this region. Orographic lifting and a gradual increase in convergence over this region caused moist convection. Further, the analysis of Richardson's number indicated that turbulence was maximum in the middle and upper troposphere. Just a few hours before the cloud burst event (02–06 UTC 10 June 2021), the decrease in potential vorticity indicates the squashing of the moist columns and the decrease in the vorticity. The sudden squashing of the supersaturated atmospheric column might have caused enormous rainfall (Cloud burst) over the Sauni Binsar region. • Investigated physical mechanisms leading to the Sauni Binsar cloud burst. • The orographic lifting and increase in convergence caused moist convection. • The continuous trapping/accumulation of moisture caused supersaturation. • The turbulence was maximum in the mid-upper troposphere a few hours before. • Squashing of supersaturated atmospheric column caused cloud burst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three machine learning models are used to perform jet origin classification. These models are optimized for deployment on a field-programmable gate array device. In this context, we demonstrate how latency and resource consumption scale with the input size and choice of algorithm. Moreover, the models proposed here are designed to work on the type of data and under the foreseen conditions at the CERN large hadron collider during its high-luminosity phase. Through quantization-aware training and efficient synthetization for a specific field programmable gate array, we show that $\mathcal{O}(100)$ ns inference of complex architectures such as Deep Sets and Interaction Networks is feasible at a relatively low computational resource cost.

Abstract Earthquakes rarely occur in isolation but rather as complex sequences of fore, main and aftershocks. Assessing the associated seismic hazard requires a holistic view of event interactions. We conduct frictional sliding experiments on faulted Westerly Granite samples at mid‐crustal stresses to investigate fault damage and roughness effects on aftershock generation. Abrupt laboratory fault slip is followed by periods of extended stress relaxation and aftershocks. Large roughness promotes less co‐seismic slip and high aftershock activity whereas smooth faults promote high co‐seismic slip with few aftershocks. Conditions close to slip instability generate lab‐quake sequences that exhibit similar statistical distributions to natural earthquakes. Aftershock productivity in the lab is linearly related to the residual strain energy on the fault which, in turn, is controlled by the level of surface heterogeneity. We conclude that roughness and damage govern slip stability and seismic energy partitioning between fore, main and aftershocks in lab and nature.

Modern microscopy relies increasingly on microscope automation to improve throughput, ensure reproducibility or observe rare events. Automation requires computer control of the important elements of the microscope. Furthermore, optical elements that are usually fixed or manually movable can be placed on electronically-controllable elements. In most cases, a central electronics board is necessary to generate the control signals they require and to communicate with the computer. For such tasks, Arduino microcontrollers are widely used due to their low cost and programming entry barrier. However, they are limiting in their performance for applications that require high-speed or multiple parallel processes. Field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) are the perfect technology for high-speed microscope control, as they are capable of processing signals in parallel and with high temporal precision. While plummeting prices made the technology available to consumers, a major hurdle remaining is the complex languages used to configure them. In this work, we used an affordable FPGA, delivered with an open-source and friendly-to-use programming language, to create a versatile microscope control platform called MicroFPGA. It is capable of synchronously triggering cameras and multiple lasers following complex patterns, as well as generating various signals used to control microscope elements such as filter wheels, servomotor stages, flip-mirrors, laser power or acousto-optic modulators. MicroFPGA is open-source and we provide online Micro-Manager, Java, Python and LabVIEW libraries, together with blueprints and tutorials.

Aseismic afterslip has been proposed to drive aftershock sequences. Both afterslip moment and aftershock number broadly increase with mainshock size, but can vary beyond this scaling. We examine whether relative afterslip moment (afterslip moment/mainshock moment) correlates with several key aftershock sequence characteristics, including aftershock number and cumulative moment (both absolute and relative to mainshock size), seismicity rate change, b‐value, and Omori decay exponent. We select Mw ≥ 4.5 aftershocks for 41 tectonically varied mainshocks with available afterslip models. Against expectation, relative afterslip moment does not correlate with tested aftershock characteristics or background seismicity rate. Furthermore, adding afterslip moment to mainshock moment does not improve predictions of aftershock number. Our findings place useful empirical constraints on the link between afterslip and potentially damaging Mw ≥ 4.5 aftershocks and raise questions regarding the role afterslip plays in aftershock generation. Plain Language Summary: Large earthquakes may be followed by potentially damaging aftershocks as well as slow fault slip, called afterslip. Previous studies have noted that afterslip and aftershocks spread through space together and decay with time similarly, and therefore suggested that afterslip produces or triggers the aftershocks. As most of this evidence is based on observations of individual cases, we set out to investigate the links between afterslip and aftershocks statistically, using a catalog of 41 moderate to large earthquakes from different geographical settings. When we adjust for the size of the earthquake, we find that more afterslip does not correlate with more aftershocks. We also find that whilst certain characteristics of these aftershock sequences vary (e.g., some decay away more quickly than others), none of these characteristics correlate with how much afterslip occurs. We propose that although afterslip may still influence certain characteristics of aftershock sequences in special cases, overall, it does not yet make sense to include afterslip in models that attempt to predict and model aftershock sequence characteristics. Key Points: We test for correlations between key characteristics of afterslip and aftershocks to probe a proposed driving relationshipRelative afterslip moment does not correlate with aftershock productivity or moment (absolute or relative), decay rate, or b‐valueRelative afterslip moment is not a useful indicator of the likelihood of potentially damaging aftershocks [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strain partitioning in oblique convergent margins results in margin‐parallel shear in the overriding plate. Margin‐parallel shear is often accommodated by margin‐parallel strike‐slip faults proximal to active volcanic arcs. Along the Nicaraguan segment of the Central American Forearc (CAFA) in the Cocos‐Caribbean plate convergent margin, there are no well‐expressed right‐lateral faults that accommodate CA‐CAFA relative motion. Instead, historical earthquakes and mapped fault orientations indicate that the ∼12 mm/yr of dextral motion is accommodated on arc‐normal, left‐lateral faults (i.e., bookshelf faults). We investigate three upper‐plate earthquakes; the 10 April 2014 (Mw 6.1), 15 September 2016 (Mw 5.7), and 28 September 2016 (Mw 5.5), using Global Position System co‐seismic displacements and relocated earthquake aftershocks. Our analyses of the three earthquakes indicate that the 10 April 2014 earthquake ruptured an unmapped margin‐parallel right‐lateral fault in Lago Xolotlán (Managua) and the September 2016 earthquakes ruptured arc‐normal, left‐lateral and oblique‐slip faults. These earthquakes represent a triggered sequence whereby the 10 April 2014 earthquake promoted failure of the faults that ruptured in September 2016 by imparting a static Coulomb stress change (ΔCFS) of 0.02–0.07 MPa. Likewise, the 15 September 2016, earthquake additionally promoted failure (ΔCFS of 0.08–0.1 MPa) on sub‐parallel faults that ruptured in two subsequent earthquakes. We also present an instance of magma‐tectonic interaction whereby the 10 April 2014 earthquake dilated (10s of μStrain) the shallow magmatic system of Momotombo Volcano, which led to magma injection, ascent, and eruption on 1 December 2015, after ∼100 years of quiescence. Plain Language Summary: The tectonic boundary between the northwest migrating Central American Forearc (CAFA), located between the active Central American Volcanic Arc and the Middle America Trench, and the CA plate poses significant seismic and volcanic hazards. Shallow, damaging earthquakes occur along the boundary and within close proximity to volcanic centers. We present models of GPS‐derived co‐seismic displacements and relocated seismicity that indicate these earthquakes primarily occur on faults perpendicular to the forearc, unlike most global analogs where motion is accommodated by faults parallel to the margin. Our analysis of these earthquakes also shows that they are a triggered sequence, where each earthquake primed nearby faults for failure, resulting in subsequent earthquakes. The triggered earthquake sequence has implications for seismicity migrating through the forearc and short‐ (years) to medium‐term (decadal) seismic forecasting. We also found that one of the earthquakes perturbed the Momotombo Volcano magmatic system thereby allowing the movement of magma, which lead to an eruption. Key Points: Three upper‐plate earthquakes show Central American Forearc‐CA plate motion is primarily accommodated by left‐lateral arc‐normal faultsThe three upper‐plate earthquakes were a triggered sequence, indicating stress migration through the arcThe 10 April 2014 earthquake dilated the Momotombo magma system, allowing magma injection and ascent, leading to the 2015 eruption [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huge earthquakes are frequently preceded by slow slip events (SSEs) that are speculated as the precursor to regular earthquakes (REs). However, the way in which earthquakes initiate, as well as the interactions between SSEs and REs remain poorly understood, adding more mysteries to the initiation of earthquakes. Here, we perform systematic numerical simulations to explore the relationships between SSEs and REs on faults including locally increased fluid pressure. We identify four types of fault slip behaviors distinguished by SSE and earthquake initiation mode. The observed interactions between SSEs and REs share similar features with those reported for natural earthquakes. Our results show that the occurrence of SSEs may temporarily hasten fault decoupling, leading to the clock advance of mainshocks. Furthermore, the interactions between SSEs and REs are more complicated than previously thought. On the one hand, since SSEs with extremely high peak slip rates tend to directly transform into huge earthquakes, the possibility of huge earthquakes may increase when SSEs happen. On the other hand, there is no threshold in peak slip rate for SSEs to trigger the nucleation of REs. Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish the SSEs that could trigger a huge earthquake from regular ones only with the knowledge of the peak slip rate. We also verify that the spatial extent of SSEs is related to the occurrence of earthquakes to some extent. These findings may have major implications for understanding the interactions between SSEs and REs, and the mechanism of earthquake initiation. Plain Language Summary: Some earthquakes are reported to be preceded by slow slip events (SSEs). These SSEs are regarded as the precursor to earthquakes. However, not all SSEs are followed by earthquakes, making the prediction of earthquakes based on the monitoring of SSEs unreliable. In this paper, we explore the relationships between SSEs and REs, based on numerical simulations. Locally increased fluid pressure is included on the fault to generate SSEs. We identify four types of fault slip behaviors distinguished by SSE and earthquake initiation mode. Some earthquakes are triggered by SSEs and some SSEs can directly transform into earthquakes. Although we find that SSEs with high peak slip rates tend to transform into huge earthquakes, leading to an increased likelihood of large earthquakes, SSEs with very low slip rates can still trigger the nucleation of earthquakes. The result suggests that the prediction of earthquakes cannot solely rely on the peak slip rate of SSEs. The spatial extent of SSEs is correlated with the occurrence of REs. The results suggest that the study of slow slip and its connections between earthquakes may help us better understand the mechanics of natural earthquakes. Key Points: Locally increased fluid pressure can generate four types of fault slip behaviors distinguished by slow slip events (SSEs) and earthquake initiation modeSSEs with extremely high peak slip rates have the potential to nucleate huge earthquakesThere is no threshold in peak slip rate for SSEs to trigger the nucleation of regular earthquakes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rather than being contained in a single polypeptide, and unlike receptor tyrosine kinases, the T cell receptor (TCR) divides its signaling functions among its subunits: TCRα/β bind the extracellular ligand, an antigenic peptide-MHC complex (pMHC), and the CD3 subunits (CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3ε, and CD3ζ) transmit this information to the cytoplasm. How information about the quality of pMHC binding outside is transmitted to the cytoplasm remains a matter of debate. In this review, we compile data generated using a wide variety of experimental systems indicating that TCR engagement by an appropriate pMHC triggers allosteric changes transmitted from the ligand-binding loops in the TCRα and TCRβ subunits to the cytoplasmic tails of the CD3 subunits. We summarize how pMHC and stimulatory antibody binding to TCR ectodomains induces the exposure of a polyproline sequence in the CD3ε cytoplasmic tail for binding to the Nck adapter, the exposure of the RK motif in CD3ε for recruiting the Lck tyrosine kinase, and the induced exposure and phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in all the CD3 cytoplasmic tails. We also review the yet incipient data that help elucidate the structural basis of the Active and Resting conformations of the TCR., (© 2025 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

This work experimentally investigates the quasi‐static crush response and energy absorption of glass‐reinforced epoxy thin‐walled crash box filled with nano‐aluminum oxide (Al2O3). The effect of the triggering (45 ° edge chamfering) and the weight percentage (wt%) of Al2O3 on the crushing performance have been studied. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) were adapted to show the elemental composition of the fabricated samples' surfaces. To follow the fracture mechanism, visual inspection, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were performed. Two‐parameter Weibull distribution function was employed to statistically analyze the experimental results. Failure probability curves were established to help the designers in selecting the suitable material for energy‐absorbing applications. Results indicated that for untriggered glass/epoxy composite crash boxes, the inclusion of 1, 2, and 3 wt% of nano‐Al2O3 leads to an increase of, respectively, 16.34%, 48.46%, and 68.70% in the absorbed energy (U). While there is a decrease of 32.72% in (U) when adding 4 wt% of nano‐Al2O3. An enrichment of 9.00%, 18.04%, 31.53%, and 11.30% in crush force efficiency (CFE) was reached by the inclusion of, respectively, 1, 2, 3, and 4 wt% of nano‐Al2O3. Triggering has a considerable effect on the crashworthiness parameters of the fabricated composite crash boxes. A decrease of 6.56%, 10.11%, 4.01%, 4.76%, and 11.62% in the initial peak load (Pip), an enrichment of 34.10%, 26.06%, 26.77%, 18.08%, and 28.97% in (CFE) and an improvement of 36.43%, 31.32%, 29.27%, 12.99%, and 52.47% in (U) were reported for composite crash boxes filled with 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 wt% of nano‐Al2O3. It is obvious that glass/epoxy triggered composite crash boxes filled with 3 wt% of nano‐Al2O3 are appropriate to be used as energy absorbing device employed in vehicles due to their enhanced energy absorbing capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To identify biomechanical predictors that distinguish between high- and low-score athletes in biathlon shooting and to determine the relationships among these variables in field testing. Methods: Twenty-two biathletes (8 female, 14 male) from the World Cup, the European Cup, and a federal youth squad each fired 3 clips of 5 shots in prone and standing shooting positions without physical load, followed by 2 respective series in both disciplines during a simulated 12.5-km pursuit race on roller skis. Biomechanical variables describing triggering, rifle force in the back shoulder, and body and rifle sway were calculated over the last 0.5 second before firing. For computed linear discriminant analyses, subjects were divided into high- and low-level performers based on mean scores for each condition separately. In addition, correlations among all biomechanical factors were calculated. Results: Regarding prone shooting, shoulder force in the rest condition and vertical rifle sway in the race simulation were shown to be main discriminators. Several body- and rifle-sway variables were found to be predictors in standing rest shooting. Body sway across the shooting line discriminated the groups in the standing race situation tendentially. Thus, the main performance predictors changed due to fatigue. Correlations between triggering and rifle sway, shoulder force and rifle sway, and body sway and rifle sway were discovered. Conclusions: Referring to the current results, athletes are recommended to focus on vertical rifle sway in prone position and on body sway across the shooting line during standing shooting when fatigued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Earthquake swarms exhibit highly uncertain temporal behavior. We investigated the relationship between the swarm duration and the diffusivity of hypocenter migration for triggered earthquake swarms in northeastern Japan. These parameters were systematically estimated by applying a diffusion model and using a unified definition of time windows for the initial and final stages of swarm activity. This approach detected a clear negative correlation between the diffusivity and swarm durations. The relation follows a power-law with an exponent of $$-\,0.5$$ - 0.5 to $$-\,1.0$$ - 1.0 . Examination of published data confirmed that this relationship globally holds under various localities and tectonic environments. These results suggest that diffusivity, and by extension, crustal permeability and fluid viscosity play a key role in controlling the duration of the fluid-driven swarms.

Gamma/delta (γδ) T cells are unconventional lymphocytes that recognize diverse ligands via somatically recombined T cell antigen receptors (γδ TCRs). The molecular mechanism by which ligand recognition initiates γδ TCR signaling, a process known as TCR triggering, remains elusive. Unlike αβ TCRs, γδ TCRs are not mechanosensitive and do not require co-receptors or typical binding-induced conformational changes for triggering. Here, we show that γδ TCR triggering by nonclassical MHC class Ib antigens, a major class of ligands recognized by γδ T cells, requires steric segregation of the large cell-surface phosphatases CD45 and CD148 from engaged TCRs at synaptic close-contact zones. Increasing access of these inhibitory phosphatases to sites of TCR engagement, by elongating MHC class Ib ligands or truncating CD45/148 ectodomains, abrogates TCR triggering and T cell activation. Our results identify a critical step in γδ TCR triggering and provide insight into the core triggering mechanism of endogenous and synthetic tyrosine-phosphorylated immunoreceptors. [Display omitted] • γδ TCR triggering relies on Src kinase-mediated phosphorylation • Size-based segregation of engaged γδ TCRs from large phosphatases is necessary for triggering • γδ TCR triggering conforms to the kinetic-segregation model Li et al. use super-resolution optical imaging and electron microscopy along with size-based manipulations of CD45 distribution at the immunological synapse to show that γδ TCR triggering requires segregation of large cell-surface phosphatases from engaged TCRs at synaptic contacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]