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The aim of this study is to evaluate the urban transformation processes in the context of urban sustainability by analyzing the population and building density trends of four different housing settlement textures that have developed in Bursa Osmangazi since the 1960s, when the industrialization process began in Turkey. The methods include a detailed analysis of population changes and building and population densities. The results show that, in the areas developed between 1960 and 2004, population growth has either stopped or declined, and there are irregularities in building and population densities. This situation indicates the problems arising from planning and infrastructure deficiencies in urbanization processes. The earthquake risk in housing areas from this period especially increases the urgency of renewal and transformation processes. This study emphasizes the necessity of urban-scale solutions to manage the urgency of renewal in earthquake-prone regions. It highlights the need to handle pre-2004 areas together in the urban transformation process to balance densities. In this context, the importance of density transfer, the protection of property rights, and the effective management of transformation processes are underlined for urban sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persisting housing challenges in Africa's cities are often theorized as driven by rapid demographic expansion outstripping housing supply or by the urbanization of poverty which puts the cost of adequate and serviced housing beyond the reach of many urban dwellers. This theorization links the problem of inadequate supply and low quality of housing to ahistorical, apolitical factors such as the size and income/poverty characteristics of Africa's urban population and ignores legacies of elite capture and multi-dimensional exclusions reflected in policies and practices. Yet these policies and practices shape urban governance and who gains access to land, housing finance and ultimately serviced housing and neighborhoods. Drawing on a review of policies, media sources and literature on housing in Ghana and taking a critical postcolonial institutional theoretic approach, we argue that a more complete conceptualization of Africa's urban housing crises should involve a close look at the regressive historical patterns of urban investments and persisting elite biases in institutions managing land, finance and housing. This re-framing of housing problems creates a more holistic framework and better articulates the unjust foundations of regressive and exclusionary policies and practices. Further, it highlights elite capture and multi-dimensional exclusions that perpetuate current housing and service failure in African cities. An explicit focus on power, exclusion and injustice is necessary to formulate and advocate alternative policies that are more likely to produce inclusive livable housing and neighborhoods. These include moratoriums on evictions, expanded slum upgrading, progressive property and land taxation, more inclusive planning systems, better regulation of rental housing and improved delivery of land and finance for transit oriented affordable public and rental housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Condominium housing is a critical housing option, but its affordability measures continue to be debatable. This study examined the mutual effect of housing & transportation monthly expenses on housing location affordability and accessibility, considering three comparable locations- inner-city, intermediate, and outer-city condominium locations in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 1152 condominium residents were surveyed to assess urban housing location affordability using the combined H+T affordability index, GIS, one-way ANOVA, and Logit model. Housing affordability is diversified in the city, distance to CBD & transport are significant factor. Outer-city and intermediate neighbourhoods are unaffordable & inaccessible, with 55% and 48% index, respectively. Outer-city residents and lower-incomers face higher financial burdens. Nevertheless, inner-city is affordable & accessible, and residents enjoy better proximity to services. It contributes insights to enhance literature and debates on the model. H+T index provides up-to-date understanding and informs policymaking for innovative, smart, and sustainable, location-sensitive, integrated, and pro-poor policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve complete urbanization in developing countries, it is essential for many farmers to leave rural areas and withdraw from farmland as they enter urban employment. The Chinese government offers economic incentives to encourage households to relinquish their land rights. Based on a survey data in rural China, this paper examines the impact of land transfers and urban housing on the withdrawal of contractual rights of farm households. Econometric analyses reveal that rural households with urban housing are 6.4 % less likely to choose to withdraw from land, whereas those involved in land transfers are 3.8 % more likely to do so. The study's findings suggest that a uniform policy, like nationwide land withdrawal reforms accompanied by economic compensation, might lead to outcomes where the poor lose land and the rich retain theirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to affordable housing and basic urban services is required to maintain social equality and is linked to the well-being and happiness of the citizens. Global pandemics, like Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), pose challenges to decision-makers in revisiting urban development policies to strengthen citizens' amenities and services. Bhopal, one of India's fast-growing million-plus cities (1.79 million at the 2011 census) and one of the first 20 cities under the Government's ambitious Smart Cities Mission, was a hotspot of COVID-19 pandemic cases in India. This paper attempts to determine the housing and basic services conditions at both cities and the local (municipal ward) level, taking Bhopal as a case study. The paper also examines the geographical inequalities in housing and basic services and explores their relation to the COVID-19 pandemic through deprivation indices and Geographic Information System (GIS) based analysis. The findings suggest that COVID-19 pandemic cases are higher in those municipal wards where housing and basic services deprivation indexes are low. People living in poor housing and lacking basic services find maintaining proper personal hygiene and sufficient physical distancing difficult, increasing COVID-19 cases. The results can help the decision makers to understand the geographical inequalities in housing and basic services within the city, its relationship with COVID-19 pandemic cases, and ongoing urban mission initiatives that can help to tackle the impact of similar health emergencies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the struggles for housing among older women, including the meaning attached to ownership and control of urban houses among low-income households. It analyses the extent to which older women in low-income suburbs of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, can age-in-place. I explain how the ideal of ageing in place for the nineteen women in this research (ages 60 – 90) is dependent on factors such as access to and control of one’s housing situation, which are impacted by whether or not they have good sibling and intergenerational family relationships. Family conflicts and unpleasant interactions with siblings, adult children, nephews, nieces, and grandchildren affect their chances of ageing well in their place of choice forcing some of them to begrudgingly retrace their steps back to the rural areas. These older women are poor and do not have reliable sources of income to look after themselves and the children under their care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the evolving landscape of modern living in South Korea, which has the widespread apartment complexes that have emerged from the efficiencycentric approaches of industrial capitalism. It explores the paradigm shift in the 21st-century capitalist society, which now values creativity and individual expression over functionality and uniformity. This shift has led to a noticeable disparity between the monotonous spatial composition of mass-produced housing and the dynamic, creative lifestyles of contemporary residents. The research method involves a comprehensive analysis of both lifestyle and architectural magazines, providing insights into the changing preferences and lifestyles of residents, as well as the perspectives of professionals. The study aimed to highlight the changing nature of residential spaces and the design strategies, moving away from the conventional utility-focused designs, towards environments that foster creativity and reflect the individuality of inhabitants. Key findings indicate a growing public preference for residential spaces that are versatile, creatively stimulating, and aligned with the multifaceted nature of modern lifestyles. Contrasting these views, architectural experts emphasize the fundamental values of living, advocating for spaces that connect residents with nature and enrich everyday experiences through sensory engagement. The study concludes that while there is a divergence in perspectives between the general public and architectural specialists, both recognize the necessity for sustainable housing solutions. These solutions should cater to contemporary societal changes while preserving essential life values, thereby overcoming the limitations of the prevalent apartmentcentric urban housing model in South Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Nigeria, over 56,000 projects have been abandoned, leading to negative societal and urban impacts, including wasted investment, job losses, increased crime rates, visual pollution, and disruption of urban planning. These abandoned projects, which include residential, commercial, and industrial buildings, have significant multiplier effects on the construction industry. As the housing sector plays a vital role in a country's economy, the issue of abandoned urban housing projects, particularly in Ibadan, Nigeria’s third-largest city, poses serious challenges. These challenges affect the city’s economic growth, social cohesion, and environmental quality, yet there is limited research addressing the problem. This paper investigated the causes of abandoned housing projects in Ibadan, aiming to find ways to revive them and prevent future abandonment. A structured questionnaire (n=45) was administered to consultants and professionals in the built environment (architects, engineers, quantity surveyors, and builders). Key causes of abandonment were identified, along with impacts such as building dilapidation, environmental decline, and urban visual displeasure. The paper recommended the establishment of regulatory frameworks for periodic inspections of ongoing projects and requiring developers to have exit strategies for financial setbacks. It also emphasized policies that promote repurposing abandoned buildings for public services, such as affordable housing or community centers. The conclusion stressed that without addressing the root causes, urban aesthetics and adequate housing provision will continue to suffer.

This study addresses the struggles for housing among older women, including the meaning attached to ownership and control of urban houses among low-income households. It analyses the extent to which older women in low-income suburbs of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, can age-in-place. I explain how the ideal of ageing in place for the nineteen women in this research (ages 60 – 90) is dependent on factors such as access to and control of one’s housing situation, which are impacted by whether or not they have good sibling and intergenerational family relationships. Family conflicts and unpleasant interactions with siblings, adult children, nephews, nieces, and grandchildren affect their chances of ageing well in their place of choice forcing some of them to begrudgingly retrace their steps back to the rural areas. These older women are poor and do not have reliable sources of income to look after themselves and the children under their care.

The floor area we occupy is expected to double by 2060, with most of this growth occurring in residential construction. Population growth and urbanisation in emerging markets will mean expanding cities and rising demand for new urban housing in urban areas and the world (Saberi and Menes, 2020). The trends represent an enormous opportunity to design, build and operate the homes of tomorrow in intelligent ways that minimise energy consumption and carbon emissions (against the backdrop of climate change concerns, advocacy, and justice), and lower building and home ownership costs and capital value. Nigeria has an estimated 28 million housing deficit as of 2023 and circa N21 trillion to fill this deficit (National Bureau of Statistics, 2023). Artificial Intelligence is expected to play a pivotal role in this area using data-including performance, resource consumption, reduced outgoings from service charge administration, drive cost efficiency and increased residents' comfort. Artificial intelligence will also use data sets from this research to improve residential housing development conceptualisation, design, and construction and shape policy actions by the government and other actors in the housing value chain around spatial planning and development control. The research aims to critically examine how artificial intelligence will shape the future of residential housing development in terms of energy efficiency and affordability for residential end-users in Nigeria. The research is still ongoing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban housing stock is of large scale and diversity, with low and uneven energy efficiency. In view of this situation, this paper investigates the urban housing of Chongqing during 1950 and 2000 with the typology approach and the CHAID decision tree algorithm, summarizes three major categories and 24 subcategories of building envelopes from 373 samples according to three attributesof construction year, unit type and unit composition, and constructs physical models of the archetypes. By simulation, it shows that classified evaluation can better explain the impact factors and their significance for various types of cooling and heating load demands, contributing to screening out the types with the worst energy efficiency, and the parts of each type that are most unfavorable for energy efficiency. The saving rates of retrofit measures with different depths on cooling and heating loads also depends on the contributions of different types and their different parts. It is proposed to subdivide the evaluation standards for energy-efficiency retrofitting based on CHAID decision tree, and to extrapolate to a larger area for energy-efficiency evaluation and retrofit potential prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-city housing costs are commonly attributed to excessive investment or financialization of the property market. The primary cause of housing issues is the imbalance between housing supply and demand. In the context of the urban housing market, the dynamic matching of housing supply and population type plays a crucial role in promoting equilibrium, maximizing the effectiveness of the market’s long-term mechanism, and preserving the coordination and stability of the market. To illustrate this point, the paper analyzes the impact of different attributes of population on housing demand from the perspective of dynamic matching between population attributes and housing types. Taking Zhengzhou City in Henan Province as an example, we consider the relationship between population attributes and housing types in the past, construct a theoretical model of population and housing type and anticipate the future supply scale of various housing kinds. Ultimately, our findings provide a theoretical justification for curbing excessive financialization and housing bubbles in large cities. Furthermore, we propose a practical method for urban housing to return to the essence of life from the perspective of matching housing supply and demand.

This study focuses on land tenure in an urban environment. Specifically, it intends to elucidate the influence of land tenure security on access to housing in urban communities. The conurbation of Grand Nokoué, which is an agglomeration of five cities in the Republic of Benin, West Africa, captures attention due to its particular features as a developing city. Based on the literature, this study outlined three major factors of insecure land tenure, namely, lack of recognition by authorities, lack of protection from eviction or expulsion, and informal community-based rights. In addition, we examined four characteristics of relevant housing issues, namely, the development of shantytowns, the multiplicity of precarious housing, the loss of housing for the development of public projects, and exposure to house demolition under judicial decision, to formulate our hypotheses. The results of field observation and semi-structured interviews supported the hypotheses and demonstrated that legal access to land, the protection of the population from anarchic eviction, and informal community-based rights may positively influence the development of sustainable urban housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is about the short-lived space standards for urban housing in Turkey. Introduced in the 1960s, the standards were a crucial part of a policy that aimed to balance the housing demand and the development agenda by steering the market toward affordable housing. The Turkish state was not a significant actor in housing production. Nor had it ever before substantially intervened to regulate the housing market. The standards, however, exemplified a bold move stemming from a welfare and planning perspective. Although standards' influence was curbed, the policy is important to address as it aimed to remedy a problem that continues today, namely, the disjunction between the housing provision and the means of the middle- and low-income groups. While a sixty-year-old policy does not provide immediate answers for today, it does offer insight into the history and context of some of the current housing issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate landlords have emerged as a new powerful actor of the housing crisis. Fuelled by financialised capital and operating simultaneously at a global and local scale, they have increased pressure on the housing markets. Urban social movements and tenants’ unions are reorganising through news strategies to adapt to new challenges. These include combining resistance on the streets with a strategic use of the law. This paper analyses the legal strategies employed by social movements in Barcelona/Catalonia and Berlin, which include promoting new legislation and creatively utilising existing legal frameworks to introduce forms of rent control and re-municipalisation of social and public housing and to force corporate landlords to offer social rents to vulnerable families instead of evicting them. In Catalonia, we focus on two laws developed by social movements and passed by the Catalan Parliament and Government: Law 24/2015, which introduced mechanisms to avoid evictions, deal with over-indebtedness problems and expand the public housing stock. Law 11/2020, which created a form of rent control, applied to several Catalan cities. In Berlin, we focus on the campaign Deutsche Wohnen & Co. enteignen, DWE, which proposed the use of Art. 15 of the German Constitution to ‘socialize’ (i.e. to expropriate and re-municipalise) housing owned by corporate landlords. Focusing on these case studies we intend to critically investigate the impact and results of these new laws and policies. Through this analysis, we aim to contribute to academic and activist debates on the effectiveness, potential and limits of legal strategies for progressive urban change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban planning typically involves technical and political procedures of developing and designing land use and determining urban boundaries. However, similar to other government interventions, urban planning creates rents for some urban lands while causing losses to other lands. To gain the maximum profit, land developers prefer to develop lands that have acquired higher privileges, i.e., more extensive construction permits. It will make cities' development patterns unbalanced in favor of land with more accumulated planning rents. The transfer of development rights (TDR) is a market approach to designing urban development that balances. It evenly distributes the benefits and disadvantages of urban planning, especially in protecting historic buildings and agricultural and garden lands. This paper simulates the application of TDR as an alternative urban planning way to cope with the unbalanced development of urban lands in Tehran. We utilized an urban dataset from 2007 to 2019 and evaluated the efficiency of TDR using Agent-Based Modeling (ABM). Results implied that the usage of the TDR would improve the distribution of investment in Tehran in a more balanced pattern. However, more studies, especially considering the regional differences in the city and expansion of the model for other for-profit or non-profit usages such as urban gardens, make it imperative to use.

Urban upgrading programs are implemented to enhance the living conditions in a city. However, the concept of to what extent the life of the targeted communities is improved remains contested and fluid. The purpose of this study was two-fold. First, it evaluated for the first time the indoor thermal conditions in the three main urban housing types in Kigali and analyzed whether the ongoing urban renewal takes into consideration occupant thermal comfort. Second, alternatives to improve thermal performance of urban housing were investigated and recommendations were given. Results indicate that modern urban housing performed significantly greater compared to other housing types, especially during daytime. Indoor thermal conditions in the planned low-income housing were no better—and, in fact, were slightly poorer—than in the informal settlement from which households were to be relocated. Through design parameter optimization, the indoor thermal conditions in the planned low-income housing were improved by 85.5% in the daytime hours and 71.2% in the nighttime hours. These findings are valuable to officials in resettlement programs by providing insights to improve urban dwellers' living conditions from a wholistic prospective. This can assist related parties in mitigating project failure often caused by local resistance to resettlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines housing affordability among female-headed households, focusing on the differences between those living in rural areas versus those in urban areas. Existing literature on female householders lacks a contemporary understanding of the demographic, housing, and financial characteristics and the differences among rural and urban householders. Using multinomial logistic regression and 2013 American Housing Survey data for the analyses, this study identified statistically significant differences regarding housing affordability among rural and urban householders. The results of this research provide insight concerning the attributes of female householders, particularly those that live in rural areas, and their relationship to housing affordability. Our findings reveal housing cost burden as one of the prevailing struggles for female householders in the rural and urban areas of the US. Rural female householders spent a smaller percentage of their income on housing on average compared to urban householders, yet about half of all rural female householders were cost burdened. Female householders with children experienced more housing hardship and worse economic conditions than those without children. Our research points to the need for policy interventions that mitigate female-headed households' economic and housing challenges, particularly those in rural areas who may have difficulty accessing government programs and assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social interest housing assumes a significant role in shaping the urban fabric of the city, manifested by the materialization of neighborhood groups carried forward through the operations implemented by credit institutions. The Peronist government between 1946 and 1955, within an important plan of public works positioned the construction of housing of social interest in a relevant place. Its fall in 1955 generated a change in the orientation of social housing policies in the national space. The support to the internal savings systems and the Alliance for Progress characterized the guidelines taken forward. Materialized at the beginning of the 70s, the neighborhoods "Plan VEA" and "300 houses" are located to the south of the central area of ​​the city of Corrientes, with an urban environment that in recent years underwent changes due to the occupation of spaces. free of building. Currently, both neighborhoods are fully integrated into the urban fabric in a sector that in recent years evidenced an important real estate development, accompanied by the extension of urban infrastructure, according to the analysis of the category of demographic evolution and graphic documentation of the sources analyzed.

Previous researches on urban housing transformation in Indonesia focused on the privacy and observable morphological changes of the house. This study aims to compare the spatial configuration between the original and transformed plan of the urban houses in Indonesia. Six houses in Jatiwaringin Asri, Bekasi were investigated as part of the case study. The original plan and transformed plan of the houses are obtained through the interviews with the occupants of the houses. The plans were analyzed graphically and mathematically using space syntax. The results show that the open plan space is central in both original and transformed plan. There is strong segregation between public and private area but the interior of the houses maintain low hierarchical organization.

• Housing commons are imperfect, hybrid social processes embedded in contingent politico-economic contexts. • The commons is a 'relational triad' involving a common resource, a community and a form of self-organisation/management/governance. • My approach assumes that most housing commons are surrounded by exclusionary boundaries and aims to understand how they can be softened. • Horizontal self-management is a contradictory process in the context of a social reproduction crisis. • Certain forms of public-common partnerships can make housing commons more inclusive. The current crisis of housing affordability in urban environments has drawn the attention of geographers to housing commons. This paper provides a conceptual and operational framework for an empirical study of housing commons. In thinking about the commons as a 'relational triad' involving a resource (the object), and community (the actors) and a form of organisation (the activity), I argue that housing commons are hybrid, imperfect social processes that escape binary scrutiny. Drawing on the findings of a research project that took place between 2017 and 2021, I focus on an emerging form of self-managed cooperative housing in the city of Barcelona, known as the 'grant of use model'. I dwell on the contradictory nature of self-management in the context of a social reproduction crisis. Housing commons can be conducive to solidaristic communities and non-individualist subjectivities outside the financialisation of everyday life via mortgaged homeownership. However, the time and emotional investment required to self-develop housing projects in highly regulated, neoliberal urban spaces are not available for everyone. Housing commons require a favourable political context, economic resources, social connections and technical knowledge, which prevent democratic access. I analyse the origin and causes of exclusionary boundaries surrounding these housing commons to understand how these boundaries can be softened. Departing from disembedded conceptualisations of the commons, I show what type of public-common partnerships and innovative policies can make housing commons more inclusive without renouncing principles such as self-organisation and autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, energy conservation issues, environmental problems and their consequences on public health have increased interest in climatic responsive design to achieve better thermal comfort conditions inside the building without enhancing energy consumption. As people spend most of their time in interior spaces, indoor thermal conditions significantly impact their health and wellbeing. Extended exposure to extreme temperatures might cause heat-related illnesses, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, or death. This paper evaluates the indoor thermal environment generated by the residential buildings’ fabric under overheating conditions. The study was conducted during the summer in a typical residential district in Biskra (Algeria). To assess the thermal response of the buildings’ fabric by taking into account the natural and social context of Biskra, as well as, the energy consumption behaviour of householders, a dynamic simulation study was performed over 115 self-build houses. The results showed that indoor thermal conditions in the analysed building were far from the optimum comfort air temperature except when using air conditioners. The most unfavourable conditions were reported in July and August when the air conditioners have to run full time to mitigate the effect of overheating. This implies that houses are poorly designed and failed to deal with overheating. To address with this issue, the residents are constrained to use air-conditioning most of the time to achieve thermal comfort which leads to increase in energy usage. Finally, despite the government reduced the cost of electricity and gas bills by 65% in southern provinces as a financial support for householders, serious problems of discomfort remain in the prevailing housing stock. Legislation and measures must be taken and enforced at provincial and local level regarding housing which should include energy efficiency and thermal comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Architectural Journal / Jian Zhu Xue Bao is the property of Architectural Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urban housing is crucial for understanding socioeconomic inequality in transitional economies. In China, since the massive housing privatization, there has been a significant improvement in various aspects of urban housing. Official data and research articles report a substantial increase in urban homeownership rates. However, prevailing studies and media reports also reveal the growing difficulty for young people to attain homeownership. Hence, it is unclear whether it has become easier or harder for Chinese urban residents to become homeowners, and why. We propose differentiating between two types of homeownership: (1) ownership of an urban housing unit (broadly-defined homeownership), and (2) ownership of the housing unit in which one currently lives (narrowly-defined homeownership). The trends of these two types of homeownership rates have diverged since 2008. While the former rose because housing units were increasingly viewed as investment goods, the latter declined, which suggests that for new entrants into the housing market, it has become harder to own their residences. We draw on six waves of the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) between 2003 and 2018 for our empirical investigation. The findings substantiate our propositions. They reveal that young people's disadvantage is more salient in living in self-owned housing units than owning a housing unit , and this disadvantage has grown significantly since 2008. This study contributes to the emerging literature on housing inequality in transitional economies, particularly the housing disadvantages among young adults. • Two homeownership rates: broadly-defined (owning any unit) and narrowly-defined (owning current residence) • Divergence between two rates in urban China post-2008: broad rates up, narrow rates down • High prices, slower income, restrictions made it harder to own current residence • Housing increasingly seen as investment, not home, disproportionately affecting new entrants • Differentiating the two rates is crucial for accurately studying housing inequality [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thailand is projected to become a "super-aged" society in 2050, with more than 35 percent of the population aged 60 or above. The aging population represents enormous challenges in supporting the elderly's needs in terms of living environment and well-being. Providing community facilities and services that foster healthy aging in urban residential areas ensures that older adults feel comfortable aging in their homes or communities. Therefore, this research study includes a comprehensive assessment of the needs of elderly people that used community facilities and services using a focus group interview, a site investigation, and a questionnaire survey in five urban housing projects in Bangkok. The study reveals that the need for community facilities and services, such as green spaces, safety facilities, and medical services, was prioritized by the majority of elderly respondents, especially those who were ambulant and active. Elderly people's income and health status, the provision of community facilities and services for the elderly, and the usability and accessibility of community facilities were found to be key factors that affected elderly people's satisfaction and participation in social activities. As reported in the literature, an elderly-friendly living environment should support social activities in the open spaces of residential areas. It is revealed by the study that green spaces, safety facilities, elderly clubs, medical and long-term care services, and social activity arrangement services were instrumental for elderly people's social and health status; therefore, these should be considered by housing developers and facility managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Architectural Journal / Jian Zhu Xue Bao is the property of Architectural Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rapid population growth, lack of resources, and mismanagement have made natural and human hazards more and more a major threat to human societies. This means that neighborhoods and urban areas will become the main source of many potential hazards. The main purpose of this study is to analyze and prioritize the neighborhoods of District 9 of Tehran in terms of residential vulnerability indicators using multi-criteria decision-making techniques. This research is theoretical-applied in terms of descriptive-analytical method and its nature. Therefore, in this study, using Shannon's entropy technique to the indicators (building age, materials used, quality of construction of buildings, floors, block placement status), the study was weighted and using WASPAS models, COPRAS, WSA was used to prioritize the vulnerability indicators of the neighborhoods and finally to achieve a single result in the assessment of the vulnerability of the neighborhoods, the integrated model was used. The results of the consolidated model model show that Fatah Industrial Neighborhoods with a score of 7 and Shahid Dastgheib with a score of (5) in terms of vulnerability in terms of urban housing indicators are at a low level of vulnerability and Imamzadeh Abdullah neighborhoods with Score (3) and Sword with Score (1) are in the average level in terms of housing vulnerability indicators, as well as South Mehrabad, Sar-e-Asiab-e-Mehr and Ostad Moin neighborhoods with a score of (-3) and Dr. Hoshyar neighborhood with a score of (7). -) In terms of housing vulnerability indicators, they are at a high level of vulnerability.

The handling of heritage, regarding the broad spectrum of real estate it comprises, involves multiple approaches to its safeguarding. In particular, the incorporation of new architecture in existing works, at any scale, represents a current challenge. This dilemma has an extensive background in the history of architecture and urbanism, alongside other associated areas within European and Latin American frameworks. However, in the second decade of the 21st century, the problems related to contemporary contributions in historical architectural and urban frameworks, show an ongoing difficulty to dialogue, giving and resist, or to parley between the surviving legacy and the additions that it will unfailingly receive through time. In this sense, what happened in the city of Mar del Plata regarding the interventions of its picturesque contexts, is of interest. Past and present dynamics, alongside a deficient process of heritage protection, have affected their typical landscapes generated in the first half of the 20th century. Therefore, this article reflects on the evolution of this residential legacy in two characteristic historical neighborhoods, from a mainly qualitative perspective, through the interpretation of primary and secondary sources. Thus, the goal is to analyze the connection between this heritage, its interventions since the beginning of the 21st century, and the local conservation regulations, to begin to understand the pending challenges, and as a result, to formulate possible responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arquitecturas del Sur is the property of Facultad de Arquitectura, Construccion y Diseno, Universidad del Bio-Bio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A revised understanding of Victorian domesticity lies in paying attention to the representation of unexalted states of feeling, such as boredom and loneliness, in the fiction of industrial capitalism. Using Elizabeth Gaskell's first published short story, "Libbie Marsh's Three Eras," as its text, this article analyzes the feelings of boredom, isolation, and loneliness in the main character-an unmarried casual laborer who works out of a room she rents from factory workers. Libbie's feelings, and her practice of slow-looking from a bedroom window, catalyze her self-transformation over the story's "three eras" as well as alternative forms of community and connection. Gaskell makes relevant the ordinary domestic feelings and mutual connection of a marginalized woman and a child confined to a sickroom. That such characters become worthy of literary treatment is itself a political statement on Gaskell's part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban upgrading programs are implemented to enhance the living conditions in a city. However, the concept of to what extent the life of the targeted communities is improved remains contested and fluid. The purpose of this study was two-fold. First, it evaluated for the first time the indoor thermal conditions in the three main urban housing types in Kigali and analyzed whether the ongoing urban renewal takes into consideration occupant thermal comfort. Second, alternatives to improve thermal performance of urban housing were investigated and recommendations were given. Results indicate that modern urban housing performed significantly greater compared to other housing types, especially during daytime. Indoor thermal conditions in the planned low-income housing were no better—and, in fact, were slightly poorer—than in the informal settlement from which households were to be relocated. Through design parameter optimization, the indoor thermal conditions in the planned low-income housing were improved by 85.5% in the daytime hours and 71.2% in the nighttime hours. These findings are valuable to officials in resettlement programs by providing insights to improve urban dwellers’ living conditions from a wholistic prospective. This can assist related parties in mitigating project failure often caused by local resistance to resettlement.

IntroductionNatural hazards, with various types and extent, as recurring and destructive phenomena, have always existed throughout the life of the planet and have always been a serious threat to humans since the creation of mankind (Rajabi et al., 2018: 184). Among the natural hazards, earthquake is one of the most horrible ones in the history of mankind, which belongs in the category of immediate dangers. This natural phenomenon can be characterized by their high destructive potential and the brutal killing in a short time (Taghipour, 2016: 195).There are many definitions of vulnerability in the literature. Vulnerability is defined as “a state combining physical, economic and environmental factors, which increases system sensibility to danger” by the United Nations/International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (Peng, 2012: 95). One of the most effective strategies to reduce social and economic losses resulted from earthquakes is to mitigate the vulnerability of society to seismic hazards based on an accurate and scientific risk assessment (Wei et al., 2017: 1289). It is not possible to accurately predict the earthquake, but the earthquake can be studied from the following two aspects, so the casualties caused by the earthquake decrease as much as possible. First, seismic vulnerability should be assessed before the earthquake, and the construction of disaster prevention and reduction system should be strengthened in the regions with relative high vulnerability of population. Second, according to the estimated casualties, the reasonable rescue measures would be deployed to carry out the effective rescue (Zhang et al., 2018: 2).Data and MethodIn the present study, the seismic vulnerability of district 10 of Tabriz due to its proximity to Tabriz fault has been assessed. District 10 is one of the northern areas of the city and its texture is mainly marginal, which increases the vulnerability to earthquake. Various factors affect the vulnerability of an urban area to earthquake including height and age of the buildings, the quality of materials, population density and distance to active faults (Khamespanah et al., 2016: 58). In the present study, 12 factor were applied to investigate the seismic vulnerability of district 10 of Tabriz metropolis: slope, distance to fault, to hazardous installations, to the hospitals and fire stations, population density, residential density, access to open urban public spaces, number of building floors, building quality, materials and urban grain.In order to present the vulnerability map of district 10, thematic layers of the studied criteria were prepared and transformed into fuzzy. Decreasing and increasing linear functions were used to fuzzification the thematic layers. The five fuzzy operators i.e. and, or, product, sum and gamma can be used for combining thematic maps. The operator used in this study to integrate a fuzzy subject layer is the gamma operator. Also, the vulnerability coefficient of district 10 to the average earthquake intensity was calculated. The range of numbers obtained from the vulnerability coefficient is between 0 and 1, indicating lack of damage and a building collapse, respectively. (Ahadnezhad Reveshti et al., 2010: 182).Results and DiscussionIn order to assess the seismic vulnerability, it is necessary to generate a seismic micro zonation map for the study area. To this end, 3 steps were performed as follows:Thematic layers affecting seismic vulnerability were prepared in the GIS environment and their spatial distribution in the district 10 of Tabriz was evaluated.In this step, thematic layers were transformed into fuzzy using fuzzy functions.Fuzzy thematic layers were combined using a fuzzy operator and a seismic vulnerability map was prepared for district 10 of Tabriz.The results of seismic zoning of region 10 of Tabriz using fuzzy logic can be summarized as follows: - About 4.5% of the study area is in a very high vulnerability and 12.6% of its area is in a high vulnerability class. Also, the total area of ​​low and very low vulnerability zones is about 64.9%. Very low vulnerable areas correspond to the barren lands, green spaces and all open spaces of the district. In addition, in Eram neighborhoods in the north of the study area, residential and population density are much lower than others. Some of the southern neighborhoods of this region, such as Sheshgalan and Daveh Chi, are less vulnerable to earthquakes due to the lower population and residential density, proximity to the hospital, to green spaces and less distance to the fire station. . - Neighborhoods such as Khalilabad and Ghorbani in the central parts of district 10, are among the most vulnerable ones to earthquakes. Factors such as high population and residential density, lack of access to urban open spaces are the most important reasons for the high vulnerability of these areas. The central neighborhoods of district 10 are the most vulnerable to earthquake hazard. Due to the high population density in these areas, a large earthquake can lead to severe damage and loss of life in these areas. The results of damage analysis in district 10 of Tabriz, considering a possible earthquake with a magnitude of 10, show that the northern and southern parts of region 10 are in class D0 against a possible earthquake and will be without damage. About 6.4% of urban spaces in the study area are in Class D3, which will suffer significant to severe damage. Finally, about 0.6% of urban spaces in the study area are in class D5. This class includes part of the central neighborhoods and indicates the very high vulnerability of these areas to an earthquake.ConclusionFindings show that vulnerability is higher in the central neighborhoods of district 10. Factors such as high residential and population density, old tissue, distance to hospitals and lack of access to public open spaces are the most important factors that cause very high seismic vulnerability in this part of the city. District 10 of Tabriz is located near the large north fault of Tabriz and in this regard, the whole area is vulnerable to earthquake. However, proximity to the fault alone cannot be a measure of the vulnerability of urban buildings and structures, but planning and physical factors in the city can aggravate or, conversely, reduce seismic vulnerability. The results of the seismic vulnerability coefficient of the study area to a possible earthquake with a magnitude of 10 show that the buildings located in the central neighborhoods of district 10 have the highest seismic vulnerability. Due to the high population and residential density in these areas, during an earthquake there will undoubtedly be very high and catastrophic casualties and financial losses.