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The evaluation of urban underground space (UUS) suitability involves multiple indicators. Assigning weight to these indicators is crucial for accurate assessment. This paper presents a method for spatially variable weight assignment of indicators using the order relation analysis method (G1-method), the entropy weight method, an improved grey relational analysis (GRA) and a set of spatial weight adjustment coefficients. First, the subjective and objective weights of indicators for engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions were determined by the G1-method and entropy weight method, respectively, and their combined weights were then obtained using the principle of minimum discriminatory information. This study highlighted the impact of surface restrictions, such as buildings, on UUS, and the degree of the influence of these buildings gradually decreased with the increase in depth of the rock and soil mass in UUS, which resulted in changes in weights of indicators with depth. To address this issue, a coefficient was defined as the standardized value of the ratio of additional stress applied by restrictions to the self-weight stress of soil at the same depth to modify the combined weights so that all weights of indicators could vary in space. Finally, an improved GRA was used to determine the suitability level of each evaluation cell using the maximum correlation criterion. This method was applied to the 3D suitability evaluation of UUS in Sanlong Bay, Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China, including 16 evaluation indexes. This study comprehensively considered the influence of multiple factors, thereby providing reference for evaluating the suitability of UUS in big cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Traditional methods for understanding geological conditions, such as borehole drilling and on-site tests, are often costly and impractical for extensive urban areas like Wuhan’s Main Urban Area. This study introduces an innovative geological–geotechnical zoning framework that utilizes limited data to overcome these challenges, essential for urban planning, underground space development, and construction design. We began by dividing the study area into four primary geological units based on geomorphological characteristics, using a novel method validated at four metro stations. Our approach incorporated data from 1544 geological boreholes to compile a comprehensive database, from which six typical stratigraphic profiles for each unit were identified. These profiles facilitated the estimation of potential layers and their corresponding geotechnical parameters, and the identification of subsurface hazards. The study resulted in a detailed engineering geological zoning divided into nine secondary units. Our analysis not only demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed criteria for geomorphological units in achieving more accurate and quantifiable outcomes but also shows the framework’s suitability for regions with complex sedimentary conditions. The resultant engineering geological zoning enhances understanding of geological risks, providing a foundation for safer and more sustainable urban development.

In recent years, limited surface space and restricted urban expansion have become increasingly prominent. The development of underground spaces has emerged as an effective solution, offering a new dimension for urban growth and sustainability. However, due to the non-renewable and costly nature of underground space (UGS), it should be properly planned before development to avoid waste of resources and economic loss. In this study, the potential of UGS development based on the influence of surface buildings was evaluated by using the high-resolution satellite images of Gaofen-2 (GF-2) in Qingdao, Shandong Province, China. Firstly, the DeepLabv3+ network was lightened to enhance the training efficiency and building extraction accuracy. The building shadows were then extracted by an improved shadow measurement model, and used to estimate the height of extracted buildings based on the imaging mechanism and information of the remote sensing image. Finally, the building height (BH) was converted into the depth of influence on the UGS, and the development potential of the UGS was then estimated. The experimental results show that the UGS within 0–10 m in Qingdao city has been extensively occupied. However, the geological layers between 10–30 m and 30–50 m contain large continuous areas that have not been utilized, indicating the greatest potential for resource development within the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The utilization and development of urban underground space play a crucial role in optimizing the layout of civic architecture and enhancing the urban ecological environment, which contributes toward increasing the overall carrying capacity and promoting sustainable development in megacities. To delve into the research progress of urban underground space, knowledge maps were created using the information visualization software VOSviewer. The literature was systematically extracted from three prominent databases, namely, Web of Science, Scopus, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. According to the bibliometric analysis of the co‐citation and core words co‐occurrence, the trends and challenges of research on urban underground space were identified. As highlighted by the results obtained, it still remains highly challenging to achieve interdisciplinary collaboration in urban underground space research; the research trends of urban underground space consist of collaborative planning and whole life cycle sustainable development, multisource geological data informatization and resource evaluation, infrastructure design optimization, and intelligent construction. The knowledge map, drawn using bibliometric methods, offers a quantitative analysis of literature retrieval across various levels. It is recognized as an essential tool for exploring and identifying challenges and trends in urban underground space.

As a crucial component of urban development and territorial space resources, the urban underground space plays an increasingly important role in the new development stage. This study analyzes the new demand and challenges in the new development stage and proposes development strategies of the urban underground space accordingly. Based on the characteristics and requirements of the new development stage, this study analyzes the strategic demand for urban underground space utilization from the perspectives of territorial space planning system, green and low-carbon resilience concepts, and urban renewal modes. Subsequently, it proposes a series of new challenges to be addressed for urban underground space development in the new development stage. These challenges include the deficiency in territorial resource investigation and assessment, ambiguity in underground bearing capacity, deficiency in exploiting the low-carbon and resilient potentials of the urban underground space, and imbalance in resource allocation and ambiguity in development mechanism of the infrastructure. Furthermore, eight priority tasks and corresponding development suggestions are proposed from the aspects of legal and administrative system development, smart management of resources, planning theories and methods, data-driven paradigm, deep space utilization, spatial reconfiguration of built space, integral development of new areas, and regulation of metro-led space. This study is expected to provide insights for the legislation, planning, construction, and management of the urban underground space.

Coastal megacity like Shanghai is continuously challenged with natural-anthropogenic geo-environmental hazards and risks which possess high correlations between land subsidence (LS), socio-economic development, current and future underground space development (UUS). This research focuses on comprehensive evaluation geo-environmental risks and scenario spatial planning model towards economic impact (EI) resilience of UUS the context of large subsidence hazard prone coastal megacity. Newly established factors are used as indicators to understand the relations and scenario prediction by 2035. The cause-effect relations are analysed via structural equation modelling (SEM), spatiotemporal and scenario spatial modelling in ArcGIS platform based on the secondary big open multisource data. Spatiotemporal pattern basis between year 1960–2020 and urban planning growth theories, results indicate expansion of subsidence and UUS in parallel with economic impact from city centre to new five suburb districts by 2035 with prediction of 75% of areas in medium to high hazard risk assessment category areas. This research can be referred to coastal megacities with land subsidence issues for economic resilient multidisciplinary geo-environmental hazard management, UUS development and urban planning policies formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban underground space, as an underutilized land resource, holds tremendous potential and value. Efficient and rational development and utilization of this resource are key to addressing current urban challenges. This study takes the main urban area of Qingdao City as an example and establishes a comprehensive evaluation system for the suitability of urban underground space development at different depth levels through the integration of geological, hydrological, and urban planning factors. By utilizing the Analytic Hierarchy Process to assign weights to evaluation criteria within the system, both a multi-objective linear weighting function model and a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model are employed to assess the suitability of underground space development. The results delineate the distribution of underground space development suitability within the study area. Comparative analysis of the two models reveals that the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model offers a more detailed and comprehensive reflection of the complexity and diversity of underground space development, providing forward-looking and insightful evaluation results for urban planning and development. The evaluation indicates that certain streets within the main urban area of Qingdao exhibit excellent prospects for underground space development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Tunnel Construction / Suidao Jianshe (Zhong-Yingwen Ban) is the property of Tunnel Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Urban Geology is the property of Urban Geology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Southeast University / Dongnan Daxue Xuebao is the property of Journal of Southeast University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The contradiction between urban construction and sustainable development has led to an increasing demand for urban underground space (UUS). The value evaluation of urban underground space (UUSVE) is of great significance in promoting the rational development of UUS. Currently, no study has reviewed the literature on UUSVE. This paper provides a preliminary review of the legal basis and element composition of UUS, and the themes, evaluation objects, and evaluation methods of UUSVE, attempting to clarify the current status of UUSVE and analyze its future development trends. Finally, by summarizing the legal basis, element composition, research status and trends of UUSVE, three suggestions to strengthen UUSVE are proposed: (1) to strengthen the research on the shortcomings of UUSVE methods; (2) to build an evaluation index library and case library; and (3) to emphasize interdisciplinary collaboration, with a particular focus on the application research of machine learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geology & Exploration is the property of Geology & Exploration Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Geology & Exploration is the property of Geology & Exploration Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The development of urban underground space (UUS) is of great significance for sustainable urban development because it has potential to solve many urban problems. However, the development of UUS is limited because there are still a lot of constraints and challenges. To better understand the constraining factors of developing UUS and improve the development and utilization of UUS, this study conducts a comprehensive survey of existing literature retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Five main constraining factors, including the limited geological conditions, high cost, lack of natural light and ventilation, high incidence, and difficulty in collecting data and information on UUS, have been discussed to better understand how they affect the development of UUS. Based on the survey, the critical success factors of developing UUS, such as the effective governance structure, planning system for integrating UUS into urban development, coordination of the design of ground and underground, delineation of land property rights of UUS, and application of information techniques in the use of UUS, have been identified and discussed. In addition, knowledge gaps in the studies on development of UUS have been identified. Finally, the research trends and future directions have been proposed for better understanding and practice of UUS development.

The evaluation of geological suitability for urban underground space (UUS) development is an indispensable prerequisite for its optimal utilization. As the actual carrier of underground facilities, the evaluation of rock mass quality plays a crucial role in assessing geological suitability. However, it is notable that the evaluation of rock mass quality has regrettably remained somewhat marginalized within the broader framework of the geological suitability assessment in recent years. The selection of pertinent indicators for the evaluation of rock mass quality inherently presents an appreciable degree of subjectivity. Predominantly subjective evaluation methods continue to dominate the field, while the application of objective algorithms, such as unsupervised clustering, remains in its nascent stage. Furthermore, there is a lack of comprehensive investigations into distinct combinations of attributes. This limitation confines the broader applicability of the evaluation outcomes in the context of urban underground space. Within this study, we meticulously amassed rock core test data from over 40 boreholes of engineering geological significance within the urban planning ambit of Guang'An City. Utilizing the K-means unsupervised clustering algorithm and the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) algorithm. We successfully conducted an unsupervised clustering procedure with nine distinct physical and mechanical attributes. This yielded an aggregation into five discernible clusters. Building upon the derived clustering outcomes, a stratification of rock mass quality was effectuated into three distinct tiers: Level 1 (characterized by pure sandstone), Level 2 (primarily dominated by sandstone), and Level 3 (denoting fair conditions predominantly influenced by mudstone). This structured stratification facilitates a relatively objective and comprehensive evaluation of rock mass quality within the context of the red-bed hilly terrain. In the course of this analytical trajectory, we conducted a dissection of the clustering efficacy. For strongly correlated attributes, we propose a preliminary dimensionality reduction procedure prior to the clustering endeavor. Moreover, we recommend intervals of 10 m for the stratified evaluation in red bed hilly urban terrains.

Copyright of Geology & Exploration is the property of Geology & Exploration Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Geology & Exploration is the property of Geology & Exploration Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Geology & Exploration is the property of Geology & Exploration Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Geology & Exploration is the property of Geology & Exploration Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract The development of urban underground space is a critical way to alleviate the lack of urban resources, and improve environmental conditions as well as residents' quality of life, which has important practical significance. As the most densely populated and economically developed areas, coastal cities face many challenges in underground space development owing to their unique environmental geological conditions. This study examined the current situation of underground space development, academic research, technology application, evaluation methods, planning, and legislation in coastal cities in China. On this basis, it analyzed the future development trends, and presented reasonable suggestions for the critical scientific and technical problems faced by the development of underground space in coastal cities. The key suggestions are as follows: it is necessary to define and clarify the critical geological issues, distributions, and hazards that affect underground space development and major engineering construction in coastal cities; the land‐sea integrated detection technology for sea crossing bridges and submarine tunnels needs to be studied; in evaluating the suitability of underground space in coastal cities, the land and sea area evaluation factors should be integrated; and the evaluation system of land‐sea integration needs to be established.

Urban underground space, as an underutilized land resource, holds tremendous potential and value. Efficient and rational development and utilization of this resource are key to addressing current urban challenges. This study takes the main urban area of Qingdao City as an example and establishes a comprehensive evaluation system for the suitability of urban underground space development at different depth levels through the integration of geological, hydrological, and urban planning factors. By utilizing the Analytic Hierarchy Process to assign weights to evaluation criteria within the system, both a multi-objective linear weighting function model and a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model are employed to assess the suitability of underground space development. The results delineate the distribution of underground space development suitability within the study area. Comparative analysis of the two models reveals that the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model offers a more detailed and comprehensive reflection of the complexity and diversity of underground space development, providing forward-looking and insightful evaluation results for urban planning and development. The evaluation indicates that certain streets within the main urban area of Qingdao exhibit excellent prospects for underground space development.

The growth simulation of urban underground space (UUS) under the consideration of ecological constraints can effectively reveal the characteristics and trends of UUS changes, and provide a basis for planning the construction of sustainable and livable ecological cities. Therefore, this study considers urban ecological space as a constraint mechanism for UUS development and conducts a simulation study of the dynamic and complex UUS growth process, with a view toward guiding UUS planning under a long-term overall vision. In this study, a patch-based cellular automaton (CA) model is constructed to simulate the dynamic and complex growth process of UUS, subject to the ecological constraints generated by the agent-based land allocation optimization model. The spatial drivers of UUS growth simulation are determined based on the Random Forest (RF) algorithm. The results of the research case in Tianfu New District, Chengdu City, demonstrate that UUS expansion with ecological constraints exhibits sustainable characteristics. However, the growth rate of the UUS development scale is significantly lower when ecological constraints are present compared to when they are not. This study's results contribute to urban management by finding a balance between UUS development and ecological space conservation, and providing theoretical support for rational UUS planning and decision making in the construction of low-carbon cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tunnel Construction / Suidao Jianshe (Zhong-Yingwen Ban) is the property of Tunnel Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tunnel Construction / Suidao Jianshe (Zhong-Yingwen Ban) is the property of Tunnel Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Railway Science & Engineering is the property of Journal of Railway Science & Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The concept of disaster prevention and mitigation is vital for the safe development of urban underground space. Considering the coexistence of natural and engineering safety risks, the concept needs to be improved for further development of the urban underground space, and it is imperative to follow a disaster-adaptation-oriented concept that emphasizes post-disaster recovery resilience of the urban underground space. This study analyzes the implications and influencing factors of recovery resilience and summarizes the research on recovery resilience from the engineering and non-engineering perspectives. Moreover, the development status of recovery resilience research is analyzed from the aspects of structural system, evaluation method, management mechanism, space planning, and emergency plan. On this basis, a strategy that consists of three stages and an evaluation system is proposed; it categorizes post-disaster recovery into three stages—emergency rescue, recovery, and plan adaptation—and proposes recovery goals for each stage, providing a basis for the establishment of a recovery resilience evaluation system for the urban underground space.Furthermore, we suggest that the management regulations and emergency plans of the urban underground space should be optimized, the resilience planning improved, and intelligent management promoted, thereby realizing the orderliness and high efficiency of urban underground space recovery.

Understanding the shallow geological structure of urban areas is crucial for effective planning and development of underground spaces. Geophysical methods that are well-suited for site-specific investigation and have robustly anti-interference capabilities can provide important geological information for urban areas. In support of investigating the 3D geological structure of the shallow subsurface in Chengdu International Bio-City, a geophysical exploration study was conducted using three methods: the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), micro-seismic exploration and opposing-coil transient electromagnetic method (OCTEM). Results from the study showed that the ERT method was greatly affected by local high-resistance bodies, construction sites and industrial currents, therefore leading to poor detection results that did not match well with the area's layered structure characteristics. The micro-seismic exploration method showed good layering effects and correlation with the drilling data in the elevation range of ∼350 to 436 m, but poor layering effects and low correlation with drilling data in the elevation range of ∼235 to 350 m, with relatively slow construction efficiency. The OCTEM showed good correlation with the drilling data for shallow depths up to 200 m and good identification capabilities for gypsum and mudstone in the area. Additionally, the instrument's anti-interference ability was suitable for complex urban conditions. Thus, OCTEM was selected for the area-based exploration with a 100 × 10 m grid, rapidly obtaining 3D resistivity information for depths up to 200 m in the study area. By integrating the 3D resistivity information with known engineering geological information, a comprehensive 3D geological model of the study area was created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contradiction between urban construction and sustainable development has led to an increasing demand for urban underground space (UUS). The value evaluation of urban underground space (UUSVE) is of great significance in promoting the rational development of UUS. Currently, no study has reviewed the literature on UUSVE. This paper provides a preliminary review of the legal basis and element composition of UUS, and the themes, evaluation objects, and evaluation methods of UUSVE, attempting to clarify the current status of UUSVE and analyze its future development trends. Finally, by summarizing the legal basis, element composition, research status and trends of UUSVE, three suggestions to strengthen UUSVE are proposed: (1) to strengthen the research on the shortcomings of UUSVE methods; (2) to build an evaluation index library and case library; and (3) to emphasize interdisciplinary collaboration, with a particular focus on the application research of machine learning.

Urban underground space (UUS) involves multiple stakeholders whose concerns span the entire life cycle of underground space. The government pays more attention to the social benefits of UUS to the region, developers pay more attention to the economic benefits brought by the development of UUS, and users pay more attention to the comfort level of UUS operation. This study used the analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), government, developers, and users to construct a comprehensive evaluation index system of underground space development needs. Different from previous studies, considering the need for future connectivity development in the UUS circle, this paper proposes to comprehensively consider the impact of connectivity development on regional suitability through coupled AHP and cellular automata (CA). The results show that about 102.67 km2 (13.03%) underground area of Erhai Lake Basin is suitable for underground space development. Compared with the traditional evaluation method, the evaluation result of about 31.41 km2 (3.99%) area was improved, and the fragmentation problem between blocks was improved. This method is of great value to the comprehensive development of UUS in the Erhai Lake Basin and is helping to improve future underground space planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, a series of urban diseases have seriously impacted the development of large and medium cities. The development of urban underground space (UUS) is widely regarded as an effective solution. Due to the irreversibility of underground space resources, it is important to formulate scientific and reasonable development planning based on evaluation of the development potential of urban underground space (DPUUS). In this work, from the perspective of society, economy, and environment, an evaluation model of the DPUUS was established, and nine indexes were selected, including population density, vehicle possessive quantity per 100 capita, policy support, GDP per capita, GDP per km2, land price, geographical position, geological conditions, and natural disasters. The comprehensive weight method (CWM) combined with subjective and objective weights was used to determine the final weight of the evaluation index. Set pair analysis (SPA) and the credible degree recognition criterion (CDRC) were applied to determine the DPUUS grade of each city, which can provide a new idea for DPUUS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract:Subway stations are one of the most popular public spaces in the Iranian big cities, which is accompanied by urban design low qualities. The urban design of knowledge, art, and profession is the organization of the environmental qualities of the urban and public domain of the subject. Considering low qualities in these modern spaces that are used by everyday people, the most important issue of the present research is constructed without reference to indigenous fields. Emphasis on indigenous patterns, in the construction of underground spaces, especially subway stations, can lead to the sustainability and desirability of these spaces. The development of urban-rural spaces can play an important role in the sustainability of contemporary large and populated cities. Construction and construction of these spaces is a new phenomenon in Iran that can weaken or strengthen the natural, human, social, cultural, and economic characteristics of cities such as Tehran. In this paper, the purpose of this paper is to explain the status of the design of urban design in metro station spaces, with emphasis on indigenous patterns. The present study is conducted using the descriptive-analytical methodology and studies between the three areas of urban design and related qualities; subsurface development and metro station spaces; native architectural and urban design patterns. Therefore, after the design of the problem and terminology, the study of definitions and urban design qualities from the point of view of the experts and the addition and extraction of comprehensive urban design qualities was done with the article approach. Subsequently, in order to study Imam Khomeini, Seventh, and Revolution Square subway stations, they were studied and analyzed. The results of the study indicate that the planning and design of metro station spaces should pay attention to the comprehensive design quality of the city. These qualities include identity recognition, environmental sustainability, socioeconomic and economic sustainability, safety and security, efficiency and diversity, accessibility and accessibility, continuity and integrity, proportions and human scale, freedom, flexibility, Vitality, intuition and sensual richness, justice. The analysis of case examples, both in terms of both generic and indigenous patterns, has a low status and poor quality of urban design and indigenous patterns. In general, paying attention to the design qualities of a design based on native patterns can enhance their sustainability, utility, and humanity.IntroductionUrban design is a science, art, and profession dealing with organizing the environmental qualities of urban and public areas. Paying attention to the vacuum of urban design qualities in these modern spaces that are used daily by people is the most important issue of the present study, which has been constructed without any connection with local contexts. By presenting this issue, the purpose of this study is to explain the position of urban design qualities in metro station spaces with an emphasis on local patterns. In the process of urban development, all aspects of environmental quality must be considered. In other words, strengthening or meeting one or more (private and public) needs and environmental quality should not lead to the weakening or loss of other environmental qualities. This is an issue common in contemporary projects. One-dimensional views of urban projects, such as a purely economic or traffic approach, will neglect the underlying features, undermine identity, and move in the opposite direction of sustainable development. The theme of this research is that, on the one hand, the development of urban infrastructures such as metro stations, especially in large cities and their centers, is a matter of certainty and these infrastructures in the dimensions of transportation, space, play an important role in the life of urban centers. But on the other hand, the construction of these spaces is often devoid of environmental qualities and less attention is paid to local patterns. The research hypothesis is that by accompanying and using local models in the planning and development of subsurface spaces, both goals can be achieved, namely the development of urban infrastructure, strengthening urban identity, and improving environmental qualities. Therefore, this study seeks solutions to use local patterns in the development of subsurface spaces and subway stations. Research Methods This study aims to analyze the position of urban design qualities in the design of metro stations. The study is conducted using a combined research approach (i.e. quantitative and qualitative methods). In this regard, the most important research question is: What is the position of urban design qualities in the design of metro stations? Also, the research sub-questions are: What are the qualities of urban design effective in the design of metro stations? What are the ways to apply these qualities with emphasis on indigenous patterns in subway stations? In this research, while analyzing the features and qualities of native patterns, the application of these patterns, related features, and qualities in the planning and design of contemporary underground spaces in our country are discussed and solutions and suggestions are presented. Therefore, while defining these concepts from the theorists’ point of view, we summarize and conclude these definitions, and then search for native patterns of architecture and urban planning for use in the planning and design of metro stations. Research Findings The results of the study show that in planning and designing metro station spaces, comprehensive qualities of urban design should be considered. These qualities include identity, legibility, environmental sustainability, social, cultural and economic sustainability, safety and security, efficiency and diversity, pedestrianism and ease of access, cohesion and integration, human proportions and scale, freedom, flexibility, vitality, attractiveness and sensory richness, and justice. The analysis of case studies, both in terms of general qualities and indigenous patterns, indicates the low and weak position of urban design qualities and indigenous patterns. In general, paying attention to urban-design qualities with a focus on indigenous patterns can promote their sustainability, desirability, and humanity. Emphasis on indigenous patterns in the construction of underground spaces, especially subway stations, can lead to the stability and desirability of these spaces. The development of suburban urban spaces can play an important role in the sustainability of large and densely populated contemporary cities. The construction of these spaces is a new phenomenon in Iran that can weaken or strengthen the natural, human, social, cultural, and economic characteristics of cities like Tehran.From all these issues, it can be concluded that the role of subsurface spaces, including metro stations, in the sustainable development of cities, should be taken seriously and the comprehensive realization of environmental qualities should be considered by avoiding one-dimensional approaches in planning and designing these spaces. It can also be said that traditional Iranian indigenous buildings and collections such as Gudal Baghcheh, Shovadan, Cistern, the historical bazaar have valuable structural features (in terms of the form and function on architectural and urban scales) and can be a local model for the development of metro station spaces. Given that our country is on the verge of developing such spaces, paying attention to these points can play an important role in stabilizing cities and strengthening urban identity, and improving environmental qualities. These templates and design guides can be used in the planning and design of metro station complexes. Since the metro network is one of the most widely used underground spaces in large cities, the subsurface development in relation to metro stations and using the native patterns studied in this research can be useful and effective. Keywords: Urban Design Qualities, Metro Stations, Urban Underground Space, Indigenous Patterns, Tehran Metro. References- Alexander, C., & Chermayev, S. (1992). The book areas of collective and private life. Translated by Manouchehr Mozyani. Tehran: Tehran University Press.- Appleyard, D., & Jacobs, A. (1987). Toward an urban design manifesto. Journal of the American Planning Association, 53(1), 112-120.- . (2007). Charter of new urbanism. 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Three-dimensional (3D) geological models are currently needed and used independently for urban development. The main difficulty in constructing a 3D geological model of a shallow subsurface is to determine the stratigraphic distribution. Highly variable properties and geometries of geological units beneath lead to difficulty. It is key to find a practicable and efficient way to construct a model in practical work. This study takes Tongzhou District (Beijing) as a case; 476 boreholes (40 newly drilled and 436 existing engineering boreholes) were utilized combined with the cross-section method to construct an integrated 3D geological model. The framework and analyses contributed to the following applications: (1) High-quality information from new boreholes and existing engineering boreholes were used to define stratigraphy and build cross-sections. (2) The resulting geological model (up to 50 m beneath Tongzhou area) shows many details of the shallow subsurface. This includes 10 major layers which were grouped into three cyclothems representing cyclic sequences of clay, interbedded silt, sand, and gravel with variable quantities of lenses. (3) The new model was used as a tool to visualize the depth and geometry variations below ground and to characterize a large variety of properties (for example, the compression modulus analyzed in this paper) that each unit contains, and then to evaluate the underground geological conditions. (4) An analysis of a dynamic monitoring model based on the resulting 3D model indicated that the geological units (sand and silty clay) at depths between 30 m and 40 m, with an average vertical deformation of 0.97 mm, from July 2019 to September 2020, are suitable for underground construction, from the perspective of vertical stability in the study area. Monitoring models that take time into consideration based on a 3D framework will be further explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tunnel Construction / Suidao Jianshe (Zhong-Yingwen Ban) is the property of Tunnel Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The development of underground space resources can alleviate the problems of traffic congestion and land resource tension caused by urbanization, but there are also certain risks in the development of underground space, so the suitability of development needs to be evaluated. This paper takes the geological suitability of underground space resources in Weihai City as the evaluation object, establishes the index system for evaluating the geological suitability of underground space resources development and utilization, determines the criteria for quantifying each factor index, uses the hierarchical analysis method to determine the index weights and applies the fuzzy C-mean clustering algorithm to evaluate the geological suitability of underground space resources development and utilization in the urban area of Weihai City, and achieves excellent results that are more in line with the geological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jinan is an important city in eastern China, with rich groundwater in the region. There are four famous springs in the urban area and an abundance of geothermal water in the northern part, which makes the migration of groundwater in this area a very important issue. To study the shallow shear wave velocity structure and groundwater migration in Jinan, we utilized almost a month of continuous waveform data from 175 short period seismometers deployed by the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, in order to calculate the cross‐correlation function. We picked 7749 group dispersion curves and 6117 phase dispersion curves with a period range of 0.2–2 s. Through inversion, we obtained the fine three‐dimensional shear wave velocity and azimuthal anisotropy structure (0–2.4 km). Combining the results with local geological and hydrological data, the following conclusions were reached. (1) There are widespread high velocity anomalies in the region between the Qianfoshan and Wenhuaqiao faults, as well as to the east of the Wenhuaqiao Fault, which may be related to the intrusive gabbro known as the Jinan Intrusive Rock. (2) The two distinct high velocity anomalies in our model (referred to as west and east Jinan Intrusive Rock in this paper) may indicate that the Jinan Intrusive Rock was broken through crustal movement. (3) There is an obvious low velocity layer under the intrusive rock, which could be the channel of groundwater migration. The precipitation in the southern mountain region seeps down into the ground, then is blocked by the Jinan Intrusive Rock and can only progress downwards to a deeper part, where the groundwater is heated by the geothermal gradient. The heated water finally arrives at the northern part and forms geothermal water. (4) The depth of the low velocity layer beneath the Jinan Intrusive Rock varies laterally, which may indicate that the depth of the groundwater migration is different beneath the west and east Jinan Intrusive Rock. (5) There is strong azimuthal anisotropy in southern Jinan, with nearly E‐W fast orientation, which may be related to the tilt limestone layering structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid expansion of urban underground space (UUS) has become increasingly popular in densely populated urban areas worldwide. Although data-driven technology has facilitated the planning process successfully, the implementation mechanism of UUS planning remains obscure, potentially undermining the spatial performance. To address this gap, this study employs fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to analyze the causality of UUS development. Three primary models of UUS development-separate, interconnected, and integrated models-are categorized. Causal conditions and outcomes along with their quantitative metrics are proposed. Subsequently, 30 Chinese cases are analyzed using fsQCA to assess the necessity and sufficiency of UUS development. Three distinct causal paths are identified, namely strong economic strength, robust policy support, and advanced construction technology, which play critical roles in integrated development, while weak economic strength and inadequate policy support lead to separate development. The study underscores the importance of implementing UUS development models and provides valuable insights for UUS planning management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tunnel Construction / Suidao Jianshe (Zhong-Yingwen Ban) is the property of Tunnel Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urban underground space resources are valuable resources to solve the contradiction between man and land, release urban space, optimize the layout of facilities, and ensure urban safety. As one of the earliest cities in China to develop and utilize urban underground space resources, Shanghai has a huge development scale of urban underground space resources. In the 21st century, with the development of information technology, the development and utilization of urban underground space is also facing the challenge of digital transformation. On the basis of summarizing the current situation and characteristics of digitization of urban underground space elements in Shanghai, this paper believes that the process of digitization of urban underground space elements in Shanghai can be considered from three dimensions: visualization, practicality and sustainability. Firstly, a standard and unified visual digital base for all elements of underground space is the most basic requirement for digital construction. Secondly, the realization of application-level business functions by the digital base is the basic goal and focus of digital construction. Finally, realizing the co-construction, co-governance and sharing of the entire life cycle of the digital base, ensuring its vitality and sustainability is an important symbol of the success of digital construction. At present, the digital construction of urban underground space in Shanghai is moving from visualization to practicality and sustainability. Integrating various existing urban underground space element data resources, and supporting government management and social operation and maintenance through digitalization is the future development direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining cities in China have long faced pressures such as the occupation of urban land by waste discharge from mining areas, the harsh ecological environment, and the surge in unemployment. After years of exploration, the development of urban underground space is the best way to solve the above problems. Based on the geological condition and urban planning condition of Tangshan City, this paper put forward the concept of underground space development, and chose underground space waste storage and utilization methods according to local conditions. It analyzed the distribution of underground space in Tangshan City and its corresponding surface conditions, and calculated the volume of underground space as 9.1 × 107m3; proposed the concept of utilization efficiency of underground space, established the deformation model of underground space surrounding rock, and calculated the reasonable width of waste storage space. The width is about 60 m, and the space utilization efficiency should reach 82%; based on the field practice of the waste storage project, the measured space utilization efficiency is 73%, which is slightly less than the theoretical calculation value; Through the urban surface deformation and air monitoring, the underground waste storage project in Tangshan City is successful. The negative effect of urban ground is relatively small, and it is the best method suitable for the utilization of underground space in China's mining cities, and provides a theoretical basis for the development of urban underground space in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban geological modeling (UGM) is a fundamental approach for the visualization of underground space and recognition of complex geological conditions of a city. Previous UGM studies, with the assumption of homogeneous geological characteristics, have resulted in deviated modeling properties due to the negligence of parameters with obviously different spatial distributions in lithologies. This study presents a case study of Guang’an city in SW China by using a sequential simulation interpolation (SSI) method that reflects geological heterogeneity by combining field surveys, topography, borehole data, geological profiles, and stratigraphic columns to establish a lithology distribution model in the study area. The geotechnical attribute model of the area of interest was established based on lithology to capture subtle variations in lithology due to obvious differences in geotechnical characteristics of clay, sand, mudstone, sandy mudstone, and shaly sandstone. This 3D model could provide a reference for the urban underground space master planning and future sustainable development of Guang’an city. In addition, this study also discusses the prospects and directions of urban geological modeling and provides a few suggestions for engineering in urban areas.