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V magistrskem delu smo analizirali oskrbovanje montažnih linij in samih delovnih mest s komponentami v opazovanem podjetju. Čeprav je obstoječ način oskrbovanja zanesljiv, pa ni najboljši, saj ima kar nekaj pomanjkljivosti. Skladiščni transporterji, kateri montažne linije oskrbujejo z viličarji, imajo delež pripeljanih logističnih enot na vožnjo dokaj majhen. To posledično pomeni veliko število voženj, visoko potrebo po viličarjih in visoke stroške. Linijski transporterji, ki s komponentami oskrbujejo delovna mesta, pri tem naredijo veliko nepotrebnih korakov in prelaganj logističnih enot. Te bi v primeru bolj povezanega dela med linijskimi in skladiščnimi transporterji lahko v veliki meri odpravili. V magistrskem delu smo našli rešitev izboljšanja obstoječega načina oskrbovanja in sicer s spremembo postavitve delovnih mest na samih montažnih linijah in z vpeljavo metode milk run. Metoda milk run je omogočila, da se je število pripeljanih logističnih enot na enoto vožnje povečalo, s tem pa se je zmanjšalo število voženj, potrebnih za oskrbovanje montažnih linij. S spremembo delovnih mest, ki so po novem postavljena tik ob transportnih poteh, smo omogočili, da se komponente z vlakci milk run dostavljajo bliže delovnim mestom oziroma kar na sama delovna mesta, kar olajšuje delo linijskih transporterjev. In this master`s degree thesis we have analysed the supply of assembly lines and workplaces with the components in the observed company. Although the existing system of supply is reliable, it still has a lot of weaknesses. Warehouse forklift operators, who are supplying the assembly lines by forklifts, have relatively low share of the logistics units transported per ride. This causes a large number of rides, high forklifts demand and high costs. Line operators, who are supplying workplaces with the components, make a lot of unnecessary steps and shifts. This could be eliminated in case of more cooperation between the line operators and the warehouse operators. We have found the solution for this problem in the layout change of workplaces on the assembly lines, and with the introduction of the milk run method. By implementing the milk run method, we increased the number of logistic units that are transported per ride. At the same time we decreased the number of rides, required for supplying assembly lines. By changing the layout and implementing the milk run method, we enabled that the components are delivered closer or directly to the workplaces. This solution makes the work of the line operators easier.

Iz analize dosedanjih študij in izvedbe lastne ugotavljamo aplikativnost naglavnih prikazovalnikov (v nadaljevanju HMD), kot alternative drugim metodam, za preprečevanje napak v procesu komisioniranja. Rezultati analize kažejo, da je za preprečevanje napak v komisioniranju uporaba »pick-by-vision« sistema bolj učinkovita od sistemov, kot so »pick-by-paper«, »pick-by-voice«, in »cart mounted display« tehnologije. Primerjava s »pick-by-light« je doprinesla manj jasne rezultate, je pa raziskava, ki je sistem HMD označila kot bolj ugoden, razliko označila kot statistično značilno. Opažamo, da uporabniki s sistemi HMD naredijo sicer več napak, kot če uporabljajo druge sisteme, vendar sistem velik del teh napak zazna in so takoj odpravljene. Napak, ki potujejo v naslednje faze, je v primerjavi z drugimi načini najmanj. Dejstvo je pomenljivo, saj tudi zaznane napake vplivajo na produktivnost in motivacijo komisionarja. Zaznane napake v naši študiji so kljub takojšni odpravi imele zaradi podvajanja dela močnejši takojšni učinek na produktivnost uporabnika. Najpogostejše napake v dosedanjih študijah so izbor napačnega izdelka, napačna količina ter izpuščen delovni nalog. Redkeje se pojavljajo napake v postopku dela. Naša študija je vključevala nekoliko bolj zaprt sistem, ki mnogih napak ni dopuščal. Zato sta najpogostejši napaki odlaganje izdelka na napačno lokacijo ter premik napačnega izdelka. Posledica napak, ki so bile odpravljene še med delom, je predvsem podaljšan čas komisioniranja. Nezaznane napake pa bi v resničnih aplikacijah sistema HMD pustile ostrejše posledice. Pri našem eksperimentu so zaradi metode dela nekatere posledice tudi nezaznanih napak razvidne kmalu po nastanku. Ker odlaganje izdelkov ni potekalo z uporabo vozičkov za odlaganje, temveč smo izdelke med delom le premikali iz ene pozicije na skladiščnem regalu na drugo, je bilo v primeru napake to mogoče zaznati že ob naslednjem premiku istega izdelka. Do 99 % vseh napak so komisionirni sistemi zaznali še tekom dela in tako niso potovale v nadaljnje faze dela. Vsaka nezaznana napaka je tekom našega eksperimenta negativne posledice pustila v povprečju na še dodatnih 1,8 opravilnih vrsticah delovnega naloga. V nasprotju s pričakovanji iz pridobljenih rezultatov ni mogoče sklepati, da število napak pada s časom in izkušnjami pri delu. Prav tako ni bilo mogoče dokazati, da bi bili sistemi, ki uporabljajo sledenje, bolj učinkoviti za preprečevanje napak kot sistemi brez sledenja. We explore the impacts of applying a vision-based picking system, based upon the application of head-mounted displays (HMD), to order picking processes, as a means of eliminating errors. The evaluation in based upon the implementation of our experiment as well as an in-depth analysis of previous works done on this topic. Our results show the effectiveness of such systems, when compared to established methods, such as paper-picking, voice-picking and using cart mounted displays. The results are less conclusive, when comparing HMD-based systems to light-based systems. We identify a possible trend of users making mistakes, significantly more frequently while using vision-based order picking in comparison to other methods. However, a vast majority of those are identified by the system and rectified immediately. Error detection is extremely efficient, up to the point that the remaining error frequency surpasses other prevention-based attempts. This characteristic is neither insignificant nor without implications for the efficiency of the work as well as motivation of the worker. Previous studies on the topic identified the most frequent errors as: mispick, wrong quantity and omission error. Less common were different procedural errors. However, as the setup of our experiment differs greatly, many error types were not possible to make. That is why our experiment identified condition error as the dominant error type. Tough the consequences for detected errors are mostly seen in the time lost, the impacts of undetected errors can be much more severe in real life application. That notwithstanding, our experimental design was modified in a way, that allowed for continuous work over a period of four hours. This meant, that a more immediate observation of the impacts of undetected errors, was possible. In this way we observed 60 tasks, that were affected by a total of 33 undetected errors. On average each one added additional 6.77 second to the total completion time. I contrast to with our expectation, we were unable to conclude, that the frequency of errors falls in conjunction with time and the gained experience. Additionally, we were unable to show any significant difference in error rates when using an AR-enriched picking system as opposed to the simpler vision-picking system.

V uvodu je opredeljeno področje, ki je predmet raziskave, namen in cilji, omejitve raziskave ter predvidene metode raziskovanja. Teoretični del opredeljuje zaloge, vrste zalog, značilnosti in cilje upravljanje zalog, optimalne zaloge, stroške vzdrževanja zalog ter dejavnike, ki vplivajo na obvladovanje zalog. V zalogah je vezan velik del sredstev podjetja, zato je ravnanje z njimi ena od pomembnih funkcij podjetja. Posledica slabega ravnanja z zalogami je neustrezen denarni tok, velike količine investicije v skladišča, manjši dobiček v primeru, če so proizvodi naročeni v prevelikih ali premajhnih količinah in če niso bili dobavljeni pravočasno, saj se lahko s tem ustavi proizvodnja in prav tako odprema. V praktičnem delu upravljamo s signalnimi zalogami in zalogami z ABC in XYZ analizo. Analizirali in izdelali smo tabelo materialov, jih preučili in analizirali s pomočjo ABC in XYZ analize. Poglobili se bomo v ABC in XYZ analizo. Skozi diplomsko nalogo opazujemo in ugotavljamo, kako z večanjem učinkovitosti upravljanja zalog stremimo k večji konkurenčnosti in boljši gospodarnosti podjetja. In der Einführung wird Folgendes definiert: der Bereich, dere in Gegenstand der Forschung ist, die Absicht und die Zwecke, die Beschränkungen der Forschung und die vorgesehenen Methoden der Forschung. Der theoretische Teil definiert die Vorräte, die Arten der Vorräte, die Eidenschaften und die Zwecke der Vorratsverwaltung, optimale Vorräte, Kosten der Vorratspflege und die Faktoren, die die Vorratskontrolle beeinflussen. In dem Vorrat ist ein großer Teil der Mittel des Unternehmens eingeschlossen, deswegen ist die Bewirtschaftung mit ihnen eine der wichtigsten Funktionen des Unternehmens. Eine Folge der schlechten Bewirtschaftung mit den Vorräten ist ein untentsprechender Cashflow, große Investitionen in die Läger, kleinerer Gewinn, wenn die Produkte in zu großen oder zu kleinen Mengen bestellt werden und wenn sie nicht rechtzeitig geliefert wurden. Damit kann die Produktion zum Stillstand kommen und ebenso der Versand. Im praktischen Teil wird es mit Signalvorräten verwaltet und die Verwaltung der Vorräte wird durch ABC- und XYZ- Analyse analysiert. Die Tabelle der Materialien wurde angefertigt und analysiert. Die Daten wurden erforscht und mithilfe der ABC – und XYZ – Analyse analysiert. Die ABC- und XYZ – Analyse wird weitererforscht. Die ganze Zeit wird die Dilomarbeit beobachtet und es wird ermittelt, wie es mit der Steigerung der Wirksamkeit der Vorratsverwaltung nach einer größeren Konkurrenzfähigkeit und nach einer besseren Wirtschaftlichkeit des Unternehmens gestrebt wird.

V Sloveniji se je z razvojem gospodarstva pričelo intenzivnejše onesnaževanje okolja, ki je povzročilo velik porast emisij in izpustov strupenih snovi v okolje. Eden izmed krivcev za onesnaževanje je transport, ki z leti še vedno narašča. Ena izmed rešitev, kako zmanjšati količino emisij, bi lahko bila okolju prijazna vozila (električna vozila ipd.). Ker je takih vozil na cestah še relativno malo, je smiselno ugotoviti, kaj bi spodbudilo njihov nakup. V ta namen smo izvedli anketo s 13 vprašanji, takšno, kot je bila izvedena v magistrski nalogi Dejavniki vpliva na odločitev o nakupu okolju prijaznih vozil (Zupan, 2014). Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, kaj ljudi najbolj prepriča, ko se odločajo za nakup novega avtomobila, kakšno je njihovo mnenje o okoljevarstvu ter kaj jih spodbudi k nakupu okolju prijaznega vozila. Naš namen je bil predvsem ponovno zbrati podatke in jih primerjati s podatki iz leta 2013 ter tako ugotoviti, ali se je razmišljanje ljudi spremenilo. Economy growth in Slovenia is causing more intense environmental pollution, which is causing higher levels of emissions in the environment. One of the reasons is transport, which is constantly rising. One of the solutions, on how to lower emissions of traffic, would be low emission cars. But the problem is that there are not large numbers of such vehicles on our streets. To increase numerousness of them, we should find out what would convince people to buy more emission free vehicles. Such research was already conducted by Zupan, 2014 in Factors affecting purchasing decisions of environmentally friendly vehicles. We are going to conduct the same questionnaire to see if any changes were registered in five years.

Izbira kakovostnih prehrambnih in kozmetičnih izdelkov za dojenčke je izjemnega pomena za njihovo zdravje, dobro počutje in razvoj. Eden izmed faktorjev pri nakupu teh izdelkov je tudi deklaracija, saj vsebuje pomembne podatke o sestavinah izdelka, njegovem izvoru itd. V magistrski nalogi smo s pomočjo ankete ugotavljali, kakšen vpliv imajo deklaracije takih izdelkov na nakupno odločitev mater. Magistrsko delo je razdeljeno na teoretični in praktični del. V teoretičnem delu smo najprej na splošno razložili pojem deklaracije in njene sestavne elemente, nato še specifično predstavili označevanje prehrambnih in kozmetičnih izdelkov. Izpostavili smo tudi nekaj specifik takih izdelkov, na katere je dobro biti pozoren pri izbiri oz. nakupu. V praktičnem delu magistrskega dela smo najprej pripravili anketni vprašalnik, namenjen materam dojenčkov, starih manj kot eno leto, ter ga objavili v nekaterih facebook skupinah. Nato smo predstavili in analizirali dobljene rezultate ter tako dobili sliko trenutnega stanja v Sloveniji, na podlagi katerega smo lahko podali predloge rešitev za izboljšanje trenutnega stanja na tem področju. Choosing quality alimentary and cosmetic products for babies is crucial for their health, well-being and growth. When buying these products, one of the factors is also the declaration, because it contains important information about the product's ingredients, its origin, etc. With the help of a survey, we found out what influence the declarations of such products have on the purchase decision of moms. This master's thesis is divided into a theoretical and practical part. Firstly, we presented the declaration and its components in general. Later on, we went into specifics regarding labelling alimentary and cosmetic products. We also pointed out some of the specifics which are good to pay attention to when choosing or buying a particular product. In the practical part of our master's thesis, we first prepared a survey for babies' moms that are less than one year old and posted it to some Facebook groups. Then we analysed and presented the obtained results, so that we got a picture of a current situation in Slovenia. Lastly, we were able to propose solutions for improving the current situation.

Osrednji del diplomskega dela zajema predstavitev trenutnega procesa dela s paletami ter podajanje rešitve za izboljšave in izris novega procesa. Njegovo delovanje pa predstavimo v teoretskih predpostavkah in možnih izidih na podlagi utemeljitve dosedanjega stanja in poznavanja podobnih že delujočih uspešnih procesov. Tako smo sprva opredelili teorijo procesov in logistike ter predstavili pomen osnovnih pojmov in njihov izvor. Procese smo opredelili kot dokumentiran potek dela v podjetju, ki omogočijo dober pregled nad posameznimi aktivnostmi in vpliv posameznih delov na končen rezultat. Po opredelitvi procesov smo predstavili tudi procesno obravnavo organizacije, kar je spremenilo način delovanja podjetij, od teh, ki so sestavljena iz posameznih samostojnih aktivnosti, do podjetij, ki so sestavljena iz tesno povezanih procesov. Tako se seznanimo s fazami procesnega oblikovanja proizvodov in storitev ter oblikovanja dela v organizaciji. Navedli smo tudi nekaj značilnosti managementa poslovnih procesov, ki je takoj za procesno obravnavo podjetja zelo pomemben vidik vodenja procesnega delovanja. Nato smo predstavili modeliranje procesov v organizaciji in metodologijo ter management poslovnih procesov. Navedli smo nekaj metod kakovostnega poslovanja za sprotno izboljševanje kakovosti in prilagajanje spremembam (npr. BPM, ISO 9000, Six Sigma itd.). Ob koncu opredeljevanja procesov v teoriji pa smo predstavili še nekaj faz prenove procesa. S tem smo zaključili utemeljevanje procesov in se usmerili v utemeljitev pojmov logistike. Logistika izvira iz vojske in pomeni načrtovanje, organizacijo in koordinacijo premika, prevoza česa, koga od začetne do ciljne točke. Opredelili smo osnovne pojme, razvoj ter poslovno logistiko. Ker v nalogi spoznavamo proces dela s paletami, smo na kratko predstavili izvor uporabe palet, današnji pomen le-teh in njihove dimenzije v različnih predelih sveta. Opisali smo tudi splošni potek menjave palet iz literature in tako zaključili teoretičen del naloge. V nadaljevanju naloge smo na kratko predstavili tudi podjetje, v katerem poteka proces, ki smo ga nato podrobno opisali in izrisali. Popis procesa v podjetju smo analizirali in nato dodali kritike, ki smo jih opazili pri opravljanju. S pomočjo intervjuja in ankete smo ugotavljali tudi razumevanje, pripravljenost in poznavanje zaposlenih o procesu in iskali izhodišča za njegovo prenovo. Kot rezultat kritik in analize trenutnega procesa smo nato izrisali ter opisali nov izboljšanj proces dela s paletami. V sklepu pa smo potrdili hipoteze, ki smo jih na podlagi ugotovljenih in navedeni trditev v nalogi uporabili za argumentiranje le-teh. The central part of the diploma thesis consists of presenting the current process of working with pallets and providing solutions for improvements and outlining of the new process. Its operation is presented in theoretical assumptions and possible outcomes, on the basis of justification of the current situation and knowledge of similar already successful processes. Thus, we initially defined the theory of processes and logistics and presented the meaning of the basic concepts and their origin. We define processes as documented workflows within a company that allow a good overview of individual activities and the impact of individual parts on the final result. After defining the processes, we also presented the process treatment of the organization, which changed the way companies operate, from those that consist of individual activities to companies that consist of closely related processes. In this way, we become acquainted with the phases of process design of products and services and design work in the organization. We also mention some of the features of business process management, which is a very important aspect of managing process operations immediately after a company process is considered. We then introduced process modeling in the organization and methodology and management of business processes. We have outlined some quality business methods for real-time quality improvement and customization of change (eg BPM, ISO 9000, Six Sigma, etc.). At the end of defining the processes in theory, however, we have outlined several stages of process overhaul. In this way, we have completed the justification of the processes and further focused on the justification of the concepts of logistics. Logistics originates from the military and means the planning, organization and coordination of moving, transporting anything from a starting point to a destination. We defined the basic concepts, development and business logistics. As we present the process of working with pallets in the assignment, we briefly outlined the origin of the use of pallets, the present importance of these and their dimensions in different parts of the world. We also presented the general course of changing pallets from literature, thus completing the theoretical part of the thesis. In the continuation of the assignment, we also briefly introduced the company undergoing the process, which was then described and detailed. We analyzed the process inventory in the company and then added the criticisms we noticed while performing it. Interviews were also used to determine the understanding, preparedness and knowledge of employees about the process and to look for starting points for its redesign. As a result of criticism and analysis of the current process, we then outlined and described new improvements to the pallet work process. Finally, the decision confirms the hypotheses that we have used to substantiate them based on the established and stated arguments in the task.

V diplomski nalogi smo raziskali in predstavili skladiščno poslovanje v podjetju Hiko trade d.o.o., ki je specializirano za storitve skladiščenja, logistike, distribucije in prodaje izdelkov blagovne znamke Vileda. V teoretičnem delu smo opredelili poslovne procese v splošnem smislu, kakor tudi poslovne funkcije. Nato smo se osredotočili na opredelitev skladiščnega poslovanja. V praktičnem delu smo predstavili podjetje Hiko trade d.o.o., njihovo načrtovanje in izvajanje poslovanja ter kadrovsko strukturo. Podrobno smo opisali temeljne skladiščne procese, kakor tudi vse podporne procese, s katerimi se ukvarjajo, na primeru robotov za čiščenje tal. Tako smo natančno opisali sprejem, skladiščenje in odpremo v izbranem podjetju. Pred opisovanjem specifičnega procesa smo ga najprej teoretično definirali. Skozi opisovanje pa smo tudi predstavili poslovni objekt, v katerem se izvajajo poslovni procesi, kakor tudi opremo in tehnologijo, s katero rokujejo zaposleni. Skozi kritično analizo smo spoznali probleme, s katerimi se podjetje srečuje in predstavili rešitve, ki bi izboljšale sprejem in odpremo blaga ter evidentiranje zalog. In the graduation thesis, we researched and presented warehouse operations in the company Hiko trade d.o.o., which is specialized in warehousing, logistics, distribution and sales activities of products under the brand Vileda. In the theoretical part, we defined business operations in general, as well as business functions. Our main goal was defining the warehouse operations. In the practical part, we presented the company Hiko Trade d.o.o., their planning and implementation of business operations, and the structure of human resources in the company. We precisely described the main warehouse operations, as well as all support processes, which employees are facing. The whole case is based on one product, which is a cleaning robot. We made a detailed description of the acceptance of goods, storage and shipment of goods in the company. Before describing the specific process, we first defined it theoretically. During the description, we also introduced the business facility, where business operations are carried out, as well as the equipment and the technology used by the employees. Through a critical analysis, we have identified the problems that the company is facing and presented solutions that would improve the acceptance of goods, shipment of goods and stock recording.

Impulzivno nakupovanje je vsem dobro poznano, a velikokrat napačno interpretirano, prav tako ga je težko opredeliti z enotno in celovito definicijo. So pa raziskovalci enotni, da impulzivno nakupovanje vključuje tri ključne značilnosti tovrstnega vedenja. In sicer, nakup je nenačrtovan, težko nadzorovan in spremljan s čustvenimi odzivi. Tovrstno nakupno vedenje na prvi pogled morda izgleda enostavno, vendar temu ni tako. Velja namreč za kompleksno obliko nakupnega vedenja. S časom in večanjem nasičenosti trga z raznimi izdelki in storitvami, se je posledično spremenila tudi kultura potrošnje. Ogromna razpoložljivost izdelkov, vplivi oglasnih sporočil, privlačnost izdelkov, trendi, nagnjenost k potrošnji ipd., odjemalcem omogočajo, da podležejo skušnjavi in opravijo t.i. impulziven nakup. Impulzivno nakupno vedenje je del širšega področja raziskovanja, vedenja odjemalcev, na področju katerega gre za študijo procesov izbire, nakupovanja, uporabljanja ali razpolaganja z izdelki, storitvami, za zadovoljitev potreb in želj posameznikov ali skupin. Odjemalci torej skozi proces nakupovanja sprejemajo nakupne odločitve, da zadovoljijo njihove potrebe. Ta proces odločanja je lahko včasih čisto samodejen oz. rutinski, lahko je tudi povsem čustveno pogojen, spet v nekaterih primerih pa je kompleksen in zahteva večje napore odjemalca za sprejetje prave nakupne odločitve. Tovrsten nakupni proces imenujemo razširjen proces odločanja in temelji na podlagi racionalnih in izredno premišljenih odločitev. V nasprotju s tem nakupnim procesom, pa je impulzivno nakupovanje povsem kontradiktivno. Včasih namreč odjemalci doživijo nakupne impulze, ki jih privedejo do nakupa, ki ni posledica racionalne nakupne odločitve. Odločitve odjemalcev ob impulzivnem nakupu, kršijo temeljna načela modela »homo economicus«, ki predpostavlja, da ima odjemalec popoln dostop do vseh potrebnih informacij in vse relevantne informacije ob sprejemanju svojih nakupnih odločitev tudi racionalno upošteva. Pri klasičnem nakupnem vedenju, torej odjemalci v vseh fazah nakupnega procesa, sprejemajo racionalne nakupne odločitve, ki so neodvisne od njegovih čustev, počutja in psiholoških stanj. Pri impulzivnem nakupnem procesu pa prevlada čisto nasprotje. Pri impulzivnem nakupnem procesu odjemalec namreč ni popolnoma informiran, nima jasno izraženih potreb in je pod vplivom različnih dejavnikov oz. impulzov. Model procesa impulzivnega nakupovanja lepo prikazuje vedenje, ki sledi določeni strukturi, od tvorbe in uveljavitve ali opustitve t.i. potrošniškega impulza. Pri tem pa so izredno pomembni tudi razni dejavniki, ki na tovrstno vedenje vplivajo in ga pogojujejo. Ti dejavniki so tudi osrednja tema tega diplomskega projekta. Za lažje razumevanje so dejavniki razvrščeni na kategorije. In sicer, notranje dejavnike, v okviru katerih je obravnavana nagnjenost posameznika k impulzivnosti, razpoloženje, vrednote, simbolizem in identiteta. Demografske značilnosti, kjer so vključene razlike v nakupnem vedenju med spoloma. Zunanje dejavnike kot so nakupno okolje, nakupovanje kot užitek in t.i. »store browsing«, razpoložljivost časa in denarja. Ter socio-kulturne dejavnike, kot sta kultura in družba. Glavni cilj diplomskega projekta je bil opredeliti in opisati proces impulzivnega nakupovanja, ter opredeliti glavni niz stimulantov, ki vplivajo na impulzivno nakupno vedenje. S pregledom relevantne literature in ključnih raziskav na področju izbrane tematike, sem želela oblikovati smiseln teoretičen konstrukt, ki pojasnjuje obravnavano tematiko. Impulsive buying or impulsive purchasing is well known to many, but often misinterpreted. It is also difficult to define with a single and comprehensive definition. However researchers agree that impulsive buying is defined by three key features. Namely, the purchase is unplanned, difficult to control and accompanied by emotional responses. At first, this kind of behaviour is easy to understand, but in reality it is a complex form of purchasing behaviour. With time and growing market saturation with various products and services, consumption culture has also changed. Huge availability of products, the impact of advertising messages, attractiveness of products, trends, propenisty to consume etc. allow consumers to succumb to the temptation and carry out a so-called impulsive purchase. In general, impulsive purchasing behaviour is a part of a broader field of research – consumer behaviour. In this field of research, processes of purchasing, using and disposing of products, services, to satisfy the needs and desires of individuals or groups, are studied. Consumers are known to make purchasing decisions while going through the shopping process to satisfy their needs. This decision-making process can sometimes be purely automatic, sometimes completely influenced by emotions and in some cases, it is complex and requires greater effort to make the right purchasing decision. This kind of purchasing process is called an extended decision-making process and is based on rational and well-thought-out decisions. In contrast to this purchasing process, impulsive purchasing is completely contradictory. Sometimes, consumers experience purchasing impulses that lead them to make a purchase that is not the result of a rational purchasing decision. Consumers' decision to make impulsive purchases violates the fundamental principles of the »homo economicus« model, which presupposes that the consumer has full access to all the necessary information and also rationally considers all relevant infomation when making his purchasing decisions. In classic purchasing behaviour, consumers at all stages of the purchasing process make rational purchasing decisions that are independent of their emotions, feelings and psychological states. In the impulsive purchasing process, however, the consumer is not fully informed, does not have clearly acknowledged needs and is influenced by various factors or impulses. The impulsive purchasing model displays those kind of purchasing behaviours that follow a particular structure, from the creation and enactment or abandonment of i.e. consumer impulse. Variour factors that influence impulsive purchasing behaviour are important. This factors are also the central theme of this paper. For better understanding, they were categorized in to groups. Internal factors within the individual's impulsivity trait, mood, values, symbolism and identitya are adressed. Demographic characteristics such as differences in purchasing behaviour between genders. External factors such as shopping environment, store browsing, shooping as a pleasurable experiance and availability of time and money. And the last category are socio-cultural factors such as culture and society. The main goal of this paper was to define and describe the impulsive shopping process and to identify main factors or stimulants that influence impulsive buying behaviour. By reviewing the relevant literature and key researching papers, i wanted to formulate a theoretical construct, that explains the studied theme.

Logistika je proces upravljanja tokov materialov od vira nastajanja do končnega porabnika in zajema fizični tok materiala in informacij od dobavitelja, preko proizvajalca in trgovca do končnega potrošnika, vključuje pa tudi skladiščenje materialov, surovin, polizdelkov in končnih izdelkov. Sestavljena je iz več logističnih podsistemov s ciljem zagotavljanja dostave prave dobrine in storitve na pravem mestu, v pravi količini in kakovosti, ob pravem času ter z najnižjimi stroški in vplivi na okolje. Razbremenilna logistika skrbi za ostanke in odpadke, ki nastajajo v vseh poslovnih procesih znotraj podjetja, oziroma v nabavnem procesu, proizvodnji ter distribuciji izdelkov. Naloga razbremenilne logistike je predvsem upoštevanje ekonomskih in ekoloških ciljev, zbiranje, sortiranje in ločevanje odpadkov in ostankov, recikliranje, zbiranje in deponiranje ostankov in odpadkov ter ustrezno skladiščenje, manipuliranje in transport le teh. Pomen razbremenilne logistike z razvojem izdelkov in vse zahtevnejšo ekološko zakonodajo hitro narašča. Vpliv razbremenilne logistike na proizvodna podjetja in njen pomen pri poslovanju podjetij bomo pokazali na primeru podjetja Oblak Group, d. o. o., ki se ukvarja s proizvodnjo betonskih izdelkov. Logistics is the process of managing flows of materials from the source of creation to the final consumer and covers the physical flow of material and information from the supplier, through the producer and trader to the final consumer, and also includes the storage of materials, raw materials, intermediate products and finished products. It consists of several logistics subsystems with the aim of providing the delivery of the right goods and services, in the right place, in the right quantity and quality, at the right time and with the lowest costs and environmental impacts. Reverse logistics takes care of residues in waste that are present in all business processes in companies, or in the process of preparing, manufacturing and distributing products. The task of reverse logistics is primarily in the economic and ecological sense, collection, sorting and separation of waste in the supply, recycling, collection and appropriate disposal.

Vsako podjetje, ki teži k uspešnosti in razvijanju mora vedno paziti pri izbiri materiala/stvari, ki se uporabljajo pri samem poslovanju. Podjetje, ki teži v razvijanju in uspešnosti mora predvidevati korake v prihodnosti in, če to uspe uspešno, potem na takšen način doseže določeno konkurenčno prednost. Sama nabava v podjetju je zelo pomembna, sploh pa v današnjih časih, kjer podjetja težijo k izbiri takšnih dobavitevljev, ki imajo določene produkte, ki ne škodujejo okolju in olajšajo samo poslovanje podjetja ter tako dosežejo konkurenčno prednost. Nabavna služba mora iskati zelo veliko informacij o samih dobaviteljih in izbrati način kako to presoditi. Vsako podjetje ima različne načine presoje svojih dobaviteljev, v mojem primeru ima podjetje Unior d.d. zelo posebne metode, ki jih bom opisal v nadaljevanju. Odločitve za pravega dobavitelja so lahko ključen člen za razvoj in obstoj samega podjetja. Izbira dobaviteljev je ključnega pomena za podjetje prav tako tudi izbira samega nabavnega trga, zato je potrebno zelo dobro preučiti razne tržne priložnosti in probleme glede nabavnega trga. Dobavitelji, ki imajo pogoj za sodelovanje se tako znajdejo na listi odobrenih dobaviteljev. Podjetja vedno bolj težijo v dolgoročnemu sodelovanju z dobavitelji, da ni potrebno iskati vedno novih in potem takem povečati stroške iskanja informacij o posameznih dobaviteljih. V teoretičnem delu vam bom predstavil pomembne informacije o sami nabavi, nabavnem trgu in samem ocenjevanju dobaviteljev. Praktični del je sestavljen iz opisa Unior d.d., kako ocenjujejo dobaviteljev in po katerih metodah presojajo dobavitelje. Sama nabavna služba od Unior d.d. se veliko posveča že obstoječim dobaviteljem (redno preverjanje njihove kakovosti) in pa seveda tudi iskanju novih dobaviteljev. Every business aspiring to thrive and develop should always be careful about the material / things that are used in the business itself. A firm aspiring to develop and succeed must anticipate steps in the future and, if successful, then achieve a certain competitive advantage in this way. Purchasing in the company itself is very important, but especially in the present day, where companies tend to choose such supplies, which have certain products that do not harm the environment and facilitate the business operations of the company and thus achieve a competitive advantage. The purchasing department needs to look for a great deal of information about the suppliers themselves and choose how to judge it. Each company has different ways of judging its suppliers, in my case Unior has a d.d. very specific methods that I will describe below. Deciding on the right supplier can be a key link in the development and existence of the business itself. The choice of suppliers is crucial for the company as well as the choice of the purchasing market itself, so it is necessary to study very different market opportunities and problems regarding the purchasing market. Suppliers who are eligible to participate thus appear on the approved supplier list. Companies are increasingly striving for long-term cooperation with suppliers, so that there is no need to look for new ones and then increase the cost of finding information about individual suppliers. In the theoretical part, I will present important information about the procurement itself, the purchasing market and the supplier evaluation itself. The practical part consists of a description of Unior d.d., how they evaluate suppliers and by what methods they evaluate suppliers. The purchasing service itself from Unior d.d. a lot of attention is paid to existing suppliers (regular checking of their quality) and, of course, to finding new suppliers.

Nabava v podjetju je tista, ki mu daje priložnost za odpiranje in širitev na trg. Posledično ima to zelo pomemben strateški vpliv na razvoj gospodarstva. Pomembno je, da vsako podjetje nabavlja zalogo materiala od najugodnejših dobaviteljev. V teoretičnem delu diplomskega projekta je na podlagi različnih strokovnih virov natančneje opredeljen pojem nabava in vse kar je povezano z nabavo. Predstavljene so podrobnosti procesa nabave ter kako poteka nabava v sodelovanju z ostalimi poslovnimi funkcijami. V praktičnem delu diplomskega projekta je predstavljeno nabavno poslovanje v podjetju Ocean Orchids d. o. o., ki se ukvarja s proizvodnjo in prodajo tropskih orhidej Phalaenopsis. Opisana je vizija in strategija podjetja, njegova organizacijska struktura ter trajnostne prakse. Among the key factors enabling a company to create and expand markets in acquisition. It plays a strategic role in economic development and central to the functioning of each company as it ensures a timely, cost efficient, and steady supply of raw materials, intermediate products, and services from the best possible providers. In today’s globalised economy, supply plays a crucial role in the competitiveness of every company. Rational and effective decision making by the management, both in acquisition and in general, is imperative to ensure a successful future for the company. In the practical section, I assess the acquisition processes of the Slovenian company Ocean Orchids d. o. o. Its business model is built around growing and selling moth orchids (Phanalenopsis). First I discuss several defining characteristics of the company such as its strategic vison, organisational structure, and sustainability practices. The aim of my research is to determine whether the acquisition model of Ocean Orchids is effective by company from the internal perspective as well as in terms of the relationship with the Dutch supplier. Based on this analysis, I aim to provide a list of potential improvements that will enhance the acquisition performance of Ocean Orchids.

V diplomskem delu smo pisali o skladiščenju v izbranem proizvodnem podjetju, kjer se srečujemo s problemom pomanjkanja prostora v skladišču in posledično s prevelikimi zalogami materiala za izdelavo izdelkov. Ti materiali so več metrski aluminijasti, železni in plastični profili, ki so uskladiščeni na premičnih konzolnih regalih. Zaradi pomanjkanja prostora je prišlo do neučinkovitega skladiščenja zalog, kar otežuje izvajanje procesov v skladišču. Kot rešitev za odpravo problema smo predlagali najem skladišča, ki zajema vse karakteristike potrebne za skladiščenje zalog. Predlagali smo tri lokacije obstoječih skladišč, ki smo jih poimenovali s črkami A, B in C. Pri izbiri ustrezne lokacije smo uporabili metodo razvrščanja po faktorjih in ugotovili, da je za najem najprimernejša lokacija B. Predlagano rešitev smo primerjali z trenutnim stanjem komisioniranja in ugotovili, da bi v predlaganem stanju skrajšali proces za eno opravilo, hkrati pa bi prihranili čas izvajanja procesov. Na koncu smo primerjali še stroške poškodovanega blaga in stroške najema skladiščnega prostora, kjer smo prišli do ugotovitve, da bi v predlaganem stanju mesečno prihranili vsaj 500 EUR. The diploma thesis illustrates storage in the selected manufacturing company, where we are facing the problem of storage space deficiency and subsequently excessive supply of materials for manufacturing products. The materials mentioned are several meters long aluminium, iron and plastic profiles stored in mobile console racks. Due to the lack of space, there has come to an ineffective storage of supplies, which obstructs the execution of storage processes. As a solution to the problem, we proposed to lease a storeroom that fulfils all the characteristics needed for storing supplies. Three already existing storage locations were proposed and denominated A, B and C. When choosing the appropriate location, we used the factor rating method and established the location B as the most appropriate. The solution was then compared with the existing process of order picking and it was noted that the solution would give us one less task to do, as well as save time in the execution of processes. In the end, the costs of damaged goods and those of leasing a storeroom were compared and we came to a conclusion that the solution would save us at least 500€ monthly.

Vsako oz. večina podjetij se pri svojem poslovanju sreča s problematiko zalog. Optimalni način vrednotenja in upravljanja zalog je tesno v povezavi s finančno in proizvodno politiko podjetja. Optimalnega načina pa ni mogoče določiti na univerzalni ravni temveč je le-ta specifičen za vsako posamezno podjetje. Določiti optimizacijo na področju zalog je kompleksno delo, ki zahteva povezanost in organiziranost med vsemi ostalimi poslovnimi funkcijami v podjetju. V diplomskem projektu se ukvarjamo z obravnavo vodenja zalog v proizvodnji, pri čemer tematiko obravnavamo tako iz teoretičnega kot iz praktičnega vidika. V teoretičnem delu je predstavljena teorija zalog ter metode vrednotenja in upravljanja zalog. V praktičnem delu pa so teoretična izhodišča prikazana še na primeru izbranega podjetja. Na koncu podajamo lastne sklepe in morebitne predloge k izboljšanju vodenja zalog ter optimizaciji Most of the companies are confronted with stock issues in their business. The optimal way of valuing and managing inventory is closely linked to the financial and product policy of the company. The optimum method cannot be determined on a universal level, but it is specific to each individual company. Defining inventory optimization is a complex work that requires connectivity and organization among all other business functions in the company. In the diploma thesis, we deal with the treatment of the management of inventory in production, and the subject is treated from a theoretical and practical point of view. The theoretical part presents the theory of inventories and the methods of valuation and inventory management. In the practical part, the theoretical starting points are also shown on the case of the selected company. Finally, we put our own conclusions and possible proposals to improve stock management and optimization.

Pri metodah večkriterijskega odločanja je pomembno, da imajo alternative več parametrov, ne le enega. Pri obravnavi večkriterijskega odločanja imamo na voljo različne metode, ki so bolj preproste, lahko pa tudi bolj kompleksne in tako bolj ustrezne pri reševanju večjih in težjih odločitvenih problemov. Metoda TOPSIS je ena od najbolj uporabnih metod večkriterijskega odločanja, ki je relativno preprosta in jo je lahko izvesti. Je ena izmed klasičnih metod večkriterijskega odločanja, ki temelji na razvrščanju posameznih alternativ glede na podane kriterije in parametre. V diplomski nalogi smo predstavili nekaj teoretičnih izhodišč nabavne funkcije in spoznali način večkriterijskega odločanja. Za praktični primer smo izbirali med štirimi dobavitelji dodatne opreme, tako da smo med seboj primerjali različne kriterije. Na osnovi analize smo ugotovili, kateri dobavitelj najbolj ustreza zahtevam podjetja. Za primer izbire najprimernejšega dobavitelja smo uporabili metodo TOPSIS, kar pomeni v angleščini Technique for the Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution. In the methods of multicriterial decision making it is important that alternatives have several parameters, and not just one. When dealing with multi-criteria decision-making, we have various methods available that are simpler, more complex, and more appropriate in solving major and difficult decision-making problems. The TOPSIS method is one of the most useful methods of multicriterial decision making, which is very simple and can be performed. It is one of the classic methods of multicriterial decision making based on the classification of individual alternatives according to the given criteria and parameters.. In the diploma thesis we presented some theoretical starting points of the acquisition function and realized the metod of multicriterial decision making. For the practical example, we selected four suppliers of accessories, so we compared each other with different criteria. Based on the analysis, we found out which supplier best suits the company's requirements. In the case of selecting the most suitable supplier, we used the TOPSIS method, which means the Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution.

V magistrski nalogi smo raziskali upravičenost vzpostavitve distribucijskega centra za sadje in zelenjavo na določeni lokaciji. Uporabili smo lokacijo podjetja Gomilar, d. o. o., ki opravlja svojo dejavnost na območju Občine Ivančna Gorica. Za raziskavo upravičenosti smo upoštevali teoretična izhodišča strokovnjakov s področja distribucijskih centrov za sadje in zelenjavo. Izhodišča smo razdelili na spoznanja o razvoju, strukturi in vplivih distribucijskih centrov za sadje in zelenjavo na okolico. V nadaljevanju smo opredelili metodologijo in metode, ki smo jih uporabili skozi naše raziskovanje navedli smo cilje in postavili tezo. Naslednji koraki so nam dali ključne informacije pri ugotavljanju upravičenosti vzpostavitve centra in so sestavljeni iz zakonskih podlag za vzpostavitev distribucijskega centra za sadje in zelenjavo, tržne analize ter analize lokacije in organizacije. V prvem delu smo po pregledu zakonskih podlag za vzpostavitev distribucijskega centra analizirali poglavitne regulativne, zakonodajne in prostorske usmeritve. V drugem delu smo raziskali makroekonomske in mikroekonomske vidike tržne analize, pri kateri smo dobili informacije o človeških virih, infrastrukturi, gospodarstvu in razvojnih spodbudah. Tretji del predstavlja analizo lokacije in organizacije podjetja Gomilar, d. o. o., v kateri smo zajeli značilnosti njegove lokacije, infrastrukture, informacijske podpore in organizacije dela. Na podlagi pridobljenih podatkov smo zastavili strateške in operativne cilje distribucijskega centra za sadje in zelenjavo in predlagali potrebne prilagoditve lokacije, infrastrukture, informacijske podpore in organizacije dela. Sledila je diskusija o upravičenosti vzpostavitve distribucijskega centra, s katero smo ugotovili, da vzpostavitev distribucijskega centra za sadje in zelenjavo na lokaciji podjetja Gomilar, d. o. o., ni upravičena. Lokacija, obstoječa infrastruktura, informacijska podpora in organizacija dela ne izpolnjujejo vseh zahtev za nemoteno delovanje predlaganega distribucijskega centra in bi potrebovale določene spremembe za izpolnjevanje vseh pogojev. In the master's thesis, we researched the eligibility for establishing a distribution centre for fruits and vegetables at a specific location. We used the location of the company Gomilar Ltd., which performs its activity in the area of the Municipality of Ivančna Gorica. For the eligibility survey, we considered the theoretical foundations of the experts in the field of distribution centres for fruits and vegetables. The foundations were divided into discoveries about development, structure and impacts of distribution centres for fruits and vegetables in the surrounding area. Hereinafter, we defined the research methodology and research methods we set goals and provided our thesis statement. The following steps provided us with essential information in determining the eligibility of the establishment of the distribution centre and consist of legal bases for establishing the distribution centre for fruits and vegetables, market analysis, and location and organizational analysis. In the first part, we reviewed the legal bases for establishing the distribution centre and analysed the main regulatory, legislative and spatial guidelines. In the second part, we studied macroeconomic and microeconomic aspects of the market analysis, where we obtained information about human resources, infrastructure, economy and economic development incentives. The third part presents the location and organizational analysis of the company Gomilar Ltd., in which we covered location characteristics, infrastructure, information support and work organization. On the basis of the obtained data, we set strategic and operational goals of the distribution centre for fruits and vegetables and suggested the necessary location adjustments, infrastructure, information support and work organization. We discussed the eligibility of establishing the distribution centre and found out that the establishment of the distribution centre for fruits and vegetables at Gomilar Ltd. location is not justified. The location, existing infrastructure, information support and work organization do not meet all the requirements for a smooth operation of the suggested distribution centre. They would need certain changes to meet the conditions for the smooth operation of the distribution centre for fruits and vegetables.

Nabava v današnje čase predstavlja eno izmed najbolj pomembnih funkcij v vsakem podjetju. Njena temeljna naloga je preskrba podjetja s surovinami, izdelavnim materialom, storitvami, energijo, pomožnim materialom, pa tudi s stroji, napravami itd. Glede na število avtomobilov na cestah v današnjem času je tema mojega diplomskega projekta zelo zanimiva. Zato je za njih je zelo pomembna ustrezna oprema. Tako podjetje Vulkanizerstvo TDS skrbi za sigurnost svojih strank pri upravljanju avtomobilov. Namen mojega diplomskega projekta je predstaviti in prikazati kaj sploh je nabavno poslovanje ter v teoretičnem delu diplomskega projekta prikazati nabavni proces pnevmatik v podjetju Vulaknizerstvo TDS. Konkurenca na trgu s enakimi proizvodi in storitvami kot se izbrano podjetje ukvarja je zelo velika. Zato je za podjetje zelo pomembno da za svoje odjemalce omogoči najboljše pnevmatike in platišča. Cilj diplomskega projekta je z pomočjo ustrezne literature dopolnit določeno znanje glede nabave, ki ga že imam, kot tudi spoznati kako nabava deluje v stvarnem svetu. Cilj mi je tudi preučit nabavne procese v izbranem podjetju in tako povezati določeno znanje iz teorije v praktične izkušnje. Purchasing today is one of the most important function in every company. Her basic order is to take care of company for all kinds of materials, services, energy, auxiliary materials, as well as machines and devices. According to the number of cars on the roads today, is the theme of my graduating project very interesting. So suitable equipment is in this case very important. In this case, company Vulkanizerstvo TDS worries for the safety of its customers when they are driving. The purpose of my graduation project is to present and illustrated what is it at all the purchasing and in the theoretical part of the graduating project demonstrated the purchase process of tires in the company Vulkanizerstvo TDS. Competition on the market with the same products and services as the selected company offers it ¨s very big. Therefore, it is very important for the company to enabling the best tires and wheels for its customers. With the help of relevant literature, the goal of my graduating project is to completed certain knowledge about the purchase I already have, as well as get to know how purchasing works in the real world. One of the my goals is also to consider purchasing processes in a selected company and so like that connect certain knowledge from the theory which I have in a practical experience.

Postopek izbire najugodnejšega dobavitelja V tem diplomskem delu se bomo ukvarjali z izbiro najugodnejšega dobavitelja v izbranem podjetju. Izbrano podjetje se ukvarja s predelovanjem kovin, zaradi katerega pa potrebuje dobavitelje za različne stvari za uspešno proizvodnjo. Ukvarjali se bomo samo s tremi, za njih najpomembnejšimi dobavitelji. Pri dobaviteljih bomo analizirali najpomembnejše kriterije to so čas dobave, tehnološko zmogljivost dobavitelja, potek reševanja reklamacij, kakovost, cena in plačilne pogoje. Za analizo anketnega vprašalnika smo uporabili postopek AHP modela. V prvem delu diplomske naloge smo s pomočjo izbrane literature povedali nekaj teoretičnih osnov o nabavi in kriterijih za izbiro dobavitelja. V nadaljevanju smo govorili o različnih odločitvenih modelih. Mi smo izbrali večkriterijski odločitveni model AHP model. V raziskovalnem delu smo s pomočjo računskega postopka po Kunzu dobili rezultate in ugotovili, kateri dobavitelj je najugodnejši. Process of selecting the best supplier In this work the choice of the most affordable supplier for the chosen company is considered. The chosen company works on processing metals, for which it needs supplies from different suppliers, so that the production runs successfully. Only three most important suppliers for the company are considered. The most important criteria, which the suppliers must meet, are analized. The criteria include time of delivery, technological capabilities of the supplier, reclamation solving process, quality, price and payment conditions. A survey has been made, where the process of the AHP model has been used to analyze it. With the help of chosen literature, theoretical basics about purchase and supplier choice criteria are described in the first part of this work. Discussion about different choice models follows. For the purpose of this research the multi-criteria AHP choice model has been chosen. In the research part the results were obtained using the Kunz calculation, which concluded which supplier is more affordable.

V magistrskem delu smo obravnavali temo organizacijski vidiki logističnega poslovanja podjetja Gea-Vipoll. Na začetku smo opredelili namen, cilje, hipoteze, predpostavke in omejitve raziskave ter predstavili metode raziskovanja. Magistrsko delo smo razdelili na sedem poglavij. Opredelili smo pomen organizacije v podjetju, definirali organizacijsko strukturo in predstavili pet vrst organizacijske strukture: funkcijsko, divizijsko, projektno, matrično in dinamično. Sledilo je poglavje o logistiki, ki je osrednja tematika našega magistrskega dela. Definirali smo pojem logistika, opredelili njene cilje in pomen za podjetje ter raziskovali vpliv globalizacije nanjo. V nadaljevanju smo se odločili podrobneje definirati elemente in podsisteme logistike. Osredotočili smo se predvsem na poprodajno logistiko, in sicer na logistiko rezervnih delov, nakupnoodločitveni proces in poprodajne storitve. Prav tako smo se ukvarjali tudi s povezanostjo logistike z drugimi poslovnimi sistemi. s pomočjo podjetja Gea-Vipoll smo teorijo podkrepili s praktičnimi primeri. Podjetje se ukvarja s proizvodnjo visokotehnološko dovršenih polnilnih linij in je v začetku letošnjega leta začelo delovati pod vodstvom drugih lastnikov. Čeprav smo bili mnenja, da je menjava lastnikov prinesla spremembe v organizaciji dela, temu ni tako. Analizirali smo potek dela v logističnih podsistemih in opredelili možnosti za izboljšanje logistike v podjetju. In the master’s thesis, we have dealt with the topic of organizational aspects of logistic business operation of the company Gea-Vipoll. First, we have defined purpose, objectives and hypotheses, presumptions and restrictions of the research, and presented research methods. Master’s thesis has been divided into seven chapters. We have defined the importance of organization in the company, organizational structure, and presented five types of organizational structure: functional, divisional, project, matrix, and dynamic. This is followed by logistics, which is a central topic of our master’s thesis. We have defined logistics, its objectives and importance for the company, and we have researched influence of globalization on logistics. Further, we have defined elements and sub-systems of logistics in details. We have mainly focused on after-sales logistics, namely: logistics of spare parts, purchase-decisive process, and after-sales services. We have also dealt with connection of logistics and other business systems. Together with the company Gea-Vipoll, we have supported the theory with practical cases. The company is engaged in the production of high-tech filling lines, and began to work under new owners at the beginning of this year. Although, we have thought that change of owners brought changes to work organization that is not the case. We have analysed workflow in logistic sub-systems and defined a possibility to improve logistics in the company.

V diplomski nalogi smo analizirali skladiščno poslovanje v podjetju Belimed d.o.o. in predlagali možnosti za izboljšavo obstoječega sistema z implementacijo sistema za upravljanje skladišč (WMS) in programske opreme za avtomatski vertikalni skladiščni sistem ter uvedbo ročnih terminalov z vgrajenim čitalcem črtnih kod, prenosnih tiskalnikov za tiskanje etiket in vozička za oskrbovanje proizvodnje. Obravnavano podjetje uporablja poslovno informacijski sistem SAP, ki pokriva vse funkcije v podjetju od finančne, nabavne, prodajne, proizvodne in skladiščne ter podjetju na ta način omogoča natančen pregled poslovanja. Ob implementaciji SAP-a v podjetju se je podjetje za področje skladiščenja odločilo za modul Upravljanje zalog (ang. Inventory management). Skladišče ima z omenjenim modulom kar nekaj pomanjkljivosti in posledično neoptimalnih procesov. Podjetje do sedaj ni posvečalo velike pozornosti tej tematiki, vendar pa se z rastjo podjetja in povečanim obsegom dela zaposleni v skladišču vsakodnevno srečujejo s težavami prevzemanja, skladiščenja, komisioniranja, usklajevanja zaloge in odpreme blaga. V diplomski nalogi smo analizirali skladiščno poslovanje v podjetju Belimed d.o.o. in predlagali možnosti za izboljšavo obstoječega sistema z implementacijo sistema za upravljanje skladišč (WMS) in programske opreme za avtomatski vertikalni skladiščni sistem ter uvedbo ročnih terminalov z vgrajenim čitalcem črtnih kod, prenosnih tiskalnikov za tiskanje etiket in vozička za oskrbovanje proizvodnje. Obravnavano podjetje uporablja poslovno informacijski sistem SAP, ki pokriva vse funkcije v podjetju od finančne, nabavne, prodajne, proizvodne in skladiščne ter podjetju na ta način omogoča natančen pregled poslovanja. Ob implementaciji SAP-a v podjetju se je podjetje za področje skladiščenja odločilo za modul Upravljanje zalog (ang. Inventory management). Skladišče ima z omenjenim modulom kar nekaj pomanjkljivosti in posledično neoptimalnih procesov. Podjetje do sedaj ni posvečalo velike pozornosti tej tematiki, vendar pa se z rastjo podjetja in povečanim obsegom dela zaposleni v skladišču vsakodnevno srečujejo s težavami prevzemanja, skladiščenja, komisioniranja, usklajevanja zaloge in odpreme blaga.

V diplomskem delu smo opisali, kakšno je trenutno stanje v podjetju, ter ob tem predstavili kar nekaj ovir, s katerimi se zaposleni vsakodnevno srečujejo. Nato smo se posvetili razreševanju treh največjih ovir ter podali predloge izboljšav. Največjo težavo smo opazili v povezavi s pomanjkanjem prostora v skladišču in proizvodnji. S pomočjo notranjih delovodij smo izbrali optimalno rešitev glede premestitve delovnih strojev ter vzpostavitve boljše organizacije pri samem delu oz. pri proizvodnem procesu. V skladišču smo določili nadaljevanje klasičnega paletnega regalnega sistema na osnovi izračunov za obliko regalnega okna ter dolžino in širino skladiščne cone. Predlagali smo tudi nadaljevanje že obstoječih mikrolokacij za manjkajoča regalna okna v posameznih skladiščih. Nadalje smo opisali uporabo neekoloških viličarjev na plin in dizel. Za vse trenutne viličarje v podjetju smo izračunali mesečne stroške. Nato smo podali predlog novih zelenih viličarjev ter izračunov zanje. Primerjali smo izračune ter podali predlog izboljšav. Tretja ovira, ki smo se ji posvetili, je bila nedosledna uporaba talne in vertikalne signalizacije ter varnostnih oznak v notranji logistiki. Na podlagi standarda DIN 18225 smo opravili reorganizacijo transportnih poti v skladišču in proizvodni hali, na podlagi Pravilnika o varnostnih znakih ter Zakona o varnosti cestnega prometa pa smo dodelili varnostne oznake. The diploma thesis describes the company’s current situation and presents a number of obstacles which the employees come across on a daily basis. We devoted our study to resolving three biggest obstacles and making suggestions for improvements. It appears that the biggest problem is the lack of storage space in the warehouse and production department. With the help of internal foremen, we chose the optimal solution for relocating the machines and establishing better organization of work or the production process. On the basis of calculations regarding the shape of the rack bay and the length and width of the storage zone, we opted for the continuation of classical pallet racking system. We also chose to maintain the existing micro locations for the missing rack bays in individual warehouses. The next problem we described is the use of non-ecological LPG and diesel forklifts. We calculated monthly costs for all forklifts currently operating in the company. Next, we made a proposal for new, green forklifts, and calculations for them. We compared the calculations and made suggestions for improvements. The third problem we confronted was the inconsistent use of floor and vertical signalling and security labels in internal logistics. On the basis of DIN 18225 Standard we carried out the reorganization of transport paths in the warehouse and production hall and assigned safety labels on the basis of the Rules on Safety Signs and the Road Traffic Safety Act.

Diplomski projekt je vsebinsko razdeljen na dva dela, in sicer na teoretični del in na praktični del. V teoretičnem delu smo predstavili logistiko, logistične procese in logistične podsisteme, v praktičnem delu pa smo prikazali, kako ti logistični procesi delujejo v izbranem podjetju. V prvem delu smo s pomočjo različne tuje in slovenske literature opredelili pojem logistika, opisali vlogo in pomen logistike ter cilje, ki jih želi doseči. S pomočjo literature smo opisali izbrane elemente logističnega sistema in izbrane podsisteme logistike, ki jih najdemo v proizvodnem podjetju. V drugem delu pa smo se s pomočjo znanja, ki smo ga prejeli v prvem delu, osredotočili na logistične procese v izbranem podjetju Lek v Lendavi. Opisali smo poslovno logistiko, ki poteka v podjetju, ki se ukvarja s proizvodnjo farmacevtskih izdelkov. Predstavili smo logistične procese, ki skrbijo za nemoteno proizvodnjo. Raziskali smo nabavo, skladiščenje, transport in razbremenilno logistiko. Opisali pa smo tudi nekatere probleme, s katerimi se podjetje sooča in kako jih rešuje. Bachelor project is thematically divided into two parts, namely the theoretical part and the practical part. In the theoretical part we present the logistics, logistics processes and logistics sub-systems, in the practical part, we show how these logistics processes are designed to work in the selected company. In the first part we will with the help of a variety of foreign and slovenian literature identified the concept of logistics, described the role and importance of logistics and the goals it wants to achieve. With the help of the literature we describe selected elements of the logistics system and selected subsystems of logistics , which are found in a manufacturing company. In the second part, we with the help of the knowledge we have received in the first part, we focused on the logistics processes in the selected company Lec in Lendava. We've outlined the business logistics, which takes place in the company, which deals with the manufacture of pharmaceutical products. We've introduced the logistic processes to take care for a smooth production. Explore we the acquisition, storage, transportation and relief logistics. Describe and we are also some of the problems which the company faces and how to resolves them.

Skoraj ni podjetja, ki se ne bi srečevalo s problemom zalog, ker so le-te vezane v obratna sredstva. Cilj vsakega je tako poskrbeti za optimalne zaloge, ob hkratnem normalnem delovanju, torej utečeni prodaji in izdobavi. Da bi pojasnili delovanje zalog in podjetja, smo zaloge opisali na primeru podjetja Roto Slovenija d.o.o. V prvem delu bomo zaloge opisali teoretično, torej kaj zaloge za podjetje sploh pomenijo, ter kako se podjetja soočajo z upravljanjem zalog. Razčlenili bomo zaloge po vrstah, ki jih poznamo. Pojasnili bomo tudi, kakšne stroške podjetju prinesejo zaloge. V drugem delu, na praktičnem primeru podjetja Roto Slovenija, pojasnimo obstoječe stanje podjetja in upravljanje zalog v podjetju. Predstavili bomo tudi praktičen primer, ki ga bomo prikazali na podlagi enega izmed najbolj prodajanih izdelkov. There are little to no companies that wouldn't face problems regarding the supplies, because those are based on the reverse flow of the assets. Having optimal supplies during the sales and export progress is everyones goal. In order to explain supply functions and the operations of the company we took Roto Slovenija d.o.o. as an example to describe them. In the first part we are going to theoretically explain what supplies are and what is their purpose in the company. We are also going to explain how a company faces managing their supplies. In the following we are going to break down the segments of supplies based on their purpose and the cost they bring to the company. The second part will include the practical case of supplies and their state in the company Roto Slovenija d.o.o. To fully graps the concept we will use the companies best selling product to show the whole process of it.

Danes živimo v dobi, kjer so spremembe prisotne na vseh področij naših življenj. Za podjetja sama in gospodarstvo je dobro, da so ta uspešna. Dobro organizirana služba nabave lahko s svojim delovanjem močno prispeva k uspešnosti podjetja. Vendar nabavna funkcija pridobiva svoj pomen šele v zadnjih letih, saj jo nekatera podjetja še vedno opredeljujejo kot nepomembno, takšen položaj pa seveda ni skladen z obsegom stroškov, s katerimi nabava upravlja. Zato je pomembno, da podjetja vedo, da učinkovita nabava pripomore k zniževanju stroškov ter k doseganju ciljev podjetja. Da je nabava uspešna, je v veliki meri odvisno od izbire in ocenjevanja dobaviteljev, zato je pomembno, da nabava veliko časa nameni raziskavam nabavnega trga, ocenjevalnim vzorcem ter obiskom pri dobaviteljih. Dobavitelj je tisti, ki zagotavlja kakovost svojih izdelkov, jih dobavlja ob pravem času, ima dostopne cene izdelkov oziroma storitev ter je zmožen odpraviti morebitne napake. Vsi ti dejavniki so ključ do uspeha nabavne funkcije. Diplomski projekt sem razdelila na dva dela. V prvem delu je obrazložen pojem nabavne funkcije in vsega, kar je z njo povezano. V drugem delu pa sem predstavila in analizirala obstoječo nabavno funkcijo in podrobneje opisala način izbiranja in ocenjevanja dobaviteljev na konkretnem primeru, in sicer v podjetju Eurel, d. o. o., kjer sem tudi opravljala dvomesečno prakso v tretjem letniku študija v sklopu praktičnega izobraževanja. Today, we live in an age where changes are present in all areas of our lives. For businesses themselves and the economy, it is good to be successful. Good organized purchases and its operations can make a significant contribution to the company's performance. However, it is only in recent years that the importance of the purchasing function has increased, while some companies still view it as irrelevant, which, of course, is not in line with the amount of the costs managed by the management. Therefore, it is important for companies to know that effective purchasing helps to lower costs and achieve the company's goals. The success of purchasing largely depends on the selection and evaluation of suppliers, so it is important to invest a lot of time on purchasing market research, evaluation patterns and visits to suppliers. The supplier is the one who guarantees the quality of his products, supplies them at the right time, offers affordable prices for products or services and is able to eliminate any potential mistakes. All these factors are key to the success of the purchasing function. The diploma project consists of two parts. The first part explains the concept of the purchasing function and all related concepts. In the second part, the existing purchasing function is presented and the method of selecting and evaluating suppliers on a specific case is described in more detail.

Logistika ima v podjetjih danes večji pomen kot kdajkoli prej. Uspešnost nekega proizvajalnega podjetja je v veliki meri odvisna od notranje kot od zunanje organiziranosti logističnih procesov. V današnjem poslovnem svetu imajo stroški izjemen vpliv na konkurenčnost podjetja, zato je treba na vseh področjih delovanja podjetja stremeti k minimiranju stroškov. V Sloveniji še vedno mnogo podjetij dajo premalo poudarka logističnim procesom in jih pogosto zanemarja, pri čemer se podjetja ne zavedajo, da so prav tukaj skrite mnoge rezerve in priložnosti za optimiranje celotnega proizvajalnega procesa podjetja. Analizirali bomo logistične procese v kovinsko-predelovalnem podjetju, predstavili probleme, ki jih določeno podjetje ima, in predlagali rešitve le-teh. Opisali bomo tudi posamezne segmente logistike, ki se v podjetju uporabljajo, podrobno opisali postopek nabave, transporta, skladiščenja in proizvodnje v podjetju. Predstavili bomo cilje logistike v podjetju, in sicer po načelu 5P, in obravnavali logistične podsisteme v kovinsko-predelovalnem podjetju. Cilji diplomskega projekta so spoznati organiziranost logističnih procesov v kovinsko-predelovalnem podjetju, proučiti trenutni logistični proces omenjenega podjetja, ugotoviti, kako naj ga podjetje izboljša, in oblikovati predloge za spremembo logističnega procesa v podjetju. Zaradi vse večjega porasta terciarnega sektorja, torej storitev, se je v razvitih državah sveta težišče sekundarnega sektorja (industrija) preselilo na območje Kitajske, predvsem zaradi cenejše delovne sile. To je razlog, da mora biti industrija v Sloveniji izjemno konkurenčna in kakovostna, da lahko tekmuje z državami, kjer je delovna sila mnogo cenejša, to konkurenčnost pa bo v prihodnosti v veliki meri omogočala optimizacija logističnih procesov v takšnih podjetjih. Logistics has in the business today, more important role than ever before. The success of the production company largely depends on the internal and external organization of logistics processes. In today’s business world, costs have a remarkable impact on the competitiveness of enterprises, so it is necessary in all areas of the company look forward to the minimization of costs. In Slovenia there are still a lot of companies that do not put enough emphasis on logistics processes, which are often neglected and not knowing, that in many companies right there are many hidden reserves and opportunities for companies to optimize the entire production process of the company. We will analyze the logistics processes in the metal processing company, present the problems that a particular company has and propose solutions for them. We will describe the specific segments of logistics that the company uses, detailed description of the process of acquisition, transport, storage and production in the company. We will also represent the objectives of logistics in the company with the principle of 5P’s and discuss logistics subsystems in the metal processing company. The goal of this project is to learn about the organization of logistic processes in the metal processing company, to examine the current logistics process in mentioned company, to determine how the company should improve and develop proposals to change the logistics process in the company. Due to the increasing rise in the tertiary sector, i.e. services, in the developed world, the focus of the secondary sector, i.e. industry, moved into the territory of China mainly due to cheaper labor. This is the reason why industry in Slovenia has to be extremely competitive and skillful in order to compete with countries where labor is much cheaper, however this competitiveness in the future will largely be enabled by the optimization of logistic processes in such companies.

Na izbiro in nakup izdelka vpliva veliko število dejavnikov, ki se razlikujejo pri vsakem posamezniku, zato je njihovo vlogo in pomembnost težko preučevati. Hkrati pa za tržnike predstavljajo izjemno pomemben pokazatelj potrošnikovega vedenja ob nakupu izdelka določene kategorije. Da bi potrošnikovo obnašanje lažje razumeli, so tržniki razvili model procesa nakupnega odločanja, ki nam pomaga pri prepoznavanju specifik vedenja potrošnikov pri nakupu izdelkov. Na podlagi tega so opredelili tudi različne vrste potrošnikovega vedenja ter določene dejavnike, ki na sam proces in odločitev o nakupu vplivajo v največji meri. Kljub temu pa se je pomembno zavedati dejstva, da se vedenje potrošnikov v procesu nakupnega odločanja razlikuje pri nakupu izdelkov različnih kategorij, zato je potrebno vedenje ob nakupu različnih izdelkov na podlagi teoretičnih dejstev vsakič znova preučiti. Namen magistrskega dela je preučiti dejavnike, ki vplivajo na nakup papirnatih izdelkov na slovenskem trgu in ugotoviti njihovo pomembnost. Pri tem smo se osredotočali predvsem na pomembnost in razmerje pomembnosti med dejavnikoma »blagovna znamka« in »cena«. The choice and purchase of a product are influenced by many factors that differ between individuals. That is why their role and importance are difficult to study. At the same time, those factors represent an extremely important indicator of consumer behaviour when purchasing a product from a particular category. In order to better understand the consumer’s behaviour, the marketers have developed a purchase decision-making model that helps us identify specifics in purchase process. They have also identified several types of consumer behaviour and certain factors that most often affect the process itself and the purchase decision. Nevertheless, it is important to know the fact that consumer behaviour in the purchase decision process varies between product categories. That means that behaviour of purchasing various products must always be re-examined. The purpose of the master's thesis is to examine the factors that influence the purchase of paper products on the Slovenian market and determine their importance. Primarily we focused on the importance and the relationship of importance between the factors "brand" in "price".

Procesi planiranja in nabave predstavljajo pomemben dejavnik pri delovanju farmacevtskih družb in jim pripisujemo velik pomen za uspešen konkurenčen boj med gospodarskimi družbami. Potrebe po raznovrstnih kakovostnih zdravilih so vedno večje, zato je pomembno, da zagotavljajo farmacevtska podjetja stabilno oskrbo trga. V proizvodnji zdravil se podjetja srečujejo s kompleksnim sistemom, velikim številom informacij, širokim spektrom različnih znanj, pridobivanjem surovin z velikega števila različnih lokacij in zmeraj strožjimi regulatornimi zahtevami. Za učinkovito obvladovanje množice dejavnikov je potreben celovit in visoko zmogljiv informacijski sistem. Uporaba primernega informacijskega sistema nudi potrebno podporo celotni oskrbovalni verigi za urejen in napreden proces planiranja in nabave, ki pa omogoča dobro obvladovanje tveganj, s katerimi se podjetje srečuje. Zaradi številnih tveganj, s katerimi se farmacevtska podjetja srečujejo, je potrebno vpeljati ustrezen sistem obvladovanja tveganj in dejavnost kontrolinga. V magistrskem delu smo si zastavili cilj analize postopkov planiranja in nabave v farmacevtskem podjetju. Delo je razdeljeno na teoretični in empirični del. V teoretičnem delu naloge smo najprej opredelili postopke in značilnosti procesov planiranja in nabave. V nadaljevanju smo predstavili delovanje in značilnosti izbranega informacijskega sistema, ki predstavlja ustrezno orodje za uspešno obvladovanje procesov planiranja in nabave. Nato smo opredelili vidik dejavnosti kontrolinga in izvajanja kontrol, kot proces aktivnosti podjetja za zagotavljanje skladnosti procesov planiranja in nabave s cilji podjetja. Obvladovanje tveganj predstavlja pomemben proces za zagotavljanje stabilnosti oskrbovalne verige, zato v nalogi posvetimo še nekaj pozornosti pojmu tveganje in zberemo tveganja, s katerimi se farmacevtska podjetja srečujejo. Prav tako povzamemo splošne značilnosti farmacevtskega sektorja. V empiričnem delu naloge smo analizirali procese planiranja in procese nabave v izbranem farmacevtskem podjetju. Predstavili smo praktične primere tveganj, s katerimi se podjetje srečuje in zbrali načine obvladovanja le teh. S področja dejavnosti kontrolinga smo zbrali nekaj iz množice kontrol, ki se izvajajo v procesih planiranja in nabave. Na podlagi spoznanj iz teorije in prakse smo v zaključnem delu naloge podali odgovor na zastavljene hipoteze. Processes of planning and purchasing are important factors in pharmaceutical companies, with a huge impact on keeping up with other competitive companies. The need for a variety of quality drugs is getting bigger, therefore it is of a great importance that pharmaceutical companies keep the market supplies stable. In the manufacturing of drugs the companies meet with a complex system, a lot of information, a wide range of different skills, delivery of raw materials from different locations and plenty more strict regulatory requirements. A comprehensive and high-performance information system is needed to effectively manage a huge variety of different risks. The use of a suitable information system provides the necessary support for the whole supply chain, regarding the managing of the risks, which we are facing in the processes of planning and purchasing. Due to the many risks faced by pharmaceutical companies, an adequate risk management system and controlling is needed. In the master thesis, our goal was to analyse the planning and purchasing processes in a pharmaceutical company. The work is divided into a theoretical and empirical part. In the theoretical part of the thesis we first defined the procedures and characteristics of planning and purchasing processes. In the following, we presented the functioning and characteristics of the selected information system, which represents an appropriate tool for successful management of planning and purchasing processes. Then we defined the aspect of controlling and its activities as the process of the company's activity to ensure that the planning and purchasing processes are consistent with the company's objectives. Risk management is an important process for ensuring the stability of the supply chain, so we dedicated some attention to the concept of risk and collect the risks that pharmaceutical companies encounter. We also summarized the general characteristics of the pharmaceutical sector. In the empirical part of the task, we analyzed the planning and purchasing processes in the selected pharmaceutical company. We presented practical examples of the risks that the company encounters and collect ways of controlling them. From the field of controlling activities we collected some of the controls that are carried out in the planning and purchasing processes. Based on the findings from theory and practice, we answered the hypotheses in the final part of the master thesis.