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Over the past two centuries, vaccines have been critical for the prevention of infectious diseases and are considered milestones in the medical and public health history. The World Health Organization estimates that vaccination currently prevents approximately 3.5–5 million deaths annually, attributed to diseases such as diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, influenza, and measles. Vaccination has been instrumental in eradicating important pathogens, including the smallpox virus and wild poliovirus types 2 and 3. This narrative review offers a detailed journey through the history and advancements in vaccinology, tailored for healthcare workers. It traces pivotal milestones, beginning with the variolation practices in the early 17th century, the development of the first smallpox vaccine, and the continuous evolution and innovation in vaccine development up to the present day. We also briefly review immunological principles underlying vaccination, as well as the main vaccine types, with a special mention of the recently introduced mRNA vaccine technology. Additionally, we discuss the broad benefits of vaccines, including their role in reducing morbidity and mortality, and in fostering socioeconomic development in communities. Finally, we address the issue of vaccine hesitancy and discuss effective strategies to promote vaccine acceptance. Research, collaboration, and the widespread acceptance and use of vaccines are imperative for the continued success of vaccination programs in controlling and ultimately eradicating infectious diseases.

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The covid19 virus was found in the hubei province of china and it had now spread to more than 200 countries, The emergence of mutant strains mainly UK variant B.1.1.7, south African variant B.1.351 and the Brazilian variant P.1 have become a major threat,since they have a high virulence and it is not affected by the neutralizing antibodies produced by some vaccines,Furthur covid hurricane had also become a new threat Mutations mainly occur in the Spike protein especially in the S1 subunit,(1) The mutational changes or amino acid changes mainly occur in the region from D to G.The are several vaccines which are showing efficacy during their clinical trial against these mutant strains (M rna 1273, BNT-162b2 and the covishield) . The is a big expectation regarding the discovery, production and effectiveness of Vaccine . With ten vaccines already reaching people there are twenty more vaccines waiting for the approval and there are many more which are under investigations. All these vaccines are broadly under four types Inactivated or Attenuated Vaccine, Protein based vaccine, Viral vector vaccine, RNA and DNA vaccines..This article is aimed to describe about the mutant strains of covid19, types of vaccine and effectiveness of vaccine against the mutant strains.(2) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two centuries, vaccines have been critical for the prevention of infectious diseases and are considered milestones in the medical and public health history. The World Health Organization estimates that vaccination currently prevents approximately 3.5-5 million deaths annually, attributed to diseases such as diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, influenza, and measles. Vaccination has been instrumental in eradicating important pathogens, including the smallpox virus and wild poliovirus types 2 and 3. This narrative review offers a detailed journey through the history and advancements in vaccinology, tailored for healthcare workers. It traces pivotal milestones, beginning with the variolation practices in the early 17th century, the development of the first smallpox vaccine, and the continuous evolution and innovation in vaccine development up to the present day. We also briefly review immunological principles underlying vaccination, as well as the main vaccine types, with a special mention of the recently introduced mRNA vaccine technology. Additionally, we discuss the broad benefits of vaccines, including their role in reducing morbidity and mortality, and in fostering socioeconomic development in communities. Finally, we address the issue of vaccine hesitancy and discuss effective strategies to promote vaccine acceptance. Research, collaboration, and the widespread acceptance and use of vaccines are imperative for the continued success of vaccination programs in controlling and ultimately eradicating infectious diseases., Competing Interests: MO'R participates in a rotavirus vaccine phase III Trial from Bharat laboratories and was principal investigator for the COVID-19 vaccine from Janssen. The remaining authors declare that they have no commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Montero, Vidal, Velasco, Carreño, Torres, Benachi O., Tovar-Rosero, Oñate and O'Ryan.)

Influenza viruses cause annual epidemics and occasional pandemics, making them responsible for approximately 300,000 annual deaths. Treatment options are limited and the development of resistant strains have forced us to take action to prevent the disease. Currently there are attenuated and inactivated virus vaccines generated from egg cultures, even though the new tendency is to use cellular cultures that allow us to obtain vaccines quicker and in more quantities. The use of techniques as reverse genetics allows the development of adapted recombinant virus vaccines. This paper aims to describe the influenza virus characteristics, immunology, vaccines options and the future of the development of influenza virus vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vaccination is the best method for microbial and viral infections prevention. Especially for health professionals, flu vaccination is the best method to protect them, and the same applies for the patients and the general population from being infected. One of the most important preventive measure is vaccination and the main types of vaccines available, the limitations and side effects are briefly presented., Aim: The aim of this paper is to present the necessity of the healthcare professionals to conceptualize the importance of flu vaccination ifor themselves and the general population. Healthcare professionals are influenced by their knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs. Epidemiological surveys on this issue are presented for Greece, European Union, and the USA., Methods: A broad scope literature review was conducted based on a strict selection process of articles referring to the general population and the healthcare professionals with emphasis on the time period from the fall of 2018 until the spring of 2020 across Greece. The method used in this research obtained information through bibliographical references throughout Europe, USA, and relevant studies in Greece., Results: The results of this research indicated that influenza vaccination among healthcare professionals in Greece in the time period 2018-2019 was higher in primary health centers (PHCs) with a percentage of 43.8% than in Hospitals which was 30.6%. In addition, in the time period 2019-2020 flu vaccination among health professionals was higher in PHCs with a percentage of 57.9% rather than in Hospitals with a percentage of 38.8%. Specifically, flu vaccination rate which took place in hospitals was higher among physicians than in other healthcare personnel. Furthermore, the fundamental reasons for recommending flu vaccination in healthcare professionals are presented, and issues related to denial or acceptance of it are highlighted. Measures and strategies are proposed in order to increase flu vaccination coverage in healthcare facilities in Greece., Conclusions: Based on this research review healthcare professionals (HCPs) especially the ones working in ICUs, in ICUs for newborn children, in Departments for acute care infections, in Departments caring of persons with immunodeficiency or Units for transplantation, Oncology and Haematology Departments, and finally, in Emergency Care Units need directly to be vaccinated for the flu virus. Different measures have been undertaken to promote flu vaccination and the percentage of implementation has been highlighted., Competing Interests: We declare no competing interests within the submitted work., (© 2020 Marianna Diomidous, Marianna Isaakidou.)