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Triticum aestivum is the most important cultivated crop in Indian farming. Compared with other grains, it is relatively safer from insect pests during standing crop, but in storage state, it is heavily damaged due to various stored grain pests. Trogoderma granarium Everts (Khapra beetle) is the most severe critical pest. The relative resistance of 17 genotypes of wheat grains was evaluated through no-choice progeny tests under the uniform state of temperature, relative humidity, and wheat grain moisture. Investigation resulted in the identification of resistance to T. granarium, including the most resistant strains identified were D.B.W. 17, P.B.W. 502, P.B.W. 343, P.B.W. 373, W.H. 542, D.B.W. 303, W.H. 533, P.B.W.226, and U.P. 2382 with infestation ranging between 8.0 and 12.33 beetles/20 grains. These lines could be utilized in further breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seeds and leaves of Cupressus sempervirens essential oils were evaluated against the khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium at different concentrations. Mortality, repellence activity, adult emergence rate, larvae chemical profile (protein contents and energy reserves), seed germination effect, and grain damage were assessed. The results of phytochemical screening of C. sempervirens leaf and seed demonstrated the presence of saponins, flavonoids, leucoanthocyanins, catechetical tannins, and gallic tannins. We identified eighty-two (82) compounds for leaves and seventy-four (74) for seeds by GC/MS. The major compounds for leaf and seed EOs were α-pinene (33.65% and 26.53%), δ-3-Carene (14.78% and 19.48%) and terpinolene (4.25% and 4.13%), respectively. C. sempervirens exhibited fumigant toxicity and repellent activity as a function the concentrations. C. sempervirens leaves was most potent both in adult emergence (66.94%) and germination rate (99%) compared to seeds oil. Furthermore, the seed and leaf oils significantly reduced seed damage. Finally, the treatments induced an alteration of the biochemical profile via a decrease in energy reserves and protein content. The data obtained suggest that the toxicity of EO by fumigation could be explained by an alteration of insect metabolism via food uptake and digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Protection & Pathology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main objective was to search for a new chemical insecticide to control the stored grain insect pest Trogoderma granarium particularly when this pest developed resistance against the currently used insecticides. Clove oil has been traditionally considered as an effective pesticide. The present study aimed at determining the efficacy of clove oil against the 4th instar larvae of insecticide resistant populations of T. granarium collected from different regions of Punjab i.e., Layyah, Okara, Gujranwala and Lahore. The Layyah population of Khapra beetle was identified as the most susceptible population (LC50= 0.1%), and the Lahore population as the resistant one (LC50= 0.78%) after exposure to various oil concentrations. The energy reserves and degradation enzymes needed to breakdown these energy stores were the main focus of this study. The alterations in the levels of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids were remarkable after treatment with clove oil at LC20 and LC50 doses. In Layyah population, a considerable loss of total protein (28.93%), glucose (84.1%) and glycogen (55.71%) while an increase in trehalose (4.48%) and lipids (264.22%) were recorded after exposure to LC50 doses compared with unexposed group. In Lahore population, a reduction in lipid contents (45.97%), total protein (67.67%), glucose (50.45%), glycogen (34.36%) and trehalose (31.59%) were observed after treatment with LC50 doses in comparison with untreated group. In case of LC20 doses, a decline in all the tested energy stores of both populations were observed in comparison with their respective unexposed groups. The total activities of degradation enzymes i.e., trehalase, amylase and invertase in Layyah population decreased (56.25, 21.10 and 84.62%, respectively) and in Lahore population reduction in activities were 14.62, 87.45 and 75%, respectively after exposure to their respective LC20 doses as compared to their respective unexposed groups. The activities of all tested enzymes were decreased after exposure to LC50 doses except for invertase activity that increased after exposure to LC50 dose in Lahore population. The trends observed at LC20 doses were milder compared to that of LC50 dose. The clove oil can be used effectively against khapra beetle to control its damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Environmental DNA (eDNA) has recently emerged as an effective tool for invasive species biosecurity. We explored the use of eDNA for the detection of khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium, Everts 1898), an invasive insect of cereal grains and other food products that has a high global economic impact. We developed a novel method for aggregating khapra beetle eDNA deposited in stored grain that entails washing a sample of rice, filtering the sample, and detecting trace beetle DNA using a standard qPCR workflow. To explore the performance of this method, we raised 500 khapra beetle larvae within 500 g of rice over a 14‐day period and then removed them. We then used this “spiked” rice to create a range of simulated densities of khapra beetle larvae. This lab approach mimics conditions that are comparable to field densities of ~1.4 to 180 beetles per 50 kg of rice (1/8 to 16 spiked rice grains per 100 g sample of clean rice), assuming DNA is uniformly distributed within the rice. We detected khapra beetle eDNA from all density levels tested. Logistic models revealed that eDNA amounts equivalent to what is left by ~1 khapra beetle larva in a 50 kg container of rice can be detected with 85% to >97% certainty, depending on the number of qPCR technical replicates run per sample. Based on this model, we estimated that for one 50 kg container of rice where beetle DNA is uniformly distributed, a single sample of 100 g with six technical replicates would be sufficient to be >99% certain that the container was free of khapra beetle eDNA (95% credible intervals: 97.7%–100%). Our results suggest that eDNA surveys may be useful as a cost‐effective, first‐step detection of khapra beetle in stored grain and provide a means to map the relative magnitude of khapra beetle transport pathways, informing allocation of conventional biosecurity inspection efforts.

The present experiment was conducted using 17 different varieties of wheat to determine their susceptibility to Trogoderma granarium Everts at Maharaj Singh College, Saharanpur (U.P.), India during 2022 and 2023. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications in a control temperature of 27±2 °C and 70±5% relative humidity. Twenty-five newly hatched larvae were introduced in each jar (6 x 9 cm) containing 100 g of different varieties of wheat grains. Varieties were evaluated on the basis of percent adult emergence, longevity of adults, and growth index. None of the wheat varieties were recorded resistant to the test insect T. granarium. However, on the basis of different parameters, these varieties are being presented in ascending order i.e., P.B.W. 373 (5.89), P.B.W. 502 (5.91), D.B.W. 303 (6.56), W.H. 542 (7.90), U.P. 2565 (8.27), U.P. 2554 (8.43), H.D. 2967 (8.75), W.H. 533 (8.78), D.B.W. 16 (9.49), U.P. 2425 (9.54), H.D. 3236 (9.57), U.P. 2526 (9.84), P.B.W. 226 (10.04), U.P. 2382 (10.22), P.D.W. 291 (10.36), D.B.W. 17 (11.25) and P.B.W 343 (13.27). So, it is clear that P.B.W. 373, P.B.W 502, D.B.W 303, W.H. 542 were found less susceptible while U.P. 2554, H.D. 2967, W.H. 533, D.B.W. 16, U.P. 2425, H.D. 3236, U.P. 2526 were moderately susceptible, whereas P.B.W. 226, U.P. 2382, P.D.W. 291, D.B.W. 17 and P.B.W. 343 were among the most susceptible varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium Everts), one of the most important quarantine pests globally, is capable of causing severe infestation and huge economic loss to stored grain, and its interception rate has increased in major global trade countries over the past few years. However, difficulties remain in distinguishing this species with similar ones. In order to assist border ports and warehouses in khapra beetle's effective rapid identification as well as pest control at the early stages of monitoring or interception, we herein developed a new and rapid visual detection assay for T. granarium based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and the CRISPR/Cas12a system. RESULTS: We designed and selected the first khapra beetle‐specific RPA primers and crRNA, and optimized the visualization reaction system (Cas12a/CrRNA = 100 nM/500 nM). With only a 37 °C‐heat‐source and a blue light torch, RPA and CRISPR/CAS12a‐based visualization assays can be completed within 40 min to differentiate between khapra beetle and nine similar Dermestidae species. After DNA extraction using a kit (4–5 h) or a simple method (5 min), the specific amplicons were obtained after a 15 min RPA reaction at 37 °C, followed by a 15 min color reaction under 37 °C in dark conditions using a CRISPR/CAS12a system and a fluorescent probe (5′‐FAM/3′‐BHQ1 labeled). This method is ingenious to low levels of DNA (10−1 ng μL−1) and meets the sensitivity requirements for detecting a single khapra beetle's egg (≈0.7 mm). CONCLUSION: Our specificity and sensitivity analysis inferred that the present visualization system is effective to quickly and uniquely detect khapra beetle at room temperature (37 °C), thereby preventing this species before they spread widely. Our study is suitable for being pushed forward in storage pest management, and provides value as a reference for monitoring and identification of other pests. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium (Everts) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) is one of the most destructive pests of stored wheat and barley worldwide. The broad practice of insecticides has been connected with insect resistance development coupled with the renaissance treated primary insects, environmental contamination, and toxicity to animals, man and other non-target organisms. These harms have invigorated the usage of alternative methods of managing this insect pest. Results For biocontrol potential, four species of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) were tested: Steinernema pakistanense PCSIR-10, S. bifurcatum PCSIR-39, S. saimkayai PCSIR-6 and S. abbasi PCSIR-17, against adult and larval stages of Khapra beetle under laboratory conditions. At 250 IJs/ml, S. pakistanense and S. bifurcatum caused 100 and 90% at larval stages and 92 and 89% against adult beetles, respectively. Conclusion This study documented that EPNs had a potential to control stored grain pest and could be utilized as alternatives of insecticides, which provide an adequate control of insect pest at postharvest stage, but in future more experiment will be required in commercial storage conditions.

Background: Khapra beetle (Dermestidae: Trogoderma granarium Everts, 1898) is an internationally significant pest of grain crops and stored grain products. Wheat germ traps, routinely used in surveillance sampling of Khapra beetle provide feed-substrates used by the pest throughout its life cycle. However, Khapra beetle larvae, eggs and other traces of the pest, such as larval frass and exuviae, in wheat germ traps are difficult to sort and taxonomically identify. Additionally, high levels of polysaccharides in wheat germ can inhibit PCR based molecular detection of this pest captured in the traps. Methods and results: We have developed a sensitive and low-cost protocol for extracting trace levels of Khapra beetle DNA from an entire wheat germ trap. Overnight digestion of entire trap contents in 6 mL of ATL buffer, followed by a 40 min lysis step was optimal for DNA extraction. Paired with reported qPCR assays, this protocol allows the detection of a few hairs of T. granarium in a typical 2-gram wheat germ trap. Conclusion: This DNA extraction protocol makes it possible to perform a more rapid identification of the pest following wheat germ sample collection. The protocol has potential to improve international efforts for Khapra beetle surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal of Plant Protection is the property of Arab Society for Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Storage Coleoptera species, many of which spread through intensive international trade in commodities, are important pests that threaten food safety and security. However, a global analysis of the distribution of storage pest species and an assessment of the risk of their establishment in new geographical areas has not been carried out. Thus, the aim of this work was to use a self-organizing map (SOM) to predict the risk of new occurrence and distribution of storage beetles from current occurrence data. First, we summarized the species composition of storage beetles in various countries and continents. Then, a global presence/absence dataset, including 263 stored beetles from 33 families in 171 countries, was analyzed with SOM to categorize countries based on their similarities in species assemblages. We found similar pest assemblages in geographically distant countries such as the US and China, India and South Africa, where commodity trade is high. We also identified similar pest assemblages in geographically close countries indicating a greater threat to each other (e.g., some regions of Europe or Southeast Asia were clustered together). Analysis showed that Asia, Africa, and Oceania had the highest number of unique assemblages of species. Using impact levels and the SOM approach, we ranked the risk of establishment for stored beetles to identify species that may pose new biosecurity risks for each country. The risk of new establishments was separately analyzed for Trogoderma granarium, since it is a key quarantine and invasive storage species. We suggest that further research could be conducted on the common characteristics of beetle species that co-occur in the stored commodity assemblages we have identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stored product pests can cause significant damages and great economic problems in stored commodities and grain cereal. Using synthetic pesticides in the storage pest control has adverse effects on human health. In our study, the toxicity of garlic (Allium sativum) and parsley (Petroselinum crispum) essential oils (EOs) impregnating with three types of bags were assessed against Trogoderma granarium Everts, 1898 adults after different exposure intervals. GC-MS analysis of the investigated EOs revealed that the major components of parsley and garlic were 1, 3, 8-p-menthatriene (23.34 %) and di-allyl disulfide (27.9 %), with (1.40 %) alpha-terpinene and (1 %) of di-alyl tetra-sulfide as minor components respectively. Additionally, comparison the toxicity among the treated bags was assessed based on the LC50 values and a persistence efficiency of the tested EOs was carried out by the LC90 values for each bag type. In all bag types, garlic and parsley had mortality by 100 % for clothes, and 80 % for both plastic and paper bags after 7 days of exposure, respectively. After two and five days of garlic treatment, plastic bags were the most effective, but after seven days of exposure paper bags was more effective than the other two types. Finally, cloth bags treated with EOs were the most effective packaging for insect control, indicating that this approach could be considered as an additional tool to the concept of stored product management.

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Slovenica is the property of Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Ljubljana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Trogoderma granarium's methanolic extract performed GC-MS analysis, and the results revealed 53 bioactive chemical compounds Pentanoic acid, Cyclobutanemethanol, -methyl-, 1,1dimethylpropyl ester (1H)pyrimidinone 5chloro 4 6 diphenyl Hydroxylamine, Nitro 2methyl-1 3 propanediol O (2-methylpropyl) Uridine, Methyl 2phenoxyethylamine, Pentaborane 11, cisMethoxy 5 trans-methyl1R-cyclohexanol Nitro 1phenyl-3(tetrahydropyran2-yloxy) propan 1one cisMethoxy-5-trans-methyl1Rcyclohexanol 2' 3'O (phenylmethylene), acetic acid, 2benzoylthio-,2oxo2phenylethyl ester. Methylpropyl, uridine, 2' 3'O (phenylmethylene).5'(4- methylbenzenesulfo, benzeneethanol), Uridine, acetic acid, methyl(s),2- benzoylthio 2phenylethyl ester, 2oxo-2-phenylethyl ester deoxy L ribose 2 5dibenzoate, Phenacyl thiocyanate Alanine, Methenamine Decyl ester of Nmethyl- n-propargyloxycarbonyl, Benzoyl chloride is a kind of benzoyl chloride., Ethanone, thiophene2-ol, benzoate (5-nitrotetrazol-2yl) 2,5- Dimethylhexane-2,5-dihydroperoxide, 1-phenyl, 2,5 Dimethylhexane2,5dihydroperoxide, N-Benzamide is a kind of benzamide (3- benzylthio-124-thiadiazol-5yl) p(2-phenyl 1-benzimidazolyl)benzoate, p(2- phenyl-1benzimidazolyl)benzoate, p(2-phenyl-1-benzimidazolyl)benzo. Secondary materials produced by Trogoderma granarium, may have an important biological effect. Specific chemical signals identified compounds that are released by the beetle can serve as biomarker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to assess the alcoholic extract of Euphorbia tirucalli and AgNPs against the development of the Trogoderma granarium. The results showed moral differences between Euphorbia tirucalli and silver nanoparticles; the nanosilver drove to possess a high mortality rate compared to E. tiruccalli extract. The fatal ratios at the highest concentration of ppm 800s were 82% and 74% for fourth-age larvae and hairy cereal beetles, respectively, after 96 hours of treatment. The mortality percentage of E. tirucalli was 66% and 60% for fourth-age larvae and hairy cereal beetles, respectively, at the highest level of 2% after 96 hours of treatment, and the lowest rate of killing at the level of 0.5%, at 4% and 36% for fourth-age larvae and T. granarium after 24 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaf extract of Melia azedarach L. was obtained by soaking plant material in ethanol for one week and its toxic effect was assessed on the third instar larvae of khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium Everts). Four concentrations of the extract (2, 4, 6 & 8 µL mL-1 acetone) were applied through contact method in Petri plates. Mortality was recorded after 12, 24 and 36 h. All the concentrations showed toxic effects against the larvae to variable extents. The highest mortality i.e. 72% was recorded at 8 µL mL-1 acetone concentration after 36 h incubation period. At the same concentration, the mortality was 61.67% and 48.34% after 24 and 12 h, respectively. Minimum mortality (23.33%) was observed at 2 µL mL -1 acetone concentration after 12 h. GC-MS analysis of ethanolic leaf extract of parthenium revealed the phytol as the predominant compound with 72.25% peak area. Other compounds were 2(4H)-benzofuranone, 5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl-(6.30%), 1-(3,6,6-trimethyl-1,6,7,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-1-yl)ethanone (6.11%), methyl stearate (4.60%), (+/-)-phytone (4.38%), hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (3.24%), and hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (3.12%). It is concluded that an 8 µL mL-1 acetone concentration of leaf extract of M. azedarach can kill up to 72% larvae of T. granarium in 36 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syzygium aromaticum and Mentha pulegium L. powders were tested for their insecticidal activity. Contact and fumigation toxicity tests of these powders were evaluated against adults and larvae of Trogoderma granarium (Everts, 1899) (Copleoptera: Dermestidae) and Tribolium confusum (du Val, 1863) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) considered as the main pests of stored wheat. In the contact test, the LD50 values of M. pulegium were 1.045, 1.853 and 1.094, 1.963 g/100g grain, respectively for larvae and adults of T. confusum and T. granarium. The S. aromaticum fumigation toxicity test revealed a mortality rate of 53.22% for T. confusum larvae and 43.33% for T. granarium adults, at the dose of 2g/100g of seeds. On the other hand, wheat grains infested with T. confusum and T. granarium larvae and treated with S. aromaticum showed a high rate of weight loss of 2.41 and 3.66% respectively. Similarly, the highest germination (89%) was observed in the grains treated with S. aromaticum powder. On the basis of mortality, weight loss and germination, it can be seen that S. aromaticum powder can be considered as a treatment solution against the T. confusum and T. granarium population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation from Thuja orientalis unripe fruits exposed to gamma radiation at dose levels of 0, 1, 3, and 5 kGy were analyzed by GC–mass spectrometry (MS) and assessed for their insecticidal activities on Trogoderma granarium Everts. The results showed slight changes were observed in the chemical composition of essential oil. The results showed that irradiated oil treatments induced higher toxicity to larvae of T. granarium than unirradiated oil with LD 50 values (41.5, 54.2, and 87.1 μl/larva), and LD 90 values (122.8, 207.5, and 314.7 μl/larva) for irradiated oil with 5.0, 3.0, and 1.0 kGy, respectively compared with unirradiated oil (LD 50 = 153.8 μl/larva) and (LD 90 = 622.8 μl/larva) by contact method. The same trend was obtained in the fumigant assay, the irradiated oil treatments with 3.0 and 5.0 kGy increased the toxicity to larvae of T. granarium than unirradiated oil with LC 50 values were 280.7 and 183.6 μl/L, and LC 90 values were 1171.6 and 687.4 μl/L, respectively compared with unirradiated oil (LC 50 = 449.4 μl/L) and (LC 90 = 1656.1 μl/L). The results showed also, that at 0.063 and 0.126 μl/cm2, the irradiated T. orientalis with 5.0 kGy, showed strong repellent activity against T. granarium larvae with the percentage repellency 100% (Class V) compared with the unirradiated oil (23.3 and 53.3%) after 2 h treatment. While at 0.252 μl/cm2, all three irradiated T. orientalis essential oil doses caused complete repellence for T. granarium larvae compared with the unirradiated oil (90%) after 2 h treatment. The present findings indicated that gamma radiation improves the insecticidal efficacy of T. orientalis essential oil and could be successfully used for the management of this insect pest. • New technique for increasing insecticidal activities of essential oils by gamma rays. • Irradiated T. orientalis increased toxicity of T. granarium by contact assay. • The irradiated T. orientalis doses caused complete repellence for T. granarium larvae. • The gamma rays enhanced the insecticidal activity of T. orientalis in dose of 5 kGy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Efficacy of new isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus (EPF), Clonostachys rosea, against adult stage of the most serious coleopteran stored product insect pests in Iraq, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Two isolates of C. rosea, associated with the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulz.), were isolated and investigated. Efficacy of C. rosea isolates was evaluated by two concentrations (1 × 108 and 1 × 106 conidia ml−1). Results Corrected mortality rates caused by both C. rosea isolates, 6 days post-treatment, with 1 × 108 conidia ml−1, ranged from 70.7 to 75.7%. Fungal infection caused 37–53% reduction in total fecundity of the adult females of the three tested insect species, 6 days post-treatment. Conclusion Obtained results demonstrated that C. rosea isolates had potentials as a biological control agent against coleopteran stored product insect pests. However, further studies under commercial storage conditions are required.

Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) is one of the major insect pests of stored products in hot and dry regions of the world. Being a non-selective feeder, the larvae of this species feed on a wide range of hosts, particularly cereal grains and cause significant damage and health risk. It is commonly found in Asia and Africa, and is a regulated/quarantine pest for much of the rest of the world. Countries housing this species are facing trade restrictions on their products by non-khapra countries, causing them considerable economic losses. This species is more difficult to identify and control than other stored grain insect pests. In this context, this article has been written, which deals with the identification of this species, loss and economic impacts with some case studies, and management tactics, which would bestow handy/helpful information to farmers and bio-security experts for the control of this species in storage and quarantine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of the current study was to study the possible pernicious effects of phosphine gas on enzyme activity alterations in Trogoderma granarium to determine its harmfulness to human beings after its prolonged exposure and intake. The saline extract of the adult Khapra beetle was biochemically analyzed at different doses, that is, from 10ppm to 30ppm, to accurately evaluate the effects of various phosphine concentrations (LC30 and LC50) on 2 distinct strains of this insect pest gathered from different godowns of Pakistan as resistant (Chitral [Chi], Haroon Abad [Hbd], and Lahore [Lhr]) and susceptible (Faqeer wali [Fqw], Khanewal [Khw], and Rawalpindi [Rwp]) populations. Our experimental results suggest that the enzyme levels (AcP, AkP, ALAT, ASAT, LDH, and ICDH) seemed to be elevated with increasing dosage of phosphine from 10ppm to 30ppm in the resistant populace of the susceptible ones. It also illustrates that phosphine and its residues can inhibit the workability of certain enzymes that are vital for respiration and neuro reactions in hexapods and mammals. It has detrimental effects of phosphine on human health profile to consume stored food products containing such tenacious enemies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The herein reported studies were conducted to investigate the insecticidal effect of seven insect growth regulators, viz., lufenuron 50 EC, flufenoxuron 10 DC, pyriproxyfen 10.8 EC, tebufenozide 20 SC, methoxyfenozide 240 SC, triflumuron 20 SC, and buprofezin 25% WP against pupal and adult suppression of Trogoderma granarium (Everts) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). The results about the effect of IGRs on subsequent stages after larvae indicated that all the treatments had significant impact on pupation, which escalated with an increase in concentration and exposure period. Results revealed that adult suppression was highest due to the flufenoxuron and lowest in triflumuron. Results revealed that after 7 days the lowest pupation suppression (38.18%) was observed at 2.5 ppm followed by 44.92% at 5 ppm concentrations and the pupation inhibition was highest 55.88% at 10 ppm against T. granarium. The pupation inhibition percentage in T. castaneum was highest 65.70% at 10 ppm and lowest at 2.5 ppm with value 47.85% after 7 days of treatment application. Results revealed that after 7 days the lowest adult suppression (44.63%) was observed at 2.5ppm followed by 51.42% at 5 ppm concentrations and the adult suppression was highest 62.42% at 10 ppm against T. granarium. The adult suppression percentage in T. castaneum was highest 75.61 % at 10 ppm and lowest at 2.5 ppm with value 57.91%after7 days of treatment application. Bioactivities of all the tested IGRs were found to be dose and exposure period dependent. All the IGRs are more persistence and effective when applied on wheat, than on rice and maize. From these results, it is concluded that the applications of IGRs have proved to be very effective against both species examined in the present study. These compounds particularly CSis (flufenoxuron, lufenuron and triflumuron) should be considered as potential components in IPM of stored grains insects pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current study was designed to investigate the current susceptibility levels of field collected strains of T. granarium (Everts) from Punjab, Pakistan. T. granarium populations were collected from different areas of Punjab i.e., Lahore, Sheikhupura, Gujranwala, Bahawalpur, Bhakkar and Faisalabad, were evaluated for their relative resistance or susceptibility in comparison to laboratory reared strain against pyrethroids. Filter paper impregnation method was used to assess the contact toxicity of pyrethroids (technical grade deltamethrin, α-cypermethrin, cypermethrin and bifenthrin) against 4th instar larval stage of T. granarium. Mortality responses were evaluated under constant temperature and relative humidity (r.h.) at 32 ± 2 °C and 65 ± 5 r.h. respectively. Data was recorded after 24, 48 and 72 h of treatment and completely randomized design (CRD) were used with four replications. Experiments were conducted in Grain Research Training and Storage management cell, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during year 2018–19. Bioassays showed that field collected strains were resistant to all test insecticides. Very low to moderate level of resistance was found in field strains. Bahawalpur strain showed highest resistance ratios of up-to 12.7, 18.9, 4.63 and 8.27 for deltamethrin, bifenthrin, α-cypermethrin and cypermethrin respectively, after 72 h of exposure to treatment. Bhakkar strain also showed moderate resistance following Bahawalpur strain. Lahore and Faisalabad collected strains were susceptible as compared to other field strains. In-vitro selection for deltamethrin revealed increase in resistance up-to 18.7 folds after selection for 7 generations by maintaining selection pressure at 80% mortality. Reversion in resistance occurred when strain was again reared for next 5 generations without insecticide exposure and resistance values decreased to 7.74 folds at G12. DR value for change in resistance was -0.07. The effectiveness of commonly used pyrethroids for the management of T. granarium was significantly reduced in the field populations exhibiting low to moderate resistance. Long-term use of insecticides with similar mode of action could be the reason for the development of resistance. Multi-tactical approach with integrated pest management (IPM) framework may prolong the effectiveness of pyrethroids in the T. granarium management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Protection & Pathology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

بروز مقاومت آفات به آفت‌کش ­ها، اثرات سوء روی گونه ­های غیر هدف و خطرات زیست محیطی آن­ها، تمایل به استفاده از روش‌های جایگزین را افزایش داده است. یکی از روش­ های نوین کنترل آفات کاربرد فرمولاسیون‌های نانو آفت ­کش ­ها می­ باشد. کاربرد نانو آفت ­کش ­ها باعث کنترل رهایش آفت‌کش ­ها از نانو ذرات، حفاظت آفت‌کش ­ها در برابر عوامل محیطی مانند نور و گرما، کاهش غلظت مصرفی و امکان بروز مقاومت آفات به آفت‌کش ­ها می ­شود. بنابراین، در این مطالعه نانو ذرات سیلیکا با روش سل- ژل تهیه و به طور جداگانه با حشره‌کش‌های دلتامترین، پایری‌پروکسی‌فن و کلروپایریفوس بارگذاری شد. سطح­ های موزاییک و استیل‌­گالوانیزه با حشره‌­کش ­های دلتامترین (غلظت­ های 0025/0 و 005/0 گرم ماده موثر بر متر مربع)، پایری­‌پروکسی­‌فن (غلظت ­های 001/0، 01/0 و 1/0 گرم ماده موثر بر متر مربع) و کلرو­پایریفوس (غلظت­ های 01/0 و 2/0 گرم ماده موثر بر متر مربع) به تنهایی و یا با نانو سیلیکای بارگذاری‌شده با حشره­ کش‌­ها تیمار شدند. تلفات اولیه لاروهای کوچک و بزرگ لمبه گندم، Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)، 1، 3 و 7 روز پس از تیمار شمارش شد و تلفات تأخیری 7 روز پس از آن بررسی گردید. طبق نتایج، در همه آزمایش­ ها لاروهای کوچک لمبه گندم حساسیت بیشتری نسبت به لاروهای بزرگ داشتند. همچنین، اثر حشره‌­کشی نانو سیلیکای بارگذاری شده با حشره‌کش ­ها نسبت به کاربرد حشره‌کش ­ها به تنهایی به طور معنی‌داری بیشتر بود. بنابراین، می ­توان کاربرد نانو ذرات سیلیکا را به‌عنوان حامل حشره­کش­ ها برای کنترل لمبه گندم توصیه کرد.

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of gamma radiation on isoenzymes (peroxidase and polyphenyl oxidase) and DNA damage in Trogoderma granarium. The newly emerged male adults were irradiated with substerilizing and sterilizing doses of gamma radiation for the experiments (100 and 200Gy). The results showed that there was no difference in the distribution of peroxidase and polyphenyl oxidase isoenzymes, and the intensity of peroxidase isoenzymes was the same between the tested samples when compared to the control population and each other. There was a variation in the intensity of the detected polyphenyl oxidase isoenzyme. The DNA electrophoresis showed fragmentation in the gamma irradiated adults as compared to the control. Therefore, it could be concluded that these parameters could be used as a biomarker for identification of gamma irradiated T. granarium males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium Everts) is a significant pest of food products around the world, causing great losses of stored grain and produce, with export restrictions imposed on countries with established beetle populations. Khapra beetle is a high‐priority exotic invertebrate pest in many countries requiring a rapid quarantine/biosecurity response when incursions occur. To address this, we developed a novel Khapra LAMP (loop‐mediated isothermal amplification) assay using a portable real‐time fluorometer and an additional 18S ribosomal DNA (18S) insect control LAMP assay for confirmation of the presence of insect DNA. Both LAMP tests can be performed either in a portable real‐time fluorometer or using simple, visual colorimetric technique. RESULTS: Both the Khapra and 18S LAMP tests amplify positive samples within ≤ 25 min, with an anneal derivative temperature of 77.7 ± 0.7 °C for Khapra LAMP test and 88.0 ± 1.0 °C for 18S. The new Khapra LAMP assay is sensitive to very low levels of DNA (1.02 × 10−6 ng μL−1). Additionally, we developed a gBlock double stranded DNA fragment for use as positive Khapra control with a different anneal derivative of 80 °C. Both assays are simple to use in the field and are capable of amplifying DNA from target beetles, even when samples are partially degraded which is typically found during surveillance activities. By screening a broad panel of Dermestidae species we demonstrate that our new assay is species‐specific, with no detections of false positives. Also, we evaluated multiple DNA extraction methods, with both QuickExtract and HotSHOT extraction methods proving suitable for in‐field use. CONCLUSION: The novel Khapra and 18S LAMP assays should improve speed, accuracy and confidence of detection of Khapra beetle at incursion points and aid rapid biosecurity responses in any country affected, especially as the assays described here are portable and easy to implement in the field conditions where resources are limited. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, a series of tests were performed to examine the effect of previously captured adults in floor traps, on the captures of Τrogoderma granarium Everts and T. variabile Ballion, in single species releases. In a first series of tests, a single trap with kairomone oil and dead adults of single or both species was placed in a plastic container, which was used as the release arena. Subsequently, adults of both species were separately released in the arena, and the adult capture was recorded 24 h later. In a second series of trials, two traps were placed in the same arena, containing different numbers of prior seeded adults, and adult capture was similarly recorded. For T. granarium , in all cases, more adults were found inside the trap than under the trap or on the trap walls. In contrast, for T. variabile , most adults were recorded on the trap walls. In general, T. variabile had a stronger response to the traps than T. granarium. This work illustrates that previous captures of either species do not negatively affect captures of new live adults and may tend to enhance captures in some cases. This has important implications for the use of traps for the biosureveillance of these two important dermestid species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxic effect of LC20 of phosphine on carbohydrate metabolism and macromolecular concentrations in two larval instars (4th and 6th) of the khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium, at different exposure periods (24-120 h) was determined. Two populations of khapra beetle used in this research possessed different levels of susceptibility to phosphine. Based on LC50 one population was termed as a susceptible population (never exposed to phosphine previously) while the other was a tolerant population (having a history of phosphine fumigation for 13 years). The LC50 of 4th larval instar of susceptible and tolerant populations was 6 and 9 ppm while for 6th larval instar it was 5.4 and 8.8 ppm, respectively. The phosphine concentration at LC50 value caused about 100 percent mortality when exposure period was prolonged to 120 h. The trehalose, glycogen, lipids and nucleic acid contents of both larval instars of these populations were significantly reduced, while trehalase and amylase activities were significantly increased in larvae of both populations throughout the phosphine exposure period with reference to their respective unexposed group values. In case of soluble proteins, an elevation was observed which was followed by a decline after 72 h. Similarly, free amino acid contents showed increasing trend in both larval instars of tested populations throughout the exposure period with the exception of the 4th larval instars of susceptible population which decreased after 72 h. The concentration of glucose showed significant increase in 6th larval instars of both populations at each exposure period but in 4th larval instars it started to decrease after 72 h exposure. These phosphine induced metabolic alterations over varying exposure intervals may be helpful in controlling this insect pest by monitoring period of fumigant exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the insecticidal effect of 12 essential oils (EOs) from Coriandrum sativum, Tanacetum annuum, Boswellia carteri, Canarium luzonicum, Pogostemon cablin, Thymus vulgaris, Copaifera officinalis, Corymbia citriodora, Melaleuca cajuputi, Syzygium aromaticum, Santalum album, and Elettaria cardamomum as grain protectants was evaluated against Trogoderma granarium, Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum and Tenebrio molitor. The EOs were applied on wheat at two concentrations (500 and 1000 ppm). Beetle mortality rates were evaluated after 4, 8, and 16 h, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days. The EO from S. aromaticum was the most effective against T. granarium adults, leading to 100% mortality after 16 h of exposure at 1000 ppm, and 83.3% at 500 ppm after 7 days. Complete mortality on this species was achieved testing the EO from B. carteri, after 6 days of exposure at 1000 ppm. EOs from S. album and M. cajuputi led to 96.7% mortality when tested at 1000 ppm. Mortality of T. granarium larvae was low for all tested EOs, except for S. aromaticum and B. carteri, which exhibited moderate toxicity at 1000 ppm, reaching 56.7 and 51.1%, respectively. Mortality of T. castaneum adults was very low for all tested EOs, not exceeding 43.3%, as it was noted testing S. aromaticum EO. The EOs from E. cardamomum, T. annuum, and S. aromaticum caused = 90% to T. castaneum larvae 7 days post-exposure. Concerning T. confusum adults, the tested EOs achieved low mortalities even at the higher concentration, which did not exceed 26.7%. The EOs from T. annuum, S. album, M. cajuputi, C. officinalis, S. aromaticum, C. citriodora and P. cablin exhibited high larvicidal activity 7 days post-exposure. The EOs from T. annuum and C. luzonicum were the most effective against T. molitor adults, at both tested concentrations, i.e., 92.2 and 83.3% at 500 ppm, 93.3 and 90.0%, respectively, after 7 days of exposure. Mortality of T. molitor larvae was low at both tested concentrations, reaching maximally 30.0%. The 12 EOs were also tested for inhibitory action against acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The most active samples were those from M. cajuputi, E. cardamomum and T. vulgaris, with IC50 values of 3.06 (±0.5), 4.05 (±0.8) and 4.13 (±1.7) mg mL-1, respectively. These results were not consistent with those from insecticidal tests, suggesting that other mechanisms of action are involved. Overall, the EOs from S. aromaticum, T. annuum and C. luzonicum exhibited high toxicity against T. granarium and T. molitor adults or T. castaneum and T. confusum larvae. They may be considered further for developing novel insecticides for managing beetle pests attacking stored products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of the non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma produced with dielectric barrier discharge (APPD) using air as a processing gas and microwave energy to control Tribolium castaneum and Trogoderma granarium adults and larvae in wheat grains. Insects' mortality was found to be power and time-dependent. The results indicated that non-thermal APPD and the microwave have enough insecticidal effect on the target pests. From the bioassay, LT50's and LT90's levels were estimated, T. granarium larvae appeared more tolerant to non-thermal APPD and the microwave energy than adults 7 days post-exposure. The germination percentage of wheat grains increased as the time of exposure to the non-thermal APPD increased. On the contrary, the germination percentage of wheat grains decreased as the time of exposure to the microwave increased. In addition, changes in antioxidant enzyme activities, catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and peroxidase, in adults and larvae were examined after 24 h post-treatment to non-thermal APPD at 15.9 W power level, which caused 50% mortality. The activity of CAT, GST and lipid peroxide in the treated larvae showed a significant increase post-exposure to the non-thermal APPD at 15.9 W power level. On the other hand, no significant change in GSH-Px activity was observed. Reductions in the level of glutathione (GSH) and protein content occurred in treated larvae in comparison with the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium (Everts), is considered one of the most destructive insect pests of wheat storages worldwide, whereas phosphine fumigation is common to manage this pest. The efficacy of phosphine use largely depends on its concentration, exposure time and target species. However, building an effective relationship between phosphine concentration and exposure time for T. granarium is of great importance. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of concentration and time on phosphine toxicity against susceptible or resistant strains of T. granarium. Both strains of T. granarium were exposed to phosphine gas at various concentrations and exposure times in a laboratory. Our results showed that the exposure time was the more important variable than the phosphine concentration against both T. granarium strains; in contrast, the concentration was comparatively more important against the resistant strain than the susceptible one. This study highlights the importance of concentration and exposure time in phosphine fumigation efficacy against T. granarium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aimed to use non traditional methods to control some stored grain insects. The effects of 180 millitesla (mT) magnetic field (MF) for six different exposure periods (3 min, 30 min, 1 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h) on mortality (%) of two stored grain insects, Tribolium casteneum adults and Trogoderma granarium larvae, reduction in F1-progeny (%), seeds germination (%) and seed components (%) after 8 months storage period were studied under laboratory conditions. According to results, the mortality (%) of tested insects increased with increasing of MF time exposure. Trogoderma granarium was more resistant than T. casteneum in which mortality reached 56 and 75%, respectively 14 days after from exposure period. Without any negative effect on seeds germination (%) the MF was very effective in protecting stored wheat from insect infestation up to 8 months compared to non-magnetic seeds which became infested after 3 months of storage. Furthermore, the germination (%) was accelerated by 6 h compared to non-magnetic seeds. The MF level caused a slight increase in the percent of total carbohydrate, crude protein and ash while slightly decrease the percent of moisture, total fats and crude fiber.

Laboratory evaluation of Euphorbia bupleuroides latex as biopesticide against the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) were evaluated at ambient temperature. The insecticidal activity of latex was determined by direct contact application. Different concentrations were prepared by dilution of 2.5, 5.0, 7.0 and 10.0 µl of latex into 0.1 ml acetone. 1 µl was pumped regularly in the thorax of different insects. The latex of E. bupleuroides showed insecticidal activity against T. granarium and T. castaneum. High levels of mortality were associated with the increase in the concentration and time of exposure as well. T. granarium adults are generally more prone to latex insecticidal effects than T. castaneum adults. After 6 days of exposure to E. bupleuroides latex, the LC50 recorded was 14.12 µl for T. granarium adults, and 14.7 µl for T. castaneum. LC90 numbers, on the other hand, were 38.8 µl for the former, and 51.44 µl for the latter.

Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) is one of the most important quarantine pests of stored grains. Control of this insect species can be achieved through a gaseous insecticide, phosphine. Many studies focus on the effect of phosphine on different developmental stages of insects, with most of them highlighting eggs as the most tolerant stage. Our data showed that 2-d-old eggs of T. granarium are more susceptible than 1-d-old eggs. Faster hatching was observed in eggs exposed to phosphine for 2 d compared to controls and the result was more pronounced for 1-d-old than 2-d-old eggs. In contrast to the 2-d exposure, hatching rates of eggs exposed to 4 and 6 d were notably reduced, while there was a delay in egg hatching compared to controls. Moreover, larval development from untreated eggs was faster than the larvae from treated eggs, regardless of the exposure time. These dissimilar patters in larval growth may suggest certain delayed effects of phosphine fumigation. The results of the present work can be further utilized for the development of phosphine-based quarantine and pre-shipment treatments for the control of T. granarium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we evaluated the susceptibility of four different sorghum varieties to infestation by the khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), as compared with wheat, which served as a 'control' commodity. In population growth assays, there was preference for population development on wheat compared to the different sorghum varieties. In contrast, there were no significant differences in total population development among the four varieties of sorghum. However, the proportion of immature stages (larvae, pupae) in relation to the adult stage varied significantly among the different varieties. Moreover, significant differences were noted among the commodities tested regarding the final weight decrease, as well as the amount of frass and kernel damage. Our study clearly demonstrates noticeable differences in the susceptibility of the varieties to T. granarium infestation. These results show that this species can develop on different varieties of sorghum, and variety selection should be further considered in a host-plant resistance-based management program for T. granarium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trogoderma granarium Everts, the Khapra beetle, is a major pest of stored products, especially grains. In this study, fumigant toxicity and sublethal effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (Myrtaceae) and Mentha piperita L. (Lamiaceae) essential oils (EOs) were investigated against different growth stages of T. granarium. To assess the sublethal effects, insects were exposed to an LC20 or LC50 concentration of each essential oil, and the ability of these oils to deter feeding, oviposition, and damage to wheat seeds and overall mass were surveyed. At LC50 concentrations, M. piperita EO showed higher fumigant toxicity than E. camaldulensis EO against eggs, 2nd instar larvae, 4th instar larvae, and adults of T. granarium. Furthermore, the adults were more sensitive to the tested EOs than immatures. In free-choice tests, both larvae and adults showed a preference for control-treated wheat seeds than for seeds treated with an LC20 or LC50 concentration of EOs from E. camaldulensis or M. piperita. In a no-choice test, adult females exposed to EOs showed lower fecundity and fertility in comparison to control females not exposed to EOs. Treatment of wheat seeds with E. camaldulensis or M. piperita EOs resulted in a dose-specific reduction in the number of damaged seeds and seed weight loss when compared to control. According to our results, both tested EOs, especially EOs extracted from M. piperita , showed good potential for use in integrated pest management strategies against T. granarium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Slovenica is the property of Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Ljubljana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Plant Protection & Pathology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Present study was designed to investigate the effects of different combinations of three temperatures (20, 25 and 30℃) and three relative humidity levels (55, 65 and 75%) on the efficacy of three synthetic IGRs i.e., pyriproxyfen, lufenuron and buprofezin at concentrations of 1, 5 and 10ppm on fecundity and adult emergence inhibition of T. granarium under controlled laboratory conditions. This study was conducted at Grain Research Training and Storage management Cell, Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. All the treatments were replicated three times using Completely Randomized Design. Larvae of T. granariumwere exposed to IGRs at different levels of temperature and relative humidity. F1 adult emergence results showed that at temperature 20ᵒC, the highest percent reduction in adult emergence (84.38, 70.65 and 79.94%) was recorded after exposure to lufenuron, buprofezin and pyriproxyfen treated diet, respectively. At 75% relative humidity, lufenuron, buprofezin and pyriproxyfen caused 77.53, 80.00 and 80.32% reduction in adult emergence, respectively. Adults were exposed to IGRs at different temperature and relative humidity to evaluate the oviposition inhibition. The results revealed that at temperature 20℃, maximum percent reduction in fecundity (87.95, 80.45 and 70.55%) was recorded after exposure to buprofezin, pyriproxyfen and lufenuron treated diet, respectively. At 75% relative humidity buprofezin, pyriproxyfen and lufenuron caused 86.73, 83.72 and 69.11% reduction in fecundity, respectively. It is concluded that temperature and relative humidity play an important role in the effectiveness of insect growth regulators.

Toxic effect of sub-lethal concentration (LC20) of bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos and their combinations was studied on the specific activities of esterases in the 4th and 6th instar larvae of susceptible laboratory strain (Lab-S) and deltamethrin resistant population (GUW) of stored grain pest, Trogoderma granarium. After exposure to LC20 of bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos and their combinations of 3:1 and 1:3, the activities of total esterases, cholinesterase and carboxylesterase increased significantly in both the 4th and 6th instar larvae of Lab-S and GUW populations when compared with their respective controls. Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity was significantly decreased (28.94 and 42.42%) in the 4th instar larvae of Lab-S population after treatments with bifenthrin and bifenthrin: chlorpyrifos combination 3:1, respectively. After exposure to chlorpyrifos and bifenthrin: chlorpyrifos combination 1:3 the AchE activity was increased 45.24 and 64.28%, respectively. This increase was much more prominent in the 6th instar larvae viz., 93.95, 45.57, 182.52 and 132.61% following treatments with bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, 3:1 and 1:3 combinations of two insecticides, respectively. In the resistant population this increase was 35.71, 48.10 and 75.61% in the 4th instar, respectively and 9.47, 28.17 and 60.29% in the 6th instar after chlorpyrifos, 3:1 combination and 1:3 combination treatments, respectively. This activity was decreased 63.99% in the 6th instar but increased in the 4th instar 13.36% after bifenthrin exposure. Arylesterase activity was declined after exposure to bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos and 3:1 combination in both the 4th instar (89.47, 64.33 and 36.65%, respectively) and 6th instar (84.49, 54.01, 4.28%, respectively) of Lab-S as well as in the 4th instar (77.73, 55.81 and 35.96%, respectively) of resistant population. This activity was upregulated (84.92, 141.86 and 192.88%, respectively) in the 6th instar of resistant population, following exposures to bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos and 3:1 combination. Whereas, this activity was increased in the 4th instar (53.22%) and 6th instar (124.60%) of Lab-S population as well as in the 4th instar (35.19%) and 6th instar (234.75%) of resistant population after treatment with 1:3 combination, respectively. The findings of current investigation suggests that insects upregulate the synthesis of esterases in general cholinesterase and carboxylesterase in response to exposure to insecticide to combat with the stressful conditions of exposure to toxic chemicals. The activity of the arylesterase, on the contrary is inhibited to variable extent after exposure to the insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal virulence is multifaceted and dependent on multiple abiotic factors. The present study represents an investigation of the effect of one such abiotic factor, that of the grain type, on the insecticidal action of three entomopathogenic fungal species, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschinkoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Isaria fumosorosea Wize (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) on larvae of the three very common and destructive stored product pests: the khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium Everts) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), the confused flour beetle (Triboliumconfusum Jacquelin du Val) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and the Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestiakuehniella Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). To this end, we selected four different grains, i.e., Triticum aestivum L. (Poales: Poaceae), Oryza sativa L. (Poales: Poaceae), Arachis hypogaea L. (Fabales: Fabaceae) and Vicia faba L. (Fabales: Fabaceae). Bioassays were carried out in the lab, where experimental grains were sprayed with 1 mL of conidial suspension (108 conidia/mL) from each isolate. Mean mortality, median survival time and weight loss of seeds were estimated for each species. Our results suggest that the differences in the efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi were dependent both on the isolates and the grain. The grain type as a factor is equally important to other abiotic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Result of studing the effect of three varieties of Wheat Eba 95 , Eba 99 , Sham 6 and three storage periods 2 , 4 , 6 months and three infection levels 10 , 20 , 30 larva of Khapra beetle showed variation varieties for susceptibility to Khapra beetle , the higher average of population density reached 430.9 larva for Eba 95 , the lowest average reached 209.9 larva for Sham 6 , the storage period showed a significant effect to the average of larva. for the varieties reached 31.2 , 541.9 , 326.3 larva respectively , there is positive relation between the increase of population density and infection levels reached 244.9 , 264.9 , 389.6 larva respectively. The study showed variation at the varieties for the insect average rate of increase it were 13.7 , 22.5 , 12.7 larva respectively , the storage period showed significant effect for insect average rate of increase it reached at 4 months storage period 28.3 larva , the infection levels showed variation for insect average rate of increase at level 10 larva it reached 23.5 larva , the influence of variety for the loss of food weight , Sham 6 showed a higher resistant for larva that the other varieties it reached 9.5 , 11.9 , 12.9 gm respectively. Increasing the period of storage increase the loss of food weight it reached 1.98 , 15.48 , 16.99 gm respectively the highest loss of food weight reached 14.4 gm at the level so larva. The Sham 6 variety showed higher resistant for average loss of food weight per larva , the storage period showed variation at average loss of food weight per larva it reached 13 , 4 , 7 gm respectively. the infection level have no significant effect on loss on food weight per larva it reached 7 , 8 , 9 gm respectively.

The khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts, is defined as one of the most important quarantine pests globally, and fumigation with methyl bromide, an ozone-depleting substance, is a common phytosanitary measure currently used. The modified atmosphere (MA), irradiation, and their combination treatments of T. granarium larvae and adults were performed at room temperature (24–26 ℃) to develop an ecofriendly phytosanitary disinfestation measure and to shorten the exposure time and overcome treatment disadvantages of irradiation. Late-stage larvae are determined as the most tolerant stage resulted in large LT99.9968 values of 32.6 (29.2–37.5) and 38.0 (35.1–41.7) days treated under 1% and 2% O2 (with N2 balance) atmosphere, respectively. Ionizing radiation was used to enhance the effect of MA and the mortality was highly significantly affected by all the interaction effects, indicating that the synergistic effects present in all the combined treatments. The synergistic ratios, which is defined as the estimated lethal time for MA treatment (LD90, LD99, and LD99.9968), divided by that of combined treatment, were between 1.47 and 2.47. In the confirmatory tests, no individuals recovered from a sum of 111,366 late-stage larvae treated under 1% O2 atmosphere for 14- or 15-d after 200 Gy irradiation, which resulted in validating the probit estimations and achieving an efficacy of 99.9973% mortality at 95% confidence level. Therefore, these treatment schedules are recommended to disinfest T. granarium infecting commodities for phytosanitary purposes under the warehouse, MA packaging, or in combination with international transportation by train or sea container.