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7. Gender Nonconformity Leads to Identity Denial for Cisgender and Transgender Individuals

Author

Morgenroth, Thekla, van der Toorn, Jojanneke, Pliskin, Ruthie, and McMahon, Casey E.

Abstract

In modern Western cultures, gender is largely viewed as binary, and individuals who challenge the gender/sex binary face discrimination and marginalization. Across three preregistered studies (N= 1,096), we examine gender discrimination against gender-nonconforming people. Studies 1 and 2 show that behavioral and appearance-based gender nonconformity leads to the misgendering of cisgender and transgender women and men. This was true for the gendered perception of these targets and the binary assignment to gender/sex-based spaces and policies (e.g., access to bathrooms or gender/sex-based leadership training). Surprisingly, whether the target was transgender or cisgender did not affect these results. Study 3 replicated findings for transgender targets and showed that adherence to gender stereotypes is seen as a necessity for transgender individuals who want their gender identity recognized by others (e.g., on official documents or through pronoun use).

Published
2024
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8. A 'Scientific Diversity' Intervention to Reduce Gender Bias in a Sample of Life Scientists

Author

Moss-Racusin, Corinne A., van der Toorn, Jojanneke, and Dovidio, John F.

Abstract

Mounting experimental evidence suggests that subtle gender biases favoring men contribute to the underrepresentation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), including many subfields of the life sciences. However, there are relatively few evaluations of diversity interventions designed to reduce gender biases within the STEM community. Because gender biases distort the meritocratic evaluation and advancement of students, interventions targeting instructors' biases are particularly needed. We evaluated one such intervention, a workshop called "Scientific Diversity" that was consistent with an established framework guiding the development of diversity interventions designed to reduce biases and was administered to a sample of life science instructors (N = 126) at several sessions of the National Academies Summer Institute for Undergraduate Education held nationwide. Evidence emerged indicating the efficacy of the "Scientific Diversity" workshop, such that participants were more aware of gender bias, expressed less gender bias, and were more willing to engage in actions to reduce gender bias 2 weeks after participating in the intervention compared with 2 weeks before the intervention. Implications for diversity interventions aimed at reducing gender bias and broadening the participation of women in the life sciences are discussed.

Published
2016
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13. Chapter 2: Education and work

Author

Van der Toorn, Jojanneke, primary, Van Staveren, Irene, additional, Van Eijk, Gwen, additional, Pickett, Kate, additional, Derks, Belle, additional, and Roeser, Sabine, additional

Published
2017
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14. Chapter 4: Migration

Author

Scheepers, Daan, primary, Heath, Joseph, additional, Van der Toorn, Jojanneke, additional, Kleingeld, Pauline, additional, and Ellemers, Naomi, additional

Published
2017
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17. Understanding the Role of Leadership in Organizational Humanness: A Scoping Review

Author

Bohré, Marjon, Gebhardt, Winifred, Harinck, Fieke, van der Toorn, Jojanneke, and van der Doef, Margot

Subjects
leadership, humanness, organizational (de)humanization, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Abstract

The objective of this scoping review is to gain more insight in the concept of humanness within the context of organizations and the actual leadership behaviours that relate to organizational (de)humanization. This scoping review has two aims. Aim 1 is to determine the perspectives on humanness in organizations, how it is defined, conceptualized and assessed . Aim 2 is to clarify what is known about the relation between leadership behaviour and organizational humanness/(de)humanization.

Published
2022
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19. Scientific Diversity Interventions

Author

Moss-Racusin, Corinne A., van der Toorn, Jojanneke, Dovidio, John F., Brescoll, Victoria L., Graham, Mark J., and Handelsman, Jo

Published
2014

21. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON ORGANIZATIONAL HUMANNESS AND ITS RELATION TO LEADERSHIP: A SCOPING REVIEW.

Author

HARDER, MARJON BOHRÉ-DEN, HARINCK, FIEKE, VAN DER DOEF, MARGOT, VAN DER TOORN, JOJANNEKE, and GEBHARDT, WINIFRED A.

Subjects
DEHUMANIZATION, LEADERSHIP
Abstract

The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the available body of knowledge on organizational humanness, and its relation with leadership behavior. We discuss three related concepts that were found in this review: organizational dehumanization, objectification, and organizational humanization, and present how they have been measured. The results of this review show that most studies concern the absence of humanness in organization, that is, organizational dehumanization or objectification, and measures therefore have a corresponding focus on the absence of humanness as well. Accordingly, the available literature on the relation between leadership and (de)humanization seems mostly focused on the absence of humanness. We emphasize the necessity of studying experienced humanness in organizations and the importance of clarifying the leadership behavior that can support and increase experienced humanness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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22. Antecedents and Consequences of System Justification among Iranian Migrants in Western Europe

Author

Van Bezouw, M. J., van der Toorn, Jojanneke, Honari, Ali, Rijken, A. J., Social identity: Morality and diversity, Leerstoel Ellemers, Arbeids- en Organisatie Psychologie (Psychologie, FMG), Social identity: Morality and diversity, Leerstoel Ellemers, and Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI)

Subjects
Sociology and Political Science, Social Psychology, system justification theory, Iranian migrants, migration, political participation, Applied Psychology
Abstract

Seeing the sociopolitical system as fair and legitimate is important for people’s participation in civic duties, political action, and the functioning of society in general. However, little is known about when migrants, without life-long socialization in a certain system, justify the sociopolitical system of their host country and how system justification influences their political participation. We examined antecedents of system justification using a survey among Iranian migrants in eight European countries (N = 935). Subsequently, we examined the relationship between system justification and political participation intentions. We found that system justification beliefs are generally high in our sample, mainly stemming from an assessment of opportunity to achieve changes in intergroup relations. Stronger social identity threat, feeling disadvantaged, a longer residence in Europe, and perceived intergroup stability all relate to less system justification. Conversely, stronger efficacy beliefs bolster system justification. Furthermore, we found some support for a curvilinear relationship between system justification and political participation intentions, but the size of this effect is small. The results show that the high levels of system justification of Iranian migrants are at risk when discrimination and disadvantage are perceived to be stable facets of society. Surprisingly, political participation to better Iranian migrants’ societal position is barely affected by system justification. We discuss implications and further research that can increase understanding of system justification among migrants.

Published
2021
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33. Subjective status and perceived legitimacy across countries

Author

Brandt, Mark J., Kuppens, Toon, Spears, Russell, Andrighetto, Luca, Autin, Frederique, Babincak, Peter, Badea, Constantina, Bae, Jaechang, Batruch, Anatolia, Becker, Julia C., Bocian, Konrad, Bodroža, Bojana, Bourguignon, David, Bukowski, Marcin, Butera, Fabrizio, Butler, Sarah E., Chryssochoou, Xenia, Conway, Paul, Crawford, Jarret T., Croizet, Jean Claude, de Lemus, Soledad, Degner, Juliane, Dragon, Piotr, Durante, Federica, Easterbrook, Matthew J., Essien, Iniobong, Forgas, Joseph P., González, Roberto, Graf, Sylvie, Halama, Peter, Han, Gyuseog, Hong, Ryan Y., Houdek, Petr, Igou, Eric R., Inbar, Yoel, Jetten, Jolanda, Jimenez Leal, William, Jiménez-Moya, Gloria, Karunagharan, Jaya Kumar, Kende, Anna, Korzh, Maria, Laham, Simon M., Lammers, Joris, Lim, Li, Manstead, Antony S.R., Međedović, Janko, Melton, Zachary J., Motyl, Matt, Ntani, Spyridoula, Owuamalam, Chuma Kevin, Peker, Müjde, Platow, Michael J., Prims, J. P., Reyna, Christine, Rubin, Mark, Saab, Rim, Sankaran, Sindhuja, Shepherd, Lee, Sibley, Chris G., Sobkow, Agata, Spruyt, Bram, Stroebaek, Pernille, Sümer, Nebi, Sweetman, Joseph, Teixeira, Catia P., Toma, Claudia, Ujhelyi, Adrienn, van der Toorn, Jojanneke, van Hiel, Alain, Vásquez-Echeverría, Alejandro, Vazquez, Alexandra, Vianello, Michelangelo, Vranka, Marek, Yzerbyt, Vincent, Zimmerman, Jennifer L., Leerstoel Ellemers, Social identity: Morality and diversity, Center for Intercultural and Indigenous Research, ERC, Tilburg University [Netherlands], University of Groningen [Groningen], Universita degli studi di Genova, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage (CeRCA), Université de Poitiers-Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Presov, Université Paris Nanterre - UFR Sciences psychologiques et sciences de l'éducation (UPN SPSE), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Gwangju Welfare Foundation, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), University of Osnabrueck, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Partenaires INRAE, University of Novi Sad, Psychologie Ergonomique et Sociale pour l'Expérience utilisateurs (PErSEUs), Université de Lorraine (UL), Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University (UJ), College of DuPage, Panteion University [Athens], The College of New Jersey (TCNJ), Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Granada [Granada], University of Hamburg, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), University of Sussex, FernUniversität in Hagen, University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), Chonnam National University [Gwangju], National University of Singapore (NUS), University of Economics [Prague], University of Limerick (UL), University of Toronto, University of Queensland [Brisbane], Universidad de los Andes [Bogota] (UNIANDES), University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Ural State Law University, University of Melbourne, University of Cologne, Cardiff University, Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, Belgrade, Serbia, University of Illinois [Chicago] (UIC), University of Illinois System, MEF University [Istanbul], Australian National University (ANU), DePaul University [Chicago], University of Newcastle [Australia] (UoN), American University of Beirut [Beyrouth] (AUB), University of Warsaw (UW), University of Northumbria at Newcastle [United Kingdom], University of Auckland [Auckland], Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Sabanci University [Istanbul], University of Exeter, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Utrecht University [Utrecht], Leiden University, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Universidad de la República [Montevideo] (UDELAR), Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Universita degli Studi di Padova, Charles University [Prague] (CU), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Universidad de la República [Montevideo] (UCUR), UCL - SSH/IPSY - Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Department of Social Psychology, Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), University of Prešov, Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities (SWPS), Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Universidad de Granada = University of Granada (UGR), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), Prague University of Economics and Business (VSE), University of Newcastle [Callaghan, Australia] (UoN), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Universiteit Leiden, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours-Université de Poitiers, Peker, Müjde, Sociology, Brussels Interdisciplinary Research centre on Migration and Minorities, Leerstoel Ellemers, Social identity: Morality and diversity, Social Psychology, Brandt, M, Kuppens, T, Spears, R, Andrighetto, L, Autin, F, Babincak, P, Badea, C, Bae, J, Batruch, A, Becker, J, Bocian, K, Bodroža, B, Bourguignon, D, Bukowski, M, Butera, F, Butler, S, Chryssochoou, X, Conway, P, Crawford, J, Croizet, J, de Lemus, S, Degner, J, Dragon, P, Durante, F, Easterbrook, M, Essien, I, Forgas, J, González, R, Graf, S, Halama, P, Han, G, Hong, R, Houdek, P, Igou, E, Inbar, Y, Jetten, J, Jimenez Leal, W, Jiménez‐moya, G, Kumar Karunagharan, J, Kende, A, Korzh, M, Laham, S, Lammers, J, Lim, L, Manstead, A, Međedović, J, Melton, Z, Motyl, M, Ntani, S, Kevin Owuamalam, C, Peker, M, Platow, M, Prims, J, Reyna, C, Rubin, M, Saab, R, Sankaran, S, Shepherd, L, Sibley, C, Sobkow, A, Spruyt, B, Stroebaek, P, Sümer, N, Sweetman, J, Teixeira, C, Toma, C, Ujhelyi, A, van der Toorn, J, van Hiel, A, Vásquez‐ Echeverría, A, Vazquez, A, Vianello, M, Vranka, M, Yzerbyt, V, and Zimmerman, J

Subjects
CONTROL, Social psychology (sociology), H Social Sciences (General), COMPENSATORY, STRATEGIES, Psychologie sociale, Social Psychology, media_common.quotation_subject, SELF-ESTEEM, L300, MODELS, POWER, Social Sciences, [SHS.PSY]Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, legitimacy, 050109 social psychology, UNCERTAINTY, 050105 experimental psychology, SYSTEM-JUSTIFICATION THEORY, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, 10. No inequality, Social identity theory, Research Articles, Legitimacy, COMPENSATORY CONTROL, status, M-PSI/05 - PSICOLOGIA SOCIALE, media_common, social identity, system justification, HYPOTHESIS, STABILITY, Dynamique des groupes, 05 social sciences, Self-esteem, Social mobility, Moderation, C800, status, legitimacy, social identity, system justification, Psychology, System justification, INEQUALITY, Social psychology, Research Article, Social status
Abstract

The relationships between subjective status and perceived legitimacy are important for understanding the extent to which people with low status are complicit in their oppression. We use novel data from 66 samples and 30 countries (N = 12,788) and find that people with higher status see the social system as more legitimate than those with lower status, but there is variation across people and countries. The association between subjective status and perceived legitimacy was never negative at any levels of eight moderator variables, although the positive association was sometimes reduced. Although not always consistent with hypotheses, group identification, selfesteem, and beliefs in social mobility were all associated with perceived legitimacy among people who have low subjective status. These findings enrich our understanding of the relationship between social status and legitimacy., Center for Intercultural and Indigenous Research 15110006, H2020 European Research Council 759320, Center for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies 15130009, Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) CONICYT FONDECYT 1161371, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness PSI2016-79971-P, Grant Agency of the Czech Republic 20-01214S, Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences RVO: 68081740

Published
2020

34. Not quite over the rainbow: the unrelenting and insidious nature of heteronormative ideology

Author

van der Toorn, Jojanneke, Pliskin, Ruthie, Morgenroth, Thekla, Leerstoel Ellemers, Social identity: Morality and diversity, Leerstoel Ellemers, and Social identity: Morality and diversity

Subjects
media_common.quotation_subject, Cognitive Neuroscience, 05 social sciences, Socialization, Psychological intervention, 050105 experimental psychology, 03 medical and health sciences, Psychiatry and Mental health, Behavioral Neuroscience, 0302 clinical medicine, Heterosexuality, Natural (music), 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Ideology, Sociology, Social psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Prejudice (legal term), media_common
Abstract

Heteronormative ideology refers to the belief that there are two separate and opposing genders with associated natural roles that match their assigned sex, and that heterosexuality is a given. It is pervasive and persistent, carrying negative consequences. Because it is embedded in societal institutions and propagated through socialization and other widely held ideologies, it is prevalent among both cis-hetero and LGBTQI+ individuals. In the current article, we discuss the unrelenting and insidious nature of heteronormative ideology, review some of the social-psychological mechanisms that contribute to its maintenance, and provide directions for future research that could inform efforts to combat it. We argue that threat reactions to non-heteronormative behavior reinforce heteronormative beliefs and that interventions are needed to address both prejudice and its underlying mechanisms.

Published
2020

38. Social Justice

Author

Tyler, Tom R., van der Toorn, Jojanneke, Huddy, Leonie, book editor, Sears, David O., book editor, and Levy, Jack S., book editor

Published
2013
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39. The Vicious Cycle of Economic Inequality: The Role of Ideology in Shaping the Relationship Between 'What Is' and 'What Ought to Be' in 41 Countries

Author

García-Sánchez, Efraín, Van der Toorn, Jojanneke, Rodríguez-Bailón, Rosa, Willis, Guillermo B., Leerstoel Ellemers, Social identity: Morality and diversity, Leerstoel Ellemers, and Social identity: Morality and diversity

Subjects
Social psychology (sociology), Inequality, Social Psychology, media_common.quotation_subject, societal beliefs, legitimacy, 050109 social psychology, 050105 experimental psychology, Ideal (ethics), Economic inequality, Taverne, perceptions of inequality, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Legitimacy, media_common, economic inequality, Societal beliefs, system justifying beliefs, 05 social sciences, Multilevel model, Clinical Psychology, System justifying beliefs, Meritocracy, Demographic economics, Ideology, Psychology, Perceptions of inequality
Abstract

People’s desired levels of inequality are informed by the levels of inequality they perceive to exist. Perceived economic inequality is used as a reference point in determining people’s ideal level of inequality. However, recent research has suggested that the strength of this relationship depends on people’s endorsement of system-justifying beliefs. The current article extends this body of research by replicating these findings across 41 countries (N = 42,078), showing the impact of system-justifying beliefs at both the individual and the societal levels. We conducted a multilevel analysis and found that the higher the endorsement of equality of opportunity beliefs—both at the individual and the societal levels—and meritocratic beliefs—at the individual level—the stronger the relationship between perceived and ideal economic inequality. These findings are in support of a motivated account of the perceived legitimacy of economic inequality.

Published
2018

41. Exploring the Measurement of Inclusion in Organizations: Contributing to Construct Clarification

Author

De Cieri, Helen, primary, Festing, Marion, additional, Shore, Lynn, additional, De Cieri, Helen, additional, Dwertmann, David J. G., additional, Jansen, Wiebren S., additional, Klarsfeld, Alain, additional, Mor Barak, Michàlle, additional, Brimhall, Kim, additional, Cachat-Rosset, Gaelle, additional, Carillo, Kevin, additional, Ellemers, Naomi, additional, Sahin, Onur, additional, Schnyder, Leslie, additional, and Van Der Toorn, Jojanneke, additional

Published
2019
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45. Social creativity: Reviving a social identity approach to social stability.

Author

van Bezouw, Maarten Johannes, van der Toorn, Jojanneke, and Becker, Julia Christina

Subjects
*SOCIAL support, *LABELING theory, *ATTITUDE (Psychology), *NEGOTIATION, *SELF-perception, *CREATIVE ability, *GROUP identity, *SOCIAL stigma, *INTERPERSONAL relations, *PSYCHOLOGICAL adaptation, *GROUP process
Abstract

Social Identity Theory (SIT) is commonly applied to explain social change. We aim to revive interest in the concept of social creativity in order to provide a SIT perspective on bolstering and challenging social stability. Social creativity allows people to maintain or achieve a positive social identity through re‐interpreting intergroup relations. Despite this crucial role in shaping intergroup comparisons, the causes and effects of social creativity are largely unknown. To understand how social creativity can contribute to social stability, we argue for a return to SIT's dynamic nature of constantly renegotiating intergroup relations, involving both higher‐ and lower‐status groups. Within these dynamics, we propose that social creativity can play the roles of coping with, promoting, and questioning social stability. Additionally, we outline a research agenda for future research on social creativity and discuss the impact that social stability can have in societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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46. Morality and Unjust Inequality

Author

Doorn, Neelke, Kleingeld, Pauline, Ellemers, Naomi, Derks, Belle, van Nunspeet, Félice, Scheepers, Daan, van der Toorn, Jojanneke, and Ethics, Social and Political Philosophy

Published
2017

49. Inequality, Migration, and Moral Duties

Author

Kleingeld, Pauline, Ellemers, Naomi, Derks, Belle, van Nunspeet, Félice, Scheepers, Daan, van der Toorn, Jojanneke, and Ethics, Social and Political Philosophy

Published
2017

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