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The article is devoted to the migration of Udmurts from the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to the Kazakh SSR in the 1960s. from the perspective of the frontier concept. The Udmurts are one of the Finno-Ugric peoples, who are also quite large. For a long time, the Udmurts lived relatively compactly, located mainly on the territory of several subjects. The largest part was in Udmurtia, where even in 1959 76.2% of all Udmurts of the Union lived. However, already in 1970 the share had dropped to 68.7%, which was undoubtedly caused by migration. One of the main flows of migrants went to the Kazakh SSR, where virgin lands were actively being developed during this period. In just one intercensus period (from 1959 to 1970), the number of Udmurts in Kazakhstan increased fourfold. Obviously, such an increase in such a short time was ensured by migration. The purpose of the study is to consider the migration of Udmurts from the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to Kazakhstan in the 1960s. The sources of the research were mainly statistical materials: population censuses and current accounting materials. Since 1960, mechanical movement materials began to be compiled also for rural areas, which makes it possible to obtain and use more complete information about migrations. Office documentation was also used.

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В статье анализируется комплекс художественных текстов писателя В.Г. Короленко об уездном городе Глазове Вятской губернии образца 1879 года. Цель исследования заключается в анализе ономастического пространства художественных произведений глазовского цикла, необходимом для дальнейшего изучения языковой личности писателя. С помощью специально созданной компьютерной программы проанализированы тексты произведений и получен глоссарий собственных имен с указанием частоты их использования. Отдельно исследовано подпространство топонимов; их ранжирование по частотности употребления автором позволило выделить ядро, околоядерное пространство, ближнюю и дальнюю периферии топонимического пространства анализируемых произведений. Исследование художественной топонимии Вятского региона позволяет выявить особенности стиля писателя с явно выраженным местнографическим уклоном творчества.

Introduction. The article examines the state of protection of mothers and children in the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the post-war period of 1945–1950. The article analyzes the quality of medical care and services for the protection of mothers and children, the equipment of medical institutions with medical personnel and the staffing of departments with beds and the necessary equipment for providing medical care to children and mothers. Materials and Methods. The work used the data from the central Republican archive of the Udmurt ASSR. It carried out a market analysis on the state and development of the network of obstetric and gynecological care. The materials contained in research that give an idea of the problem under consideration, as well as legal documents have been investigated and summarized. Results and Discussion. In this period under review, a network of antenatal clinics, maternity hospitals, obstetric and gynecological departments is being created. The number of beds for pregnant women and women in labor increased. A specialized department of pregnancy pathology was organized. The rates of maternal mortality, stillbirth and neonatal mortality have dropped significantly. An exchange card has been introduced in hospitals. With the creation of a methodological office, work began on the development of programs for preschool education, cluster and regional conferences began to be held. The conferences dealt with deaths, with special attention paid to issues of late hospitalization. Since 1949, the method of serving children according to the “single pediatrician” system were practiced. Conclusion. Protecting the interests of mother and child, the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the postwar years provided great assistance to pregnant women and mothers, fulfilling the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of July 8, 1944. Employees of the Childhood Department, doctors of Izhevsk and employees of the department childhood diseases of the Izhevsk Medical Institute traveled to the regions of the Republic to provide practical assistance and control the work on childhood in the field.

The study of the Gordinsky stone (grave slab) discovered by A. P. Smirnov in 1930 in Gordino village of Balezinsky District in Votyak Autonomous Oblast (presently the Udmurt Republic) is represented in the paper. The stone was regarded by scientists as the most northeastern Bolgar epigraphic monument (Ali Rahim, G. V. Yusupov, D. G. Mukhametshin, D. S. Khakimzyanov) and dated by researchers back to 1323. As a monument of archaeology, the stone was studied by local historians and archaeologists (N. G. Pervukhin, P. M. Sorokin, V. F. Gening, A. G. Ivanov, and others), and as a sacral monument of the population of Gordino village and the Tatars of the Cheptsa river basin, it was studied by ethnographers (E. V. Popova). The paper features the history of the slab’s appearance in the archaeological fund of the National Museum of the Udmurt Republic named after Kuzebay Gerd. In recent years, new material has appeared (Gordinsky II burial ground was discovered, and another fragment of the slab was found). The grave slab of the early 14th century was located on a mountain near the Gordinsky I (Guryakar) hillfort (9th – 13th centuries) where a cemetery was arranged by the first Besermyan settlers (17th – 18th centuries). The Tatars who arrived in the Besermyan village in the second half of the 19th century (possibly the Besermyans who adopted Islam) according to the Muslim tradition, proclaimed the location of the grave slab as the grave of a “saint”. The discovered fragment made it possible to clarify the text of the epitaph (add the “testimony of faith” text). A tamga mark of the slab’s manufacturer was found on the back of the fragment. The grave slab from Gordino village belongs to the Bolgar school of stone carving which has its territorial originality (the northeastern version of the gravestone steles). The paper features an attempt of its reconstruction.

On the basis of published and newly entered into scientific circulation sources for the first time in the national historiography the problem of formation and functioning of the penitentiary system of one of the regions of Russia in the 1920s is considered. The characteristics and analysis of organizational and legal aspects of the correctional labor institutions, as well as prison conditions are represented.

The article deals with the transformation of the marriage and family structures of the population of Udmurtia in the period between 1939 to 1959. Attention is paid to the study of the infl uence of the Great Patriotic War on the family and marriage in the republic. Sources used include census materials from 1939 and 1959 and statistical records from the period in question. With the beginning of the war, the number of marriages in Udmurtia sharply decreased. The smallest number of marriages was observed in 1942. In the countryside, this was a reduction of more than three times, indicating a unusually great shortage of men. A direct consequence of the war was a reduction in the average family size as well as an increase in families headed by women. By 1959, 38.5 % of families in the countryside were led by women. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, remarriages became more frequent in Udmurtia. Between 1944 and 1951 they were mostly concluded by women who presumably had lost their husbands in the fi ghting. The extramarital birth rate also sharply increased. In the post-war period, particularly in the rural areas many children were born out of wedlock. The extramarital birth rate reached its peak in 1950, when every third child in Udmurtia was born out of wedlock.

The paper publishes previously unprinted materials from the archival collection of the Center for Documentation of Contemporary History of the Udmurt Republic, which are dedicated to the Krasnaya Zvezda agitation steamer. The materials’ chronological frame of reference is limited to July and August 1919, i.e. to the period when the ship was on the territory of modern Udmurtia. The first work is a scholarly article by Professor B.G. Plyushchevskii, written in the 1950s. The second one is comprised of two versions of A.D. Sergeeva’s reminiscences of her meeting with N.K. Krupskaya on board the steamer, recorded apparently by V.Ya. Barinova in 1977 and stored in her archive. As historical sources, both materials have limited value. B.G. Plyushchevskii’s article delivers no conclusions but only cites truisms. For this reason, his work is more a synopsis rather than a comprehensive study. Similarly, A.D. Sergeeva’s both versions predominantly use the published memoirs of N.K. Krupskaya as a basis. The work offers almost no original information. Nevertheless, both materials can be instrumental in providing personal opinions of people, who lived in the 1950s and 1970s, to uncover what they put their focus on in the first place. As they act within the confines of the existing ideology, they are impelled to repeat “the only correct viewpoint”. For example, B.G. Plyushchevskii’s phrase that Kolchakites dug a mass grave of Red Guards soldiers in Votkinsk and burned the bodies, is given without any comments and communicates a noticeable negative shade of meaning. The Whites had to take this step out of necessity for sanitary reasons because the coffins were buried at such a shallow depth that spring melt waters completely washed out the burial. Similar ideological overtones, which had fully taken shape in the USSR by the time, can be perceived in assessments of other events mentioned. This explains quite logically why both materials have not been published so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The long-term project "Spiders of the Udmurt Republic" (2007-2018) aimed to research spiders' regional fauna and zoogeography, diversity (including spatial and seasonal patterns) and habitat preferences. We performed the collection of spiders in all natural zones of the republic, habitats and vegetation layers, both at permanent sampling plots and through ad-hoc sampling en route. New information The dataset includes occurrences from 53 geographical points with 10,500 records and more than 35,000 specimens. This increases the existing data on Russian spiders on GBIF by four times, from 11,000 (excluding iNaturalist observations) to 46,000. The dataset allows for the exploration of regional fauna, local and general species distribution, spider phenology and habitat preferences for the purposes of monitoring and conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper has been prepared in connection with the 120th anniversary of the Zuevsky burial ground. Zuevsky (Zuevy Kliuchi I) burial ground is one of the few large Ananyino necropolises in the cis-Kama region, which items are used in cultural and chronological schemes of the early Iron Age antiquities. At the same time, there is still no complete publication of the monument. The author analyzes a collection of items used as the horse equipment. Details of horse harness during the I millennium BC got significant changes. Its comparative study in different regions allows to make conclusions of the horseman culture on the Kama river, time and directions of contacts with early nomade societies of Eurasia. The items of horse equipment take an important place in the dating and chronology of monuments. The selection of horse equipment in Zuevsky burial is not numerous, but it is represented by the most part of categories. Dating of ones fits into the framework of the middle period of the Ananyino culture (according to Sergey Kuzminykh and Andrew Chizhevsky) – 6th–5th BC. The items of horse equipment from the Zuevsky burials despite their fragmented nature demonstrate common features with other early Ananyino cemeteries. The presence in the materials of the burial ground of objects characteristic of the early Scythian complex allows the author to make an assumption about probably earlier beginning of the Zuevsky necropolis functioning.

The data on the first finds in the Udmurt Republic (and the East of European Russia as a whole) of a dangerous invasive species of bark beetle of the Far Eastern origin, Polygraphus proximus Blandford, 1894, are presented. The species was discovered in 2019 simultaneously in four districts (Zavyalovsky, Malopurginsky, Kiyasovsky, and Sarapulsky) of the central and southern parts of the republic. The established areas damaged by the Polygraphus proximus of forest stands are located both near railway tracks and highways and in the depths of natural forests in which Siberian fir grows (Abies sibirica Ledeb.), which indicates a long-term hidden invasion of the pest and its adaptation in Udmurtia. A further outbreak of the pest can lead to catastrophic consequences for forests with the participation of fir in the region. In addition, in the stands damaged by the Polygraphus proximus, an increase in the number of local species of longhorn beetles, associated with fir, is possible. In connection with the extreme potential harmfulness of this invader, it is necessary to carry out sanitary and restoration activities in order to localize and eliminate the identified outbreak foci of the pest, as well as to clarify the forest areas occupied by Polygraphus proximus on the territory of the Udmurt Republic and adjacent regions, with introduction of quarantine and monitoring measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The influence of the number of generations on the dynamics of lime leaf miner Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata, 1963) was investigated for the first time on four sample plots in the city of Izhevsk (Udmurtia) within the period from 2001 to 2020. The existence of the second generation of the miner depends on the climatic features of the season. The second generation of the miner was observed under the condition that the first generation of the species managed to complete its development in the last ten days of June. If this happened in July, there was no second generation. The variability of phenology influences the dynamics of the invasive species. The density of miner population in limes grew in the current year if in the previous season there was only one generation of the miner. The figure fell if in the previous season there were two generations. The reduction of Ph. issikii density per year with two generations could have occurred owing to a decrease in life span and the actual fecundity of females, as well as the survival rate of the second generation of the miner. This led to a significant reduction in the number of wintering moths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this article is the collectivization of agriculture in Soviet Udmurtia at the turn of the 1930s. Situated in the Urals, Udmurtia was an autonomous region, largely agricultural, and with a developing industrial center, Izhevsk, as capital. The titular nationality of the region, the Udmurts, represented slightly more than 50% of the total inhabitants, while the rest was made up by Russians and other national minorities. Udmurts were mostly peasants and concentrated in the countryside, whereas city-dwellers and factory workers were mostly Russians. Due to these and other circumstances, collectivization in Udmurtia was carried out in a very specific way. The campaign began here in 1928, one year before than in the rest of the Union, and had possibly the highest pace in the country, with 76% of collectivized farms by 1933. The years 1928–1931 were the highest point of the campaign, when the most opposition and the most violence took place. The local Party Committee put before itself the special task to carry out a revolutionary collectivization campaign in the Udmurt countryside, which should have been a definitive solution to its "national" backwardness and to all its problems, from illiteracy to trachoma, from syphilis to the strip system (that is, each family worked on small "strips" of land far from each other). The Party Committee failed to exert much support from the peasant Udmurt masses, which stayed at best inert to collectivization propaganda, or opposed it openly. However, the back of the Udmurt peasantry was finally broken, and Udmurtia was totally collectivized by the end of the 1930s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The current research studies the wages of foreign prisoners of war (P.O.W.s) who worked in the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1942–1948. The paper contains the information about the pays to the P.O.W.s were transferred from the funds of the enterprises where they worked. The article analyses the level of P.O.W. wages, the dependence of the wages from the labour activities and the bonus that the P.O.W.s received for good performance. The paper contains the data on the average level of P.O.W. wages in Izhevsk and lists the kinds of labour activities where the P.O.W.s received the highest wages. The research is based on archival documents, most of which were involved in the scientific use for the first time.It is highly unlikely that the P.O.W.s who were in Udmurtia in 1945–1948 starved since they could use their wages to buy additional provisions in the camp stalls and town shops.

Thing. In connection with the crisis in the global economy and the imposition of economic sanctions against Russia on the part of developed Western countries has acquired special urgency import substitution model of modernization of the Russian economy, one of the most important areas where the regional level (especially in the Russian republics - and they number 22, ie. approximately a quarter of the total number of subjects of the Russian Federation) is the renewal and development of traditional crafts, which has long been engaged in the titular nations and nationalities living in them. The aim is to determine the regional factors and features of the restructuring, modernization and upgrading (especially import-substitution model of modernization) of the Russian economy on the basis of the analysis and the study of positive foreign and domestic experience of innovative development of the reproductive systems. We used the methods of comparative statistical analysis, strategic analysis and observations. Work showed that the implementation of the modernization of great importance also is taking into account regional and sectoral characteristics. For example, in the republics, one of the most important forms of modernization will be a revival of folk art, once developed by the titular nationalities of these republics, which will also contribute to the process of import substitution. In the Udmurt Republic to such fisheries include flax, which are extensively developed in the royal period of development (late XIX - early XX centuries), and in the early stages (20th - 30th years of XX century) of the Soviet regime. Then Udmurtia was part of the three regions, the country's largest producers of flax and its products. Currently, flax is grown in 15 districts of Udmurtia, mainly in the northern part and the area occupied by planting flax, recently up about 15 thousand. Hectares. Since 2007, implemented a national program «Development of flax complex of the Udmurt Republic,» whose activities are aimed at increasing the production of linen products and increase production efficiency in the enterprises of the republic of flaxseed. Significant role can play a district community of consumer cooperatives, which at one time had a significant impact in the course of cultivation of flax. Society of Consumer could increase production and also its traditional Udmurt folk crafts like beekeeping, forest crafts, seasonal work (tanning mat, mats, sacks, wool dyeing, paper, a linen fabric and yarn). In other republics of Russia a similar situation - they can develop other types of half-forgotten crafts, often called etnoekonomikoy. Bashkirs, for example, traditional crafts were horse breeding and kumysodelanie who recently also vigorously revived. In the Republic of Bashkortostan and the consumers' society could significantly diversify its activities by participating in the development of traditional crafts. Conclusions. Thus, the process of modernization of the economy apart from the technological aspect includes ethnic, social, environmental, ethical, aesthetic and other aspects. Development of handicrafts in the titular nations of republics within Russia will contribute to the implementation of effective economic policy of import substitution in the whole country and its regions, as well as the development of import-substitution model of economic modernization of the country as a whole.

Aim. To clarify the clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological characteristics of relapsing Ixodes tick-borne borreliosis (ITB) caused by Borrelia miyamotoi. Subjects and methods. Retrospective clinical observation was made in 79 inpatients of the Republican Infectious Diseases Hospital (Udmurt Republic), who had been diagnosed with B. miyamotoi-caused disease verified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The latter and enzyme immunoassay ruled out possible vector-borne coinfections (ITB caused by B. burgdorferi sensu lato; tick-borne encephalitis; anaplasmosis; and ehrlichiosis). Results. The recurrent course of the disease was observed in 8 (10%) of the 79 patients. The relapsing fever curve was noted in 6 of the 8 patients; 4 patients had 2 episodes of fever and 2 patients had 3 episodes; the wave-like continuous type of fever cannot enable one to estimate the specific number of episodes in 2 more cases. Relapses occurred in all the 8 patients before antibiotic treatment. Febrile syndrome (weakness, headache, chill, fever, sweating, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, and arthralgia) was leading in patients with relapses. These patients were less frequently observed to have signs of organ dysfunctions than those with one episode of fever. The values of clinical and biochemical blood tests and urinalyses were normal and near-normal in the majority of patients on hospital admission. Conclusion. Relapsing B. miyamotoi infection cases detected in the directed study proved to be unrecognized by practical health authorities during the first and sometimes second episodes of fever. This indicates that the prevalence of this disease is essentially underestimated and there is a need to increase physicians’ alertness and awareness and to introduce adequate diagnostic methods.

Abstract: Nine new stonefly species of the suborder Perlina from the Middle Permian Kostovaty locality, Udmurtia are described. Two species, Boreoperlidium callopterus Sinitshenkova sp. nov. and B. certus Sinitshenkova sp. nov., belong to the family Eustheniidae and six species, Properla incrassata Sinitshenkova, sp. nov., P. umbrosa Sinitshenkova, sp. nov., Kargaloperla fibrosa Sinitshenkova, sp. nov., K. queata Sinitshenkova, sp. nov., K. gratum Sinitshenkova, sp. nov., and K. postica Sinitshenkova, sp. nov., belong to the family Palaeoperlidae. Unusually great abundance and diversity of representatives of the suborder Perlina is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Five new stonefly species from the Middle Permian Kostovaty locality in Udmurtia, Palaeonemoura benevola Sinitshenkova, sp. nov., Palaeotaeniopteryx trinerva Sinitshenkova, sp. nov., P. alligata Sinitshenkova, sp. nov., Palaeonemourisca corrugata Sinitshenkova, sp. nov., and Votaknemoura persuasibil Sinitshenkova, sp. nov. are described and assigned to the family Palaeonemouridae. The unique wing venation of Votaknemoura is briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bulgar materials from the Idnakar settlement site in the territory of the Udmurt Republic, which had belonged to the local Finno-Ugric population, are considered. Over a long period of research in this hill-fort, a vast material was found and defined by a number of researchers as related to the Bulgars: potsherds, certain types of jewelry, household items and weapons, dating in general to the 10th-13th centuries. A hypothesis concerning the presence of the Turkic component among the population of this fortified settlement is put forward. The problem of the Volga Bulgaria’s trade mission functioning in the Idnakar hill-fort is formulated. Idnakar, a major monument of the region, had played an important role in the Bulgar trade along the Kama trade route in the territory of the Udmurt Cis-Urals. It is assumed that the trading post could be set up inorder to conduct trade operations between the Bulgar northern outpost – the Rozhdestvenskoye complex in Perm Cis-Urals (ancient Afkula) and a more southern outpost – the Yelabuga fortified settlement in the eastern Cis-Kama area.

The article is devoted to the history of archaeological and ethnological research in Udmurtia, which was star¬ted by pre-revolutionary scholars. The archaeologists A.P. Smirnov and V.F. Gening, their followers and disciples, followed this tradition. Contemporary extensive archaeological research conducted in the Kama-Vyatka region in the late 20th and early 21st cc. made it possible to collect a considerable archaeological material referring to the basic periods of the history and culture of the local population from the Mesolithic up to the 19th century. These data were intensively published as individual and collective monographs. Utilization of written sources, toponymy, folklore and ethnography data helped to interpret archaeological materials that promoted quantitative accumulation of ethno-archaeological observations. As a result, favorable conditions for purposeful ethno-archaeological research on the problems of religious beliefs and traditions were prepared. Similar systematic work aimed at the integration of archaeological and ethnographic knowledge has been conducted in Udmurtia since the 1990s in accordance with three main directions: 1) studies of the later period (16-17th-century) Udmurt cemeteries based on these materials comparison and correlation with both medieval (6th to 13th centuries) archaeology data and historical and folklore-ethnographic sources of the late 18th – early 20th centuries; 2) studies of the cult monuments (shrines, burial grounds, ritual objects) dating from the Middle Ages to the present also based upon the methods of parallel collection and interpretation of archaeological, folklore and ethnographic information; 3) reconstruction of cultural and sacral landscapes of individual local districts in the framework of the periods under consideration.

The article deals with preliminary results of excavations on the Nyrgynda II burial ground site situated in the Udmurtia Kama River region. The cemetery has been attributed to the Cheganda culture and preliminarily dated by the 3rd century BC – 2nd century AD. The site was worked under the guidance of V.F. Gening in the 1950-60s. 268 burials were excavated, but the materials are still unpublished. The funeral rite is characterized, funerary gifts and their placement in the burials are analyzed, quantitative, age and presumably social structure of the population that had left the burial is determined in the article.

The article is devoted to the history of archaeological and ethnological research in Udmurtia, which was star¬ted by pre-revolutionary scholars. The archaeologists A.P. Smirnov and V.F. Gening, their followers and disciples, followed this tradition. Contemporary extensive archaeological research conducted in the Kama-Vyatka region in the late 20th and early 21st cc. made it possible to collect a considerable archaeological material referring to the basic periods of the history and culture of the local population from the Mesolithic up to the 19th century. These data were intensively published as individual and collective monographs. Utilization of written sources, toponymy, folklore and ethnography data helped to interpret archaeological materials that promoted quantitative accumulation of ethno-archaeological observations. As a result, favorable conditions for purposeful ethno-archaeological research on the problems of religious beliefs and traditions were prepared. Similar systematic work aimed at the integration of archaeological and ethnographic knowledge has been conducted in Udmurtia since the 1990s in accordance with three main directions: 1) studies of the later period (16-17th-century) Udmurt cemeteries based on these materials comparison and correlation with both medieval (6th to 13th centuries) archaeology data and historical and folklore-ethnographic sources of the late 18th – early 20th centuries; 2) studies of the cult monuments (shrines, burial grounds, ritual objects) dating from the Middle Ages to the present also based upon the methods of parallel collection and interpretation of archaeological, folklore and ethnographic information; 3) reconstruction of cultural and sacral landscapes of individual local districts in the framework of the periods under consideration.

The article deals with preliminary results of excavations on the Nyrgynda II burial ground site situated in the Udmurtia Kama River region. The cemetery has been attributed to the Cheganda culture and preliminarily dated by the 3rd century BC – 2nd century AD. The site was worked under the guidance of V.F. Gening in the 1950-60s. 268 burials were excavated, but the materials are still unpublished. The funeral rite is characterized, funerary gifts and their placement in the burials are analyzed, quantitative, age and presumably social structure of the population that had left the burial is determined in the article.

Aim. The objective of this study was to confirm the role of B. miyamotoi in the etiology of ITBB-WOEM in Udmurtia and to investigate in detail the clinical presentation of this "new" disease.Materials and methods. 50 adult patients with ITBB-WOEM treated in Republic Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Udmurtia, in 2010-2011 had PCR-confirmed infection by B. miyamotoi. The laboratory evidence of co-infection by other pathogens, including tick-borne encephalitis virus, B. burgdorferi sensu lato, A. phagocytophilum, E. chaffeensis, and E. muris, were absent. Results. All patients had a tick bite from 10 to 18 days before the acute disease onset. The main clinical signs were high fever, fatigue, headache, chill, and sweat. Clinical, biochemical, and instrumental investigations also showed the signs of functional impairment of various organs: the liver (in about half of the patients), kidney (in 10 patients), heart (6 patients), etc. In contrast, acute ITBB with erythema migrans was usually a localized infection without a pronounced intoxication syndrome and impairments of the organs. Conclusion. ITBB-WOEM caused by B. miyamotoi is a systemic disease that is clinically closer to relapsing fevers transmitted by argasid ticks than to Lyme borreliosis. The number of B. miyamotoi infections in Russia may be comparable with that of Lyme disease cases, so the investigations of epidemiology, clinical presentation and therapy of this "new" disease are urgently requested.

The results of the study of the occurrence frequency of invasive plants species in three cities of the Udmurt Republic (Votkinsk, Mojga, and Kambarka) are discussed. A scale of the presence of invasive species is developed. In accordance with this scale, three groups of species are identified. The lists of invasive plant species in three urban areas are compared. Similarities between the identified groups are noted: 78% of the species are common in all three urban floras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study analyzes the long-term reasons why Udmurt occupies a restricted linguistic space in the post-Soviet state - the low status of Udmurt, due to Soviet language and other policies; urbanization; population shifts; myths and stereotypes about Udmurts; making Russian compulsory after 1938 - and the consequences of this for the fate of the Udmurt language today (relatively few native speakers). The central argument is that Udmurts have not overcome the Stalinist legacy, which led to the reversal of Lenin's 'affirmative action' policy on non-Russian languages. This stems from the failure of the elites in the Udmurt Republic to pursue an ethnic mobilization strategy to promote the Udmurt language in contemporary Russia. Drawing upon language planning and ethnic policy elsewhere in Russia (Tatarstan) and in the UK (Wales), this article outlines ways to raise the status of Udmurt without generating inter-ethnic conflict, thereby creating a 'space for all'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New scorpionflies, Asiachorista europaea sp. nov. and Petromantis udmurtica sp. nov. (Mecoptera: Permochoristidae), and new grylloblattids, Tshepanichoptera lacera gen. et sp. nov. (Grylloblattida: Aliculidae) and Miralioma urzhumica sp. nov. (Liomopteridae), are described from the Urzhumian of Udmurtia (Chepanikha locality). Liomopterites novissimus Aristov, 2004 (Liomopteridae) is redescribed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]