Search

Namen raziskave je bil pregled zakonodaje in pravnih okvirjev gojenja tujerodnih drevesnih vrst v slovenskih gozdovih. Na ravni Evropske unije je za uvedbo, uporabo in gospodarjenje s tujerodnimi drevesi pomembnih več pravnih instrumentov, npr. Direktiva Sveta o trženju gozdnega reprodukcijskega materiala, Habitatna direktiva, Uredba o preprečevanju in obvladovanju vnosa in širjenja invazivnih tujerodnih vrst. V slovenski zakonodaji področje njihovega vnosa in potencialnega vpliva ureja predvsem Zakon o ohranjanju narave, pomembni pa so še Uredba o posebnih varstvenih območjih (območjih Natura 2000), Zakon o gozdovih, Zakon o gozdnem reprodukcijskem materialu, Pravilnik o določitvi provenienčnih območij, Uredba o zavarovanih prosto živečih rastlinskih vrstah. Iz pravnih aktov izhaja, da za opravljanje gozdarske dejavnosti gojenje tujerodnih dreves v Sloveniji ni prepovedano, doselitev tujerodnih vrst je načeloma dovoljena, za vnos novih tujerodnih vrst pa je potreben ustrezen postopek, ki vključuje presojo vplivov na okolje, odobri pa ga pristojni minister. Slovenska zakonodaja tako ponuja možnosti za gojenje določenih tujerodnih drevesnih vrst, ki bi lahko bile zaradi boljše odpornosti proti biotskim in abiotskim dejavnikom ključne pri prilagajanju gozdov na podnebne spremembe, hkrati pa so zaradi hitre rasti in kakovostnega lesa gospodarsko zanimive. The aim of the study was to review the legislation and legal framework for the cultivation of non-native tree species in Slovenian forests. In the EU, several legal instruments are relevant for the introduction, use and management of non-native tree species, e.g. the Council Directive on the marketing of forest reproductive material, the Habitats Directive and the Regulation on the prevention and control of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species. In Slovenian legislation, the area of their introduction and potential impact is regulated primarily by the Nature Conservation Act, but also important are the Decree on Special Protection Areas (Natura 2000 areas), the Forest Act, the Forest Reproductive Material Act, the Regulations on the Designation of Seed Areas and the Decree on Protected Wild Plant Species. According to the legislation, the cultivation of non-native trees is not prohibited in Slovenia for the implementation of forestry activities, immigration is allowed, and the introduction of new non-native species requires an appropriate procedure that includes an environmental impact assessment and is approved by the competent minister. Slovenian legislation thus provides opportunities for the cultivation of non-native tree species, which could be of crucial importance for the adaptation of forests to climate change due to their better resistance to biotic and abiotic factors, as well as of economic importance due to their faster growth and timber quality.

Parkovni gozdovi so v urbanih okoljih pomembna rekreacijska in sprostitvena točka. Obstajajo že vrsto let in poleg avtohtonih drevesnih vrst jih lahko dopolnjujejo tudi tujerodne drevesne vrste. V nalogi se najprej posvečamo začetkom vnašanja tujerodnih drevesnih vrst, njihovi uporabnosti in potencialu, krajše poglavje je namenjeno tudi invazivnosti le-teh. V Krajinskem parku Tivoli, Rožnik in Šišenski hrib opazimo kar nekaj tujerodnih drevesnih vrst. Obiskovalce tamkajšnjih gozdov smo povprašali, kakšno je njihovo mnenje o najpomembnejših priložnostih in morebitnih negativnih vplivih tujerodnih drevesnih vrst. Zanimalo nas je tudi poznavanje v anketi naštetih tujerodnih drevesnih vrst in splošno zanimanje za njihovo trenutno številčnost v Krajinskem parku Tivoli, Rožnik in Šišenski hrib. Naše rezultate smo primerjali s podobno raziskavo, ki je bila izvedena za območje Mestnega gozda Celje. Park forests are an important recreation and relaxation point in an urban environment. They have existed for many years and, in addition to native tree species, they can also be complemented by non-native tree species. In the assignment, we first focus on the introduction of non-native tree species, their usefulness and potential, while a shorter chapter is also devoted to their invasiveness. In the Tivoli, Rožnik and Šiška hill Landscape Park, quite a few non-native tree species are observed, and we asked visitors to the local forests what their opinion is about the most important opportunities and more negative impacts of non-native tree species. We were also interested in the recognition of non-native tree species listed in the survey and general interest in their current abundance in the Tivoli, Rožnik and Šiška hill Landscape Park. We compared our results with a similar thesis that was carried out for the area of the City Forest of Celje.

For non-native tree species with an origin outside of Europe a detailed compilation of enemy species including the severity of their attack is lacking up to now. We collected information on native and non-native species attacking non-native trees, i.e. type, extent and time of first observation of damage for 23 important non-native trees in 27 European countries. Our database includes about 2300 synthesised attack records (synthesised per biotic threat, tree and country) from over 800 species. Insects (49%) and fungi (45%) are the main observed biotic threats, but also arachnids, bacteria including phytoplasmas, mammals, nematodes, plants and viruses have been recorded. This information will be valuable to identify patterns and drivers of attacks, and trees with a lower current health risk to be considered for planting. In addition, our database will provide a baseline to which future impacts on non-native tree species could be compared with and thus will allow to analyse temporal trends of impacts., Measurement(s) area of attack of enemy species on non-native tree • intensity of attack of enemy species on non-native tree Technology Type(s) species identification • visual observation method Factor Type(s) plant health • country • species Sample Characteristic - Organism tree Sample Characteristic - Environment forested area Sample Characteristic - Location Europe Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14345921

V diplomski nalogi smo raziskovali tujerodne drevesne vrste (TDV), ki rade naseljujejo degradirana območja, območja, prizadeta zaradi različnih motenj, ter območja, kjer je močno prisoten človeški vpliv. Izbrali smo urbane gozdove Krajinskega parka Tivoli, Rožnik in Šišenski hrib. Cilj naloge je bil ugotoviti, katere TDV so prisotne na določenih lokacijah. Želeli smo ugotoviti, kakšno je stanje v sestoju, ter preveriti, ali se te vrste pomlajujejo ali ne. Preučevali smo njihovo pojavljanje v različnih plasteh (spodnja, srednja in zgornja plast), svetlobne razmere v teh slojih ter pomlajevanje. Nazadnje smo ugotavljali, kakšna je potencialna invazivnost posamezne TDV in navedli morebitne gozdnogojitvene ukrepe, kjer smo ocenili, da je to potrebno. Meritve so potekale na terenu, analizo zbranih podatkov pa smo izvajali za računalnikom. Delež v mlajših razvojnih fazah je na odprtih delih sestoja znatno večji kot na območjih z več zastora. To še posebej velja za svetloljubne vrste, kot so robinija, navadni divji kostanj in črni oreh. Manj svetloljubne vrste, kot sta rdeči hrast in zeleni bor, se pomlajujejo tudi pod zastorom. TDV, ki kažejo znake potencialne invazivnosti, sta robinija in rdeči hrast. Ostale opazovane TDV niso kazale znakov potencialne invazivnosti na našem raziskovalnem območju ali pa zanje nismo uspeli pridobiti dovolj podatkov, da bi lahko sklepali o njihovi invazivnosti. This diploma thesis focuses on the research of non-native tree species in areas where they occur more frequently. Non-native tree species like to inhabit degraded areas or areas affected by various disturbances, as well as areas where human influence is strong. As such, we chose the urban forests of the Tivoli, Rožnik and Šišenski hrib Landscape Park. The aim of this research was to identify which non-native tree species are present and at which locations, to determine their condition in the stand and, to check whether they are potentially invasive or not. We studied their appearance in different stand layers (lower, middle and upper layer), the light conditions in these layers and regeneration. Finally, we determined the potential invasiveness of individual non-native tree species present in the park and listed possible silvicultural measures where necessary. Measurements were performed in the field, and data was analyzed using basic computer software. The proportion of plots with regeneration was significantly higher in open parts of the stand compared to more shaded areas, especially for shade-intolerant species: black locust, wild chestnut and black walnut. Moderately shade- tolerant species such as red oak and white pine regenerated even in heavily shaded areas. The non-native tree species s that showed signs of potential invasiveness were: black locust and red oak, Other observed non-native tree species did not show signs of potential invasiveness in our study area or we were not able to obtain sufficient sample size for them to be able to conclude about their invasiveness.

V diplomskem delu smo analizirali semenski sestoj grške jelke (Abies cephalonica Loud.) pri Komnu. Glavni namen je bil proučiti stanje in kakovost nasada s površino 2,91 ha. Naredili smo polno premerbo vseh grških jelk. Pri nekaterih drevesih so bile prisotne poškodbe, največ jih je bilo abiotskega vzroka, predvsem mraznih razpok. Te imajo lahko velik vpliv na kakovost lesa in zmanjšajo vrednost sortimentov. Pogostnost mraznih razpok nakazuje slabšo prilagojenost grške jelke na lokalno podnebje. Naredili smo tudi analizo mladja. Mladik grške jelke do velikosti 10 cm je največ od vseh drevesnih vrst, a se z večanjem višine število mladik te vrste izrazito zmanjšuje, kar je verjetno tudi posledica močnega objedanja divjadi. Glede na številčnost mladik lahko vidimo, da grška jelka v tem sestoju dobro obrodi in da je seme kaljivo, zato je primerna kot semenski sestoj. Večje potrebe po sajenju grške jelke na Krasu v večjem obsegu za zdaj ni, a bi jo bilo smiselno preizkušati v manjših nasadih še v drugih delih Krasa, ugotoviti, kateri so glavni vzroki za pojavljanje mraznih razpok in preveriti, ali se le-te pojavljajo tudi drugje. Ob nadaljevanju globalnega segrevanja grška jelka kljub naštetim slabostim ostaja potencialno zanimiva vrsta za gojenje na Krasu. In the diploma thesis we analyzed the seed stand of Greek fir (Abies cephalonica Loud.) near Komen. The main objective was to study the condition and quality of the seed stand with an area of 2.91 ha. We conducted a complete inventory of all Greek firs. Damage was present in some trees, most of them of abiotic origin, mainly cold cracks. These can have a major impact on the quality of the wood and reduce its value. The frequency of cold cracks indicates an insufficient adaptation of Greek firs to the local climate. We also conducted analyzes of young seedlings. Greek fir seedlings up to 10 cm tall are the most abundant of all tree species on our plot, but seedlings above 10 cm become less abundant with increasing height, probably also due to heavy browsing. From the abundance of seedlings, we can see that Greek fir is reproducing well in this stand, making it suitable as a seed stand. There is no need to plant Greek fir on a larger scale in the Karst now, but it would be useful to test it in smaller stands in other parts of the Karst to find out what the main causes of cold cracks are, and whether they occur elsewhere. In the face of ongoing global warming, Greek fir remains a potentially interesting species to grow in karst, despite the disadvantages mentioned above.

Mestni gozd je velikega pomena za meščane. Predstavlja prostor za rekreacijo in sprostitev po napornem dnevu. Hkrati pa je mestni gozd že od nekdaj zaradi neposredne bližine mesta izpostavljen vnašanju tujerodnih drevesnih vrst. Eden izmed takšnih gozdov je Mestni gozd Celje. Mestni gozd Celje je gozd, v katerem se nahaja veliko različnih avtohtonih in tujerodnih drevesnih vrst. Vsak posameznik na lasten način sprejema spremembe in novosti, vključno s tujerodnimi drevesnimi vrstami. Da bi razumeli tako odnos obiskovalcev Mestnega gozda Celje do tujerodnih drevesnih vrst kot tudi njihovo poznavanje le-teh, smo izvedli anketo med 120 obiskovalci. Rezultati kažejo, da obiskovalci tujerodne drevesne vrste sicer poznajo, vendar imajo o njih deljeno mnenje, zlasti o možnih (pozitivnih) vplivih na okolico. An urban forest is of great importance for the urban population. It presents citizens with a place for recreation and relaxation after a busy day. Due to the immediate vicinity of urban life, the introduction of non-native tree species is an especially pressing issue. One of such forests is City forest Celje. It is a forest whit many indigenous and non-native tree species. Without a doubt, the attitudes of individuals towards change can differ greatly, which affects their views towards non-native tree species. For this reason, we conducted research consisting of two major questions: how visitors perceive non-native tree species in the City Forest Celje and how well they know them. The results show us that non-native tree species are recognised well, but opinions differ and there are doubts about the positive effect of non-native species on the environment.

Tujerodne drevesne vrste so v evropske gozdove začeli vnašati pred cca. 250 leti. V času hitrega tehnološkega napredka in razvoja industrije so se potrebe po surovinah hitro povečevale. Temu je hotela slediti tudi gozdarska in lesarska industrija in zato so začeli v gozdove uvajati tuje hitrorastoče drevesne vrste. Temu trendu je v letih od 1880 do 1890 sledilo tudi slovensko gozdarstvo. V tem času so evidentirani prvi nasadi tujerodnih drevesnih vrst v naših gozdovih. Sprva so se nove in nove lokacije povečevale zelo hitro, ampak zaradi vmesnih vojn je razvoj na tem področju malo zastal. Po 2. sv. vojni so se tudi miselnost in smernice razvoja gozdov v prihodnosti močno spremenile. Tuje drevesne vrste, ki so jih v tistem obdobju vnesli, danes v veliki meri še rastejo. Veliko vrst se je v novo okolje normalno vključilo, nekatere se celo razmnoţujejo in gradijo nove sestoje, nekaj jih je propadlo kmalu po vnosu. Nekatere so se kljub dobrim namenom začele širiti prek vseh meja. O tujerodnih drevesnih vrstah se potem 70 let ni kaj veliko govorilo, danes pa ob veliki invaziji vseh mogočih tujerodnih rastlin spet več razmišljamo o njih. Skrbijo nas tudi klimatske spremembe, za katere še ne vemo, kakšne posledice nam bodo zadale. Skrbi nas, ali se bodo naše avtohtone drevesne vrste sposobne pravočasno prilagoditi novim klimatskim razmeram. Prav zato se v današnjem času spet poraja vprašanje, kako bi nam lahko pred časom ţe vnesene in pozneje skoraj pozabljene tujerodne drevesne vrste spet koristile. The non-native tree species were first introduced into the European forests approximately 250 years ago. In the era of a fast technological progress and industrial development, the need for raw materials was growing rapidly. The forestry and wood industry both wanted to keep up, and that is why the non-native fast-growing tree species were introduced. Between 1880 and 1890, this tendency was just as present in the Slovenian forestry, too. The records of that period affirm the introduction of the first non-native tree species in these forests. In the beginning, the new locations were expanding rapidly, but the process later decelerated due to various wars. After WWII, both the mentality, as well as the forest development guidelines, changed drastically. The non-native tree species introduced at the time are more or less still present. Many species quickly became established in their new environment, some are even reproducing and building new stands, while others deteriorated soon after their introduction. Regardless of all good intention, some species have started growing far too excessively. For the next 70 years or so, there was little debate over the non-native tree species however, they became food for thought once more, mostly because of the immense invasion of numerous non-native plants. Another crucial issue is climate change, because nobody can tell what its consequences are going to be and whether the native tree species will be able to adapt to the new climate conditions in time. And these are precisely the issues that have brought up the question of how to make the onceadded and later almost forgotten non-native tree species useful once again.