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Background: In order to alleviate the transport stress reaction of animals, three kinds of chinese herbs with sedative and tranquilizing properties were extracted with ethanol and proportionally composed into a chinese herbal compound prescription. In addition, isorhynchophylline in leaves of Uncaria rhynchophylla was isolated and purified for use. Methods: The enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the changes in serum stress indicators and hormone levels, three classification blood cell counter and automatic biochemistry analyser was used to measure blood indicators and other biochemical indicators of each group mice before and after transport stress. Result: The results showed that the blood physiological indexes such as blood glucose (GLU) level, biochemical indexes such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and hormone levels such as adrocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and other stress indexes were significantly higher in mice after transport than before. The compound agents and isorhynchophylline played a role in regulating the stress indices of mice after the simulating transport processs and have the effect of significantly alleviating the transport stress response in mice, with a view to provide reference for alleviating the adverse effects of transport stress on the animal husbandry industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insomnia is a major global health issue, highlighting the need for treatments that are both effective and safe. Valerian extract, a traditional remedy for sleep problems, offers potential therapeutic options. This research examined the potential sleep-enhancing effects of VA (Valerian Pdr%2) in mice. The study evaluated sleep quality by comparing the impact of the VA extract against melatonin on brain activity, using electrocorticography (ECoG) to assess changes in brain waves. For this purpose, the study utilized two experimental models on BALB/c mice to explore the effects of caffeine-induced insomnia and pentobarbital-induced sleep. In the first model, 25 mice were assigned to five groups to test the effects of caffeine (caffeine, 7.5 mg/kg i.p) alone, caffeine with melatonin (2 mg/kg), or caffeine with different doses of valerian extract (100 or 300 mg/kg) given orally on brain activity, assessed via electrocorticography (ECoG) and further analyses on the receptor proteins and neurotransmitters. In the second model, a different set of 25 mice were divided into five groups to examine the impact of pentobarbital (42 mg/kg) alone, with melatonin, or with the valerian extract on sleep induction, observing the effects 45 min after administration. The study found that ECoG frequencies were lower in groups treated with melatonin and two doses of valerian extract (100 and 300 mg/kg), with 300 mg/kg showing the most significant effect in reducing frequencies compared to the caffeine control group, indicating enhanced sleep quality (p < 0.05). This was supported by increased levels of serotonin, melatonin, and dopamine and higher levels of certain brain receptors in the melatonin and valerian extract groups (p < 0.05). Modulatory efficacy for the apoptotic markers in the brain was also noted (p < 0.05). Additionally, melatonin and both doses of VA increased sleep duration and reduced sleep onset time compared to the pentobarbital control, which was particularly notable with high doses. In conclusion, the findings suggest that high doses (300 mg/kg) of valerian extract enhance both the quantity and quality of sleep through the GABAergic pathway and effectively increase sleep duration while reducing the time to fall asleep in a pentobarbital-induced sleep model in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insomnia affects millions of people worldwide, prompting considerable interest in herbal remedies for its treatment. This review aims to assess the therapeutic potential of such remedies for insomnia by analyzing current scientific evidence. The analysis identified several herbs, including Rosmarinus officinalis, Crocus sativus, Rosa damascena, Curcuma longa, Valeriana officinalis, Lactuca sativa, Portulaca oleracea, Citrus aurantium, Lippia citriodora, and Melissa officinalis, which show promise in improving overall sleep time, reducing sleep latency, and enhancing sleep quality. These plants act on the central nervous system, particularly the serotonergic and gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic systems, promoting sedation and relaxation. However, further research is necessary to fully understand their mechanisms of action, optimal dosages, and treatment protocols. Combining herbal medicines with conventional treatments may offer an effective natural alternative for those seeking medication. Nevertheless, individuals should consult their healthcare provider before using herbal remedies for insomnia. While this review provides evidence supporting their use, additional high‐quality studies are needed to firmly establish their clinical efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Valerian is one of the most commonly used herbal sleep aids. • The evidence on clinical effectiveness in sleep is very weak. • The systematic reviews and meta-analyses are scarce and heterogeneous. Valerian is one of the most used herbal agents (phytotherapeutics) to manage sleep disturbances, in particular, sleep-onset difficulties in young adults. However, the evidence based on primary studies and systematic reviews that supports its use in this domain is weak or inconclusive. In the current study, an umbrella review was performed on the efficacy of valerian for sleep disturbances with a focus on insomnia. As such, only systematic reviews (with or without meta-analysis) were considered for this study. Systematic searches in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PROSPERO and CNKI databases retrieved 70 records. Only 8 articles were considered eligible for qualitative analysis. Overall, data suggested that valerian has a good safety profile, however, the results showed no evidence of efficacy for the treatment of insomnia. Moreover, valerian appears to be effective concerning subjective improvement of sleep quality, although its effectiveness has not been demonstrated with quantitative or objective measurements. Despite its widespread use and prescription by general practitioners, psychiatrists and other professionals, valerian does not have empirical support for insomnia. Further studies, in particular high quality randomized controlled trials, are highly recommended since there are scarce studies and the existing ones are quite heterogeneous and with low methodological quality. The implications of our findings for clinical practice are critically discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insomnia is caused by a myriad of factors and can be very disruptive to a person's quality of life and health. When people see a health care provider, often a thorough assessment occurs and people are given various treatment options that include lifestyle interventions, medications, and/or cognitive behavior therapy. There are also many people that may choose to take over the counter or herbal medications as a remedy for insomnia. While there are many supplements that claim to have sleep benefits, clinical data supporting such claims are not always present. This article will briefly discuss the three most common herbal supplements taken for insomnia: melatonin, valerian, and lavender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Fear of fireworks is one of the most common behavioural problems in dogs worldwide. From more static fearful behaviours such as freezing, hiding, and trembling to more active reactions such as aggression, running, barking, and even self-mutilation, many dogs suffer from firework fear but only a small proportion of their owners seek help from a specialist. As many owners prefer to use more natural products instead of medication for their dogs, we tested the efficacy of a supplement made of tryptophan, valerian, and passiflora on 44 dogs fearful of fireworks. Each of them received either the supplement or a placebo, plus environmental and behavioural recommendations to carry out during 2020 Christmas and 2021 New Year's Eve when their behavioural (rated by the owners) and stress (measured via salivary cortisol dosages) reactions were evaluated. Improvement was significantly greater in dogs that received the supplement both in their behaviours and in their physiological responses. The studied supplement, in conjunction with simple behavioural advice, showed to be a good strategy for controlling firework fear in dogs. Canine fear of fireworks is a common problem worldwide, with serious implications for the welfare of both dogs and their owners. Therapies for the problem are available, and herbal and nutraceutical agents are increasingly suggested by professionals; nonetheless, studies on their real efficacy in reducing firework fear are lacking. In a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, 44 dogs (25 in the "supplement" group and 19 in the "placebo" group) completed a long-term continuous treatment with either a supplement made of tryptophan, valerian, and passiflora or a placebo, including two real exposures to fireworks (on 2020 Christmas and 2021 New Years' Eve, after 42 and 48 days of treatment, respectively). Owners of both groups received the same general environmental management and food/toy offering recommendations for trying with their dogs on those nights. Behavioural (measured by LSSS—Lincoln Sound Sensitivity Scale and PANAS—Positive and Negative Activation scale, as rated by the owners) and stress (measured via salivary cortisol measures) reactions were evaluated. Significantly greater fear decrease (LSSS) was recorded in the "supplement" dogs, as compared to the "placebo" group. Cortisol dosages on New Year's Eve ("noisy" night) were in line with behavioural results; "supplement" dogs showed a smaller increase in the stress response from 22:30 to 00:30 h on New Year's Eve and a greater decrease in their stress response from 02:30 h to 10:30 h on New Year's Day compared to "placebo" dogs. Smaller cortisol levels were also shown by "supplement" dogs than "placebo" dogs on a controlled "quiet night" (27th December). Owners' rates on PANAS remained stable during the whole period of therapy for both groups. The evaluated supplement, a combination of tryptophan, valerian, and passiflora, showed satisfactory results and rare side effects when treating dogs fearful of fireworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquiring up-to-date information on the distribution of a species is an issue of paramount importance to set up proper conservation strategies and to assess its conservation status over time. The European wildcat has recently expanded its distribution in different parts of its range in Italy, including the Northern Apennines area. The current study represents the first wildcat systematic monitoring in the central part of Northern Apennines. Non-invasive genetic sampling—based both on valerian and catnip lures—was applied, integrated with camera trapping within two Regional Parks. This approach is needed in order to obtain hair samples to be genetically analyzed, since cross-breeding with domestic cats can make wildcat identification based only on coat characteristics misleading. Videos obtained from camera traps allowed the identification of several individuals (image capture rate of 1.04/100 trap-nights), including at least one female. Hair samples were only collected in April–May using catnip as an attractant, whereas the valerian-based solution used did not yield the expected results (i.e., attracting wildcats and stimulating their rubbing behavior to allow hair collection). These results allowed for the first time the genetic confirmation of a pure wildcat in the study area. Domestic cat presence (image capture rate of 1.4/100 trap-nights) was also assessed in the same locations, posing a possible threat for wildcat conservation at the expanding margin of its distribution. Our findings confirm the effectiveness of the integration of multiple monitoring techniques for wildcat detection and highlight the need for a continued monitoring of the species, especially in newly colonized areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among numerous ancient monuments from Salona, there is also a very interesting relief with the image of Lares and inscription pro salute Valeriani. It was found before 1885, as spolia, on the righthand side of the courtyard door in the Plazibat house in Split. The first detailed analysis of the monument was carried out by Nenad Cambi, who thinks that it is a dedication for well-being of the Emperor Valerian, which is why imperial Lares, Lares Augusti are depicted. The worship of these small deities as family guardians and protectors was very important in the life of every Roman. The Emperor Augustus, as a restorer of the traditional Roman religion, in 7 BC endowed the existing gods of the crossroads shrines (Lares Compitales) with the additional epithet of his own name Augustus (Lares Augusti) and in this way connected them with the princeps, that is, with himself. Since then, it has been assumed that all Lares with the adjective Augusti become imperial. However, this was not exactly the rule, which is also shown by the revision of this monument, and this text presents new considerations that indicate that the Emperor Valerian is not mentioned here, but master Valerian, to whom his slave raises a dedication, and the said Lares, despite the epithet Augusti, are not imperial Lares, but Revered Lares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sleep deficit or poor sleep leads to ill-health, whereas sleep deprivation for longer periods of time increases the risk of developing adverse conditions associated with poor quality of life, and high socioeconomic impact. The treatments for sleep disturbances include melatonin and over-the-counter medicines like diphenhydramine and doxylamine, all of which have negative side effects. Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) is a traditional herb and the most preferred alternate sleep solution to manage sleep complaints. Methods: Eighty adult subjects with sleep complaints were randomized in 1:1 ratio to receive either V. officinalis extract (VE) or placebo for 8 weeks in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, clinical study. Primary efficacy endpoints included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep latency using wrist actigraphy (WA), as well as a number of secondary endpoints, including sleep parameters such as actual sleep time and sleep efficiency using WA, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for the feeling of waking up refreshed, and a tertiary endpoint of sleep parameters using polysomnography (PSG) in a subset of 20 subjects per group. Safety parameters included physical examination, vital sign measurements, hematology, and clinical chemistry tests. Adverse events and serious adverse events were monitored throughout the study period. Results: Seventy-two subjects (35 and 37 subjects in the placebo and VE groups, respectively) completed the study and were included in the efficacy assessments. On Days 14, 28, and 56, the PSQI Total Score in the VE group decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the placebo group. Further, the VE group showed significant improvements (p < 0.05) in sleep latency and actual sleep time on Days 3, 14, 28, and 56, and sleep efficiency on Days 14, 28, and 56, as evaluated by WA. There was a decrease (p < 0.05) in anxiety (BAI) on Days 14, 28, and 56, daytime drowsiness (ESS) on Days 28 and 56, and an increased feeling of waking up refreshed (VAS) on Days 28 and 56 compared to placebo. PSG results carried out in subset of subjects revealed significant improvements (p < 0.05) in total sleep time, sleep latency, and sleep efficiency on Day 56 in the VE group compared to the placebo group. No safety concerns were observed throughout the study. Conclusion: VE supplementation significantly improved various subjective and objective parameters of sleep in young subjects with mild insomnia symptoms, such as overall sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, and total sleep time. We also observed decreased anxiety and daytime sleepiness, and improved feeling of being refreshed after waking up with VE supplementation. VE was found to be safe and well tolerated throughout the study. Trial Registration: Clinical Trials Registry of India: CTRI/2022/05/042818. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der Anbau von Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen in Deutschland ist oftmals mit Wuchsdepressionen und Ertragseinbußen assoziiert. Häufig werden Wurzelgallen­nematoden der Gattung Meloidogyne als Ursache vermutet, da sie ein breites Wirtsspektrum aufweisen und zahlreiche Kulturpflanzen, wie zum Beispiel Möhren, Zwiebeln und Kartoffeln schädigen. Aktuelle Daten zum Auftreten und Schadpotenzial von Meloidogyne an Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen liegen für Deutschland nicht vor. Ziel des Verbundprojektes NemaAG war es, die Verbreitung von Meloidogyne an Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen in Deutschland zu untersuchen und deren Schadpotenzial an ausgewählten Kulturen, wie Pfefferminze Multimentha, Petersilie und Baldrian zu erfassen. Die Untersuchungen wurden in Kooperation mit Partnern aus der Praxis und Beratung durchgeführt. Das Forschungsvorhaben wurde gefördert durch das Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Bundestages. Die Auswertung der 533 Bodenproben von insgesamt 119 Anbauflächen aus den Jahren 2020-2022 zeigte, dass pflanzenparasitäre Nematoden an Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen grundsätzlich weit verbreitet sind, die Befallshäufigkeit der Gattung Meloidogyne mit < 8 % aber recht gering ist. Auf Befallsflächen betrug die durchschnittliche Besatzdichte Meloidogyne 33 Tiere/100 ml Boden und lag damit nicht im kritischen Bereich. Die Schadwirkung der in Deutschland am häufigsten vorkommenden Art, M. hapla, wurde an Pfefferminze Multimentha, Apfelminze, Spearmint, Fränkische Pfefferminze, Petersilie und Baldrian im Gefäßversuch untersucht. Die Versuche zeigten, dass Pfefferminze Multimentha, Spearmint, Petersilie und Baldrian eine gute Wirtspflanze für M. hapla sind, wohingegen Apfelminze und Fränkische Pfefferminze schlechte Wirte waren. Im nächsten Schritt wurde untersucht, ob sich die Schadwirkung zwischen verschiedenen Meloidogyne-Arten unterscheidet. Dies wurde mit M. hapla, M. chitwoodi, M. fallax und M. incognita an Pfefferminze Multimentha und Petersilie durchgeführt. Hier zeigte sich, dass Pfefferminze Multimentha eine schlechte Wirtspflanze für M. incognita ist und keine Wirtpflanze für M. chitwoodi und M. fallax. Petersilie wiederum erwies sich als eine gute Wirtspflanze für alle vier Meloidogyne-Arten. Im Vergleich zu der sehr guten Wirtspflanze Tomate waren die Vermehrungsraten an allen getesteten Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen allerdings deutlich geringer. Weiterhin konnte in Gewächshausversuchen gezeigt werden, dass Nematodendichten von 2500 Tieren/Pflanze keinen negativen Einfluss auf das Wachstum der untersuchten Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen hatten und am oberirdischen Aufwuchs keine nematodenspezifischen Symptome verursachten.

Scientific relevance. In the context of pharmacopoeial harmonisation, the available methods for quantifying the total heavy metal content in tinctures are not sufficient to demonstrate the safety of liquid dosage forms based on herbal drugs. However, the establishment of individual limits for the heavy metal content requires analysing the patterns of environmental toxicant transitions from plant raw materials to herbal medicinal products in finished dosage forms.Aim. This study aimed to analyse the trans-environmental transitions of heavy metals and arsenic from the soil through plants to herbal medicinal products using a case study of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of valerian and motherwort herbal drugs.Materials and methods. The study focused on motherwort herb and valerian rhizomes with roots, the corresponding herbal medicinal products, and the rhizospheric soil. The elemental composition of the studied samples was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Results. The authors determined the content of 15 elements (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr, Cd, Sb, Hg, and Pb) in plant raw materials, the rhizosphere, and herbal drug infusions and tinctures. The concentrations of elements were 0.002–109.884 mg/kg in motherwort herb samples and 0.017–866.618 mg/kg in the samples of valerian rhizomes with roots. Pb, Cd, and As were detected in all plant raw materials, while Hg was found only in 25% of the study samples. The content of these elements was within acceptable limits. Valerian and motherwort infusions contained all elements, except for Hg; valerian tinctures were free from Fe and Hg; and motherwort tinctures included no Fe, Hg, Sr, Cd, and Pb. The concentrations of elements in the infusions did not exceed 3.169 mg/kg, while the concentrations of elements in the tinctures were below 1.27 mg/kg. In the tinctures, Zn, Cu, Mg, and Ti were the most abundant elements, and Sb and Cd were present in minimum amounts.Conclusions. Valerian and motherwort plants can concentrate Cu, Cr, Fe, and V from the soil. The transition of heavy metals and arsenic into infusions did not exceed 65% of the content of these elements in herbal drugs, while tinctures contained less than 30% of the content of heavy metals and arsenic in herbal drugs. Some elements passed into infusions 1.5–5 times more efficiently than into tinctures.

Context: Valeriana pavonii Poepp. & Endl. (Caprifoliaceae), is a plant used in traditional medicine as a tranquilizer in Colombia. Valerian extracts have been widely used since ancient times for their sedative and anxiolytic properties; however, the way its active metabolites, including iridoids, interact on their respective targets is not fully understood. Aims: To isolate and identificate active iridoid esters from V. pavonii. Perform in vitro inhibition assays and computational analyses to study their possible interaction on the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor. Methods: Two compounds were obtained from dichloromethane and petroleum ether fractions of V. pavonii, respectively, by chromatographic techniques. The structural elucidation was performed by NMR and spectroscopic analyses. In vitro inhibition assays of the binding of 3H-flunitrazepam (3H-FNZ) for the benzodiazepine binding site of the GABAA receptor (BDZ-bs of the GABAA receptor) were carried out. Results: Two iridoid esters, hydrine-type valepotriates (compounds 1 and 2), were reported for the first time in V. pavonii. Both iridoids, 1 and 2, inhibited the binding of 3H-FNZ on the BDZ-bs of the GABAA receptor (40% at 300 µM). Docking studies and MMGBSA calculations revealed that these compounds exhibited molecular interactions with crucial residues of the benzodiazepine site, similar to those observed for drugs like flunitrazepam, diazepam, and flumazenil. Conclusions: These findings contribute to understanding the in vivo activity of extracts of Valeriana pavonni on the central nervous system, which showed promising effects, especially as anticonvulsants, sedative-hypnotics, and antidepressants, through the modulation of the GABAergic system by hydrine-type valepotriates and its derivatives.

Insomnia is a major global health issue, highlighting the need for treatments that are both effective and safe. Valerian extract, a traditional remedy for sleep problems, offers potential therapeutic options. This research examined the potential sleep-enhancing effects of VA (Valerian Pdr%2) in mice. The study evaluated sleep quality by comparing the impact of the VA extract against melatonin on brain activity, using electrocorticography (ECoG) to assess changes in brain waves. For this purpose, the study utilized two experimental models on BALB/c mice to explore the effects of caffeine-induced insomnia and pentobarbital-induced sleep. In the first model, 25 mice were assigned to five groups to test the effects of caffeine (caffeine, 7.5 mg/kg i.p) alone, caffeine with melatonin (2 mg/kg), or caffeine with different doses of valerian extract (100 or 300 mg/kg) given orally on brain activity, assessed via electrocorticography (ECoG) and further analyses on the receptor proteins and neurotransmitters. In the second model, a different set of 25 mice were divided into five groups to examine the impact of pentobarbital (42 mg/kg) alone, with melatonin, or with the valerian extract on sleep induction, observing the effects 45 min after administration. The study found that ECoG frequencies were lower in groups treated with melatonin and two doses of valerian extract (100 and 300 mg/kg), with 300 mg/kg showing the most significant effect in reducing frequencies compared to the caffeine control group, indicating enhanced sleep quality (p < 0.05). This was supported by increased levels of serotonin, melatonin, and dopamine and higher levels of certain brain receptors in the melatonin and valerian extract groups (p < 0.05). Modulatory efficacy for the apoptotic markers in the brain was also noted (p < 0.05). Additionally, melatonin and both doses of VA increased sleep duration and reduced sleep onset time compared to the pentobarbital control, which was particularly notable with high doses. In conclusion, the findings suggest that high doses (300 mg/kg) of valerian extract enhance both the quantity and quality of sleep through the GABAergic pathway and effectively increase sleep duration while reducing the time to fall asleep in a pentobarbital-induced sleep model in mice.

Introduction: This study aimed to compare the effect of valerian and gabapentin on restless legs syndrome (RLS) and sleep quality in HD patients. Methods: In this cross over clinical trial study, 40 HD patients allocated into a valerian and gabapentin group. In the first phase of the study, Group A received valerian and Group B received gabapentin 1 h before bedtime for 1 month. In the second phase, the two groups' treatment regimen was swapped. After a 1‐month washout period, the same process was repeated on the crossover groups. Results: After the first phase, the mean score of RLS was lower in the gabapentin group. But there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of sleep quality score before and after the first and second interventions. Conclusion: Gabapentin is more effective than valerian in improving RLS, but both are equally effective in improving sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disturbed sleep may negatively influence physical health, cognitive performance, metabolism, and general wellbeing. Nutritional interventions represent a potential non-pharmacological means to increase sleep quality and quantity. (1) Identify an optimal suite of nutritional ingredients and (2) validate the effects of this suite utilising polysomnography, and cognitive and balance tests. The optimal and least optimal combinations of six ingredients were identified utilising 55 male participants and a Box-Behnken predictive model. To validate the model, 18 healthy, male, normal sleepers underwent three trials in a randomised, counterbalanced design: (1) optimal drink, (2) least optimal drink, or (3) placebo were provided before bed in a double-blinded manner. Polysomnography was utilised to measure sleep architecture. Cognitive performance, postural sway, and subjective sleep quality, were assessed 30 min after waking. The optimal drink resulted in a significantly shorter sleep onset latency (9.9 ± 12.3 min) when compared to both the least optimal drink (26.1 ± 37.4 min) and the placebo drink (19.6 ± 32.0 min). No other measures of sleep, cognitive performance, postural sway, and subjective sleep quality were different between trials. A combination of ingredients, optimised to enhance sleep, significantly reduced sleep onset latency. No detrimental effects on sleep architecture, subjective sleep quality or next day performance were observed.

Objective Menopause-related sleep disorders do not necessarily affect the amount of sleep, but they affect the quality of sleep. This study aims to review the results of clinical trials on the effect of valerian on sleep disorders of postmenopausal women in Iran. Methods In this systematic review study, a search was first conducted in SID, IranMedex, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane library, EMBASE, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases for the related articles published until December 2021 using keywords based on PICO strategy and MeSH terms including insomnia, menopause, valerian, sleep disorders, herbal medicine, complementary medicine, and clinical trial in Persian and English with Boolean operators (OR, AND) . The Jaded scale was used to evaluate the quality of the articles. Results Of 389 articles found by the initial search, 6 studies (sample size= 637) were reviewed. Of these, 3 studies examined the effect of valerian on sleep disorders, 2 studies examined the effect of valerian on sleep quality, and 1 study examined the effect of valerian on the sleep dimensions of postmenopausal women. Conclusion Valerian can be considered as a safe treatment for sleep disorders of postmenopausal women in Iran. Further studies are recommended to provide evidence for the best dose of valerian with the least side effects.

Background and objectives: Treatment with root extract of valerian can reduce anxiety neurosis symptoms. To investigate the related therapeutic impacts, bioinformatics analysis of proteome profile of rat’s hippocampus tissue was carried out. Methods: Cytoscape V.3.9.1, and its plug-ins were applied for the construction of protein-protein interaction network of the treated subjects. NetworkAnalyzer and ClueGO+CuePedia were used to study centrality and gene ontology of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Results: Results indicated that seven central proteins Actb, Alb, Akt1, Egfr, Tp53 as hub-bottlenecks and Th and H2afx as hub and bottleneck differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) are present in the PPI network and four corresponding biological processes. Among these seven proteins, two including tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (Th) and Histone H2A (H2afx) are differentially expressed proteins in the exposure of valerian. Conclusion: It was found that the histone H2A and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase as central nodes are the main targets of valerian which are associated with anti-anxiety effects of the herb.

Background: Adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR) plays a prominent role in neurological and cardiac diseases and inflammatory processes. Its endogenous ligand adenosine is known to be one of the key players in the sleep-wake cycle. Like other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), stimulation of A1AR leads to the recruitment of arrestins in addition to the activation of G proteins. So far, little is known about the role of these proteins in signal transduction and regulation of A1AR compared to the activation of G proteins. In this work, we characterized a live cell assay for A1AR-mediated ß-arrestin 2 recruitment. We have applied this assay to a set of different compounds that interact with this receptor. Methods: Based on NanoBit® technology, a protein complementation assay was developed in which the A1AR is coupled to the large part of the nanoluciferase (LgBiT), whereas its small part (SmBiT) is fused to the N-terminus of ß-arrestin 2. Stimulation of A1AR results in the recruitment of ß-arrestin 2 and subsequent complementation of a functional nanoluciferase. For comparison, corresponding data on the effect of receptor stimulation on intracellular cAMP levels were collected for some data sets using the GloSensor™ assay. Results: The assay gives highly reproducible results with a very good signal-tonoise ratio. Capadenoson, in contrast to adenosine, CPA, or NECA, shows only partial agonism in this assay with respect to the recruitment of ß-arrestin 2, whereas it shows full agonism in the case of the inhibitory effect of A1AR on cAMP production. By using a GRK2 inhibitor, it becomes clear that the recruitment is at least partially dependent on the phosphorylation of the receptor by this kinase. Interestingly, this was also the first time that we demonstrate the A1ARmediated recruitment of ß-arrestin 2 by stimulation with a valerian extract. Conclusion: The presented assay is a useful tool for the quantitative study of A1ARmediated ß-arrestin 2 recruitment. It allows data collection for stimulatory, inhibitory, and modulatory substances and is also suitable for more complex substance mixtures such as valerian extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the effect of a mixture of fennel and valerian extracts on hot flashes and sleep disorders of postmenopausal women in Iran. A randomized trial was conducted. Methods: A total of 76 postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to either of the two groups: fennel-valerian extract or control. One 500 mg fennel-valerian extract capsule was given twice, daily for 8 weeks. The 500 mg oral placebo capsule (starch) was given the same way. Results: The mean duration of hot flashes increased in both the groups over time (P < 0.001). The mean frequency and severity of hot flashes in the intervention group were significantly lower than in the control group, in the first and second months after intervention (P < 0.050). Women in the fennel-valerian extract group had a significantly lower Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score than the control group 2 months after intervention (P = 0.030). Conclusions: This study found that fennel-valerian extract was effective for relieving sleep disorders as well as the severity and frequency of hot flashes compared with a placebo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine fear of fireworks is a common problem worldwide, with serious implications for the welfare of both dogs and their owners. Therapies for the problem are available, and herbal and nutraceutical agents are increasingly suggested by professionals; nonetheless, studies on their real efficacy in reducing firework fear are lacking. In a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, 44 dogs (25 in the “supplement” group and 19 in the “placebo” group) completed a long-term continuous treatment with either a supplement made of tryptophan, valerian, and passiflora or a placebo, including two real exposures to fireworks (on 2020 Christmas and 2021 New Years’ Eve, after 42 and 48 days of treatment, respectively). Owners of both groups received the same general environmental management and food/toy offering recommendations for trying with their dogs on those nights. Behavioural (measured by LSSS—Lincoln Sound Sensitivity Scale and PANAS—Positive and Negative Activation scale, as rated by the owners) and stress (measured via salivary cortisol measures) reactions were evaluated. Significantly greater fear decrease (LSSS) was recorded in the “supplement” dogs, as compared to the “placebo” group. Cortisol dosages on New Year’s Eve (“noisy” night) were in line with behavioural results; “supplement” dogs showed a smaller increase in the stress response from 22:30 to 00:30 h on New Year’s Eve and a greater decrease in their stress response from 02:30 h to 10:30 h on New Year’s Day compared to “placebo” dogs. Smaller cortisol levels were also shown by “supplement” dogs than “placebo” dogs on a controlled “quiet night” (27th December). Owners’ rates on PANAS remained stable during the whole period of therapy for both groups. The evaluated supplement, a combination of tryptophan, valerian, and passiflora, showed satisfactory results and rare side effects when treating dogs fearful of fireworks.

To ensure the safety of herbal medicinal products, particularly in liquid dosage forms, it is necessary to control environmental toxins to acceptable levels. However, there is no methodology for individual elemental impurities in tinctures. The aim of the study was to select sample preparation conditions for quantitative determination of heavy metals and arsenic in tinctures. Materials and methods: the study used tinctures of anomalous peony, motherwort and valerian sampled from pharmacies. Sample preparation involved microwave-assisted digestion of pre-concentrated aliquots. Quantitative determination of 16 elemental impurities (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr, Ti, V, Zn, Hg) was carried out using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry. Results: according to the study results, quantitative analysis of most elemental impurities requires sample concentration at the preparation step. Due to the method sensitivity, direct quantification of individual elements in a sample is possible only at levels of not less than 0.1 mg/kg. The optimal volume of a tincture for concentration is 25 ml, both in terms of time efficiency and recovery of toxic elements. Conclusions: the proposed procedure showed the possibility of quantification of 16 elemental impurities in the tinctures. The concentrations of heavy metals and arsenic in the tinctures of anomalous peony, motherwort and valerian did not exceed 0.722 mg/kg. Zinc and manganese were the most abundant elemental impurities in the studied samples.

Background: Adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR) plays a prominent role in neurological and cardiac diseases and inflammatory processes. Its endogenous ligand adenosine is known to be one of the key players in the sleep–wake cycle. Like other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), stimulation of A1AR leads to the recruitment of arrestins in addition to the activation of G proteins. So far, little is known about the role of these proteins in signal transduction and regulation of A1AR compared to the activation of G proteins. In this work, we characterized a live cell assay for A1AR-mediated β-arrestin 2 recruitment. We have applied this assay to a set of different compounds that interact with this receptor.Methods: Based on NanoBit® technology, a protein complementation assay was developed in which the A1AR is coupled to the large part of the nanoluciferase (LgBiT), whereas its small part (SmBiT) is fused to the N-terminus of β-arrestin 2. Stimulation of A1AR results in the recruitment of β-arrestin 2 and subsequent complementation of a functional nanoluciferase. For comparison, corresponding data on the effect of receptor stimulation on intracellular cAMP levels were collected for some data sets using the GloSensor™ assay.Results: The assay gives highly reproducible results with a very good signal-to-noise ratio. Capadenoson, in contrast to adenosine, CPA, or NECA, shows only partial agonism in this assay with respect to the recruitment of β-arrestin 2, whereas it shows full agonism in the case of the inhibitory effect of A1AR on cAMP production. By using a GRK2 inhibitor, it becomes clear that the recruitment is at least partially dependent on the phosphorylation of the receptor by this kinase. Interestingly, this was also the first time that we demonstrate the A1AR-mediated recruitment of β-arrestin 2 by stimulation with a valerian extract.Conclusion: The presented assay is a useful tool for the quantitative study of A1AR-mediated β-arrestin 2 recruitment. It allows data collection for stimulatory, inhibitory, and modulatory substances and is also suitable for more complex substance mixtures such as valerian extract.

The use of medicinal plants as an alternative phytotherapeutic remedy against mild illnesses and dysfunctions is increasingly embraced by people. Among these dysfunctions, episodes of nervousness and anxiety due to lack of sleep and insomnia are becoming more and more frequent among the population. To remedy these problems, several plants with sedative activity are recommended. In particular, valerian root (Valeriana officinalis L.) is the most recommended and studied with a significant difference. This study presented a quantification of the phytomelatonin contents in valerian root and several related and recommended herb supplements against nervousness, anxiety, and insomnia. The results showed the presence of phytomelatonin in all the samples analyzed. The high phytomelatonin contents in valerian root and its supplements indicated that, in addition to the known constituents of valerian root such as valerenic acid, phytomelatonin also contributed to the phytotherapeutic activity of this plant since the relaxing and sleep-inducing activity of melatonin is well documented. The recommended daily doses of valerian are analyzed according to their phytomelatonin content, and recommendations are given on the possible synergistic action of the components of valerian as a relaxant and sleep inducer in patients with these dysfunctions. It is also recommended to document the phytomelatonin contents in phytotherapeutic preparations.

Pain is a common undertreated worldwide complaint. The need to explore the antinociceptive potential of alternative herbal products is essential. Although used as a mild sedative, limited evidence focused on the potential antinociceptive effect of valerian and hops combination. The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vivo anti-nociceptive effect of the valerian-hops combination to justify its use as an effective and safe analgesic agent. Anti-nociceptive effects of valerian-hops combination (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) were assessed in swiss albino mice for performing the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the paw licking test using formalin, the paw licking test using glutamate, and the tail immersion test. The effects were compared to those of diclofenac or morphine in the presence or absence of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. Valerian-hops” extract of 100 and 200 mg/kg demonstrated a significant reduction in the number of writhing episodes induced by acetic acid compared to the control (p

Background: It has been known for centuries that cats respond euphorically to Nepeta cataria (catnip). Recently, we have shown that Lonicera tatarica (Tatarian honeysuckle), Actinidia polygama (silver vine), and Valeriana officinalis (valerian) can also elicit this "catnip response". The aim of this study was to learn if the behavior seen in response to these plants is similar to the response to catnip. Furthermore, we studied if these responses are fixed or if there are differences between cats. While nepetalactone was identified decades ago as the molecule responsible for the "catnip response", we know that this volatile is found almost exclusively in catnip. Therefore, we also aimed to identify other compounds in these alternative plants that can elicit the blissful behavior in cats. Bioassays with 6 cats were performed in a low-stress environment, where 5 plants and 13 single compounds were each tested for at least 100 and 17 h, respectively. All responses were video recorded and BORIS software was used to analyze the cats' behavior. Results: Both response duration and behavior differed significantly between the cats. While individual cats had preferences for particular plants, the behavior of individual cats was consistent among all plants. About half a dozen lactones similar in structure to nepetalactone were able to elicit the "catnip response", as were the structurally more distinct molecules actinidine and dihydroactinidiolide. Most cats did not respond to actinidine, whereas those who did, responded longer to this volatile than any of the other secondary plant metabolites, and different behavior was observed. Interestingly, dihydroactinidiolide was also found in excretions and secretions of the red fox, making this the first report of a compound produced by a mammal that can elicit the "catnip response". A range of different cat-attracting compounds was detected by chemical analysis of plant materials but differences in cat behavior could not be directly related to differences in chemical composition of the plants. Together with results of, among others, habituation / dishabituation experiments, this indicates that additional cat-attracting compounds may be present in the plant materials that remain to be discovered. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings suggest that both the personality of the cat and genetic variation in the genes encoding olfactory receptors may play a role in how cats respond to cat-attracting plants. Furthermore, the data suggest a potential distinct mechanism of action for actinidine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of medicinal plants as an alternative phytotherapeutic remedy against mild illnesses and dysfunctions is increasingly embraced by people. Among these dysfunctions, episodes of nervousness and anxiety due to lack of sleep and insomnia are becoming more and more frequent among the population. To remedy these problems, several plants with sedative activity are recommended. In particular, valerian root (Valeriana officinalis L.) is the most recommended and studied with a significant difference. This study presented a quantification of the phytomelatonin contents in valerian root and several related and recommended herb supplements against nervousness, anxiety, and insomnia. The results showed the presence of phytomelatonin in all the samples analyzed. The high phytomelatonin contents in valerian root and its supplements indicated that, in addition to the known constituents of valerian root such as valerenic acid, phytomelatonin also contributed to the phytotherapeutic activity of this plant since the relaxing and sleep-inducing activity of melatonin is well documented. The recommended daily doses of valerian are analyzed according to their phytomelatonin content, and recommendations are given on the possible synergistic action of the components of valerian as a relaxant and sleep inducer in patients with these dysfunctions. It is also recommended to document the phytomelatonin contents in phytotherapeutic preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Global lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders has been estimated at approximately 16.6%, with subclinical prevalence likely much higher. Herbal approaches to reduce anxiety may be as effective as pharmacological treatments and are less likely to be associated with adverse side effects. The herbal species, namely, valerian, passionflower, hawthorn and ballota, have a long history of use as anxiolytics in traditional medicine, further supported by recent pre-clinical and clinical trials. Aims: To assess the effects of chronic (14 days) supplementation with a multi-herb extract preparation (MHEP, Euphytose®) on psychological state and psychological and physiological stress responses during a laboratory stressor. Methods: In this crossover study, 31 healthy participants (aged 19–58 years) received a MHEP and placebo for 14 days with a 28-day washout. Anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), mood and physiological measures of stress (heart rate, galvanic skin response, salivary α-amylase and cortisol levels) were measured before and after an Observed Multitasking Stressor. Cognitive performance was also assessed. Results: MHEP was associated with reduced tension-anxiety (p = 0.038), with participants showing an attenuated response to the observed multitasking psychosocial stressor following MHEP, evidenced by lower salivary α-amylase (p = 0.041) and galvanic skin response (p = 0.004). Conclusions: The combination of herbal extracts contained within the MHEP reduced subjective anxiety in a healthy population and lowered electrodermal skin conductance and concentration of salivary α-amylase in response to a psychosocial stressor, compared to placebo. The study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT03909906). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a micronutrient, zinc (Zn) plays an essential role in various physiological processes of plants. Here, acclimatized samples of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.), chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), withania (Withania. coagulans) and purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.) were evaluated under aeroponic system conditions in order to explore the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The plants were foliar sprayed with ZnO NP biofertilizer (0, 1, 2 and 3 g L-1) for 20, 40 and 60 days after transplanting. The experiments were performed based on a completely randomized design with five replications. The valerian showed that 3 g L-1 ZnO NPs caused the highest plant height, root length, leaf number per plant, root volume per plant, as well as fresh and dry weights of roots and shoots. The mean values in chicory showed that the plants that were treated with ZnO NPs (3 g L-1) had the highest amount of biomass and photosynthetic pigments. Based on the results of mean values in purple coneflower, ZnO NPs (3 g L-1) caused the largest increase in morphological values. Furthermore, comparing the mean values in the withania showed that the highest plant height, root length, leaf number per plant, root volume per plant, fresh and dry weights of roots and shoots were observed in plants treated with 3 g L-1 ZnO NPs. Therefore, Zn is considered as an essential micronutrient in the growth of these plants and could be prepared in nanosized form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the roots of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) and lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.) from the organic and low-input conventional cultivation systems were subjected to the analysis of selected groups of phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids) and antioxidant activity. Plants were grown in two consecutive vegetation seasons in the experimental plots located in western Poland. Phenolic acids and flavonoids were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC/UV–Vis), while the antioxidant activity of the samples was measured with the use of DPPH radical scavenging activity assay. The concentrations of phenolic acids (sum) and flavonoids (sum) were found to be higher in the conventional lovage roots, as compared to the organically grown lovage roots, while in the case of valerian, no significant effects of the cultivation system on the levels of the sums of these analyzed compounds were found. Furthermore, no significant effect of the cultivation system on the antioxidant activity of herbs was observed. Additional efforts could be invested in enhancing the potential of organic medicinal plants to consistently present the expected high concentrations of health-promoting antioxidants, which could be effectively brought through their post-harvest handling, storage and processing, and thus meet consumers' expectations at the stage when they reach the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim. Valeriana officinalis has been recognized in traditional medicine and used since ancient times for a variety of health ailments. It is mainly appreciated for its sedative and sleeping properties. Currently, scientists are conducting numerous studies on the exact chemical composition of valerian and the properties they carry in the human body. Material and methods. This paper presents a narrative review on valerian. Analysis of the literature. The desire to summarize information on the uses and properties of V. officinalis is presented. V. of- ficinalis exhibits sedative, sleep-inducing and antidepressant properties. Studies show broad effects on the human nervous system, for example, reducing stress. Conclusion. By discovering new properties of valerian, its properties are expanding significantly day by day. Its main use is primarily in the treatment of sleep disorders and nervous system disorders. However, it is also used in headaches, depression, anti-cancer therapy, urinary and digestive disorders. More and more people are turning to valerian as an alternative to drugs that have more side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Concerns have been raised about the toxic effects of medicinal plants due to their increased consumption. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the hepatotoxic effects of aqueous extract of valerian in laboratory mice. Methods: After preparation of plant materials and aqueous extract of valerian, concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight were administered to laboratory mice for 14 days. On the day 14th, blood samples were taken from the hearts of mice after anesthesia and the serum levels of the enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) were studied. Furthermore, the animalschr('39') weight was recorded at 0, 7 and 14 days and weight changes were also studied. Results: The results of the present study showed the concentration-dependent effects of aqueous extract of valerian on increasing serum levels of liver enzymes such as ALT, AST, ALP and GGT and the highest serum levels of these enzymes were observed at a concentration of 20 mg/kg. Moreover, the concentration of 20 mg/kg aqueous extract of valerian caused severe weight loss in mice over a period of 14 days. Conclusion: In general, it was concluded that a concentration of 20 mg/kg causes liver damage. However, low concentrations of 10 mg/kg valerian extract showed no toxic effects on the liver. Therefore, in the formulations prepared from valerian, attention to the concentration of the extract is very important and the use of lower concentrations to prevent hepatotoxicity is very important.

BACKGROUND: Olfactory stimulation is an often overlooked method of environmental enrichment for cats in captivity. The best known example of olfactory enrichment is the use of catnip, a plant that can cause an apparently euphoric reaction in domestic cats and most of the Pantherinae. It has long been known that some domestic cats and most tigers do not respond to catnip. Although many anecdotes exist of other plants with similar effects, data are lacking about the number of cats that respond to these plants, and if cats that do not respond to catnip respond to any of them. Furthermore, much is still unknown about which chemicals in these plants cause this response. METHODS: We tested catnip, silver vine, Tatarian honeysuckle and valerian root on 100 domestic cats and observed their response. Each cat was offered all four plant materials and a control, multiple times. Catnip and silver vine also were offered to nine tigers. The plant materials were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to quantify concentrations of compounds believed to exert stimulating effects on cats. RESULTS: Nearly all domestic cats responded positively to olfactory enrichment. In agreement with previous studies, one out of every three cats did not respond to catnip. Almost 80% of the domestic cats responded to silver vine and about 50% to Tatarian honeysuckle and valerian root. Although cats predominantly responded to fruit galls of the silver vine plant, some also responded positively to its wood. Of the cats that did not respond to catnip, almost 75% did respond to silver vine and about one out of three to Tatarian honeysuckle. Unlike domestic cats, tigers were either not interested in silver vine or responded disapprovingly. The amount of nepetalactone was highest in catnip and only present at marginal levels in the other plants. Silver vine contained the highest concentrations of all other compounds tested. CONCLUSIONS: Olfactory enrichment for cats may have great potential. Silver vine powder from dried fruit galls and catnip were most popular among domestic cats. Silver vine and Tatarian honeysuckle appear to be good alternatives to catnip for domestic cats that do not respond to catnip.

Valerian volatile oil can be used in the treatment of insomnia; however, the active components and mechanisms of action are currently unclear. Therefore, we used transcriptome sequencing and weight coefficient network pharmacology to predict the effective components and mechanism of action of valerian volatile oil in an insomnia model induced by intraperitoneal injection of para-Chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) in SD rats. Valerian essential oil was given orally for treatment and the contents of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1 A (5-HT1AR), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and protein kinase A (PKA) in the hippocampus of rats in each group were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blot, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that after treatment with valerian essential oil, insomnia rats showed significantly prolonged sleep duration and alleviated insomnia-induced tension and anxiety. Regarding the mechanism of action, we believe that caryophyllene in valerian essential oil upregulates the 5-HT1AR receptor to improve the activity or affinity of the central transmitter 5-HT, increase the release of 5-HT, couple 5-HT with a G protein coupled receptor, convert adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into cAMP (catalyzed by ADCY5), and then directly regulate the downstream pathway. Following pathway activation, we propose that the core gene protein kinase PKA activates the serotonergic synapse signal pathway to increase the expression of 5-HT and GABA, thus improving insomnia symptoms and alleviating anxiety. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of valerian volatile oil in health food.

Valeriana officinalis (valerian) roots and rhizomes possess a long history of medicinal use due to their sedative, antiepileptic, and anticonvulsant properties. Valerenic acid, a bioactive sesquiterpene with therapeutic potential, is present in limited quantities within these tissues. This study explores the application of hairy root cultures for enhanced valerenic acid production. Hairy root induction was attempted on valerian leaves and petioles using three Rhizobium rhizogenes strains (ATCC15834, A4, and MSU440) across three culture media (Murashige and Skoog (MS), Gamborg's B5 (B5), and Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH)). A non-destructive imaging system and periodic analyses were employed to identify superior hairy root clones exhibiting increased branching frequency. Leaf explants co-cultured with R. rhizogenes strain ATCC15834 yielded the most promising clones, characterized by the highest dry weight (1.03 mg) and valerenic acid content (0.384 mg/g dry weight) when grown in a half-strength SH liquid medium. Following strain and media optimization, the impact of 50 mM hydrogen peroxide as an elicitor on valerenic acid production was investigated. This treatment resulted in a significant 1.76-fold increase in valerenic acid accumulation compared to the control group at the first day post-treatment. This approach presents a valuable strategy for the early identification of high-yielding hairy root lines. Moreover, the utilization of hydrogen peroxide, a safe and cost-effective elicitor, offers a rapid method for enhancing valerenic acid production in the selected superior clone. This study establishes a promising platform for the sustainable production of valuable plant compounds within both research and industrial settings. • Hairy root magic: Imaging identified high-branching Valeriana clones induced by Rhizobium strains on leaves. • Valerenic acid boost: Selected clones thrived in ½ SH media, yielding high biomass and valerenic acid (1.03 mg, 0.384 mg/g). • Hydrogen peroxide breakthrough: Treatment increased valerenic acid 1.76-fold, a novel elicitor strategy. • Fast-track selection: Early clone identification based on growth and valerenic acid saves time and resources. • Plant biotech leap: This study offers an efficient method for valerenic acid production in Valeriana hairy roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The oncogenic transcript factor c-Maf is stabilized by the deubiquitinase Otub1 and promotes myeloma cell proliferation and confers to chemoresistance. Inhibition of the Otub1/c-Maf axis is a promising therapeutic target, but there are no inhibitors reported on this specific axis. Methods A luciferase assay was applied to screen potential inhibitors of Otub1/c-Maf. Annexin V staining/flow cytometry was applied to evaluate cell apoptosis. Immunoprecipitation was applied to examine protein ubiquitination and interaction. Xenograft models in nude mice were used to evaluate anti-myeloma activity of AVT. Results Acevaltrate (AVT), isolated from Valeriana glechomifolia, was identified based on a bioactive screen against the Otub1/c-Maf/luciferase system. AVT disrupts the interaction of Otub1/c-Maf thus inhibiting Otub1 activity and leading to c-Maf polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation in proteasomes. Consistently, AVT inhibits c-Maf transcriptional activity and downregulates the expression of its target genes key for myeloma growth and survival. Moreover, AVT displays potent anti-myeloma activity by triggering myeloma cell apoptosis in vitro and impairing myeloma xenograft growth in vivo but presents no marked toxicity. Conclusions The natural product AVT inhibits the Otub1/c-Maf axis and displays potent anti-myeloma activity. Given its great safety and efficacy, AVT could be further developed for MM treatment. Video Abstract

Shifts in plant sex ratios help plant species to expand upslope in a warmer climate

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In the following article we propose to reconstruct, through the numismatic record, the image of power shaped in the mints of Segestica and Viminacium by the emperor Gallienus (253-268). After a brief historical introduction, we will first examine the two mints in question, and then go on to statistically analyse their numismatic production: the denominations used, the most frequently repeated reverse legends, the divinities most involved in numismatic propaganda, the most frequently used configuration of the emperor's image on the reverse and finally, the most common reverse types related to the army and the triumph. We will see how much of the emperor's propaganda effort is focused on promoting Gallienus as a battle-hardened and victorious general, his legions as loyal to his figure and the lasting peace that his campaigns bring to the Danubian limes and adjacent regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the effect of the application of three different preparations on the presence of four economically significant diseases in the crops of pot marigold, valerian and potato. On pot marigold, the intensity was determined of pot marigold powdery mildew infection of the marigold leaf (Podosphaera xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & Shishkoff), whereas on valerian, it was the intensity of valerian stem canker and black mold (Alternaria alternata (Fr. ex Fr.) Keissel), and in potatoes, the intensity of early blight (Alternaria solani (Ellis & Mart.)) and that of late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary). Of the preparations, the synthetic preparation "Sekvenca" ("Sequence") (a.m. difenoconazole, 250 g/l) was applied at a dose of 0.5 l/ha, the registered biostimulant "Zlatno inje" ("Golden frost") (manure-based fertiliser) was applied at a dose of 3.0 l/ha, microbiological preparation (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ssp. TMF3) at a dose of 3.0 l/ha. The fourth variant was the control variant, i.e. the variant without treatment. Field experiments were performed during 2019 at two locations in the wider area of the City of Pančevo. The experiments were performed by a randomised block system with three replications. The size of the main plot was 9.0 m2 (4.5 x 2.0 m). The following was used as plant material: the pot marigold variety of "Domaći oranž" ("Domestic orange"), the valerian variety of "Vojvođanski" ("Vojvodinian") and the potato variety of "Desire". The first assessment of disease intensity was performed one month following the treatment with the selected preparations, and the second one was performed two weeks after the first assessment. In the pot marigold crops, the smallest infection percentage had the plants treated with the type Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TMF3, in valerian, the fewest plants infected with the fungus A. alternata were recorded on small plots on which the synthetic preparation "Sekvenca" was applied, which was also the case with early blight and late blight. The weakest efficiency in the control of pot marigold powdery mildew infection and valerian stem canker and black mold was recorded with the use of the biostimulant "Zlatno inje", which showed the highest efficiency in the case of late blight. The highest yield of pot marigold seeds (632.7 kg/ha) had been treated with the type Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TMF3, with valerian, the highest seeds yield was recorded following the application of the preparation "Sekvenca" (186.1 kg/ha), while in potatoes, the highest amount of tubers was recorded with the preparation "Zlatno inje" (30.83 t/ha). However, if the agroecological and the agrotechnical aspects of production are taken into account, by the use of the type Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TMF3, a satisfactory basis was achieved for various kinds of further research of this and similar preparations in order to improve the existing production of medicinal and other types of plants.

Objective: This study evaluated the efficacy of Valeriana officinalis L. and Passiflora incarnata L. to control anxiety, surgical discomfort, and changes in vital signs of patients undergoing extraction of two unilateral third molars., Materials and Methods: This study is a randomized, triple-blinded clinical trial. Fifty-four patients were allocated into three groups (Valeriana officinalis L., Passiflora incarnata L., and placebo). Anxiety levels were assessed using the State-Trace Anxiety Inventory (STAI) index, surgical discomfort using the QCirDental, and through the measurement of vital signs. The surgical times evaluated were before (T0), during (T1), and after surgery (T2)., Results: There was evidence that both Valeriana officinalis L. and Passiflora incarnata L., reduced STAY-S scores between T0 and T2 (p < .05), unlike placebo (p = .129). There was no change in surgical discomfort in all groups over time, and vital signs presented variable results., Conclusion: Phytotherapy drugs showed a reduction in anxiety state compared to the placebo group during third molar extraction procedure.  CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: klRBR-6kcxvrc, March 10, 2022., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Little is known about the treatment of mild mental disorders and/or symptoms (MDS) during pregnancy. Our main purpose was to compare the use of herbal medicines during pregnancy in women with and without MDS. A questionnaire consisting of 21 multiple-choice questions was distributed in the participating obstetrics clinics or birth centers in the Canton of Zurich, in Switzerland, from August 2018 to March 2019; 398 questionnaires were considered in the analysis. The use of any type of herbal medicines–including pharmaceutical herbal products as well as teas–during pregnancy was reported by 358 women (out of 398, 89.9%). Of these, 272 participants used pharmaceutical herbal products, whereby ginger (49.2%), raspberry leaf (42.7%), bryophyllum (37.8%), chamomile (27.2%), lavender (22%) and iron-rich herbs (12.3%) were the ones most commonly mentioned. More than half (207/398, 52.0%) of all participants reported suffering from MDS during pregnancy; only a few took (synthetic) psychoactive medications (5/398, 1.3%). The percentage of use of pharmaceutical herbal medicines was higher among women reporting MDS than among the remaining women (90.0 vs 75.9%; p < 0.001). At the same time, the prevalence of MDS was higher among users of pharmaceutical herbal products than among non-users (59.6 vs 34.0%; p = 0.001). Specific questions on candidate herbal medicines for the treatment of mild MDS revealed that bryophyllum (mentioned by 107 women), lavender (56 women) and valerian (20 women) were used to reduce stress, restlessness, sleep disorders and others, in part with perceived good to very good effectiveness and tolerability. The large majority of the pregnant women participating in the survey make use of herbal medicines. The particularly high prevalence of MDS among herbal medicine-users and the very rare use of synthetic psychoactive medications suggest that pregnant women rely on herbal medicines for treatment of mild MDS. The reported good effectiveness and tolerability of a few candidate herbal medicines deserve particular attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study was pointed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of valerian and lemon balm additional to the quetiapine in critically ill patients with delirium and agitation. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Fifty-three adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients (according to ICU Confusion Assessment Method scores) who were treated for delirium received quetiapine and Neurogol syrup ( a combination of valerian and lemon balm) or placebo 5 mL every 12 hours for five consecutive days. Improvement in agitation according to the Richmond Sedation and Restlessness Scale was considered the main outcome. Results: The trial was completed for 53 patients (27 in the treatment group and 26 in the placebo group). The baseline characteristics between the groups were similar. In the treatment group, the number of agitated patients was significantly reduced and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.000). Compared with the placebo group, the length of ICU stay in the treatment group was significantly reduced (p = 0.001). The Glasgow Coma Scale improved significantly at the end of day 5 (p = 0.04). There was no statistical difference in the improvement of delirium between the study groups (p = 0.14). Neurogol syrup was well tolerated. Conclusion: The addition of Neurogol to quetiapine (a combination of valerian and lemon balm) can reduce agitation and shorten the length of stay in the ICU without adverse effects. Clearly, more research is still needed to investigate the role of herbal medicines in ICUs and their efficacy and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]