Search

Chest X-ray, the established standard of confirming endotracheal tube (ETT) position, has important drawbacks including radiation exposure. Point-of-care airway ultrasound, which has been insufficiently studied in children, can overcome these problems. This was a prospective cross-sectional study done on children aged 2 months to 17 years undergoing intubation with cuffed ETT in the PICU. The ETT cuff was filled with saline and three ultrasonographic techniques were used– 1) Suprasternal (SS) method 2) Cricoid (CC) metho and 3) Tracheal ring (TR) method. Position of the ETT as determined by ultrasound and X-ray were compared. The main outcomes were sensitivity, specificity, and area under curve (AUC) for ultrasound-based methods vs. X-ray. For the TR method, concordance between the X-ray and ultrasound categories were taken. Total 62 patients were enrolled. The sensitivity and specificity of SS method were 71% (95% CI: 57–83%) and 100% (40–100%). The CC distance method had an AUC of 0.94 (95% CI: 0.86, 1.0). In the TR method, 98% of correct position on X-ray were correctly classified by USG. The agreement between X-ray and ultrasound categories with the cuff between the first and third tracheal rings, was very good [kappa (95% CI): 0.87 (0.70, 1.00), p ≤0.001)]. Bedside ultrasound is a good method to confirm ETT depth in children. The tracheal ring method had the best diagnostic accuracy and is easy to perform. The new method using cricoid cuff distance needs further validation in different ICU settings. • Chest X-ray the current gold standard for confirming correct endotracheal tube (ETT) position is unsafe. • Ultrasonography in comparison is safer, faster to obtain and easily accessible in ICUs. • We conducted this prospective cross-sectional study in 62 patients. • Three techniques of USG: suprasternal, cricoid and tracheal ring methods were studied. • We found USG to reliably confirm ET tube depth at the bedside. • Of the three methods, the tracheal ring method had the best diagnostic accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this study, we wanted to evaluate the performance of sonomammography in distinguishing between benign and malignant breast cancers and to confirm the findings through histology. An attempt was made to diagnose and categorize the lesions using BI-RADS terminology in ultrasonography. Methods: This was a hospital based prospective study conducted among 100 female patients with symptoms affecting the breast who underwent sonomammographic imaging, at Shri B.M Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, over a period of 2 years from September 2022 to April 2024, after obtaining clearance from institutional ethics committee and written informed consent from the study participants. Results: 100 patients were selected for analysis, presenting with 118 masses. Out of them, 36 patients had malignancy, and 82 were benign. USG successfully differentiated between benign and malignant masses when the BI-RADS lexicon was incorporated with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 97.56% for malignant masses. Conclusion: Good sensitivity and specificity are demonstrated by sonomammography(SMG) in identifying all breast lesions. As such, it may be deemed a more appropriate method of inquiry than mammography. For individuals under 40 years of age, it can serve as the primary screening method for breast lumps. Breast lesions can be better understood and managed with the help of BI-RADS classification. The diagnostic accuracy of SMG can be further improved by combining it with complementary imaging modalities. Multimodality approach is more sensitive than any single modality alone. Unnecessary interventions can be avoided in unequivocally benign lesions on SMG. USG can be used as a good screening test for the detection and differentiation of benign and malignant masses. Hence, it helps in early detection, early treatment and favorable outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Thyroid disorders are common in Indian adult population. Current management guidelines from the American Thyroid Association (ATA) recommend diagnostic ultrasonography for all patients with thyroid nodules. However, suspicious and few overlapping characteristics of benign and malignant thyroid nodules makes FNAC unquestionable. Unwanted suspicion leads to excessive unnecessary biopsies and insufficient lower suspicion leads to under-diagnosis or missing of thyroid malignancies. Hence, making accurate decision of whether a nodule is potentially malignant or not is crucial. Aims and objectives: To study the USG features of thyroid lesions in patients with thyroid disorders and correlate these USG findings with FNAC in the diagnosis of thyroid lesions. Methods: The cross-sectional study was done for 18 months among patients of thyroid disorders coming to the Radio-diagnosis department of Muzaffarnagar Medical College for routine USG scan for thyroid lesions. A sample of 50 patients was taken among the age group of 10-75years who gave consent for FNAC and did not have any bleeding disorders. Sonographic evaluation of the thyroid gland was done by characterising its size, shape, echogenicity, vascularity and presence or absence of nodules. The respective nodules were assed for suspicious patterns and FNAC of the nodules was done to correlate the radiological with pathological diagnosis. Results: As per the study, with good sensitivity and specificity, radiological examination of thyroid lesions by USG showed significant correlation with pathological evaluation of thyroid lesions by FNAC examination. A strong positive correlation between the two diagnostic procedures was seen. The correlation was statistically significant, with a P < 0.05. Conclusion: Thyroid gland ultrasound is a non-invasive, cost-effective and patient compliant technique in assessing and diagnosing thyroid swellings which can be performed as the initial investigation before FNAC examination for quickly assessing thyroid nodules, their vascularity and identifying benign from malignant lesions. This would avoid unnecessary invasion and its related complications like puncturing an highly vascular nodule which could be determined on USG itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasound (USG) plays a pivotal role in the early detection and diagnosis of fetal malformations, significantly enhancing prenatal care and the management of pregnancies. As a non-invasive, widely available, and cost-effective imaging modality, ultrasound allows for the real-time visualization of fetal anatomy and development. It serves as the primary tool for screening and diagnosing congenital anomalies, including structural abnormalities of the brain, heart, spine, abdomen, and limbs, which may indicate genetic disorders or developmental defects. The early diagnosis of fetal malformations, typically during the second trimester anomaly scan, is crucial for guiding clinical decisions regarding pregnancy management. It provides parents and healthcare providers with critical information to prepare for postnatal interventions or, in some cases, enables decisions about pregnancy termination. Ultrasound's ability to detect common abnormalities such as neural tube defects, cardiac anomalies, and abdominal wall defects has made it indispensable in prenatal medicine. In addition to 2D ultrasound, advanced techniques such as 3D and 4D ultrasound further enhance the visualization of fetal malformations, allowing for more accurate assessment of complex anomalies. Doppler ultrasound also plays a role in assessing fetal blood flow, offering additional information on potential circulatory abnormalities. This review highlights the role of USG in diagnosing fetal malformations, its importance in routine prenatal screening, and its impact on clinical outcomes. By identifying abnormalities early, ultrasound helps in providing timely interventions, improving neonatal outcomes, and reducing the emotional and physical burden on parents and families. The continuous advancements in ultrasound technology promise even greater accuracy and earlier detection of fetal malformations, reinforcing its role as a cornerstone of prenatal care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choriocarcinoma is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease that occurs as a complication of pregnancy-related events. The gestational trophoblastic disease includes both benign and malignant conditions including complete and partial mole, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic disease. Choriocarcinoma generally presents with pervaginal bleeding, symptoms of anemia, and symptoms of its metastatic lesion. The common sites of metastasis are the lung, vagina, brain, and liver. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is an uncommon site of metastasis occurring in

Sacral chordoma is a rare osseous tumor of malignant origin. Remnants of the notochord in the region of sacrum and coccyx is said to be the origin of these tumors. Patients generally have delayed presentation, which is responsible for larger tumor size. Early detection of sacral chordoma is therefore very important. We present a clinical case on a 56-year-old male patient who presented with chronic lower back pain for 3 years, predominantly in the sacral region. He also had occasional bouts of constipation. Diagnostic imaging modalities used encompass ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography scans. Radiological imaging of this patient revealed a giant mass within the pelvis. The mass was involving the lower sacrum and coccyx region predominantly. Associated local osteolytic changes were also noted, which are a characteristic feature of sacral chordoma. The patient underwent surgical excision of the tumor. Subsequent histopathological analysis gave the diagnosis of chordoma of sacral region.Sacral chordoma should be a consideration in differential diagnosis whenever the patient presents with persistent chronic lumbosacral pain, discomfort, and neurological impairments. Surgical excision followed by radiotherapy is useful in improving clinical outcomes for individuals diagnosed with sacral chordoma. This enhances overall patient prognosis and reduces the risk of local recurrence. The diagnosis of sacral chordoma is a challenge for diagnostic radiologists. Quicker identification, assertive surgical intervention, and suitable adjuvant therapies for chordoma are essential for enhancing patient outcomes and effectively managing this uncommon malignancy called chordoma.

Abstract Background A tongue abscess is a rare but serious condition marked by a localized accumulation of pus within the tongue’s tissues. Despite the tongue’s frequent exposure to trauma, bites, and foreign objects, it typically resists infections. However, an acute lingual abscess can be life-threatening due to the risk of airway obstruction from tongue swelling. Common symptoms include increasing pain, fever, swelling, immobility, edema, and redness of the tongue. The case report aimed to highlight the unusual clinical presentation and location of a deep-seated abscess in the anterior third of the tongue, as well as the radiographic approach to diagnosing the lesion. Case presentation A 30-year-old female patient presented with sudden onset tongue pain and swelling persisting for 4–5 days. Clinical examination revealed a solitary diffuse swelling in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, approximately 3 × 2 cm in size. Diagnostic imaging, including a plain radiograph, ultrasound (USG), and MRI, was conducted. The patient was hospitalized for incision and drainage of the abscess, followed by a 5-day course of intravenous antibiotics. Conclusions A tongue abscess, though rare, is a serious condition indicated by tongue swelling, pain, fever, dysphagia, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves physical examinations and imaging studies like ultrasound or MRI. Immediate treatment includes maintaining airway patency, draining the abscess, and administering broad-spectrum antibiotics. Prompt recognition and treatment are essential to prevent severe complications such as airway obstruction and sepsis. Regular follow-up ensures complete resolution and prevents recurrence.

INTRODUCTION. Functional examination of the urinary system, and particularly the kidneys, is an important challenge in preclinical studies. Currently, there is no generally recognised and detailed approach to drug-induced nephrotoxicity detection in vivo, nor are there clear criteria for its assessment.AIM. This study aimed to analyse and systematise instrumental and laboratory methods for the assessment of urinary system function in laboratory animals and to identify the basic principles for studying drug-induced nephrotoxic effects.DISCUSSION. The study analysed the advantages and limitations of the methods used to study the nephrotoxicity of medicinal products, with considerations for the use of these methods in small and large laboratory animals. The effects of a test substance on the urinary system should first be evaluated using minimally invasive methods. One of these methods is urinalysis. For urinalysis, important considerations include the sampling technique, the volume of the biomaterial, and the turnaround time between urine collection and analysis. Ultrasonography is the most accessible instrumental method in preclinical studies. Ultrasonography can assess organ position, size, structure, and echogenicity and detect abnormalities and changes in real time. Dif ferent method settings are preferred for each species of laboratory animal. Further analysis can include macroscopic examination of organs, measurement of their masses, and microscopic analysis of tissues. Visual assessment should cover the size, colour, and consistency of the ureters, bladder, and kidneys. Nephrotoxicity may manifest as increased apoptosis, vacuolation of renal tubular epithelial cells, epithelial degeneration or dystrophy, oedema, diapedesis-associated haemorrhages, acute tubular and papillary necrosis, necrosis of the Bowman–Schumlansky capsule, casts and crystals in the tubular lumen, glomerulopathy with the corresponding changes, and inflammatory and vascular reactions.CONCLUSIONS. The study analysed and systematised instrumental and laboratory methods for assessing the functional state of the urinary system in preclinical studies. The authors outlined the basic principles for a structured and comprehensive study of the potential nephrotoxicity of novel medicines. The assessment of nephrotoxicity should start with simple and minimally invasive laboratory and instrumental methods, which include general urinalysis and microscopic examination of urine sediment. These methods can detect organ dysfunction that has not yet presented with an associated anatomical lesion. A more in-depth analysis should involve histological and immunohistochemical methods to examine the urinary tissues of laboratory animals.

Introduction: Cryptococcosis is a fungal disease affecting the respiratory and central nervous system in HIV-infected individuals, causing life-threatening symptoms and necessitating prompt diagnosis, with approximately 5% of infected individuals developing it. Case Report: A 35-year-old HIV-positive male patient presented with abdominal pain, fever, and cough, without cervical lymphadenopathy. USG revealed multiple enlarged lymph nodes, and FNAC was performed. Result: Cytological examination revealed lymphocytes, histiocytes, granulomas, and necrotic material, along with budding yeast of Cryptococcus neoformans. PAS, GMS, Indian ink, CSF, and bone marrow tests confirmed Cryptococci. Conclusion: FNAC is a safe and efficient technique for early diagnosis of Cryptococcal lymphadenitis, a rare presentation in lymphadenopathy, highlighting its potential for rapid treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A tongue abscess is a rare but serious condition marked by a localized accumulation of pus within the tongue's tissues. Despite the tongue's frequent exposure to trauma, bites, and foreign objects, it typically resists infections. However, an acute lingual abscess can be life-threatening due to the risk of airway obstruction from tongue swelling. Common symptoms include increasing pain, fever, swelling, immobility, edema, and redness of the tongue. The case report aimed to highlight the unusual clinical presentation and location of a deep-seated abscess in the anterior third of the tongue, as well as the radiographic approach to diagnosing the lesion. Case presentation: A 30-year-old female patient presented with sudden onset tongue pain and swelling persisting for 4–5 days. Clinical examination revealed a solitary diffuse swelling in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, approximately 3 × 2 cm in size. Diagnostic imaging, including a plain radiograph, ultrasound (USG), and MRI, was conducted. The patient was hospitalized for incision and drainage of the abscess, followed by a 5-day course of intravenous antibiotics. Conclusions: A tongue abscess, though rare, is a serious condition indicated by tongue swelling, pain, fever, dysphagia, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves physical examinations and imaging studies like ultrasound or MRI. Immediate treatment includes maintaining airway patency, draining the abscess, and administering broad-spectrum antibiotics. Prompt recognition and treatment are essential to prevent severe complications such as airway obstruction and sepsis. Regular follow-up ensures complete resolution and prevents recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonography (USG) has become an essential tool in the diagnosis and management of abdominal trauma, offering a non-invasive, rapid, and efficient method for assessing internal injuries. Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) is commonly used in emergency settings to detect free fluid, which may indicate organ damage or hemorrhage. Its advantages include portability, repeatability, and the absence of ionizing radiation, making it suitable for all patient demographics, including pregnant women and children. USG is particularly useful for identifying injuries to solid organs like the liver, spleen, and kidneys. However, limitations such as operator dependency and difficulty in assessing hollow organs or deep retroperitoneal structures exist. While not a standalone diagnostic tool, USG plays a pivotal role in the initial evaluation of trauma patients, often guiding the need for further imaging or surgical intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synovitis is the inflammation of a synovial membrane surrounding a joint. Its assessment is an important step in the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Joint detection is the first stage of an automated method of assessment of a degree of synovitis, from an Ultrasound (USG) image of a finger joint and its surrounding area. A joint detector consists of three parts: image preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification. Each part contains adjustable parameters that must be set experimentally to ensure the proper operation of the detector. Both the structure of a joint detector and a procedure for finding a near-optimal configuration of the adjustable parameters are described. The optimization process is based on two evaluation measures: Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) and False Positive Count (FPC). The optimization process decreases the number of pictures with multiple detections, which was the main point of works presented in this paper. This was achieved by increasing the number of components of the homogeneous mixed-SURF descriptor which has the greatest influence on the final result. Non-SURF descriptors achieve poorer classification results. Our research led to the creation of a better joint detector which could positively influence the final results of inflammation level classification.

Background The use of a peripherally-inserted central catheter (PICC) has increased in preterm neonates to facilitate the administration of total parenteral nutrition. Standard radiography (thoracoabdominal X-ray) is the gold standard for determining the position of the PICC tip. However, radiography is not always accurate, influenced by the position of the extremities and anatomic variations, time-consuming procedural process, involves radiation, and is costly. Ultrasonography (USG) may serve as an easier, safer, less costly, and more real-time alternative in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patients. Objective To assess the accuracy of USG use in determining PICC tip position compared to that of standard radiography. Methods This diagnostic study was conducted in the NICU at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. The PICCs were placed using standard NICU procedure, then the tip position was evaluated using the USG immediately before standard radiography was performed. A 2x2 table was constructed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the two modalities. Results A total of 29 neonates were included in our study. Subjects’ mean gestational age and weight were 31.7 weeks and 1,618.9 g respectively. Concordance of PICC tip positioning between standard radiography and USG occurred in 27 neonates (93.1%). USG had 88.89% sensitivity, 95% specificity, and 93.1% diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion USG has excellent diagnostic accuracy for confirmation of the PICC tip position.

Simple Summary: In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of different imaging techniques, including CT, PET–CT, MRI, and USG, in detecting extracapsular spread (ECS) in advanced Head and Neck Cancer (HNC). The presence of tumor cells beyond lymph nodes, known as extracapsular spread (ECS), worsens the condition. This research compares different imaging techniques like CT, MRI, PET–CT, and USG to detect ECS before surgery. The findings show that while MRI and PET–CT are more sensitive than CT in spotting ECS, all methods have similar accuracy in correctly identifying it. This suggests the need to refine the criteria used in imaging to better diagnose ECS in HNC, which could significantly impact how this cancer is treated in the future. Background: Extracapsular spread (ECS) is the extension of cancer cells beyond the lymph node capsule and is a significant prognostic factor in head and neck cancers. This meta-analysis compared the diagnostic accuracy of CT, MRI, PET, and USG in detecting ECS in head and neck cancers. Methodology: The authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that compared the diagnostic accuracy of CT, MRI, PET, and USG in detecting ECS in head and neck cancers. They included studies that were published between 1990 and December 2023 and that used histopathology as the reference standard for ECS. Results: The pooled sensitivity and specificity of CT scan were 0.63 (95% CI = 0.53–0.73) and 0.85 (95% CI = 0.74–0.91), respectively. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of MRI were 0.83 (95% CI = 0.71–0.90) and 0.85 (95% CI = 0.73–0.92), respectively. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of PET were 0.80 (95% CI = 0.74–0.85) and 0.93 (95% CI = 0.92–0.94), respectively. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of USG were 0.80 (95% CI = 0.68–0.88) and 0.84 (95% CI = 0.74–0.91), respectively. MRI had significantly higher sensitivity than CT scan (p-0.05). The specificity of CT and MRI was not significantly different (p-0.99). PET scan had the highest specificity among all imaging modalities. Conclusion: MRI is the most accurate imaging modality for detecting ECS in head and neck cancers. CT scan is a reasonable alternative, but PET scan may be considered when high specificity is required. USG may not add any further benefit in detecting ECS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synovitis is the inflammation of a synovial membrane surrounding a joint. Its assessment is an important step in the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Joint detection is the first stage of an automated method of assessment of a degree of synovitis, from an Ultrasound (USG) image of a finger joint and its surrounding area. A joint detector consists of three parts: image preprocessing, feature extraction, and classi- fication. Each part contains adjustable parameters that must be set experimentally to ensure the proper operation of the detector. Both the structure of a joint detector and a procedure for finding a near-optimal configuration of the adjustable parameters are described. The optimization process is based on two evaluation measures: Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) and False Positive Count (FPC). The optimization process decreases the number of pictures with multiple detections, which was the main point of works presented in this paper. This was achieved by increasing the number of components of the homogeneous mixed-SURF descriptor which has the greatest influence on the final result. Non-SURF descriptors achieve poorer classification results. Our research led to the creation of a better joint detector which could positively influence the final results of inflammation level classification [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To determine the role of ultrasound elastography of breast mass lesions. Methods: A prospective research was conducted at the radiology department of Continental Hospitals in Nanakaramguda, Hyderabad. 50 women with breast edema verified by ultrasonography were part in this research. Results: Out of the 50 individuals in the research, 26 (52%) exhibited benign characteristics, whereas 24 (48%) had malignant characteristics. Out of the 50 patients in the research, 22 (44%) exhibited benign characteristics and 28 (56%) exhibited malignant characteristics as per elastography results. In a study of 50 patients, ultrasonography revealed malignancy signs in 24 patients (48%). Subsequent elastography conducted on these 24 patients indicated malignant features in 23 of them (95.8%). Out of 26 patients in the study, 52% exhibited benign characteristics on ultrasound. Among these 26 patients, 21 (80.7%) showed benign features on elastography. When comparing ultrasound and elastography findings in these 50 patients, the sensitivity for detecting malignant lesions was 82% and the specificity was 95%, resulting in an overall accuracy rate of 88%. Conclusion: We found that using elastography in conjunction with conventional B-mode ultrasonography enhances the diagnostic accuracy in differentiating between benign and malignant breast lesions, leading to a significant reduction in needless biopsies for benign lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many ultrasound-guided procedures are available for administering analgesia via peripheral nerve blockade. This systematic review aims to compare different ultrasound-guided procedures to determine which procedure is better suited for pediatric abdominal surgeries. The objective is to understand the efficacy of ultrasound-guided procedures for postoperative pain management in children undergoing abdominal surgeries and to identify which procedure takes less time and is better suited for a particular surgery. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, SCOPUS, Central Cochrane Registry of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library), and ScienceDirect databases for pediatric abdominal surgeries conducted with ultrasound-guided procedures for administering analgesia. We included studies involving randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Quasi-randomized controlled studies, prospective, retrospective observational studies, case series, case reports, letters, editorials, comments, animal studies, and studies from non-English literature were excluded. We reviewed 13 articles with 910 patients included. Age groups varied from 6 months to 21 years. The most common block used was the transversus abdominis block (47.76%), and the most common surgery performed was hernia and hydrocele (52.10%). Quadratus lumborum block was used in 26.92%, erector spinae block in 8.97%, modified transversus abdominus block and rectus sheath block in 9.62%, and ilioinguinal block in 6.73% of the patients. No complications were reported in any of the studies. Transversus abdominus block is less effective in two of the studies. Each procedure for pediatric postoperative analgesia has specific advantages and limitations, highlighting the complexity of tailoring interventions. Our review focuses on the advancements in ultrasound-guided analgesia for lower abdominal surgeries in pediatric patients while also emphasizing the need for future randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to compare efficacy, standardize practices, and improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The head and neck constitute a broad anatomic region, which encompasses many aero digestive, salivary gland, lymphatic, endocrine, nervous, and vascular structures. A substantial number of the pathologic conditions affecting these organ systems are accessible to ultrasound imaging. In combination with fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), ultrasonography (USG) remains an indispensable tool for the clinician who works in this clinical arena. Aim: In view of the above, this study was undertaken to analyze the pathological distribution of lateral neck tumors by ultrasonographic evaluation taking FNAC examination as the gold standard. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional prevalence study was conducted in a medical college and hospital in a rural setup in West Bengal, India, among patients attending the radiology outpatient department with lateral neck tumors. After estimating the sample size, 110 patients were included in this study. All the selected patients underwent USG evaluation, followed by FNAC. Both the USG and FNAC data were collected, tabulated, compared, and analyzed. Results: The overall frequency of lateral neck masses was more in males (60%) compared to females (40%). In the present study, a majority of the cases were neck nodes in the jugulodigastric chain. Out of these lymph nodes, the predominant pathology was tubercular lymph nodes (TBLN) with 52.81% relative frequency. Conclusion: This study has concluded that TBLN are the most common lateral neck tumors followed by metastatic neck nodes.

Background: The population in India has been growing rapidly; world population is also a major problem with more than 6.3 billion living on this earth and 26 children born every second. The intrauterine device (IUD), being a reversible and effective contraception method, is the most widely used worldwide. Aims and objectives: A comparative study of IUCD insertion in postpartum and intracearean Materials and Method: The study was a prospective Interventional analytical study looking for comparative study of Post- Partum IUCD insertion in women having normal vaginal delivery and the women undergoing caesarean section in terms of menorrhagia, infection, expulsion, anemia, string visibility and removal. Results: The maximum number of women in each group were between 21 to 25 year with mean ± SD being 22.94±3.13, t (A, B) 0.06 (p > 0.05) in IPP group. Mean age 22.98±3.03 was in EPP group and in Intracaesarean it was 22.73±2.85. Haemoglobin level at different time interval and correlated with each other groups were having p value > 0.05. It shows that the value is statistically not significant. At 6 months, most common complication was irregular bleeding per vaginum. It was about 18% in ICS group, 14% in EPP group and 12% in IPP group. Missing string rate at 6 months in different group was 20% in ICS group. It was 9 in EPP group and only 6 cases in IPP group, out of 50 cases in each group of normally delivered women. USG results indicate that the most of missing IUCD in cases of ICS were found to be in utero was 20%. While in IPP and EPP group it was absent, as most probably it was expelled out. IUD present was significantly higher in ICS type (p < 0.001). Conclusion: To conclude, Post-Partum IUCD is a convenient, safe and effective method of post- partum family planning and more and more women should be counselled for accepting this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Relationships between body weight, urine color (Uc), and thirst level (WUT) have been proposed as a simple and inexpensive self-assessment method to predict dehydration. This study aimed to determine if this method also allowed us to accurately identify a low vs. high urine concentration in (tactical) athletes. Methods: A total of n = 19 Army Reserve Officer Training Corps cadets and club sports athletes (22.7 ± 3.8 years old, of which 13 male) were included in the analysis, providing morning body weight, thirst sensation, and Uc for five consecutive days. Each item received a score 0 or 1, resulting in a WUT score ranging from 0 (likely hydrated) to 3 (very likely dehydrated). WUT model and individual item outcomes were then compared with a ≥ 1.020 urine specific gravity (USG) cut-off indicating a high urine concentration, using descriptive comparisons, generalized linear mixed models, and logistic regression (to calculate the area under the curve (AUC)). Results: WUT score was not significantly predictive of urine concentration, z = 1.59, p = 0.11. The AUC ranged from 0.54 to 0.77 for test days, suggesting a fair AUC on most days. Only Uc was significantly related to urine concentration, z = 2.49, p = 0.01. The accuracy of the WUT model for correctly classifying urine samples with a high concentration was 68% vs. 51% of samples with a low concentration, resulting in an average accuracy of 61%. Conclusion: This study shows that WUT scores were not predictive of urine concentration, and the method did not substantially outperform the accuracy of Uc scoring alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to examine whether there is a synergistic relationship between the diaphragm and pelvic floor muscles (PFM) in pregnant women. Our study was carried out as a cross-sectional study in primigravid pregnants in the second and third trimesters. Superficial electromyography (EMG), 2D/3D ultrasonography (USG), pulmonary function test (PFT), PERFECT, maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) and inspiratory pressure (MIP) measurements were used to evaluate pelvic floor and diaphragm muscle functions during pregnancy. Mann-Whitney U test was used to show the change in the second and third trimesters, and Spearman correlation was used to determine the relationship. No correlation was found between the EMG data of the PFM and diaphragm, or between the USG data of the PFM and diaphragm in all participants, in the second and third trimesters. In the third trimester of the study, diaphragmatic thickness and levator hiatal area (LHA) decreased and both diaphragm and PFM % MVC EMG parameters increased. In the third trimester, FVC, MIP, MEP decreased, and nonsignificant increase in FEV1, FEV1/FVC and peak ekspiratuar flow(PEF) were detected. A significant correlation was found between pelvic floor levator hiatal area USG and FEV1/FVC in both trimesters (r: 0,577p: 0,004). There may be a synergistic relationship between the diaphragm and PFM in pregnant women, the relationship may weaken as pregnancy progresses, and there may be no coactivation relationship between the two muscles. In order to prevent the occurrence of pelvic floor dysfunction during pregnancy and to increase the effect of rehabilitation programs, the relationship between the diaphragm and the PFM should be determined and more studies should be conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The head and neck constitute a broad anatomic region, which encompasses many aero digestive, salivary gland, lymphatic, endocrine, nervous, and vascular structures. A substantial number of the pathologic conditions affecting these organ systems are accessible to ultrasound imaging. In combination with fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), ultrasonography (USG) remains an indispensable tool for the clinician who works in this clinical arena. Aim: In view of the above, this study was undertaken to analyze the pathological distribution of lateral neck tumors by ultrasonographic evaluation taking FNAC examination as the gold standard. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional prevalence study was conducted in a medical college and hospital in a rural setup in West Bengal, India, among patients attending the radiology outpatient department with lateral neck tumors. After estimating the sample size, 110 patients were included in this study. All the selected patients underwent USG evaluation, followed by FNAC. Both the USG and FNAC data were collected, tabulated, compared, and analyzed. Results: The overall frequency of lateral neck masses was more in males (60%) compared to females (40%). In the present study, a majority of the cases were neck nodes in the jugulodigastric chain. Out of these lymph nodes, the predominant pathology was tubercular lymph nodes (TBLN) with 52.81% relative frequency. Conclusion: This study has concluded that TBLN are the most common lateral neck tumors followed by metastatic neck nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cysticercosis, a fatal disease of parasitic aetiology seen in humans, is caused by ingestion of larvae of Taenia solium in form of raw or poorly cooked pork. Commonly seen in developing countries, it affects the brain, muscle, lungs, heart and liver and is rarely found in the maxillofacial region. Sometimes, the only evidence of cysticercosis could be the cystic swellings or nodules in the maxillofacial region. Such solitary clinical presentation can be diagnosed early with the aid of ultrasound (USG) and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Here, we present 5 cases of intramuscular cysticercosis of Orofacial region which were initially diagnosed on ultrasonography and later confirmed by MRI and aspiration cytology. We have conducted a systematic review of PubMed Literature for Intramuscular cysticercosis of orofacial region and highlighted key imaging findings from 18 cases retrieved. Through this case series, we highlight the USG and MRI imaging features of intramuscular cysticercosis which are characteristic and diagnostic of the condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

YouTube is widely utilized as a resource of information supply in the health area, as it is in many subjects. Established in February 2005, YouTube is an independent video-sharing platform that provides persons to detect, observe, and as well as share videos There are no edits accustomed to analyse the qualification and accuracy of the videos. The goal of our research was to analyse the qualification and contents of the videos on USG Guided Peripheral Nerve Blocks on YouTube. On 01.06.2022, a peripheral nerve block was typed in the https://www.YouTube.com/ link search field, accompanied by USG. 100 videos found as a result of the search were reviewed. Url of the videos, uploader name and organization information, duration of the video in minutes, number of views, likes, and dislikes, time from uploading the video to the date it was viewed (in days), resolution of the video, number of interpretations on the video, type of peripheral nerve block, peripheral It was examined whether electrical stimulation was given during the nerve block. Viewing rate, Video Power Index, Interaction index, Global Quality Scale, modified discern scoring system were calculated. No numerically significance was detected between viewing rate, video power index, interaction index, global qualification scale, modified discern scoring system values according to medical doctor- Professional institutions (p>0.05). We think that the accuracy and educativeness of the videos that focus on a specific subject for a specific area of expertise in the field of health we examined in our study, regardless of medical doctor or Professional institutions, are sufficient. [Med-Science 2023; 12(4.000): 1164-73]

Problem-solving is one of the process standards that has been discussed by NCTM and is very important for prospective mathematics teachers to master. The reality is that prospective mathematics teachers have low problem-solving abilities, so it is necessary to analyze the causes of these low-solving abilities. This research aims to uncover the causes of the low problem-solving abilities of prospective mathematics teachers using PKL, USG, and fishbone diagrams. The research method used is qualitative. The research subjects were students of the Mathematics Education study program, FMIPA, Universitas PGRI Banyuwangi who were prospective mathematics teachers according to the achievements of study program graduates. The main instrument of this research is the researcher. Meanwhile, supporting instruments include tests, open questionnaires, researcher notes, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis was carried out using the APKL, followed by the USG method, and then using the fishbone diagram. The results of the research reveal that the causes of low problem-solving abilities are inadequate procedural abilities in solving mathematical problems, inadequate declarative knowledge or knowledge of mathematical concepts, inadequate representational abilities, biological problems, and inadequate interests. This research provides signs for educators to anticipate the causes of the low problem-solving abilities of prospective mathematics teachers.

Carl PC Chen,1 Areerat Suputtitada2,3 1Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; 2Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; 3Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, ThailandCorrespondence: Areerat Suputtitada, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Rama 4 Road, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand, Email areerat.su@chula.ac.th; prof.areerat@gmail.comObjective: This observational study aimed to compare ultrasound-guided (USG) prolotherapy with 5% dextrose in water (D5W) in the multifidus muscle to USG mechanical needling and sterile water injections for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS).Patients and Methods: The data was extracted from the medical records of ageing patients with LSS who received USG D5W in the multifidus muscle or USG mechanical needling and sterile water injections for the treatment of LSS by the first author. Low back pain or axial pain and leg pain or radicular pain were assessed by the visual analogue scale, and gait ability with walking distance were obtained at six different time points.Results: Among the 211 older people who were diagnosed with LSS, 104 got USG mechanical needling and sterile water injections over the course of four weeks, while the other 107 got D5W at the multifidus muscles in a single session. Chronic low back pain, radiating pain, and the ability to walk all got much better at 1 and 3 months after the intervention, compared to VAS measures taken at the start. Patients who underwent mechanical needling with injections of sterile water performed consistently and significantly better than those who received prolotherapy in the multifidus muscles on all measures at 1, 3, and 6 months.Conclusion: After receiving USG mechanical needling and sterile water, LSS patients reported significant improvements in low back pain, radicular pain, and ability to walk for at least 6 months. Prolotherapy with D5W in the multifidus muscle has a moderate effect for only three months.Keywords: mechanical needling plus sterile water injection, prolotherapy with D5W, multifidus muscle, ultrasound-guided, USG, lumbar spinal stenosis, LSS

Background: Neck swellings are common in clinical practice and are of various types – congenital, acquired, inflammatory, neoplastic, and miscellaneous. The workup of a neck mass is different in children and adults, as the etiologies are different. Only 2–15% are malignant. Aims and Objectives: To estimate the burden of neck mass in pediatric age group clinicopathological. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Otorhinolaryngology Department of Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, Burdwan, a rural-based tertiary care hospital in Burdwan for 18 months from April 2021 to September 2022, and 50 patients in pediatric age group presented with neck swelling were included in this study after through history taking and meticulous clinical examination and after getting institutional ethics committee clearance. Results: It was found that most of the patients presented with swelling over the right side (26 [52.0%]), but this was not statistically significant (P=68916) (Z=0.4). Few patients had (11 [22.0%]) 5 months of duration of symptoms, but it was not statistically significant (P=63836) (Z=0.4683). Some of the patients had fever and cough (13 [26.0%]) which was statistically significant (P

The diagnosis and management of vulnerable plaques are topics of high interest in the cardiovascular field. Although imaging techniques like computed tomography angiography (MCTA) and ultrasonography (USG) can structurally evaluate atherosclerotic plaques, they are limited in examining internal cellular processes. Positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging, on the other hand, can highlight these cellular processes, including inflammation, angiogenesis, and lipid oxidation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is also a valuable non-invasive imaging technique that can provide detailed anatomical and functional information on the cardiovascular system. In this review, we compare the advantages and drawbacks of MCTA, USG and MRI imaging techniques with PET molecular imaging in evaluating vulnerable plaques. PET imaging allows physicians to measure different pathophysiological events within the plaque using intravenous radiotracers, of which 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) is the most validated one. By using 18F-FDG, physicians can understand the formation of the plaque, assess the accumulation of macrophages, and predict major cardiovascular events. However, some limitations exist in using 18F-FDG, including myocardial uptake and low sensitivity in imaging coronary arteries. We also mention other radiotracers that can help in evaluating vulnerable plaques, including 18F-NaF. Although PET imaging is still challenging, it has shown promise in evaluating vulnerable plaques and could be used to intervene in high-risk patients before major cardiovascular events occur.

YouTube is widely utilized as a resource of information supply in the health area, as it is in many subjects. Established in February 2005, YouTube is an independent video-sharing platform that provides persons to detect, observe, and as well as share videos There are no edits accustomed to analyse the qualification and accuracy of the videos. The goal of our research was to analyse the qualification and contents of the videos on USG Guided Peripheral Nerve Blocks on YouTube. On 01.06.2022, a peripheral nerve block was typed in the https://www.YouTube.com/ link search field, accompanied by USG. 100 videos found as a result of the search were reviewed. Url of the videos, uploader name and organization information, duration of the video in minutes, number of views, likes, and dislikes, time from uploading the video to the date it was viewed (in days), resolution of the video, number of interpretations on the video, type of peripheral nerve block, peripheral It was examined whether electrical stimulation was given during the nerve block. Viewing rate, Video Power Index, Interaction index, Global Quality Scale, modified discern scoring system were calculated. No numerically significance was detected between viewing rate, video power index, interaction index, global qualification scale, modified discern scoring system values according to medical doctor- Professional institutions (p>0.05). We think that the accuracy and educativeness of the videos that focus on a specific subject for a specific area of expertise in the field of health we examined in our study, regardless of medical doctor or Professional institutions, are sufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Tadris Matematika is the property of Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Tulungagung, Department of Mathematics Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Measuring the performance of machine maintenance becomes very important, serves as a monitoring tool, and triggers increased performance in the production section. Losses due to engine damage will impact the company's profit, which is less than optimal because maintenance can contribute as much as 20-50% of the cost composition of the company's operational costs. This study aimed to measure performance in the maintenance section using the maintenance scorecard (MS) and determine the priority of the performance control strategy using the Urgency, Seriousness, and Growth Method (USG). The research was conducted through case studies on chemical manufacturing companies located in Indonesia. The performance assessment results with the maintenance scorecard method show that the total scorecard maintenance value is in the category of need improvement, which is 63.35. There are 3 KPIs in the very bad category: maintenance costs from a cost-efficiency perspective, work completed from a quality perspective, and self-audit from a learning perspective. The first and foremost strategy that can be done based on USG's priority is to implement reliability-centered maintenance (RCM) to reduce time loss and increase the knowledge and competence of employees. This priority is useful when a company encounters a constraint so that it cannot carry out all strategies simultaneously or can only carry out some strategies while still getting optimal benefits from continuous improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a case report about a pregnant woman with COVID-19 who was found to have anencephaly, a severe congenital malformation of the central nervous system. Anencephaly is characterized by the absence of the cranium and brain. The report emphasizes the importance of early detection through ultrasound examinations and discusses the high mortality rate associated with anencephaly. It also mentions risk factors and the option of terminating the pregnancy for medical reasons. The article highlights the need for adequate folic acid intake and early detection of abnormalities during pregnancy as preventive measures. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Respiratory diseases impose a big global health burden. Around 65 million people have moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), from which about 3 million die each year. Chest diagnostic imaging is vital in managing a critically ill patient. Right now, direct visualization of the lung parenchyma is done using a chest x-ray (CXR) and computed tomography (CT), with the patient in the supine position in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Aims & Objectives: To assess the efficacy of BLUE protocol in diagnosing patients with respiratory failure in intensive care unit. To evaluate the USG findings among study participants and to compare the USG Diagnosis and CT Diagnosis of Patients. Methodology: This was a hospital based cross-sectional, descriptive, prospective study conducted among 150 patients who were admitted into ICU at NRI Medical College suspected with Acute Respiratory Failure in a period of 18 months. Patients admitted to the ICU with respiratory failure were tested initially using LUS and BLUE protocol without interrupting other management. Final diagnosis was done based on history, clinical examination, CT scan, CXR, clinical progression under treatment, and evaluation of cardiac function using echocardiography, functional tests. Data was entered on a Case record form and was represented as frequency and simple percentages. Data analysis was done using Microsoft excel 2019 and IBM SPSS software version 23.0. Sensitivity, specificity, NPV and PPV were calculated for BLUE Protocol using CT diagnosis. Results: A total of 150 patients who were admitted into ICU with various respiratory disorders were evaluated in this study. The age of patients involved in this study ranged from 21-70 years with mean age of 52.27 years. The most common organism isolated was E Coli. Most of the patients had Pneumothorax in the current study. Accuracy was 90.48% in diagnosing pulmonary edema using USG in ICU. Conclusions: LUS is a multifaceted option with low radiation doses for ARF management in critical care settings. LUS is an accurate method for diagnosing pneumothorax, alveolarinterstitial syndromes, parenchymal consolidations, pleural effusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Intussusception is a common abdominal crisis in children, portrayed by the extending of one piece of the digestive system into another. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to find the accuracy of ultrasound in diagnosis of intussusception in children taking surgical procedures as gold standard. Material and methods: This cross-sectional research study design to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in the diagnosis of intussusception in children. The study was conducted in Surgical unit of CMH/SKBZ Muzaffarabad (a tertiary care hospital) and surgical department of Ayub medical college over a period of May 2021 to May 2023. A total of 210 pediatric patients who presented with clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of intussusception were included in the study. The inclusion criteria comprised children between the ages of 3 months and 6 years who underwent ultrasound examination and subsequently received surgical intervention. Results: Data was collected from 210 patients of both male and females. The age distribution shows that the majority of participants (46.7%) fall within the age range of 1-3 years, followed by those aged 0-1 year (33.3%) and 3-6 years (20.0%). In terms of gender, the study included a slightly higher proportion of male participants (63.3%) compared to female participants (36.7%). The clinical presentation data reveals that abdominal pain was the most common symptom observed in the participants, with 53.3% reporting this symptom. Vomiting was reported by 40.0% of participants, and 13.3% presented with bloody stools. The mean age of the participants in this study is 1.85±2.34 years. Conclusion: It is concluded that ultrasound is a reliable and effective diagnostic tool in confirming or ruling out intussusception. The high sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in detecting intussusception indicate its ability to accurately identify cases with the condition and exclude it when absent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship between the common carotid artery (CCA) and the internal jugular vein (IJV) plays a crucial role in the process of internal jugular vein (IJV) cannulation, and this relationship often undergoes changes with head rotation. Methods: In this analytical, observational study, we aimed to compare the effect of 15-degree and 45-degree head rotation on the visualization of the IJV and CCA among 30 patients undergoing IJV cannulation for central venous access. Ultrasound guidance was used during the cannulation procedure. Results: Our findings revealed that greater overlapping of the IJV, specifically at the 12 o'clock position, was observed in cases with a 45-degree head rotation, whereas a lesser degree of overlapping (IJV at the 10 o'clock position) was observed with head in the neutral position. Conclusion: Based on our observations, we conclude that maintaining a head neutral position during IJV central line insertion under ultrasound guidance is safer compared to a 45-degree neck rotation. This information can contribute to improved safety and efficacy during IJV cannulation procedures.

Background: Contrast Induced Sialadenitis or Iodide Mumps refers to non-suppurative inflammation of salivary glands following intravenous iodinated contrast administration. It is a rare adverse effect of iodinated contrast with only a few cases reported worldwide. It is hypothesized to be an idiosyncratic reaction due to toxic accumulation of iodine in salivary glands. Case Report: We report a case of a 40-year-old female patient who underwent CECT brain after intravenous injection of 40ml of non-ionic iodinated contrast and developed symmetric painless swelling in bilateral submandibular triangles within five hours of contrast administration. Ultrasound with color doppler and MR imaging was performed which confirmed the diagnosis of contrast induced sialadenitis. Sialadenitis was managed conservatively and resolved slowly over eight days. Conclusion: Though it is a rare self-limiting adverse event of iodinated contrast, it must be known to the radiologist as well as the clinician to avoid unnecessary work up and manage the patient better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal / İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Health Sciene Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The aetiology & diagnosis of the pancreato-biliary ductal system diseases that cause symptoms such as obstructive jaundice is crucial for the best treatment approach. In the current study, we prospectively examined patients with various biliary tract and/or pancreatic illnesses using MRI with MRCP and USG in order to assess the effectiveness of MRI with MRCP as a preferred imaging modality. Material and Methods: Present study was single-center, prospective, observational study, conducted in patients 20-70 years age, either gender, clinical history and laboratory criteria suggestive of having cholelithiasis or choledocholithiasis & findings of cholelithiasis or choledocholithiasis or dilated common bile duct on other imaging modalities especially ultrasound underwent further evaluation with MRCP. Results: Among 65 patients, the majority were from the 21-40 and 41-60 age groups (33.8% each), females (78.5%) and had abdominal pain (90.77%), jaundice (41.54%), nausea/ vomiting (36.92%). USG detected 29.2% dilated IHBR pathologies, whereas 58.5% detected dilated IHBR pathologies with the help of the MRCP technique. Among pancreatico biliary pathologies, USG detected in pathologies such as gall bladder calculus (32.3%), CBD calculus (35.4%) & pancreatitis (15.4%). Among pancreatico biliary pathologies, MRCP were detected following pathologies as gall bladder calculus (35.4%), CBD Calculus (49.2%) and non-calculus (63.2%), pancreatitis (18.5%) and neoplastic changes in the pancreas (1.5%). MRCP had the highest area under the curve (AUC) of 0.942, whereas USG had 0.923 accuracies in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary and pancreatic pathologies. Conclusion: When comparing MRCP to USG, MRCP had the highest sensitivity, AUC with Dilated IHBR, calculus, non-calculus gall bladder pathologies, calculus, non-calculus common bile duct pathologies, and pancreatic pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present in this article a detection system of ultrasounographic signal (USG) dedicated to the measurement of parietal rheology in human carotid artery. The aim of this practical work is to develop an ultrasonic method capable of visualizing the localized velocity profile of the carotid artery wall. The device produced makes it possible to take the USG signal from carotid wall of the human neck. It comprises an ultrasonic contact probe applied during the measurement (sensor), a signal shaping circuit, an acquisition and digitization interface in conjunction with an RS232 serial communication port and a local computer terminal hosting a graphical user interface (GUI) implemented in Visual Basic integrated development environment enabling the display, archiving and the digital processing of parietal ultrasonic signal. The aim of this study is to reconnoitering the possibility of using ultrasound for a continuous and non-invasive measurement of the arteries parietal rheology. In this work, a sensor of ultrasound is used to measure the movement and the speed of the carotid artery wall, an image of the arteries parietal rheology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Acute appendicitis remains one of the most common surgical emergencies, accounting for 1% of all emergency operations. The diagnosis can at times be very difficult, so any test which can contribute towards the diagnosis is very valuable. Even though USG, MRI and CT scan of abdomen and blood tests can confirm the diagnosis but not its severity. Aim: The aim of this study is to establish the role of deranged liver function tests as a new diagnostic tool and also to predict gangrenous and ruptured appendicitis which would serve the purpose of decreasing the mortality and morbidity in these patients. Methods: Ninety patients of different age groups from 8 to 70 years of both sexes were included in this study over a span of 14 months. They were confirmed by USG, routine blood examination and clinical findings. LFT were performed, studied and compared with all patients of acute appendicitis. Results: Out of 90 patients, hyperbilirubinemia was observed in 45 cases (50%). There was an increase in other liver enzymes like SGOT in 18 patients (20%), SGPT in 3 patients (2.7%), and Alkaline Phosphatase in 10 patients (9%). However, serum albumin was found to be normal in all patients. GGT increase is seen in 6 patients (9.23%). Specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value and p value were highly significant (p<0.001) in complicated appendicitis. Conclusion: The elevated parameters of LFT in patients of complicated appendicitis (ruptured, gangrenous) carried considerable prognostic significance. Hence LFT can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic indicator in patients of acute appendicitis, thus avoiding unnecessary morbidity and mortality in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uterine inversion is a rare event, out of which chronic puerperal uterine inversion is rarest of all, with only handful of cases reported in literature. We reported two such cases of chronic uterine inversion and one case of acute uterine inversion in our practice of 10 years which were promptly diagnosed and managed surgically. Our 1st case was 34 years old p2l2 lady with history of irregular bleeding per vaginum and heaviness in lower abdomen since last 3 months after delivery of her 2nd child, which was delivered at home in absence of trained birth attendant. 2nd case was p1l1 lady which was attended in OPD as a case of irregular uterine bleeding with heaviness in lower abdomen and something coming out per vaginum on straining, she also gave history of history of post-partum hemorrhage after delivery of her baby 5 months back and 1 unit of blood transfusion in some peripheral center. Both these patients were examined, and a differential diagnosis of uterine inversion and cervical polyp was made for which they were investigated, and an USG followed by MRI was done which confirmed the diagnosis of uterine inversion.3rd case was a patient with acute uterine inversion after home delivery were the diagnosis was made clinical. All these patients were immediately taken up for laparotomy and surgical correction was done by Haultain's method and uterus was preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thyroid diseases bear a high burden in India. Thyroid enlargement needs further evaluation to rule out the neoplasm. With existing different evaluation tests, eliciting their validity would help in further management of thyroid swellings. Objective: To assess the clinical and pathological correlation of thyroid swellings. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted among fifty patients who presented with thyroid swellings to surgery department and Otolaryngology department, in a tertiary care hospital for a period of 21 months. The data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and all the patients were subjected to clinical examination, blood investigations, USG neck and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and histo-pathological examination. Results of each were evaluated against histo-pathological examination. Results: The mean age of the study subjects was 39.7±10.8 years. Multinodular goitre was the commonest thyroid swelling detected clinically (66.0%), on USG (36.0%) and histopathplogical examination (40.0%). However, FNAC showed colloid nodular goitre as the commonest (40.0%). Among the clinical examination, USG and FNAC, USG showed significant moderate agreement (κ=0.59, P<0.05)and FNAC showed significant perfect agreement (κ=0.91, P<0.05) with 88.2% sensitivity, 100.0%, specificity and positive predictive value 94.3% negative predictive value and 96.0% accuracy (P<0.05). Conclusion:FNAC is a good tool to evaluate thyroid swellings for malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neck swellings are common in clinical practice and are of various types - congenital, acquired, inflammatory, neoplastic, and miscellaneous. The workup of a neck mass is different in children and adults, as the etiologies are different. Only 2-15% are malignant. Aims and Objectives: To estimate the burden of neck mass in pediatric age group clinicopathological. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Otorhinolaryngology Department of Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, Burdwan, a rural-based tertiary care hospital in Burdwan for 18 months from April 2021 to September 2022, and 50 patients in pediatric age group presented with neck swelling were included in this study after through history taking and meticulous clinical examination and after getting institutional ethics committee clearance. Results: It was found that most of the patients presented with swelling over the right side (26 [52.0%]), but this was not statistically significant (P=68916) (Z=0.4). Few patients had (11 [22.0%]) 5 months of duration of symptoms, but it was not statistically significant (P=63836) (Z=0.4683). Some of the patients had fever and cough (13 [26.0%]) which was statistically significant (P<0.00001) (Z=4.8). Conclusion: This study revealed the demographic and clinic-pathological profile of neck mass of various pathologies in pediatric age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is an insidious chronic disease involving any part of the oral cavity. As ultrasonography (USG) facilitates imaging of a wider area, it can be a valuable tool to determine the severity of this disease. Objective: With this background, this study was undertaken to assess oral mucosal changes by ultrasonography and color Doppler in OSMF. Materials and Methods: The sample size included 40 subjects between 20 and 60 years inclusive of either gender, divided into group 1 (controls) and groups II, III, and IV (OSMF cases). The submucosal thickness of buccal mucosa and upper and lower labial mucosa was measured by USG followed by analysis of submucosal vascularity by color Doppler. The data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: It was found that all the subjects had normal submucous thickness and normal vascularity in group 1 (controls). In group II to group III to group IV cases, there was an increase in submucosal thickness and a decrease in submucosal vascularity as the stage of OSMF progressed and the results were statistically significant. Conclusion: USG and color Doppler were able to demonstrate an increase in the thickness of the submucosal layer and a decrease in submucosal vascularity with the progression of OSMF. Hence, USG assessment of OSMF can supplement with other modalities for monitoring disease progression.

Background: Securing airway and adequate ventilation after induction of anesthesia is the utmost priority of anesthesiologists, failure of that can lead to hypoxic brain injury and death in a few minutes. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to ascertain the role of ultrasonography in predicting difficult intubation by comparing different ultrasonographic parameters. Materials and Methods: One hundred patients posted for elective surgery under general anesthesia were studied. The study was carried out in two phases. The first phase – during the pre-anesthetic checkup, ultrasonographic measurements of Anterior neck soft-tissue thickness at the level of hyoid (ANS-Hyoid), anterior neck soft tissue thickness at the level of vocal cords (ANS-VC), pre-epiglottic space (Pre-E), distance from the epiglottis to the mid-point of the distance between the vocal cords (EVL), and the ratio of both (PES/EVL) was also done. In the second phase, Cormack–Lehane (CL) grade was noted during intubation. A Chi-square test was applied to correlate ultrasonographic parameters and CL grade. Sensitivity, specificity, an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value were calculated for various parameters. Results: In this study among the studied parameter, only ANS–VC was statistically significant in predicting difficult intubation (P0.32 cm was 93.3% sensitive and 84.7% specific and had Area under the ROC curve of 85% in predicting CL grade 3 and 4 (difficult intubation). Conclusion: USG is a useful tool in predicting difficult intubation. ANS-VC >0.32 cm is a highly sensitive and specific predictor of difficult intubation, while other USG parameters are not indicative of difficult intubation.