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Purpose: Selection for postgraduate medical training is high-stakes and complex. The learning value of assessments for selection has, thus far, been underexplored, limiting their uptake as potentially meaningful learning experiences. The aim of this study was to explore the learning value residency applicants derive from an intelligence, personality, motivation and competency selection assessment and what factors influence the experienced learning value., Methods: In Autumn 2020 and Spring 2021, we conducted individual semi-structured interviews with sixteen applicants for pediatric residency training. Selection outcomes were unknown at the time of the interview. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed., Results: Participants reported that the assessment was valuable in fostering self-reflection and self-awareness, embracing self-acceptance, pursuing development goals, assessing professional fit, and harnessing motivational drivers in work. The experienced learning value was influenced by applicants' ability to interpret its results, their focus on the high-stakes selection process and concerns regarding the acceptability and credibility of the selection tool., Conclusions: While the selection assessment showed learning potential, its learning value was impeded by a preoccupation with the high-stakes nature of the selection procedure. Intentional integration of the selection assessment in the learning curriculum may play a pivotal role in realizing its learning potential.

Background: To deliver high-quality collaborative care, residents need to be trained across the boundaries of their medical specialty (intraprofessional learning). The current literature does not provide insights into the underlying processes that influence intraprofessional learning. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the processes that occur during intraprofessional workplace learning in residency training, by exploring everyday intraprofessional interactions experienced by residents, with the ultimate objective of improving collaborative practice., Method: We conducted a focused ethnography using field observations and in-depth interviews with residents at an academic children's hospital in the Netherlands. In 2022, nine residents from four different medical specialties were shadowed and/or interviewed. In total, >120 hours of observation and 10 interviews were conducted. Data collection and analysis were conducted iteratively and discussed in a research team with diverse perspectives, as well as with a sounding board group of stakeholders., Results: Residents were involved in numerous intraprofessional interactions as part of their daily work. We identified three themes that shed light on the underlying processes that occur during intraprofessional workplace learning: (1) residents' agency, (2) ingroups and outgroups and (3) communication about intraprofessional collaboration., Conclusions: Collaborative practice offers many intraprofessional learning opportunities but does not automatically result in learning from, with and about other specialties to improve intraprofessional collaborative care. Overarching the identified themes, we emphasise the pivotal role of the resident-supervisor dyad in facilitating residents' engagement in the learning opportunities of complex intraprofessional care. Furthermore, we propose that promoting deliberate practice and shared responsibility in collaborative care are crucial to better prepare residents for their roles and responsibilities in delivering high-quality collaborative patient care., (© 2023 The Authors. Medical Education published by Association for the Study of Medical Education and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background Research on how tools can support coaching of residents is lacking. We hypothesized that an electronic assessment (EA) tool presently applied in selection for residency training, which measures cognitive capacities, personality, motivational drivers, and competencies, could be a valuable tool to support coaching of residents. Objective This study explored the value and limitations, as perceived by residents and coaches, of using the EA to facilitate a single coaching session. Methods This qualitative study took place in the East-Netherlands Training District from August 2022 to April 2023. Volunteer residents and professionally trained coaches engaged in a single coaching session, using the EA. A purposive sample of 7 residents in different training years from 3 specialties were recruited via the training secretariats. Individual interviews with residents were conducted 1 week and 3 months after the coaching session. Data collection ceased when data sufficiency was considered reached. A focus group interview was held with the 3 participating coaches. Thematic analysis was employed to identify themes. Results Participants considered the EA a supportive tool, but not the core focus in the coaching process. Coaching sessions remained guided by residents' individual needs. The EA was considered supportive in fostering residents' self-reflection and awareness, accelerating the coaching process by enhancing preparedness and fostering familiarity among residents and coaches. The perceived value of the EA for the coaching process was affected by residents' and coaches' attitudes toward the tool. Conclusions The EA played a supportive but nonprominent role in the coaching of residents.

Introduction: Pycnodysostosis is an extremely rare skeletal dysplasia caused by cathepsin K deficiency. It is characterized by extreme short stature with adult height (AH) in males typically less than 150 cm and in females less than 130 cm. Our objective was to evaluate the effect and safety of growth hormone (GH) treatment in 6 patients with pycnodysostosis treated according to the Dutch national pycnodysostosis guideline., Case Presentation: Six subjects (4 boys, 2 girls) presented with pycnodysostosis, treated with GH 1.4 mg/m2/day (∼0.046 mg/kg/day) for ≥1 year. Median (IQR) age at start of GH was 10.4 years (5.7; 12.2) and median height 113.5 cm (93.3; 129.3) (-4.2 SDS [-4.8; -3.6]). All children were prepubertal at start of GH. After 1 year of GH, median height gain was 7.6 cm (6.5; 8.5) (0.3 SDS [-0.3; 0.7]). Three children are still treated with GH, and the other three subjects reached AH: 1 boy reached an AH of 157.0 cm (-3.8 SDS) after 6.3 years of GH, and 2 girls reached an AH of 138.5 cm (-5.2 SDS) after 4.8 years of GH and 148.0 cm (-3.6 SDS) after 6.4 years of GH, respectively. This last girl received additional GnRH analogue treatment. In all subjects, height SDS remained stable or improved during and after GH treatment. No serious adverse advents were found. Serum IGF-I remained below the +2 SDS., Conclusion: Our data suggest that GH may prevent the decline in height which can be observed in children with pycnodysostosis. Further research is needed to confirm this. Also, the effect of other growth-promoting strategies such as treatment with an additional GnRH analogue warrants further investigation., (© 2024 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Introduction: Natural oestrogen administration as oral or transdermal 17β-estradiol is recommended for pubertal induction in girls with hypogonadism. However, suitable low-dose formulations are not consistently available globally. This questionnaire study aimed to identify the current availability of oestrogen and progesterone preparations worldwide., Methods: Endorsed by the ESPE Turner Syndrome Working Group, the questionnaire targeted paediatric endocrinologists. Questions focused on accessibility of oral/transdermal 17β-estradiol and progestogen preparations. Responses were collected through a SurveyMonkey survey disseminated via ESPE channels, direct outreach, and conferences from June 2020 to December 2022., Results: Participation included 229 healthcare professionals from 45 countries. Oral and transdermal 17β-estradiol in adult dosage was highly accessible (86.5% and 84.3%), with transdermal administration the preferred form (62.8%). Most commonly available estradiol preparations included 50 μg patches (32 countries) and 1 or 2 mg tablets (65.8% and 71.1% countries). However, 0.5 mg 17β-estradiol tablets were available in only 20% of respondents from 8 countries. Patches delivering 14 or 25 μg/day of 17β-estradiol were available in 3 and 20 countries, respectively. Oral progestogen had widespread availability (96.0%) and preference (87.0%), while transdermal usage was limited to 15.2% of respondents., Conclusion: This study highlights global challenges in accessing suitable hormone preparations for female pubertal induction. In most countries, the lowest dose of the estradiol is 50 µg for patches and 2 mg for tablets. Appropriate low-dose 17β-estradiol tablets are much less available than low-dose patches. Our survey underscores the importance of adapting guidelines to local availability, and the need for improved accessibility to address these global disparities., (© 2024 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Most women with Turner syndrome have premature ovarian insufficiency from childhood. The chance of a spontaneous pregnancy is higher in women with a Turner mosaicism and in women who have had a spontaneous menarche. This chance is estimated at 5-8%. We discuss 2 women with Turner mosaicism who were misinformed about their chances of a spontaneous pregnancy. In both cases, puberty induction was started because of suspected gonadal dysgenesis but in retrospect only puberty was delayed, while ovarian function was still good at that time. The cases presented show that in long-term follow-up there is a pitfall in adopting incorrect assumptions. Critical re-evaluation of medical data during childhood and adolescence is therefore essential. The impact of infertility is great in women with Turner syndrome. Because pregnancy has an increased risk of complications, an unplanned pregnancy should be prevented.

Background: Turner syndrome (TS) is accompanied with premature ovarian insufficiency. Oocyte vitrification is an established method to preserve fertility. However, data on the oocyte yield in women with TS who vitrify their oocytes and the return rate to utilize the oocytes are scarce., Methods: Retrospective multicenter cohort study. Data was collected from medical records of women with TS who started oocyte vitrification between 2010 and 2021., Results: Thirty-three women were included. The median cumulative number of vitrified oocytes was 20 per woman. Complications occurred in 4% of the cycles. Significant correlations were found between the cumulative number of vitrified oocytes and AMH (r = 0.54 and p < 0.01), AFC (r = 0.49 and p < 0.01), percentage of 46,XX cells (r = 0.49 and p < 0.01), and FSH (r = -0.65 and p < 0.01). Spontaneous ( n = 8) and IVF ( n = 2) pregnancies occurred in 10 women ± three years after vitrification. So far, none of the women have returned to utilize their vitrified oocytes., Conclusions: Oocyte vitrification is a feasible fertility preservation option for women with TS, particularly in those with 46,XX cell lines or sufficient ovarian reserve. Multiple stimulation cycles are recommended to reach an adequate number of vitrified oocytes for pregnancy. It is too early to draw conclusions about the utilization of vitrified oocytes in women with TS.

Background: To deliver high-quality care for individuals with complex medical conditions, residents need to be trained across the boundaries of their specialties. This study aimed to explore learning activities and influencing factors in intraprofessional workplace learning by residents in complex tertiary care., Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in a tertiary care children's hospital. In September - December 2017, fourteen individual and two focus group interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of residents and supervisors of various specialties. Transcribed interviews were thematically analyzed to describe learning activities and influencing factors that play a role in intraprofessional workplace learning in complex tertiary care settings during residency training., Results: Respondents described numerous activities that they considered opportunities for intraprofessional learning, both directly and not directly related to patient care. However, deliberate attention to intraprofessional learning often seemed to be lacking in clinical practice. Influencing factors on a system (macro), organization (meso) and personal and interpersonal level (micro) level were identified. Factors on the macro and meso level mainly determined whether intraprofessional learning opportunities arose, while micro level factors mainly influenced whether opportunities were seized., Conclusions: There are ample opportunities for intraprofessional workplace learning in complex tertiary care for residents. Residents may benefit more from intraprofessional learning opportunities if these are made more intentional and deliberate. Influencing factors at the macro, meso and micro level provide targets for interventions aimed at enhancing intraprofessional workplace learning in postgraduate medical training., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Residents need to be trained across the boundaries of their own specialty to prepare them for collaborative practice. Intraprofessional learning (i.e. between individuals of different disciplines within the same profession) has received little attention in the postgraduate medical education literature, in contrast to the extensive literature on interprofessional learning between individuals of different professions. To address this gap, we performed a scoping review to investigate what and how residents learn from workplace-related intraprofessional activities, and what factors influence learning., Methods: The PRISMA guidelines were used to conduct a scoping review of empirical studies on intraprofessional workplace learning in postgraduate medical education published between 1 January 2000 to 16 April 2020 in Pubmed, Embase, PsycINFO, ERIC and Web of Science. This study applied 'best fit' framework-based synthesis to map the existing evidence, using the presage-process-product (3P) model developed by Tynjälä (2013)., Results: Four thousand three hundred thirty records were screened, and 37 articles were included. This review identified influencing (presage) factors that derived from the sociocultural environment, learner and learning context. Studies described that complexity of care can both facilitate and hinder learning. Furthermore, intraprofessional learning is threatened by professional stereotyping and negative perceptions, and awareness of learning opportunities and explicit reflection are critical in intraprofessional workplace learning. Studies described a range of informal and formal intraprofessional activities (process) under the headings of collaboration in clinical practice, rotations or placements, formal educational sessions and simulated workplace training. In general, learners responded well and their attitudes and perceptions improved, learners reported increased knowledge and skills and positive behavioural changes (product). Learning outcomes were reported in the domains of patient-centred care, collaborative attitudes and respect, mutual knowledge and understanding, collaborative decision making, communication, leadership, teamwork and reflexivity., Conclusions: This review gives insight into the high learning potential of intraprofessional activities. Many of the included studies relied on self-reported perceptions of change, therefore, future research should focus on generating more robust evidence including objectively examined outcome measures. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the factors that influence intraprofessional workplace learning in postgraduate medical education. Finally, we provide recommendations for enhancing intraprofessional learning in clinical practice., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Turner syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal condition which is associated with an increased prevalence of cardiac morbidity and mortality. In this cross-sectional study, Minnesota-based electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities, aortic dimensions, routine- and myocardial strain echocardiographic parameters, and karyotype-cardiac phenotype associations were assessed in girls with TS. In total, 101 girls with TS (0-18 years) were included. The prevalence of major ECG abnormalities was 2% (T-wave abnormalities) and 39% had minor ECG abnormalities. Dilatation of the ascending aorta (z-score > 2) was present in 16%, but the prevalence was much lower when using TS-specific z-scores. No left ventricular hypertrophy was detected and the age-matched global longitudinal strain was reduced in only 6% of the patients. Cardiac abnormalities seemed more common in patients with a non-mosaic 45,X karyotype compared with other karyotypes, although no statistically significant association was found. Lowering the frequency of echocardiography and ECG screening might be considered in girls with TS without cardiovascular malformations and/or risk factors for aortic dissection. Nevertheless, a large prospective study is needed to confirm our results. The appropriate z-score for the assessment of aortic dilatation remains an important knowledge gap. The karyotype was not significantly associated with the presence of cardiac abnormalities, therefore cardiac screening should not depend on karyotype alone., (© 2021 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objective: In children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), growth hormone (GH) treatment has positive effects on bone mineral density (BMD). Two 1-year studies did not show a difference between GH or placebo on BMD in young adults with PWS. However, there are no studies investigating BMD during longer-term GH treatment in young adults with PWS., Design: Open-label, a prospective study in 43 young adults with PWS., Methods: BMD of the total body (BMDTBSDS) and lumbar spine (BMADLSSDS) measured by DXA., Results: In the total group, estimated mean (95% CI) of BMDTB remained similar during 3 years of GH, being -0.76 (-1.11 to -0.41) SDS at start and -0.90 (-1.27 to -0.54) SDS after 3 years (P = 0.11), as did BMADLS, being -0.36 (-0.72 to 0.01) SDS and -0.46 (-0.77 to -0.16) SDS, respectively (P = 0.16). In men, there was a significant decrease in BMDTBSDS during 3 years of GH, while BMADLSSDS remained similar. In women, both BMDTBSDS and BMADLSSDS remained similar. BMDTBSDS was associated with female sex, lean body mass and age. The majority of patients received sex steroid replacement therapy (SSRT)., Conclusions: During 3 years of combined GH and SSRT treatment, BMD remained stable in the normal range in young adults with PWS. However, men showed a decline in BMDTBSDS, probably due to insufficient SSRT. We recommended to continue GH treatment in young adults with PWS and to start SSRT during adolescence unless puberty progresses normally.

Context: Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic condition that is reported to be associated with a prolonged rate-corrected QT (QTc) interval., Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of QTc prolongation in patients with TS, to compare their QTc intervals with healthy controls, and to investigate whether QTc prolongation is associated with a monosomy 45,X karyotype., Method: Girls (n = 101) and women (n = 251) with TS visiting our center from 2004-2018 were included in this cross-sectional study. QT intervals of 12-leaded electrocardiograms were measured manually, using Bazett's and Hodges formulas to correct for heart rate. A QTc interval of >450 ms for girls and >460 ms for women was considered prolonged. Corrected QT (QTc) intervals of patients with TS were compared to the QTc intervals of healthy girls and women from the same age groups derived from the literature., Results: In total, 5% of the population with TS had a prolonged QTc interval using Bazett's formula and 0% using Hodges formula. Mean QTc intervals of these patients were not prolonged compared with the QTc interval of healthy individuals from the literature. Girls showed shorter mean QTc intervals compared with women. We found no association between monosomy 45,X and prolongation of the QTc interval., Conclusions: This study shows that the QTc interval in girls and women with TS is not prolonged compared with the general population derived from the literature, using both Bazett's and Hodges formulas. Furthermore, girls show shorter QTc intervals compared with women, and a monosomy 45,X karyotype is not associated with QTc prolongation., (© Endocrine Society 2020.)

Context: Growth hormone (GH) has been approved for children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and significantly improves body composition in adults with PWS. Adults with PWS are predisposed to develop impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2). Continuation of GH maintains body composition, but GH is known to induce insulin resistance, which might affect glucose homeostasis. Studies on long-term effects of GH treatment in adults are very limited., Objective: To investigate effects of 3 years of GH treatment on glucose homeostasis and prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in adults with PWS., Design: Open-label, prospective study., Patients: 43 young adults with PWS., Setting: Dutch PWS Reference Center., Main Outcome Measures: Glucose and insulin during oral glucose tolerance test., Results: Estimated mean (95% CI) fasting glucose and insulin levels remained stable during 3 years of GH treatment. Glucose being 4.6 (4.4-4.8) mmol/l at start and 4.7 (4.6-4.9) mmol/l after 3 years (P = .07); insulin being 59.5 (45.2-75.8) pmol/l and 56.7 (45.2-69.6) pmol/l resp. (P = .72). Sex, ethnicity and fat mass percentage were significantly associated with fasting glucose levels, while IGF-I or GH-dose were not. Blood pressure, lipids and prevalence of MS remained stable during 3 years of GH. IGT prevalence was variable over time, six patients had IGT at start and eleven after 3 years of GH. One patient developed DMT2. However, prevalence of IGT or DMT2 was not significantly higher after 3 years than at study start., Conclusions: Three years of GH treatment in adults with PWS does not impair glucose homeostasis and does not lead to an increased prevalence of DMT2., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: In children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), the benefits of growth hormone treatment are well established. Several one-year studies have shown that growth hormone is also beneficial for adults with PWS, improving body composition. However, little is known about the longer-term effects. This study investigated the effects on body composition in adult patients with PWS during 3 years of growth hormone therapy in a dose of 0.33 mg/m 2 /day., Methods: Open-label, prospective study in 43 young adults with PWS with a median (IQR) age of 19.0 (17.5 to 20.7) years. Fat mass percentage SDS and lean body mass SDS were measured annually by DXA., Results: Estimated mean (95% CI) fat mass percentage SDS decreased during the three-year study from 2.1 (1.9 to 2.3) SDS at start to 1.9 (1.8 to 2.1) SDS, p = 0.012, while lean body mass SDS remained stable at - 2.1 (- 2.4 to - 1.8) SDS at start to - 1.9 (- 2.3 to - 1.6) after 3 years, p = 0.15. Fasting glucose and insulin remained similar during the three-year study, glucose being 4.6 (4.4 to 4.8) mmol/l at start and 4.6 (4.5 to 4.7) mmol/l after 3 years of growth hormone, p = 0.93 and insulin being 59.5 (42.2 to 81.5) pmol/l and 55.0 (42.4 to 69.2) pmol/l, resp., p = 0.54. There were no growth hormone-related adverse events during the study., Conclusions: Three years of growth hormone treatment in young adults with PWS maintains the positive effects on body composition attained during childhood. Thus, adults with PWS benefit from longer-term growth hormone treatment., Trial Registration: EudraCT, EudraCT number 2011-001313-14. Registered 17 October 2012.

Objective: Adults with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) are at increased risk of developing age-associated diseases early in life and, like in premature aging syndromes, aging might be accelerated. We investigated leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a marker of biological age, in young adults with PWS and compared LTL to healthy young adults of similar age. As all young adults with PWS were treated with growth hormone (GH), we also compared LTL in PWS subjects to GH-treated young adults born short for gestational age (SGA)., Design: Cross-sectional study in age-matched young adults; 47 with PWS, 135 healthy, and 75 born SGA., Measurements: LTL measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, expressed as telomere/single copy gene ratio., Results: Median (interquartile range) LTL was 2.6 (2.4-2.8) at a median (interquartile range) age of 19.2 (17.7-21.3) years in PWS, 3.1 (2.9-3.5) in healthy young adults and 3.1 (2.8-3.4) in the SGA group. Median LTL in PWS was significantly lower compared to both control groups (P < .01). In PWS, a lower LTL tended to be associated with a lower total IQ (r = 0.35, P = .08). There was no association between LTL and duration of GH treatment, cumulative GH dose, or several risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular disease., Conclusions: Young adults with PWS have significantly shorter median LTL compared to age-matched healthy young adults and GH-treated young adults born SGA. The shorter telomeres might play a role in the premature aging in PWS, independent of GH. Longitudinal research is needed to determine the influence of LTL on aging in PWS., (© Endocrine Society 2019.)

Objective: Some features of subjects with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) resemble those seen in growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Children with PWS are treated with growth hormone (GH), which has substantially changed their phenotype. Currently, young adults with PWS must discontinue GH after attainment of adult height when they do not fulfil the criteria of adult GHD. Limited information is available about the prevalence of GHD in adults with PWS. This study aimed to investigate the GH/insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) axis and the prevalence of GHD in previously GH-treated young adults with PWS., Design: Cross-sectional study in 60 young adults with PWS., Measurements: Serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels, GH peak during combined growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)-arginine stimulation test., Results: Serum IGF-I was <-2 standard deviation scores (SDS) in 2 (3%) patients, and IGFBP-3 was within the normal range in all but one patient. Median (IQR) GH peak was 17.8 μg/L (12.2; 29.7) [~53.4 mU/L] and below 9 μg/L in 9 (15%) patients. Not one patient fulfilled the criteria for adult GHD (GH peak < 9 μg/L and IGF-I < -2 SDS), also when BMI-dependent criteria were used. A higher BMI and a higher fat mass percentage were significantly associated with a lower GH peak. There was no significant difference in GH peak between patients with a deletion or a maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD)., Conclusions: In a large group of previously GH-treated young adults with PWS, approximately 1 in 7 exhibited a GH peak <9 μg/L during a GHRH-arginine test. However, none of the patients fulfilled the consensus criteria for adult GHD., (© 2019 The Authors. Clinical Endocrinology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Introduction: In postgraduate medical education, group decision-making has emerged as an essential tool to evaluate the clinical progress of residents. Clinical competency committees (CCCs) have been set up to ensure informed decision-making and provide feedback regarding performance of residents. Despite this important task, it remains unclear how CCCs actually function in practice and how their performance should be evaluated., Methods: In the prototyping phase of a design-based approach, a CCC meeting was developed, using three theoretical design principles: (1) data from multiple assessment tools and multiple perspectives, (2) a shared mental model and (3) structured discussions. The meetings were held in a university children's hospital and evaluated using observations, interviews with CCC members and an open-ended questionnaire among residents., Results: The structured discussions during the meetings provided a broad outline of resident performance, including identification of problematic and excellent residents. A shared mental model about the assessment criteria had developed over time. Residents were not always satisfied with the feedback they received after the meeting. Feedback that had been provided to a resident after the first CCC meeting was not addressed in the second meeting., Discussion: The principles that were used to design the CCC meeting were feasible in practice. Structured discussions, based on data from multiple assessment tools and multiple perspectives, provided a broad outline of resident performance. Residency programs that wish to implement CCCs can build on our design principles and adjust the prototype to their particular context. When running a CCC, it is important to consider feedback that has been provided to a resident after the previous meeting and to evaluate whether it has improved the resident's performance.

Context: The prevalence of osteoporosis is increased in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). In children with PWS, growth hormone (GH) treatment has beneficial effects on bone mineral density (BMD). BMD might deteriorate after cessation of GH at adult height (AH), while continuing GH might maintain BMD., Objective: To investigate the effects of GH vs placebo, and furthermore the effects of sex steroid replacement therapy (SSRT), on BMD in GH-treated young adults with PWS who had attained AH., Design: Two-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover GH study., Patients: Twenty-seven young adults with PWS were stratified for gender and BMI and then randomly and blindly assigned to receive GH (0.67 mg/m 2 /day) or placebo for 1 year, after which they crossed over to the alternative treatment for another year., Measurements: Bone mineral density of the total body (BMD TB ) and lumbar spine (BMD LS ) SDS were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry., Results: At AH, BMD TB SDS was significantly lower compared to healthy peers (P < .01), while BMAD LS SDS was similar. Both BMD TB SDS and BMAD LS SDS were similar during 1 year of GH vs 1 year of placebo. In hypogonadal young adults without SSRT, BMD TB SDS and BMAD LS SDS decreased during the 2-year study (P = .11 and P = .01), regardless of GH or placebo, while BMD TB SDS increased in those with SSRT (P < .01)., Conclusions: Compared to GH treatment, 1 year of placebo after attainment of AH does not deteriorate BMD SDS in young adults with PWS. In addition, our data suggest that GH is not able to prevent the decline in BMD SDS in hypogonadal young adults with PWS, unless it is combined with SSRT., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

We report the case of a 16-year-old female patient with hypothyroidism, goiter, and pancytopenia. Biopsy of the thyroid showed leukemic infiltration. After confirmation of the diagnosis of B-lymphoblastic leukemia, treatment was started. Histologic follow-up at day 33 and 79 showed no residual signs of leukemic infiltration. Hypothyroidism persisted despite successful antileukemic treatment. Leukemic infiltration of the thyroid should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with hypothyroidism, goiter, and pancytopenia. We suggest that follow-up of thyroid function and histology should be incorporated in the follow-up of rare patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia with thyroid infiltration.