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Raziskali smo 59 vzorcev arheološkega lesa iz nekdanjih koliščarskih naselbin Verd, Črešnja pri Bistri in Stare gmajne, pridobljenih na podlagi treh arheoloških izkopavanj na Ljubljanskem barju v letu 2021. Cilji diplomskega dela so bili makroskopska in mikroskopska identifikacija lesa ter dendrokronološko in radiokarbonsko datiranje. Les z najdišča Verd smo identificirali kot les jelše (Alnus glutinsa), vrbe (Salix sp.), jesena (Fraxinus sp.) in bukve (Fagus sylvatica). Radiokarbonska datacija je pokazala, da je bilo kolišče poseljeno okrog leta 4700 pr. n. št. in je poleg kolišča Resnikov prekop najstarejša znana naselbina na Ljubljanskem barju. Na najdišču Črešnja smo identificirali les jesena (Fraxinus sp.), bukve (Fagus sylvatica), hrasta (Quercus sp.) in gabra (Carpinus betulus). Dendrokronološki datiranji za vzorca hrasta (3450 pr. n. št.) in jesena (3482 pr. n. št.) sta pokazali, da je bil les posekan v obdobju, ko je bila poseljena predhodno raziskana naselbina, en vzorec bukve pa glede na radiokarbonsko datacijo spada v 1647 ± 95 kal. pr. n. št. in je bistveno mlajši. Na sondi Stare gmajne je prevladoval les topola (Populus sp.), leske (Corylus avellana) in jesena (Fraxinus sp.). Dendrokronološka datacija zaradi slabe ohranjenosti lesa in majhnega števila branik ni bila možna. An analysis of 59 archaeological wood samples from excavation sites of the prehistoric settlements Stare gmajne, Verd and Črešnja pri Bistri on Ljubljansko barje (the Ljubljana marshes) was carried out. The samples came from three excavations that took place in 2021. The aim of this project was to identify the wood samples macroscopically and microscopically and to date them using dendrochronological and radiocarbon analyses. Samples from the Verd site were identified as black alder (Alnus glutinosa), willow (Salix sp.), ash (Fraxinus sp.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica). An ash sample was dated to 4700 BCE, using the radiocarbon method, making Verd one of the oldest known prehistoric settlements in Ljubljansko barje. The samples from the Črešnja pri Bistri site were identified as ash (Fraxinus sp.), beech (Fagus sylvatica), oak (Quercus sp.) and European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus). Dendrochronological and radiocarbon dating of an oak sample (3450 BCE) and an ash sample (3482 BCE) confirmed that the wood originated from the previously investigated settlement. One of the samples was dated to 1647 ± 95 BCE, and is thus considerably younger than the known site of Črešnja pri Bistri. The examination of the wood species from the Stare gmajne site revealed a high proportion of poplar (Populus sp.), hazel (Corylus avellana) and ash. Dendrochronological dating was not possible due to poor preservation.

Early detection is important for the management of invasive alien species. In the last decade citizen science has become an important source of such data. Here, we used opportunistic records from the “LIFE ARTEMIS” citizen science project, in which people submitted records from places where they observed tree pests, to understand the distribution of a rapidly-spreading forest pest: the oak lace bug (Corythucha arcuata) in Slovenia. These citizen science records were not distributed randomly. We constructed a species distribution model for C. arcuata that accounted for the biased distribution of citizen science by using the records of other tree pests and diseases from the same project as pseudo-absences (so-called constrained pseudo-absences), and compared this to a model with pseudo-absences selected randomly from across Slovenia. We found that the constrained pseudo-absence model showed that C. arcuata was more likely to be found in east, in places with more oak trees and at lower elevations, and also closer to highways and railways, indicating introduction and dispersal by accidental human transport. The outputs from the model with random pseudo-absences were broadly similar, although estimates from this model tended to be higher and less precise, and some factors that were significant (proximity to minor roads and human settlements) were artefacts of recorder bias, showing the importance of taking the distribution of recording into account wherever possible. The finding that C. arcuata is more likely to be found near highways allows us to design advice for where future citizen science should be directed for efficient early detection.

12 páginas.- 3 figuras.- 56 referencias.- Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37428-6, Soil contamination is one of the main threats to ecosystem health and sustainability. Yet little is known about the extent to which soil contaminants differ between urban greenspaces and natural ecosystems. Here we show that urban greenspaces and adjacent natural areas (i.e., natural/semi-natural ecosystems) shared similar levels of multiple soil contaminants (metal(loid)s, pesticides, microplastics, and antibiotic resistance genes) across the globe. We reveal that human influence explained many forms of soil contamination worldwide. Socio-economic factors were integral to explaining the occurrence of soil contaminants worldwide. We further show that increased levels of multiple soil contaminants were linked with changes in microbial traits including genes associated with environmental stress resistance, nutrient cycling, and pathogenesis. Taken together, our work demonstrates that human-driven soil contamination in nearby natural areas mirrors that in urban greenspaces globally, and highlights that soil contaminants have the potential to cause dire consequences for ecosystem sustainability and human wellbeing., This study was supported by a 2019 Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators, BBVA Foundation (URBANFUN), and by the BES grant agreement No LRB17\1019 (MUSGONET). We are grateful for the assistance of Yunyun Hao and Xuemei Han during soil sampling. We also thank Drs. Shuai Du and Xiuli Hao for their help in data analyses. M. D-B. is supported by the projects from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2020-115813RA-I00) (SOIL4GROWTH) and TED2021-130908B-C41 (URBANCHANGE) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and a project of the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) and the Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades of the Junta de Andalucía (FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020 Objetivo temático “01 - Refuerzo de la investigación, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación”) associated with the research project P20_00879 (ANDABIOMA). Y-R. L. is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42177022). M.G.A.H is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (310030_188799). D.J.E. is supported by the Hermon Slade Foundation. F.B. and J.L.M. acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry and FEDER funds for the project AGL2017-85755-R, the I+D+i project PID2020-114942RB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033, the i-LINK+2018 (LINKA20069) from CSIC, as well as funds from “Fundación Séneca” from Murcia Province (19896/GERM/15). E.M.-J. was supported by an Experienced Researcher Fellowship of the Humboldt Foundation. E.M-J. and C.P. acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2020-116578RB-I00). F.A. is supported by ANID FONDECYT 1220358. H-W.H. and J-Z.H. are supported by the project (DP210100332) from Australian Research Council. S.A. is funded by ANID FONDECYT 1170995 and ANID ANILLO ACT192027. MB is supported by a Ramón y Cajal grant from Spanish Ministry of Science (RYC2021-031797-I). The contribution of TG and TUN was supported by the Research Program in Forest Biology, Ecology and Technology (P4-0107) and project V4-3098 of the Slovenian Research Agency. T.P.M. would like to acknowledge contributions from the National Research Foundation of South Africa and cities involved in the South African survey. J.D. and A. Rey acknowledge support from the FCT (IF/00950/2014 and SFRH/BDP/108913/2015, respectively). JPV is thankful to SERB (EEQ/2021/001083) and DST (DST/INT/SL/P-31/2021) and BHU-IoE (6031)-incentive grant for research and development. MCR acknowledges support from an ERC Advanced Grant (694368). AM acknowledged financial support from the PMRF, Ministry of Education - Government of India, India.

Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 28. 2. 2023. Bibliografija: str. 2.

Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 3. 2. 2023.

Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) has been at the centre of controversy for many decades. Recent evidence of its profound disturbance-induced damage and consequent stock depletions across forest landscapes in Europe has reinforced doubts regarding the sustainability and prospects of this tree species in the future. Like many other European countries, Slovenia has experienced significant Norway spruce mortality and a decrease in growing stock primarily as the result of several disturbance agents (bark beetle outbreaks, an ice storm, windthrows). We investigated a countrywide spruce growing stock decline based on data between 2010 and 2018. Particular focus was placed on identifying the main ecological drivers of this decline, namely geological conditions, climatic parameters, soil attributes, topographic factors and forest stand characteristics. The effects of potential predictors on the relative change (%) in spruce volume (m3 ha-1) during the period 2010-2018 were analysed with Generalized Additive Models. Based on a national dataset including forest compartments (n = 6355) with a spruce growing stock decline > 10%, we found mixed support for ecology-based hypotheses. While spruce decline responded to bedrock type as predicted (i.e., greater relative decline in carbonate compared to silicate compartments), higher forest naturalness (preservation of tree species composition) was not associated with a lower decline. Spruce decline was amplified by higher potential evapotranspiration and soil clay content but showed a strong negative relationship with spruce proportion in the year 2010. General trends along the gradients of other selected predictors (stoniness/rockiness and heat load index) were less pronounced. The results suggest that most of these ecological predictors interact with geology and forest naturalness in affecting Norway spruce decline. Our analysis reveals that bedrock type can play an important role due to its mitigating effects. However, forest naturalness is of secondary significance as intensified large-scale forest disturbances likely override its buffering potential. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 5. 4. 2023. Bibliografija: str. 114-115. Abstract.

Preverili smo zanesljivost verjetnostne in količinske napovedi sanitarnega poseka smreke zaradi podlubnikov v Sloveniji v 2022. Verjetnostni model za napoved sanitarnega poseka smreke zaradi podlubnikov je potrdil visoko zanesljivost (AUC modela = 0,89, AUC napovedi = 0,83). Ugotovili smo optimalni prag za verjetnost sanitarnega poseka, ki jih bomo lahko uporabili pri naslednjih napovedih za bolj jasno določitev območij, kjer se bodo potencialno pojavila žarišča smrekovih podlubnikov. Optimalen prag za verjetnostni model v letu 2022 je bil 0,30. Količinska napoved je zelo podcenila dejansko količino sanitarnega poseka smreke zaradi podlubnikov, saj je bil ta 3,9- do 8,2-krat višji od napovedane. Predlagamo izboljšavo količinskega modela pred njegovo nadaljnjo uporabo. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 14. 12. 2022. Bibliografija: str. 4.

The prioritization of alien species according to the magnitude of their environmental impacts has become increasingly important for the management of invasive alien species. In this study, we applied the Environmental Impact Classification of Alien Taxa (EICAT) to classify alien taxa from three different taxonomic groups to facilitate the prioritisation of management actions for the threatened riparian forests of the Mura-Drava-Danube Biosphere Reserve, South East Europe. With local experts we collated a list of 198 alien species (115 plants, 45 insects, and 38 fungi) with populations reported in southeast European forest ecosystems and included them in the EICAT. We found impact reports for 114 species. Eleven of these species caused local extinctions of a native species, 35 led to a population decrease, 51 to a reduction in performance in at least one native species and for 17 alien species no effects on individual fitness of native species were detected. Fungi had significantly highest impact and were more likely to have information on their impacts reported. Competition and parasitism were the most important impact mechanisms of alien species. This study is, to our knowledge, the first application of EICAT to all known alien species of several taxonomic groups in a protected area. The impact rankings enabled to identify taxa that generally cause high impacts and to prioritize species for the management in protected areas according to their impact magnitudes. By following a standardized impact protocol, we identified several alien species causing high impacts that do not appear on any expert-based risk list, which are relevant for policymakers. Thus, we recommend that alien species be systematically screened to identify knowledge gaps and prioritize their management with respect to spatio-temporal trends in impact magnitudes.

Rdeči hrast (Quercus rubra L.) samoniklo uspeva le na vzhodu Severne Amerike. V slovenske gozdove je bil prvič zasajen pred dobrim stoletjem. Cilj naše raziskave je bil, da ugotovimo kako je les rdečega hrasta iz slovenskega rastišča odporen na navlaževanje in glivni razkroj. Vzporedno smo testiranja izvajali na lesu evropskega hrasta (Quercus spp.) in na smrekovini (Picea abies L.). Beljava je neodporna na glivni razkroj, zato smo za vsa testiranja uporabljali le jedrovino izbranih lesnih vrst. Izvedli smo niz raziskav na področju odpornosti lesa na glivni razkroj in navlaževanje. Poleg tega smo izvedli še anatomske in kemijske analize. Pripravili smo trajne anatomske preparate in na mikroskopski ravni primerjali vpliv zgradbe lesa evropskega hrasta in rdečega hrasta na glivni razkroj. Številne tile v lesu evropskega hrasta predstavljajo bariero, ki otežuje napredovanje hif, medtem ko so v lesu rdečega hrasta tile redke, je pa zato bolj impregnabilen. Določili smo količino ekstraktivov v lesu, delež celuloze, lignina in hemiceluloz. Z računskim modelom Meyer-Veltrup smo na podlagi faktorja odpornosti lesa na biološki razkroj in faktorja odpornosti lesa proti navlaževanju izračunali relativno življenjsko dobo lesa in čas v katerem pričakujemo začetek razkroja lesa. Rdeči hrast v primerjavi z evropskim hrastom izkazuje primerljivo odpornost na navlaževanje, medtem ko je slabše odporen na glivni razkroj, saj vsebuje manjšo količino ekstraktivov in je slabše otiljen. Raziskava podaja dobre izhodiščne podatke za lažje odločitve pri uporabi in zaščiti lesa rdečega hrasta. Red oak (Quercus rubra L.) is native only to eastern North America. It was first planted in Slovenian forests more than a century ago. The objective of the study was to determine the resistance of red oak wood from Slovenian forests to moisture and fungal attack. Testing of red oak wood was conducted in parallel with testing of European oak (Quercus spp.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) wood. The sapwood is not resistant to fungal decay, and thus only heartwood from selected wood species was used for all tests. We conducted a series of studies on the resistance of wood to fungal decay and wetting. In addition, anatomical and chemical analyses were performed. We made permanent anatomical preparations and compared the influence of the wood structure of European oak and red oak on fungal decay at the microscopic level. The numerous tyloses in the wood of European oak provide a barrier to the progression of fungal hyphae, whereas tyloses in red oak wood are rare and therefore easier to treat. The amount of extractives in the wood, and the percentages of cellulose, lignin and hemicelluloses were determined. Using the Meyer-Veltrup model, we calculated the relative resistance dose of the wood and the time within which the wood is expected to begin to decay based on the wood's inherent resistance to biological deterioration and wettability. Red oak shows nearly the same wetting performance compared to European oak, but is less resistant to fungal attack because it contains lower levels of extractives and tyloses. The study provides good baseline data to facilitate decisions on the use and protection of red oak wood.

Mineva šest let od prve najdbe invazivne tujerodne hrastove čipkarke (Corythucha arcuata) v Sloveniji, ki se že širi po vsej državi. V zadnjih letih je bilo ugotovljeno, da v slovenskih gozdovih gozdarji vrsto že prepoznavajo kot problematično. Negativni vplivi hrastove čipkarke se kažejo v rjavenju krošenj in zmanjšanju stopnje fotosinteze. Dolgoročni vplivi vrste na hraste in različne druge organizme, povezane s hrasti, pa še niso dobro raziskani. Trenutno potekajo tudi raziskave o možnostih zatiranja tega škodljivega organizma. Pripravili smo povzetek biologije, vplivov in raziskav o možnostih obvladovanja hrastove čipkarke. Za boljše razumevanje širjenja in vpliva hrastove čipkarke v slovenskih gozdovih vas vabimo k sodelovanju in sporočanju opažanj v informacijski sistem Invazivke (www.invazivke.si). It has been six years since the invasive oak lace bug (Corythucha arcuata) arrived in Slovenia and is slowly spreading over large parts of the country. Recent surveys have shown that foresters recognise that the oak lace bug is a problem for Slovenian forests. The effects are mainly a browning of the tree crowns and a decrease in photosynthesis. The longterm consequences for the trees and the interactions between other oak-related species are not yet well understood. There is research going on on different management options. We have prepared an article providing an overview of the biology, impacts, and research on control options. To better understand the spread and impact of the oak lace bug, we invite you all to submit your observations to the information system “Invazivke” (www.invazivke.si). Besedilo v slov. Bibliografija: str. 192-193. Izvleček ; Abstract.

Osmerozobi smrekov lubadar (Ips typographus) in šesterozobi smrekov lubadar (Pityogenes chalcographus sta najpomembnejša škodljivca navadne smreke (Picea abies) v osrednji Evropi in tudi v Sloveniji. Kontrolno-lovne pasti, opremljene s feromonskimi vabami, uporabljamo za ocenjevanje številčnosti smrekovih podlubnikov. Cilj raziskave je bil izračunati povprečno razmerje (mediano) ulova osmerozobega smrekovega lubadarja in šesterozobega smrekovega lubadarja med dvojnimi in enojnimi ter trojnimi in enojnimi kontrolno-lovnimi pastmi. Za ta namen smo uporabili podatke s spremljanja številčnosti smrekovih podlubnikov v režastih pasteh vrste Theysohn, tj. uporabili smo podatke iz 19.140 enojnih pasti, 4.347 dvojnih pasti in 991 trojnih pasti, ki jih je Zavod za gozdove Slovenije spremljal v letih 2013–2021. V dvojno past se je povprečno ujelo 1,17-krat več osebkov I. typographus kot v enojno. Ulov šesterozobega smrekovega lubadarja v dvojno past je bil v povprečju enak kot v enojni pasti. Ulov osmerozobega smrekovega lubadarja v trojno past je bil v povprečju 1,58-krat večji kot v enojno. V trojno past se je povprečno ujelo 1,54-krat več osebkov P. chalcographus kot v enojno. Preverili smo tudi vpliv izbranih dejavnikov na razmerje ulova v pasteh: (1) razlika v začetku spremljanja; (2) razlika v nadmorski višini; (3) pasti je čistila ista oseba; (4) oddaljenost od druge pasti; (5) razlika v razdalji do najbližjega žarišča. Na mediano razmerja ulova je najbolj vplivala oddaljenost od drugih pasti. Na mediano razmerja ulova I. typographus v trojno past sta zaznavno vplivala tudi začetek spremljanja in razlika v nadmorski višini med primerjanima pastema. Ničen vpliv na mediano razmerja med trojno in enojno pastjo je imel pogoj, da je pasti čistila ista oseba. Izračunana povprečja bomo uporabili za točnejši preračun kumulativnega ulova v dvojne in trojne kontrolno-lovne pasti na eno past, saj smo za to doslej uporabljali konstanti dve za dvojne in tri za trojne pasti, kar je bistveno več od dejanskih razmerij. To bo pripomoglo k zanesljivejšim ocenam o prenamnožitvah na lokacijah pasti, kjer uporabljamo podatke iz spremljanja ulova v dvojne in trojne kontrolno-lovne pasti. The European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) and the six-toothed spruce bark beetle (Pityogenes chalcographus) are the most important pests of spruce (Picea abies) in Central Europe and also in Slovenia. The aim of the study was to calculate the ratio (median) of catches of European spruce bark beetle and six-toothed spruce bark beetle between double vs. single, and triple vs. single pheromone traps. For this purpose, we used the data from the monitoring of spruce bark beetles in slit barrier pheromone traps of type Theysohn i.e., we used the data from 19,140 single traps, 4,347 double traps, and 991 triple traps monitored by the Slovenia Forest Service in the period from 2013 to 2021. A double trap caught 1.17 times more specimens of I. typographus than a single trap. The catch of six-toothed spruce bark beetle into double traps was on average the same size as in a single trap. The catch of European spruce bark beetle in a triple trap was on average 1.58 times larger than in a single trap. On average, 1.54 times more specimens of P. chalcographus were caught in the triple trap than in the single trap. We also examined the influence of selected factors on trap catch ratios: (1) the difference in the start of monitoring; (2) the difference in elevation; (3) the traps were monitored by the same person; (4) the distance to another trap; (5) the difference in distance to the nearest outbreak area. Distance to another trap had the greatest effect on average catch rates. The onset of monitoring and the difference in elevation between the compared traps also had a noticeable effect on the median catch ratios of I. typographus in the triple trap. The factor that the traps were cleaned by the same person did not affect the median ratio between the triple and single traps. We will use the calculated averages to more accurately convert the cumulative catches to double and triple control traps per trap, as we have previously used constants of 2 for double and 3 for triple traps, which are significantly higher than the actual ratios. This will contribute to more reliable estimates of population size at trap sites, for which we also use catch monitoring data in double traps and triple traps. Besedilo v slov. Bibliografija: str. 184-185. Izvleček ; Abstract.

Razvoj nove tehnologije nam omogoča izdelavo izdelkov, ki so okolju prijazni ter primerljivi ali celo boljši od tistih, ki temeljijo na surovinah iz neobnovljivih virov. Takšen izdelek je tudi taninska pena, ki je izdelana predvsem iz naravnih in obnovljivih virov. Proučevali smo lastnosti taninskih pen in izdelali kompozit s sredico iz taninske pene. Pripravili smo dve različni sestavi taninskih pen in primerjali njihovo gostoto in tlačno trdnost. Ugotovili smo, da se z dodajanjem različnih komponent k sestavi taninske pene, spreminjajo lastnosti taninske pene. V drugi fazi proučevanja smo izbrali taninsko peno, ki je izkazala boljše lastnosti, in iz nje izdelali lesne kompozite s sredico iz taninske pene, pri čemer smo za površinski sloj kompozita uporabili pet različnih lesnih materialov. Izdelanim lesnim kompozitom smo testirali trdnost vezi med površinskim slojem in sredico. Ugotovili smo, da je največja razslojna trdnost pri kompozitih, kjer smo za osnovo uporabili les in OSB ploščo, najmanjša pa pri kompozitih iz iverne in vezane plošče. The development of new technology allows us to produce products that are environmentally friendly and comparable or even better than materials based on raw materials from non-renewable sources. Tannin foam is one such product, which is made mainly from natural and renewable sources. In our study we studied the properties of tannin foams and made a composite with a tannin foam core. We prepared two different compositions of tannin foams and compared their density and compressive strength. We found that by adding different components to the composition of tannin foam, the properties of the tannin foam change. In the second phase of the study we selected the tannin foam which showed better properties, and made wood composites with a tannin foam core from it, using five different wood materials for the surface layer of the composite. The internal bond strength of the surface layer and the core of the manufactured wood composites was tested. We found that the highest internal bond strength was in composites where we used wood and OSB as a base, and the lowest in composites made of particleboard and plywood.

Trenutne energetske razmere so opozorile na veliko potrebo po prenovi obstoječega gradbenega fonda. Na podlagi preteklih podatkov energetsko potratnih stavb smo določili dva najpogostejša konstrukcijska sklopa, ki se pojavljata v obstoječem gradbenem fondu. S pomočjo programa U – Wert smo nadgradili osnovna konstrukcijska sklopa z 8 različnimi konstrukcijskimi sklopi na osnovi lesa, ki bi jih lahko v celoti izdelali v tovarni in tako pripomogli k zmanjšanju energetskih izgub. U - Wert je omogočal analizo temperaturnega in vlažnostnega dogajanja v posameznem modelu. Na podlagi analize smo določili 4 konstrukcijske sklope, za katere smo izdelali fizične modele in jim izmerili toplotne karakteristike. Namestili smo jih na komoro, s katero smo simulirali zunanje pogoje (8 °C in 85 % RZV). Preko celotnega modela smo merili temperaturo, toplotni tok in vlažnost znotraj klima komore. Ugotovili smo, da je debelejša toplotna izolacija in model z več lesa vodil v večje dušenje temperature in posledično v manjši toplotni tok. Najvišjo temperaturno zakasnitev je imel konstrukcijski sklop s CLT ploščo (13,5 ur). Toplotni tok je skozi sredino modelov prehajal počasneje, kot ob straneh lesenega okvirja, kjer je bilo več lesa in posledično večja prevodnost. Ob primerjanju izmerjenih podatkov in simuliranih podatkov U – Wert-a smo ugotovili minimalna odstopanja. Vrednosti U – Wert-a so bile tudi nekoliko višje od dejanskih meritev. Predlagane rešitve bi lahko vključili za obnovo obstoječega gradbenega fonda, rešitve so posebej primerne za prenove večjih objektov. The current energy situation has highlighted the urgent need to renovate the existing building stock. Based on previous data on buildings with high energy consumption, we have identified the two most common assemblies that are frequently used. Using U-Wert, we upgraded the two basic assemblies with 8 different wood-based assemblies that can be fully manufactured in the factory and help reduce energy losses. U-Wert allowed the analysis of temperature and moisture development in each model. Based on the results, we identified four assemblies for which we created physical models and measured their thermal characteristics. They were mounted on a chamber simulating outdoor conditions (8 °C and 85% RH). Throughout the model, we measured the temperature, heat flux and humidity inside the air-conditioning chamber. We found that thicker insulation and a model with more wood resulted in higher temperature attenuation and consequently lower heat flux. The highest temperature lag was observed for assembly 3 with CLT panels (13.5 h). The heat flow was slower in the centre of the models than on the sides of the wood frame, where there was more wood and consequently more heat conduction. Comparing the measured data of the samples with the simulated U-Wert data, the deviations were minimal. The U-Wert values were also slightly higher than the actual measurements. The proposed solutions could be considered in the renovation of the building stock, and are particularly suitable for the renovation of larger buildings.

Lecanosticta acicola is a pine needle pathogen causing brown spot needle blight that results in premature needle shedding with considerable damage described in North America, Europe, and Asia. Microsatellite and mating type markers were used to study the population genetics, migration history, and reproduction mode of the pathogen, based on a collection of 650 isolates from 27 countries and 26 hosts across the range of L. acicola. The presence of L. acicola in Georgia was confirmed in this study. Migration analyses indicate there have been several introduction events from North America into Europe. However, some of the source populations still appear to remain unknown. The populations in Croatia and western Asia appear to originate from genetically similar populations in North America. Intercontinental movement of the pathogen was reflected in an identical haplotype occurring on two continents, in North America (Canada) and Europe (Germany). Several shared haplotypes between European populations further suggests more local pathogen movement between countries. Moreover, migration analyses indicate that the populations in northern Europe originate from more established populations in central Europe. Overall, the highest genetic diversity was observed in south-eastern USA. In Europe, the highest diversity was observed in France, where the presence of both known pathogen lineages was recorded. Less than half of the observed populations contained mating types in equal proportions. Although there is evidence of some sexual reproduction taking place, the pathogen spreads predominantly asexually and through anthropogenic activity.

Rationalization and optimization of work is becoming increasingly important in the European forestry sector. In this study a tool for modeling three different precommercial thinning approaches in young beech mountain stands was developed based on several field studies. The simulation examines three primary types of precommercial thinning: selective thinning and two types of situational thinning. We studied the impact of the number of candidates/crop trees and the impact of harvesting intensity on the structure and consumption of productive time. We found that in terms of costs situational precommercial thinning is more rational than selective precommercial thinning, that harvesting intensity has a significant impact on time consumption and that the number of candidates or crop trees has a significant impact on time consumption as well as on the relationships between main and auxiliary productive time. The modeling has shown that situational thinning is an alternative to selective thinning and that, in addition to requiring smaller and more efficient harvesting machines, it offers a cost-effective and ergonomic option (more walking, less chainsaw operation) for the pre-commercial thinning of young forest.

Between 1995 and 2021, archaeological excavations at 16 sites in Ljubljansko barje, Slovenia, collected more than 8,800 samples of waterlogged archaeological wood, mostly from piles driven into the ground on which dwellings were built. About 20% of the samples were from oak (Quercus sp.) and ash (Fraxinus sp.) trees with more than 45 tree-rings, which could be included in the dendrochronological analyses, and tree-ring chronologies could be established for most sites. Dating by dendrochronology, radiocarbon dating, and wiggle matching, as well as teleconnection with the German-Swiss reference chronology, allowed absolute dating of oak in the time frame 3771–3330 BC (BAR-3330 chronology), while precise 14C dates were obtained for chronologies covering the periods 3285–3109 ± 14 cal BC (SG-VO) and 2659–2417 ± 18 cal BC (ZA-QUSP1). The potential of the ash wood chronologies, especially those of the 3rd millennium BC, when this wood species was predominant, has not yet been fully exploited. Na 16 koliščih na Ljubljanskem barju v Sloveniji je bilo med leti 1995 in 2021 z arheološkimi izkopavanji zbranih več kot 8.800 vzorcev z vodo napojenega arheološkega lesa. Večina vzorcev je bilo odvzetih iz pilotov, zabitih v zemljo, na katerih so bila zgrajena bivališča. Približno 20 % vzorcev je bilo iz lesa hrasta (Quercus sp.) in jesena (Fraxinus sp.), z več kot 45 branikami, ki jih je bilo mogoče vključiti v dendrokronološke analize in sestaviti kronologije širin branik za večino najdišč. Datiranje z uporabo dendrokronologije, radiokarbonskega datiranja in metode wiggle matching ter telekonekcije z nemško-švicarsko referenčno kronologijo so omogočili na leto natančno absolutno datiranje hrasta v časovnem okviru 3771–3330 pr. Kr. (kronologija BAR-3330), medtem ko so bili natančni radiokarbonski datumi pridobljeni za kronologije, ki pokrivajo obdobji 3285–3109 ± 14 kal. pr. Kr. (SG-VO) in 2659–2417 ± 18 kal. pr. Kr. (ZA-QUSP1). Potencial kronologij jesena, zlasti tistih iz 3. tisočletja pr. Kr., kjer ta vrsta prevladuje, še ni bil v celoti izkoriščen.

An increased frequency of fire events on the Slovenian Karst is in line with future climate-change scenarios for drought-prone environments worldwide. It is therefore of the utmost importance to better understand tree-fire-climate interactions for predicting the impact of changing environment on tree functioning. To this purpose, we studied the post-fire effects on leaf development, leaf carbon isotope composition (%13C), radial growth patterns and the xylem and phloem anatomy in undamaged (H-trees) and fire-damaged trees (F-trees) of Q. pubescens with good re-sprouting ability in spring 2017, the growing season after a rangeland fire in August 2016. We found that the fully developed canopy of F-trees reached only half of the LAI values measured in H-trees. Throughout the season, F-trees were characterised by higher water potential and stomatal conductivity and achieved higher photosynthetic rates compared to unburnt H-trees. The foliage of F-trees had more negative %13C values than those of H-trees. This reflects that F-trees less frequently meet stomatal limitations due to reduced transpirational area and more favourable leaf-to-root ratio. In addition, the growth of leaves in F-trees relied more on the recent photosynthates than on reserves due to the fire disturbed starch accumulation in the previous season. Cambial production stopped 3 weeks later in F-trees, resulting in 60% and 22% wider xylem and phloem increments, respectively. A novel approach by including phloem anatomy in the analyses revealed that fire caused changes in conduit dimensions in the early phloem but not in the earlywood. However, premature formation of the tyloses in the earlywood vessels of the youngest two xylem increments in F-trees implies that xylem hydraulic integrity was also affected by heat. Analyses of secondary tissues showed that although xylem and phloem tissues are interlinked changes in their transport systems due to heat damage are not necessarily coordinated. Nasl. iz nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 18. 3. 2020. Bibliografija: str. 807-809. Abstract.

International trade in plants and climate change are two of the main factors causing damaging tree pests (i.e. fungi and insects) to spread into new areas. To mitigate these risks, a large-scale assessment of tree-associated fungi and insects is needed. We present records of endophytic fungi and insects in twigs of 17 angiosperm and gymnosperm genera, from 51 locations in 32 countries worldwide. Endophytic fungi were characterized by high-throughput sequencing of 352 samples from 145 tree species in 28 countries. Insects were reared from 227 samples of 109 tree species in 18 countries and sorted into taxonomic orders and feeding guilds. Herbivorous insects were grouped into morphospecies and were identified using molecular and morphological approaches. This dataset reveals the diversity of tree-associated taxa, as it contains 12,721 fungal Amplicon Sequence Variants and 208 herbivorous insect morphospecies, sampled across broad geographic and climatic gradients and for many tree species. This dataset will facilitate applied and fundamental studies on the distribution of fungal endophytes and insects in trees.

Over the last decades the vitality and productivity of European ash trees in Slovenia has been seriously impacted by the onset of canker and dieback disease symptoms on young and old trees, primarily identified as ash dieback caused by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Given the limited information available about the aetiology of this emerging disease, a study was carried out to isolate, identify and characterize the fungal species involved in the observed ash symptoms. Field surveys were conducted in five forest sites where 50 symptomatic branch samples were collected. All samples were inspected and used for fungal isolation. Based on morphology, colony appearance and DNA sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), 125 fungal colonies belonging to five species were isolated and identified. Only a few symptomatic ash samples yielded colonies of H. fraxineus, whereas Botryosphaeriaceae species were isolated with a high frequency, with Diplodia fraxini as the dominant species. A pathogenicity test proved that all isolated species were pathogenic on European ash, causing bark lesions and wood discoloration. All Botryosphaeriaceae species isolated in this study are reported for the first time on European ash in Slovenia. Avtorji iz Slov.: Ana Brglez, Barbara Piškur, Nikica Ogris. Bibliografija: str. 27-28.

Purpose of the Review One of the major threats to tree health, and hence the resilience of forests and their provision of ecosystem services, is new and emerging pests. Therefore, forest health monitoring is of major importance to detect invasive, emerging and native pest outbreaks. This is usually done by foresters and forest health experts, but can also be complemented by citizen scientists. Here, we review the use of citizen science for detection and monitoring, as well as for hypothesis-driven research and evaluation of control measures as part of forest pest surveillance and research. We then examine its limitations and opportunities and make recommendations on the use of citizen science for forest pest monitoring. Recent Findings The main opportunities of citizen scientists for forest health are early warning, early detection of new pests, monitoring of impact of outbreaks and scientific research. Each domain has its own limitations, opportunities and recommendations to follow, as well as their own public engagement strategies. The development of new technologies provides many opportunities to involve citizen scientists in forest pest monitoring. To enhance the benefits of citizen scientists’ inclusion in monitoring, it is important that they are involved in the cocreation of activities. Summary Future monitoring and research may benefit from tailor-made citizen science projects to facilitate successful monitoring by citizen scientists and expand their practice to countries where the forest health sector is less developed. In this sense, citizen scientists can help understand and detect outbreaks of new pests and avoid problems in the future. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 28. 11. 2022. Bibliografija: str. 27–32. Abstract.

Osmerozobi smrekov lubadar (Ips typographus) in šesterozobi smrekov lubadar (Pityogenes chalcographus sta najpomembnejša škodljivca navadne smreke (Picea abies) v osrednji Evropi in tudi v Sloveniji. Kontrolno-lovne pasti, opremljene s feromonskimi vabami, uporabljamo za ocenjevanje številčnosti smrekovih podlubnikov. Cilj raziskave je bil izračunati povprečno razmerje (mediano) ulova osmerozobega smrekovega lubadarja in šesterozobega smrekovega lubadarja med dvojnimi in enojnimi ter trojnimi in enojnimi kontrolno-lovnimi pastmi. Za ta namen smo uporabili podatke s spremljanja številčnosti smrekovih podlubnikov v režastih pasteh vrste Theysohn, tj. uporabili smo podatke iz 19.140 enojnih pasti, 4.347 dvojnih pasti in 991 trojnih pasti, ki jih je Zavod za gozdove Slovenije spremljal v letih 2013–2021. V dvojno past se je povprečno ujelo 1,17-krat več osebkov I. typographus kot v enojno. Ulov šesterozobega smrekovega lubadarja v dvojno past je bil v povprečju enak kot v enojni pasti. Ulov osmerozobega smrekovega lubadarja v trojno past je bil v povprečju 1,58-krat večji kot v enojno. V trojno past se je povprečno ujelo 1,54-krat več osebkov P. chalcographus kot v enojno. Preverili smo tudi vpliv izbranih dejavnikov na razmerje ulova v pasteh: (1) razlika v začetku spremljanja (2) razlika v nadmorski višini (3) pasti je čistila ista oseba (4) oddaljenost od druge pasti (5) razlika v razdalji do najbližjega žarišča. Na mediano razmerja ulova je najbolj vplivala oddaljenost od drugih pasti. Na mediano razmerja ulova I. typographus v trojno past sta zaznavno vplivala tudi začetek spremljanja in razlika v nadmorski višini med primerjanima pastema. Ničen vpliv na mediano razmerja med trojno in enojno pastjo je imel pogoj, da je pasti čistila ista oseba. Izračunana povprečja bomo uporabili za točnejši preračun kumulativnega ulova v dvojne in trojne kontrolno-lovne pasti na eno past, saj smo za to doslej uporabljali konstanti dve za dvojne in tri za trojne pasti, kar je bistveno več od dejanskih razmerij. To bo pripomoglo k zanesljivejšim ocenam o prenamnožitvah na lokacijah pasti, kjer uporabljamo podatke iz spremljanja ulova v dvojne in trojne kontrolno-lovne pasti. The European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) and the six-toothed spruce bark beetle (Pityogenes chalcographus) are the most important pests of spruce (Picea abies) in Central Europe and also in Slovenia. The aim of the study was to calculate the ratio (median) of catches of European spruce bark beetle and six-toothed spruce bark beetle between double vs. single, and triple vs. single pheromone traps. For this purpose, we used the data from the monitoring of spruce bark beetles in slit barrier pheromone traps of type Theysohn i.e., we used the data from 19,140 single traps, 4,347 double traps, and 991 triple traps monitored by the Slovenia Forest Service in the period from 2013 to 2021. A double trap caught 1.17 times more specimens of I. typographus than a single trap. The catch of six-toothed spruce bark beetle into double traps was on average the same size as in a single trap. The catch of European spruce bark beetle in a triple trap was on average 1.58 times larger than in a single trap. On average, 1.54 times more specimens of P. chalcographus were caught in the triple trap than in the single trap. We also examined the influence of selected factors on trap catch ratios: (1) the difference in the start of monitoring (2) the difference in elevation (3) the traps were monitored by the same person (4) the distance to another trap (5) the difference in distance to the nearest outbreak area. Distance to another trap had the greatest effect on average catch rates. The onset of monitoring and the difference in elevation between the compared traps also had a noticeable effect on the median catch ratios of I. typographus in the triple trap. The factor that the traps were cleaned by the same person did not affect the median ratio between the triple and single traps. We will use the calculated averages to more accurately convert the cumulative catches to double and triple control traps per trap, as we have previously used constants of 2 for double and 3 for triple traps, which are significantly higher than the actual ratios. This will contribute to more reliable estimates of population size at trap sites, for which we also use catch monitoring data in double traps and triple traps.

Mineva šest let od prve najdbe invazivne tujerodne hrastove čipkarke (Corythucha arcuata) v Sloveniji, ki se že širi po vsej državi. V zadnjih letih je bilo ugotovljeno, da v slovenskih gozdovih gozdarji vrsto že prepoznavajo kot problematično. Negativni vplivi hrastove čipkarke se kažejo v rjavenju krošenj in zmanjšanju stopnje fotosinteze. Dolgoročni vplivi vrste na hraste in različne druge organizme, povezane s hrasti, pa še niso dobro raziskani. Trenutno potekajo tudi raziskave o možnostih zatiranja tega škodljivega organizma. Pripravili smo povzetek biologije, vplivov in raziskav o možnostih obvladovanja hrastove čipkarke. Za boljše razumevanje širjenja in vpliva hrastove čipkarke v slovenskih gozdovih vas vabimo k sodelovanju in sporočanju opažanj v informacijski sistem Invazivke (www.invazivke.si). It has been six years since the invasive oak lace bug (Corythucha arcuata) arrived in Slovenia and is slowly spreading over large parts of the country. Recent surveys have shown that foresters recognise that the oak lace bug is a problem for Slovenian forests. The effects are mainly a browning of the tree crowns and a decrease in photosynthesis. The longterm consequences for the trees and the interactions between other oak-related species are not yet well understood. There is research going on on different management options. We have prepared an article providing an overview of the biology, impacts, and research on control options. To better understand the spread and impact of the oak lace bug, we invite you all to submit your observations to the information system “Invazivke” (www.invazivke.si).