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Purpose: To report the case of a young boy with early onset high myopia (eoHM), foveal hypoplasia and skeletal dysplasia due to a homozygous LOXL3 pathogenic variant. Atypically, this was from a paternal uniparental isodisomy (UPiD) of chromosome 2. Clinical Case: Four-year-old boy with several months history of holding items close to his face was found to have reduced visual acuity 6/30 in both eyes, bilateral vitreous syneresis, foveal hypoplasia and bilateral high myopia (−8.50D). A skeletal survey showed spondylo-epi-metaphyseal dysplasia. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) revealed a homozygous LOXL3 variant c.1448_1449del, p.(Thr483Argfs*13), inherited through paternal UPiD of chromosome 2. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of LOXL3-associated eoHM, foveal hypoplasia and mild skeletal dysplasia due to the rare phenomenon of paternal UPiD of chromosome 2. This case further delineates the phenotype associated with LOXL3 pathogenic variants and supports truncating LOXL3 pathogenic variants being associated with a phenotypic spectrum; from isolated eoHM through to a Stickler syndrome-like phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SLC4A4 variants are the etiologies of inherited proximal renal tubular acidosis (pRTA), which results in metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, glaucoma, band keratopathy, and cataract. This study aims to characterize SLC4A4 variant and uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 4 in a patient, and analyse the functional characterization of SLC4A4 variants. This study analyzed renal tubular acidosis disease genes by whole exome sequencing (WES). H3M2 algorithm was used to analyze the run of homozygosity region in chromosomal regions in trio-WES data. The pathogenicity analysis of variants was performed using bioinformatics tools. Additionally, protein stability was analyzed by cycloheximide chase assay. Whole-cell patch clamping was used to examine the electrophysiological properties of NBCe1-A. A novel homozygous SLC4A4 variant was identified in the patient: a missense variant c.496C > T, p. Arg166Trp (NM_003759.4). But the father was heterozygous variant carrier, and the mother did not detect the variant. The H3M2 and UPDio algorithm revealed paternal uniparental isodisomy on chromosome 4 in the patient. SIFT, Poly Phen-2, FATHMM and Mutant Taster showed that the variant might be pathogenic. The tertiary structure analysis showed that the variant could cause structural damage to NBCe1 protein. Foldx results showed that the protein stability of the variant was slightly reduced. Cycloheximide chase assay demonstrated that the variant affects protein stability. The result of electrophysiological studies showed that the variant altered Na+/HCO3− cotransport activity of protein. In conclusion, the study is the first to report a pRTA patient with Arg166Trp variant with UPiD (4) pat and analyze the function of Arg166Trp variant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inherited glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disease and a set of syndromes caused by different genes involved in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol characterized by severe cognitive disability, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels, and distinct facial features. This report presents a patient with inherited GPI deficiency caused by a homozygous frameshift variant of PGAP3 due to uniparental isodisomy (UPiD) on chromosome 17. Method: Clinical characteristics of the patient were collected. Microarray analysis followed by adaptive sampling sequencing targeting chromosome 17 was used for the identification of variants. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm the variant in the target region. Results: The patient was born at 38 weeks of gestation with a birthweight of 3893 g. He had a distinctive facial appearance with hypertelorism, wide nasal bridge, and cleft soft palate. Postnatal head magnetic resonance imaging revealed a Blake's pouch cyst. The serum ALP level was 940 IU/L at birth and increased to 1781 IU/L at 28 days of age. Microarray analysis revealed region of homozygosity in nearly the entire region of chromosome 17, leading to the diagnosis of UPiD. Adaptive sampling sequencing targeting chromosome 17 confirmed the homozygous variant NM_033419:c.778dupG (p.Val260Glyfs*14) in the PGAP3 gene, resulting in a diagnosis of inherited GPI deficiency. Conclusion: This is the first report of inherited GPI deficiency caused by UPiD. Inherited GPI deficiency must be considered in patients with unexplained hyperphosphatasemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WOREE syndrome is an early infantile epileptic encephalopathy characterized by drug‐resistant seizures and severe psychomotor developmental delays. We report a case of a WWOX splice‐site mutation with uniparental isodisomy. A 1‐year and 7‐month‐old girl presented with nystagmus and epileptic seizures from early infancy, with no fixation or pursuit of vision. Physical examination revealed small deformities, such as swelling of both cheeks, folded fingers, rocking feet, and scoliosis. Brain imaging revealed slight hypoplasia of the cerebrum. Electroencephalogram showed focal paroxysmal discharges during the interictal phase of seizures. Vitamin B6 and zonisamide were administered for early infantile epileptic encephalopathy; however, the seizures were not relieved. Despite altering the type and dosage of antiepileptic drugs and ACTH therapy, the seizures were intractable. Whole‐exome analysis revealed the homozygosity of WWOX(NM_016373.4):c.516+1G>A. The WWOX mRNA sequencing using peripheral blood RNA confirmed that exon 5 was homozygously deleted. Based on these results, the patient was diagnosed with WOREE syndrome at 5 months. The WWOX variant found in this study is novel and has never been reported before. WOREE syndrome being extremely rare, further case series and analyses of its pathophysiology are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogenic variants in the RPE65 gene cause the only known form of inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) that are prone to gene therapy. The current study is aimed at the evaluation of the prevalence of RPE65-associated retinopathy in the Russian Federation, the characterization of known variants in the RPE65 gene, and the establishment of the specificities of the mutation spectrum in Russian patients. Methods: The analysis was carried out on blood samples obtained from 1053 non-related IRDs patients. The analysis, which consisted of 211 genes, was carried out based on the method of massive parallel sequencing (MPS) for all probands. Variant validation, as well as biallelic status verification, were carried out using direct automated Sanger sequencing. The number of copies of RPE65 exons 1–14 was analyzed with quantitative MLPA using an MRC-Holland SALSA MLPA probemix. Results: Out of 1053 non-related patients, a molecular genetic diagnosis of IRDs has been confirmed in 474 cases, including 25 (5.3%) patients with RPE65-associated retinopathy. We detected 26 variants in the RPE65 gene, nine of which have not been previously described in the literature. The most common mutations in the Russian population were c.304G>T/p.(Glu102*), c.370C>T/p.(Arg124*), and c.272G>A/p.(Arg91Gln), which comprised 41.8% of all affected chromosomes. Conclusions: The current study shows that pathogenic variants in the RPE65 gene contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of IRDs and comprise 5.3% of all patients with a confirmed molecular genetic diagnosis. This study allowed for the formation of a cohort for target therapy of the disorder; such therapy has already been carried out for some patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• LGMDR3 due to a homozygous SGCA variant unmasked by uniparental isodisomy. • Uniparental disomy cases can be missed if NGS sequencing is only done for proband. • Uniparental disomy analysis must be done in cases of non-mendelian inheritance patterns. Uniparental isodisomy is a condition where both chromosomes of a pair are inherited from one parental homologue. If a deleterious variant is present on the duplicated chromosome, its homozygosity can reveal an autosomal recessive disorder in the offspring of a heterozygous carrier. Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) R3 is an autosomal recessive inherited disease that is associated with alpha-sarcoglycan gene (SGCA) variants. We report the first published case of LGMDR3 due to a homozygous variant in SGCA unmasked by uniparental isodisomy. The patient is an 8-year-old who experienced delayed motor milestones but normal cognitive development. He presented with muscle pain and elevated plasma creatine kinase. Sequencing of the SGCA gene showed a homozygous pathogenic variant. Parents were not related and only the father was heterozygous for the pathogenic variant. A chromosomal microarray revealed a complete chromosome 17 copy number neutral loss of heterozygosity encompassing SGCA , indicating paternal uniparental isodisomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syndromic sensorineural hearing loss is multigenic and associated with malformations of the ear and other organ systems. Herein we describe a child admitted to the NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program with global developmental delay, sensorineural hearing loss, gastrointestinal abnormalities, and absent salivation. Next-generation sequencing revealed a uniparental isodisomy in chromosome 5, and a 22 kb homozygous deletion in SLC12A2, which encodes for sodium, potassium, and chloride transporter in the basolateral membrane of secretory epithelia. Functional studies using patient-derived fibroblasts showed truncated SLC12A2 transcripts and markedly reduced protein abundance when compared with control. Loss of Slc12a2 in mice has been shown to lead to deafness, abnormal neuronal growth and migration, severe gastrointestinal abnormalities, and absent salivation. Together with the described phenotype of the Slc12a2-knockout mouse model, our results suggest that the absence of functional SLC12A2 causes a new genetic syndrome and is crucial for the development of auditory, neurologic, and gastrointestinal tissues.

TRAPPC9 loss‐of‐function biallelic variants are associated with an autosomal recessive intellectual disability syndrome (Online Mendelian Inheritance of Man no. 613192), also characterized by microcephaly, hypertelorism, obesity, growth delay, and behavioral differences. Here, we describe an 8‐year‐old Hispanic female with neurodevelopmental disorder, partial epilepsy, microcephaly, bilateral cleft lip and alveolus, growth delay, and dysmorphic features. She had abnormal myelination, mega cisterna magna, and colpocephaly on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Microarray showed a single ~146 Mb region of homozygosity (ROH) encompassing all of Chromosome 8, consistent with uniparental isodisomy (UPD). Exome sequencing performed in‐house did not identify single nucleotide variants to explain her phenotype. Algorithms developed in‐house and further evaluation of BAM files revealed a homozygous deletion overlapping Exon 2 in TRAPPC9 within the ROH. Subsequent del/dup analyses with exon‐level oligo array confirmed a likely pathogenic deletion in TRAPPC9 (NM_031466.5): arr[GRCh37] 8q24.3(141460661_141461780)x0. Our case highlights the implications of downstream analyses from UPD/ROH given the increased risk for AR conditions, the strengths of combining orthologous molecular methods to establish a diagnosis and further delineates the TRAPPC9‐related phenotype in an individual of Hispanic ancestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on a patient with a juvenile-onset inherited retinal degeneration (IRD) associated with homozygous RP1 mutations inherited by uniparental disomy (UPD). A 6-year-old healthy girl failed school vision screening and was diagnosed with a bull's eye maculopathy. She underwent complete ophthalmic examination, full-field electroretinograms (ERG), kinetic fields, full-field sensitivity testing (FST), and retinal imaging with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and near-infrared (NIR) and short wavelength (SW) fundus autofluorescence (FAF). Visual acuities were relatively preserved (20/30+). There was subtle foveal depigmentation but an otherwise normal fundus examination. SD-OCT revealed a relatively preserved fovea with thinning of the photoreceptor outer nuclear layer with increasing distance from the foveal center coinciding with marked attenuation of the NIR and less marked loss of the SW-FAF signal. ERGs were non-detectable. Kinetic visual fields were generally full to large (V-4e) target but constricted to ~10°of eccentricity to I-4e stimuli. Dark-adapted thresholds by FST were rod-mediated and elevated by ~2 log units. Homozygous pathogenic mutations in RP1 (c.1720_1721del; p.Ser574Asnfs*8) were identified. Family member testing revealed father and siblings to be unaffected carriers; the mother carried wild-type alleles. Further testing suggested UPD of chromosome 8. This report adds support to UPD as a mechanism of inheritance in IRDs and stresses the importance of familial testing for genetic diagnosis and counseling. Consistent with earlier descriptions of autosomal recessive RP1-IRDs our patient showed an early rod and cone photoreceptor degeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Phosphomannomutase 2 deficiency (PMM2‐CDG) affects glycosylation pathways such as the N‐glycosylation pathway, resulting in loss of function of multiple proteins. This disorder causes multisystem involvement with a high variability among patients. PMM2‐CDG is an autosomal recessive disorder, which can be caused by inheriting two pathogenic variants, de novo mutations or uniparental disomy. Case Presentation Our patient presented with multisystem symptoms at an early age including developmental delay, ataxia, and seizures. No diagnosis was obtained till the age of 31 years, when genetic testing was reinitiated. The patient was diagnosed with a complete maternal mixed hetero/isodisomy of chromosome 16, with a homozygous pathogenic PMM2 variant (p.Phe119Leu) causing PMM2‐CDG. A literature review revealed eight cases of uniparental disomy as an underlying cause of CDG, four of which are PMM2‐CDG. Conclusion Since the incidence of homozygosity for PMM2 variants is rare, we suggest further investigations for every homozygous PMM2‐CDG patient where the segregation does not fit. These investigations include testing for UPD or a deletion in one of the two alleles, as this will have an impact on recurrence risk in genetic counseling.

Background/objectives: Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 9 (DEE9) (MIM #300088) affects heterozygous females and males with somatic pathogenic variants, while male carriers with hemizygous PCDH19 pathogenic variants are clinically unaffected. There are hundreds of pathogenic single nucleotide variants in the PCDH19 gene reported in the literature, which lead to the loss of function of the PCDH19 protein. To date, no phenotypes associated with overexpression or copy number gains have been described in this gene., Methods and Results: We present a female patient with a de novo triplication in the Xq21.3-q22.1 chromosomal region, which includes the PCDH19 gene, which implies an unbalanced dose gain. This patient displayed a phenotype of epileptic encephalopathy compatible with DEE9. By comparison, another male patient with a similar duplication showed mild developmental delay and autism but never developed epilepsy., Conclusions: Here, we propose the dose gain of PCDH19 as a new pathogenic mechanism that results in a phenotype similar to that found in patients with loss-of-function variants in PCDH19 , when present in a heterozygous state.

Purpose: This study aims to demonstrate the possibility of detecting segmental uniparental isodisomy (iUPD) using a next-generation sequencing gene panel by reporting a Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) case caused by a homozygous pathogenic variant in RPE65 (c.1022 T > C:p.Leu341Ser) inherited exclusively from the proband's mother. Methods: Samples from the trio (proband, mother, and father) were sequenced with a next-generation sequencing (NGS) retinopathy gene panel (224 genes) and the VCF file containing all variants was used in order to determine single nucleotide variant (SNV) counts from each sample across all chromosomes. Results: Trio analysis showed that of 81 Chr1 inherited variants 41 were exclusively maternal, including 21 homozygous. The other 40 variants were common to both parents. On remaining autosomal chromosomes (Chr2-22) 645 inherited variants were found, 147 of them were exclusively maternal and 132 exclusively paternal. Based on these NGS data, it was possible to note that the proband's chromosomes 1 are more similar to his mother's chromosome 1 than his father's, suggesting the pathogenic homozygous variant found in this patient was inherited exclusively from the mother due to uniparental maternal isodisomy. Conclusions: This study presents a secondary analysis pipeline to identify responsible variants for a phenotype and the correct inheritance pattern, which is a critical step to the proper and accurate genetic counseling of all family members. In addition, this approach could be used to determine iUPD in different Mendelian disorders if the sequencing panel identifies variants spread throughout the genome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital diarrhea diseases are a heterogeneous group of conditions and are the major cause of neonatal mortality worldwide. Proprotein convertase 1/3 (PC1/3) deficiency has been associated with severe malabsorptive diarrhea, obesity, and certain endocrine abnormalities. We report an infant born to non-consanguineous parents who is diagnosed with PC1/3 deficiency due to nonsense homozygous variant (c.238 C>T, p.Arg80Ter) in the PCSK1 gene, identified by Trio-exome sequencing (Trio-ES). The baby girl presented with recurrent diarrhea, transient liver dysfunction and hypoglycemia. Trio-ES showed complete maternal uniparental isodisomy (iUPD) of chromosome 5. Our finding provides accurate genetic counseling to this family and expands the clinical spectrum of iUPD with pathogenic variants causing recessive disease.

Congenital diarrhea diseases are a heterogeneous group of conditions and are the major cause of neonatal mortality worldwide. Proprotein convertase 1/3 (PC1/3) deficiency has been associated with severe malabsorptive diarrhea, obesity, and certain endocrine abnormalities. We report an infant born to non-consanguineous parents who is diagnosed with PC1/3 deficiency due to nonsense homozygous variant (c.238 C>T, p.Arg80Ter) in the PCSK1 gene, identified by Trio-exome sequencing (Trio-ES). The baby girl presented with recurrent diarrhea, transient liver dysfunction and hypoglycemia. Trio-ES showed complete maternal uniparental isodisomy (iUPD) of chromosome 5. Our finding provides accurate genetic counseling to this family and expands the clinical spectrum of iUPD with pathogenic variants causing recessive disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a case of a fetus acquiring two different balanced translocations from each parent and subsequent uniparental isodisomy from postzygotic loss of a paternal chromosome. Balanced chromosomal translocations occur in 0.14% of the population and increase the risk of other genetic abnormalities, such as uniparental disomy (UPD) and mosaicism. Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) can identify some genetic abnormalities. Translocations t(6;21) and t(5;15) have been reported individually but never together in a viable fetus. A non-consanguineous couple who were known carriers of two different balanced translocations conceived via classic in vitro fertilization (IVF). They had a normal PGT completed. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) revealed that the fetus had received t(6;21) from the mother and t(5;15) from the father. The probability of the fetus acquiring both translocations was 2.8%. CVS also revealed UPD of chromosome 14. Amniocentesis was performed, which was consistent with the CVS in detecting the balanced translocations but provided more information about the UPD, determining that it was a mosaic maternal uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 14 (UPD(14)mat). The couple underwent genetic counseling to discuss the above findings and ultimately decided on dilation and evacuation at 17 weeks of gestation. The likelihood of conception of this fetus and survival past the first trimester is extremely rare. These specific chromosomal translocations and (UPD(14)mat) have never been reported before. This case emphasizes the concomitant nature of imprinted genes, resulting in multiple genetically unique alterations. This report also highlights the limitations of PGT, CVS, and amniocentesis in being reproducibly consistent, which is important to discuss prior to IVF conception., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Lall et al.)

Prior work in late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) has resulted in discrepant findings as to whether recent consanguinity and outbred autozygosity are associated with LOAD risk. In the current study, we tested the association between consanguinity and outbred autozygosity with LOAD in the largest such analysis to date, in which 20 LOAD GWAS datasets were retrieved through public databases. Our analyses were restricted to eight distinct ethnic groups: African–Caribbean, Ashkenazi–Jewish European, European–Caribbean, French–Canadian, Finnish European, North-Western European, South-Eastern European, and Yoruba African for a total of 21,492 unrelated subjects (11,196 LOAD and 10,296 controls). Recent consanguinity determination was performed using FSuite v1.0.3, according to subjects' ancestral background. The level of autozygosity in the outbred population was assessed by calculating inbreeding estimates based on the proportion (FROH) and the number (NROH) of runs of homozygosity (ROHs). We analyzed all eight ethnic groups using a fixed-effect meta-analysis, which showed a significant association of recent consanguinity with LOAD (N = 21,481; OR = 1.262, P = 3.6 × 10–4), independently of APOE ∗4 (N = 21,468, OR = 1.237, P = 0.002), and years of education (N = 9,257; OR = 1.274, P = 0.020). Autozygosity in the outbred population was also associated with an increased risk of LOAD, both for F ROH (N = 20,237; OR = 1.204, P = 0.030) and N ROH metrics (N = 20,237; OR = 1.019, P = 0.006), independently of APOE ∗4 [(F ROH, N = 20,225; OR = 1.222, P = 0.029) (N ROH, N = 20,225; OR = 1.019, P = 0.007)]. By leveraging the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP) whole-exome sequencing (WES) data, we determined that LOAD subjects do not show an enrichment of rare, risk-enhancing minor homozygote variants compared to the control population. A two-stage recessive GWAS using ADSP data from 201 consanguineous subjects in the discovery phase followed by validation in 10,469 subjects led to the identification of RPH3AL p.A303V (rs117190076) as a rare minor homozygote variant increasing the risk of LOAD [discovery: Genotype Relative Risk (GRR) = 46, P = 2.16 × 10–6; validation: GRR = 1.9, P = 8.0 × 10–4]. These results confirm that recent consanguinity and autozygosity in the outbred population increase risk for LOAD. Subsequent work, with increased samples sizes of consanguineous subjects, should accelerate the discovery of non-additive genetic effects in LOAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to unravel the genetic, molecular and cellular pathomechanisms of DSC2 truncation variants leading to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM). We report a homozygous 4-bp DSC2 deletion variant c.1913_1916delAGAA, p.Q638LfsX647hom causing a frameshift carried by an ACM patient. Whole exome sequencing and comparative genomic hybridization analysis support a loss of heterozygosity in a large segment of chromosome 18 indicating segmental interstitial uniparental isodisomy (UPD). Ultrastructural analysis of the explanted myocardium from a mutation carrier using transmission electron microscopy revealed a partially widening of the intercalated disc. Using qRT-PCR we demonstrated that DSC2 mRNA expression was substantially decreased in the explanted myocardial tissue of the homozygous carrier compared to controls. Western blot analysis revealed absence of both full-length desmocollin-2 isoforms. Only a weak expression of the truncated form of desmocollin-2 was detectable. Immunohistochemistry showed that the truncated form of desmocollin-2 did not localize at the intercalated discs. In vitro , transfection experiments using induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes and HT-1080 cells demonstrated an obvious absence of the mutant truncated desmocollin-2 at the plasma membrane. Immunoprecipitation in combination with fluorescence measurements and Western blot analyses revealed an abnormal secretion of the truncated desmocollin-2. In summary, we unraveled segmental UPD as the likely genetic reason for a small homozygous DSC2 deletion. We conclude that a combination of nonsense mediated mRNA decay and extracellular secretion is involved in DSC2 related ACM. • We show that DSC2 truncating mutations cause a loss of function mechanism. • DSC2 truncating mutations can be recessively inherited. • First report, demonstrating that uniparental isodisomy might be involved in ACM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atypical phenotype of an imprinting disease can develop with a recessive homozygous variant due to uniparental isodisomy. We present a girl with severe intellectual disability, developmental delay, distinctive facial features, and other neuropsychiatric features. Trio whole exome sequencing revealed a novel homozygous frameshift variant in AP4E1 [NM_007347.5:c.2412dupT:p.(Gly805Trpfs*8)] and uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 15 [iUPD(15)]. Single nucleotide polymorphism mapping analysis of exome data showed that the homozygous AP4E1 variant was derived from her heterozygous carrier father and unmasked by paternal iUPD(15). Brain magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the brain abnormalities characteristic of AP4 deficiency including the dilated ventricles and hypointensity in the globus pallidus in susceptibility-weighted imaging. This is the first case report of a combination of AP4E1 deficiency and Angelman syndrome. Our patient indicates that whole exome sequencing could uncover an atypical phenotype caused by multiple genetic factors including the uniparental isodisomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jalili syndrome is a rare multisystem disorder with the most prominent features consisting of cone‐rod dystrophy and amelogenesis imperfecta. Few cases have been reported in the Americas. Here we describe a case series of patients with Jalili syndrome examined at the National Eye Institute's Ophthalmic Genetics clinic between 2016 and 2018. Three unrelated sporadic cases were systematically evaluated for ocular phenotype and determined to have cone‐rod dystrophy with bull's eye maculopathy, photophobia, and nystagmus. All patients had amelogenesis imperfecta. Two of these patients had Guatemalan ancestry and the same novel homozygous CNNM4 variant (p.Arg236Trp c.706C > T) without evidence of consanguinity. This variant met likely pathogenic criteria by the American College of Medical Genetics guidelines. An additional patient had a homozygous deleterious variant in CNNM4 (c.279delC p.Phe93Leufs*31), which resulted from paternal uniparental isodisomy for chromosome 2p22‐2q37. This individual had additional syndromic features including developmental delay and spastic diplegia, likely related to mutations at other loci. Our work highlights the genotypic variability of Jalili syndrome and expands the genotypic spectrum of this condition by describing the first series of patients seen in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Complex genomic rearrangements (CGRs) consisting of interstitial triplications in conjunction with uniparental isodisomy (isoUPD) have rarely been reported in patients with multiple congenital anomalies (MCA)/intellectual disability (ID). One-ended DNA break repair coupled with microhomology-mediated break-induced replication (MMBIR) has been recently proposed as a possible mechanism giving rise to interstitial copy number gains and distal isoUPD, although only a few cases providing supportive evidence in human congenital diseases with MCA have been documented. Case presentation Here, we report on the chromosomal microarray (CMA)-based identification of the first known case with concurrent interstitial duplication at 1q42.12-q42.2 and triplication at 1q42.2-q43 followed by isoUPD for the remainder of chromosome 1q (at 1q43-qter). In distal 1q duplication/triplication overlapping with 1q42.12-q43, variable clinical features have been reported, and our 25-year-old patient with MCA/ID presented with some of these frequently described features. Further analyses including the precise mapping of breakpoint junctions within the CGR in a sequence level suggested that the CGR found in association with isoUPD in our case is a triplication with flanking duplications, characterized as a triplication with a particularly long duplication-inverted triplication-duplication (DUP-TRP/INV-DUP) structure. Because microhomology was observed in both junctions between the triplicated region and the flanking duplicated regions, our case provides supportive evidence for recently proposed replication-based mechanisms, such as MMBIR, underlying the formation of CGRs + isoUPD implicated in chromosomal disorders. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of CGRs + isoUPD observed in 1q and having DUP-TRP/INV-DUP structure with a long proximal duplication, which supports MMBIR-based model for genomic rearrangements. Molecular cytogenetic analyses using CMA containing single-nucleotide polymorphism probes with further analyses of the breakpoint junctions are recommended in cases suspected of having complex chromosomal abnormalities based on discrepancies between clinical and conventional cytogenetic findings.

Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) 2B is a rare disease and has been reported mostly in offspring of consanguineous parents. Here we report the case of a patient born to non-consanguineous parents who was diagnosed with HSAN 2B caused due to a novel frameshift mutation (NM_001034850.2: c.765dupT/p.Gly256TrpfsTer7) in the RETREG1 gene and paternal uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 5. Uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 5 is also a rare condition, and these two rare events lead to homozygous expression of a recessive mutation, as in the present case. Clinicians should be aware that autosomal recessive disorders due to homozygous variants can occur because of uniparental disomy in offspring of non-consanguineous parents.

Abstract Background Uniparental disomy (UPD) leading to autosomal recessive (AR) diseases is rare. We found an unusual homozygous state in two nonconsanguineous families, and only one parent in each family was a heterozygote. Methods Two patients with homozygosity for pathogenic variants were revealed by whole‐exome sequencing (WES), further Sanger sequencing found that only one of the parents was a heterozygote. Initial genotype and copy number variations analysis from WES data of probands involving whole chromosomes 1 and 9 containing these two pathogenic variants were performed, genome‐wide single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis was used to confirm these results. Results Whole‐exome sequencing identified a homozygous c.3423_3424delTG mutation in AGL in patient 1 and a homozygous c.241‐1G>C mutation in SURF1 in patient 2. Further parental testing found that only the two patients’ healthy fathers were heterozygous. WES‐based copy number and genotype analysis found a copy‐neutral loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of whole chromosome 1 in patient 1 and of whole chromosomes 9 and 10 in patient 2. Further genome‐wide SNP array and family haplotype analyses confirmed whole paternal uniparental isodisomy (UPiD) 1 in patient 1 and paternal UPiD 9 and maternal UPiD 10 in patient 2. Therefore, UPiD caused AR monogenic glycogen storage disease type‐III (GSDIII) in patient 1 and Leigh syndrome in patient 2 through non‐Mendelian inheritance of two mutant copies of a gene from each patient's father. Conclusion Our report highlights that a single NGS‐based analysis could allow us to find homozygous sequence variants and copy‐neutral LOH in such cases. Our report also describes the first case of GSDIII caused by UPiD 1 and Leigh syndrome caused by UPiD 9.

Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) 2B is a rare disease and has been reported mostly in offspring of consanguineous parents. Here we report the case of a patient born to non-consanguineous parents who was diagnosed with HSAN 2B caused due to a novel frameshift mutation (NM_001034850.2: c.765dupT/p.Gly256TrpfsTer7) in the RETREG1 gene and paternal uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 5. Uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 5 is also a rare condition, and these two rare events lead to homozygous expression of a recessive mutation, as in the present case. Clinicians should be aware that autosomal recessive disorders due to homozygous variants can occur because of uniparental disomy in offspring of non-consanguineous parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a duo paternity test case to assess the biological relationship between a woman and her female child. After analyzing 57 autosomal and 19 X-chromosomal short tandem repeat loci, mother–daughter exclusions were discovered at four loci, which were all located on chromosome 2. Further testing of whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphisms confirmed that the daughter had complete uniparental disomy (UPD) of chromosome 2. This study presents a cautionary case demonstrating that hasty decisions of parentage exclusion should not be made when genetic markers on the same chromosome do not conform to Mendel's laws due to UPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TBC1D24‐related disorders are rare neurodevelopmental disorders that show a broad range of neuropsychiatric deficits and are mostly inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Here we describe a case with early‐onset epileptic encephalopathy, in whom exome sequencing detected a novel pathogenic homozygous c.442G>A, p.(Glu148Lys) variant in TBC1D24. She showed severe developmental delay, congenital sensorineural hearing loss and seizures, but the combination of a high dose phenobarbital and potassium bromide was very effective for the seizures. Sanger sequencing revealed that her mother was a heterozygous carrier of the TBC1D24 variant, but her father showed only wild‐type alleles. Homozygosity mapping analysis using exome data showed loss of the heterozygosity region at 16p13.3–p13.13 encompassing TBC1D24. Genotyping analysis using rare variants within loss of the heterozygosity region indicated that the patient has a homozygous haplotype inherited from her mother, indicating maternal segmental uniparental isodisomy (UPiD). These data clearly show that exome sequencing is a powerful tool to perform comprehensive genetic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: acute myeloid leukaemia; CBL syndrome; loss of heterozygosity; uniparental isodisomy; juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia EN acute myeloid leukaemia CBL syndrome loss of heterozygosity uniparental isodisomy juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia 665 667 3 02/02/21 20210201 NES 210201 Germline mutations in I CBL i produce a syndrome presenting in childhood or early adulthood with variable phenotype ranging from Noonan syndrome and RASopathy features, along with a strong association with the development of juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML).1 Although somatic mutations in I CBL i have been found in approximately 5% of myeloid neoplasms,2 cancers other than JMML have not been reported frequently in CBL syndrome. Given the pattern in most patients with CBL syndrome and the heterozygous mutation status in one son, uniparental disomy is favoured as the mechanism of homozygosity in this patient. Overall, this case illustrates some of the clinical, genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of I CBL i syndrome caused by germline I CBL i variants as well as the classic LOH/UPD (uniparental disomy) frequently seen in CBL syndrome. [Extracted from the article]

Atypical situations arise during the constant resolution of paternity cases, which constitute challenges requiring additional genetic systems and non-standard methods. We report a paternity case presenting three alleged father (AF)-child incompatibilities for the markers TPOX, D2S441, and the indel locus B02 (11/11 vs 8/8; 14/14 vs 10/10; 2/2 vs1/1, respectively). Considering the presence of mutations/null alleles, the residual paternity indexes (PI) obtained with 23 autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) and 38 indels suggest that the AF is the father (PI = 1.94e+011). Although the presence of few incompatibilities also could imply paternity of the AF brother, this hypothesis was less probable (PI = 3.20e+9) (W = 98.4 vs 1.6%, respectively). The inclusion of 23 Y-STR loci confirmed the paternity relationship in this case (global PI = 6.08e+15). However, the two multistep STRs and one indel incompatibilities allow discarding the mutation possibility. On the other hand, the confirmation of the homozygous STR genotypes with two different human identification kits and the low probability to find three null alleles (3.10e-8) allow rejecting the null allele presence hypothesis. Conversely, the child's homozygous genotype for maternal alleles in four markers located in the p and q arms of the chromosome 2 (TPOX, D2S441, D2S1338, and B02) suggests that maternal uniparental isodisomy better explains the relationship despite the presence of three paternal incompatibilities. In brief, when multiple incompatibilities are observed in paternity testing, the chromosomal location of the excluding loci and the use of additional genetic systems can be crucial to get confident kinship conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with autosomal recessive (AR) disorders are usually born to parents both of whom are heterozygous carriers of the disease. However, in some instances only one of the parents is a carrier and a mutation is segregated to the patient through uniparental isodisomy (UPiD). Recently, an increasing number of such case reports has been published, and it has become clear that there are several different UPiD patterns that cause AR disorders. In this article, we report 3 remarkable patients with different patterns of UPiD. We then review 85 cases collected in the literature. We realized that they can be classified into 3 patterns: UPiD of the whole chromosome, segmental UPiD with uniparental heterodisomy (UPhD), and segmental UPiD caused by post-zygotic mitotic recombination (MiRe). Whole chromosomal UPiD accounted for the majority of cases, with paternal origin accounting for approximately twice as many cases as maternal origin. Most cases of segmental UPiD with UPhD were of maternal origin, with a dominancy of nondisjunction in meiosis I, while segmental UPiD through MiRe is the smallest pattern with equal parental origin. These differences in proportion and parental origin in each pattern can be explained by considering nondisjunction during oogenesis as the starting point and UPiD as subsequent events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loss‐of function mutations in NALCN on chromosome 13q, a sodium leak channel that maintains baseline neuronal excitability, cause infantile hypotonia with psychomotor retardation and characteristic faces 1 (IHPRF1, OMIM #615419). Here, we document two individuals with early onset hypotonia with poor feeding and intellectual disability who were compatible with a diagnosis of IHPRF1. The two patients had bi‐allelic mutations in NALCN through two different genetic mechanisms: Patient 1 had bi‐allelic splice site mutations, that is c.1267‐2A>G, derived from heterozygous parents, while Patient 2 had a partial maternal uniparental isodisomy that harbored a frameshift mutation, that is c.2022_2023delAT, in chromosome 13 that was detected through a dedicated algorithm for homozygosity data mapping in whole exome sequencing. The delineation of the exact pattern of inheritance provided vital information regarding the risk of recurrence. In animal models with Nalcn mutations, two behavioral phenotypes, that are, postnatal dyspnea and sleep disturbance, have been reported. Our observations of the two patients with postnatal dyspnea and one patient with sleep disturbance support an association between these two behavioral phenotypes and NALCN mutations in humans. The routine use of a detection algorithm for homozygosity data mapping might improve the diagnostic yields of next‐generation sequencing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steroid 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II (3β-HSD2) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). We report the genetic basis of 3β-HSD2 deficiency arising from uniparental isodisomy (UPD) of chromosome 1. We describe a term undervirilized male whose newborn screen indicated borderline CAH. The patient presented on the 7th day of life in salt-wasting adrenal crisis. Steroid hormone testing revealed a complex pattern suggestive of 3β-HSD deficiency. Chromosomal microarray and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis revealed complete UPD of chromosome 1. Sanger sequencing of HSD3B2 revealed a previously described missense mutation, c.424G>A (p.E142K) in homozygous state, thus confirming the diagnosis of 3β-HSD2 deficiency. We provide evidence of the existence of an uncommon mechanism for HSD3B2 gene-related CAH arising from UPD of chromosome 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundInfantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL) is an autosomal recessive disorder starting in infancy as early as 12-month-old, caused by PPT1 (palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1) mutations, and characterized by progressive psychomotor deterioration, brain atrophy, myoclonic jerk and visual impairment. INCL can be diagnosed by brain magnetic resonance image (MRI) prior to rapid deterioration stage. To date, there is no INCL patient whose manifestation was caused by uniparental isodisomy (UPiD). PatientWe reported a girl diagnosed with INCL. Genetic analysis revealed a novel PPT1 mutation c.20_47del28:p.Leu7Hisfs*21. Only the father of the patient was found as a carrier of this mutation. SNP array showed the mutation became homozygous by paternal UPiD of chromosome 1. DiscussionAlthough ICNL is a rare disease except in Finland, it is not difficult to diagnose it since the clinical symptoms and MRI findings are characteristic. Genetic testing is useful for definitive diagnosis, and distinction of UPiD is essential for genetic counseling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Isolated hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (HH) commonly results from recessively inherited mutations in the ABCC8 and KCNJ11 genes that are located on chromosome 11p15.1. More rarely, HH can feature in patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), a congenital overgrowth disorder, resulting from defects at a differentially methylated region telomeric to the K-ATP channel genes at chromosome 11p15.5. Subject: We undertook genetic testing in a patient with diazoxide-unresponsive HH diagnosed at birth. Physical examination later revealed hemihypertrophy of the right arm, a feature of BWS. Results: We identified a novel mosaic, paternally-inherited KCNJ11 mutation(s) in the patient. Further analysis confirmed uniparental disomy (UPD) of chromosome 11, which extended across the KCNJ11 gene at 11p15.1 and the BWS locus at 11p15.5. Conclusion: These results highlight the importance of considering UPD as a mechanism of disease in patients with HH and a paternally inherited K-ATP channel mutation, especially when additional syndromic features are present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]