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Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 3. 2. 2023.

For non-native tree species with an origin outside of Europe a detailed compilation of enemy species including the severity of their attack is lacking up to now. We collected information on native and non-native species attacking non-native trees, i.e. type, extent and time of first observation of damage for 23 important non-native trees in 27 European countries. Our database includes about 2300 synthesised attack records (synthesised per biotic threat, tree and country) from over 800 species. Insects (49%) and fungi (45%) are the main observed biotic threats, but also arachnids, bacteria including phytoplasmas, mammals, nematodes, plants and viruses have been recorded. This information will be valuable to identify patterns and drivers of attacks, and trees with a lower current health risk to be considered for planting. In addition, our database will provide a baseline to which future impacts on non-native tree species could be compared with and thus will allow to analyse temporal trends of impacts., Measurement(s) area of attack of enemy species on non-native tree • intensity of attack of enemy species on non-native tree Technology Type(s) species identification • visual observation method Factor Type(s) plant health • country • species Sample Characteristic - Organism tree Sample Characteristic - Environment forested area Sample Characteristic - Location Europe Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14345921

Over the last decades the vitality and productivity of European ash trees in Slovenia has been seriously impacted by the onset of canker and dieback disease symptoms on young and old trees, primarily identified as ash dieback caused by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Given the limited information available about the aetiology of this emerging disease, a study was carried out to isolate, identify and characterize the fungal species involved in the observed ash symptoms. Field surveys were conducted in five forest sites where 50 symptomatic branch samples were collected. All samples were inspected and used for fungal isolation. Based on morphology, colony appearance and DNA sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), 125 fungal colonies belonging to five species were isolated and identified. Only a few symptomatic ash samples yielded colonies of H. fraxineus, whereas Botryosphaeriaceae species were isolated with a high frequency, with Diplodia fraxini as the dominant species. A pathogenicity test proved that all isolated species were pathogenic on European ash, causing bark lesions and wood discoloration. All Botryosphaeriaceae species isolated in this study are reported for the first time on European ash in Slovenia. Avtorji iz Slov.: Ana Brglez, Barbara Piškur, Nikica Ogris. Bibliografija: str. 27-28.

Purpose of the Review One of the major threats to tree health, and hence the resilience of forests and their provision of ecosystem services, is new and emerging pests. Therefore, forest health monitoring is of major importance to detect invasive, emerging and native pest outbreaks. This is usually done by foresters and forest health experts, but can also be complemented by citizen scientists. Here, we review the use of citizen science for detection and monitoring, as well as for hypothesis-driven research and evaluation of control measures as part of forest pest surveillance and research. We then examine its limitations and opportunities and make recommendations on the use of citizen science for forest pest monitoring. Recent Findings The main opportunities of citizen scientists for forest health are early warning, early detection of new pests, monitoring of impact of outbreaks and scientific research. Each domain has its own limitations, opportunities and recommendations to follow, as well as their own public engagement strategies. The development of new technologies provides many opportunities to involve citizen scientists in forest pest monitoring. To enhance the benefits of citizen scientists’ inclusion in monitoring, it is important that they are involved in the cocreation of activities. Summary Future monitoring and research may benefit from tailor-made citizen science projects to facilitate successful monitoring by citizen scientists and expand their practice to countries where the forest health sector is less developed. In this sense, citizen scientists can help understand and detect outbreaks of new pests and avoid problems in the future. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 28. 11. 2022. Bibliografija: str. 27–32. Abstract.

Filipini so ena izmed držav v tropskem pasu, ki jih je krčenje gozdov najbolj prizadelo. Krčenje gozdov se je v večji meri začelo v 20. stoletju, najbolj obsežno pa je bilo v zadnjih 40 letih. Filipine je leta 1900 pokrivalo okoli 21 milijonov hektarov gozdov, kar je znašalo približno 70 % celotnega ozemlja. Danes pa je na Filipinih samo še okoli 7 milijonov hektarjev gozda, kar pa znaša okoli 25 % celotnega ozemlja. Analiza obravnavanih virov je pokazala, da je obsežno krčenje gozdov, krivo za zmanjšanje biodiverzitete, slabšanje kakovosti okolja ter bolj uničujoč vpliv naravnih nesreč, kot so med drugim poplave in usadi. Za krčenje gozdov na Filipinih obstaja večje število neposrednih in posrednih vzrokov, kot je na primer požiganje gozdnih površin, lokalno poznano kot kaingin in tudi komercialna sečnja. Med posrednimi vzroki je delo izpostavilo predvsem pritisk prebivalstva, ki se je v zadnjih nekaj desetletjih bistveno povečalo ter delovanje lokalnih politikov. Slednji so zaradi svojih dejanj in tudi korupcije še poslabšali to problematiko. Krčenje gozdov po drugi strani prinaša tudi večje število posledic, ki so vidne na območjih, kjer poteka krčenje gozdov. Te so med drugim ogrožanje endemične biodiverzitete in tudi ogrožanje domovanj in načina življenja domorodnih ljudstev, katerih življenje je v veliki meri odvisno prav od gozda. Na Filipinih je bilo v zadnjih desetletjih sprejetih več zakonov in politik v zvezi z reševanjem gozda in pogozdovanjem. Nekateri izmed njih so bili uspešni, nekateri pa so prinesli bolj malo uspeha. Več uspeha pri pogozdovanju pa so prinesli številni projekti lokalnega prebivalstva. The Philippines is one of the countries in the tropics that was most affected by deforestation. The process of deforestation already started before the 20th century but the most extensive was in the last 40 years. The Philippines was covered by about 21 million hectares of forests in the year 1900 which was about 70% of its entire territory. Today, only about 7 million hectares of forest remain in the Philippines, about 25% of the entire territory. The analysis of the considered sources reveals that extensive deforestation is responsible for decreasing of biodiversity, worsening of the environmental quality, and more devastating impact of natural disasters, such as floods and landslides. There are multiple direct and indirect causes for deforestation in the Philippines, such as burning forests - locally known as kaingin, and commercial logging. The study also exposed some indirect causes, such as population pressure which has significantly increased in the last few decades, and the actions of local authorities. Latter made the situation even worse because of these actions and also corruption. On the other hand, deforestation also brings multiple consequences which are visible in the areas where this process takes place. These are among others endangering endemic biodiversity, and also endangering of dwellings and the lifestyle of indigenous tribes which lives are heavily dependent on forests. In the last few decades multiple laws and policies were passed in the Philippines regarding forest preservation and reforestation. Some of them brought more success, while some less. More successful with reforestations were numerous projects organized by the local population.

Species of the genus Armillaria and Heterobasidion are among the most common causes of stem and root rot in Slovenia. Armillaria spp. infects deciduous and coniferous trees, while Heterobasidion spp. mainly threatens Norway spruce (Picea abies), pines (Pinus spp.), and silver fir (Abies alba). On the basis of the data about the sanitary felling of infected trees, we estimated the current state and calculated the proportions represented in total felling, total sanitary felling, total sanitary felling due to diseases, in wood stock, and in increments from 2013 to 2017. Since 2014, there has been a constant increase in the sanitary felling of deciduous and coniferous trees due to infections with Armillaria spp. In 2017, 32,849 m3 of timber were harvested due to Armillaria spp. Given the present situation, we assume that the amount of sanitary felling will continue to increase, but it will not account for large shares in wood stock or increment (< 1 %). In 2017, sanitary felling of infected conifers represented 27.6 % of all sanitary felling due to diseases. In the case of deciduous trees, the share was lower, i.e. 7.1 %. Armillaria spp. was the main cause of sanitary felling due to disease (51.9 %) in the Postojna forest management unit (FMU), while elsewhere shares of up to 10 % were recorded. With Heterobasidion spp., the amount of felling is decreasing over the years. In 2017, 33,922 m3 of wood, accounting for 15.7 % of the total sanitary felling due to disease, were felled due to Heterobasidion spp. A comparison of the felling of Norway spruce, silver fir, and Scots pine due to Heterobasidion spp. shows the different proportions of felling within the total sanitary felling due to the diseases. In Norway spruce, it is on average 79.5 %, in silver fir 12.9 %, and in Scots pine 34.3 %. We assume that the volume of timber harvested due to Heterobasidion spp. will gradually decrease over the years due to the lower wood stocks of Norway spruce, which has recently been hit by numerous natural disasters and infestation of bark beetles. However, the incidence will be higher due to climate change affects. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 29. 8. 2019. Publikacija v formatu PDF obsega 8 str. Bibliografija: str. 8-9.

Karantenski škodljivi organizmi (KŠO) rastlin so organizmi, ki na območju EU niso prisotni oziroma so prisotni le v omejenem (obvladljivem) obsegu. V novi evropski zakonodaji s področja zdravja rastlin so med drugim opredeljeni seznami prednostnih KŠO, za katere mora vsaka država članica pripraviti načrte izrednih ukrepov za izkoreninjenje ob morebitni najdbi na njenem ozemlju ter te načrte redno testirati s simulacijskimi vajami. Karantenski škodljivi organizmi lahko povzročijo velike negativne gospodarske, okoljske in družbene učinke, zato je ob najdbi na območju EU potrebno njihovo takojšnje izkoreninjenje. Z namenom vpogleda v trenutno pripravljenost izvajalcev gozdarskih storitev za ukrepanje v primeru napada KŠO smo v septembru 2020 izvedli anketiranje v vzorec smo zajeli 11,8 % vseh registriranih izvajalcev gozdnih del v Sloveniji. Izvajalci največ informacij o KŠO pridobijo od strokovnega osebja na terenu, kar kaže na dobro delo gozdarske stroke v preteklosti, poleg tega so za informiranje o KŠO zaslužne tudi namenske projektne aktivnosti. V večini primerov (72,1 %) bi izvajalci o najdbi KŠO v gozdu najprej obvestili ZGS. Izvajalci del se v nasprotju z gozdarskimi strokovnjaki in študenti (anketa izvedena 2019) večinoma strinjajo, da je slovenska javnost dobro obveščena o KŠO. Več kot polovica izvajalcev (60,7 %) je izrazila pripravljenost za izobraževanje o KŠO (33,3 % le, če bi bila brezplačna), 66,4 % jih je zainteresiranih za vključitev v skupino za hitro ukrepanje ob napadu KŠO. Anketa kaže, da je ponudnikov pomembnih storitev za izkoreninjanje KŠO relativno malo % panje odstranjuje le 10,5 % izvajalcev, 18,8 % pa izvaja arboristične storitve in sečnjo na višini. Rezultati so pokazali na potrebo po nadaljnjem izobraževanju deležnikov prek strokovnega dela javne gozdarske službe in strokovnih nalog zdravstvenega varstva rastlin v gozdarstvu ter nadaljevanju uspešnih promocijskih in izobraževalnih projektnih aktivnosti (npr. LIFE ARTEMIS). Izobraževanje o KŠO je treba vključiti tudi v izobraževalne programe s področja gozdarstva. Quarantine pests are organisms that are not present in the EU or are present only in a limited (manageable) area. The new European legislation in the field of plant health introduced the list of priority plant pests and EU members have to prepare and keep up-to-date contingency plans and carry out simulation exercises. Quarantine pests can have a major negative impact on the economy, environment and society, so findings in the EU require immediate eradication. To gain insight into the current capacity of Slovenian forestry contractors to act, we conducted a survey in September 2020 the sample included 11.8% of all registered forestry contractors in Slovenia. They receive most information about quarantine pests from foresters in the field, which shows the effective work of Slovenian forestry and project activities related to quarantine pests. In most cases (72.1%), contractors would first inform Slovenia Forest Service about the discovery of a quarantine pest in the forest. In contrast to forestry professionals and students (2019 survey), contractors believe that the Slovenian public is well informed about quarantine pests. More than half of the contractors (60.7%) expressed their willingness to receive training on the topic (33.3% only if it were free), 66.4% are interested in joining a rapid response team for quarantine pest outbreaks. The survey shows that there are few forestry contractors that are important for quarantine pest eradication - only 10.5% of them offer stump removal, arboriculture services are provided by 18.8%. The results of our study point to the need to further educate stakeholders through the public forest service and specific plant health tasks, and to continue successful promotional and educational activities (e.g. LIFE ARTEMIS project). Education on quarantine pests should be included in the forestry curriculum.

Navadna ameriška duglazija (Pseudotsuga menziesii) je tujerodna drevesna vrsta, ki bi se v prihodnje lahko uporabljala pri umetni obnovi gozdov. Pred morebitno povečano uporabo te tujerodne drevesne vrste pri obnovi naših gozdov je potrebno proučiti vplive in tveganja, ki jih predstavljajo različne bolezni in škodljivci. V diplomski nalogi smo zato naredili pregled tuje in domače strokovne literature na temo bolezni in škodljivcev navadne ameriške duglazije (P. menziesii). Ugotovili smo 212 različnih vrst, od katerih jih 53 % spada v deblo členonožcev (Arthropoda), 37 % v kraljestvo gliv, približno 10 % pa predstavljajo Bakterije (Bacteria), nematode (Nematoda), fitoftore (Phytophthora spp.) in rastline (Plantae). Od skupnega števila 212 naj bi bilo v Sloveniji prisotnih 105 vrst. Največ teh organizmov uvrščamo med glive (49 vrst) in žuželke (48), med žuželkami pa sta najbolj zastopana redova hroščev (Coleoptera) in metuljev (Lepidoptera). Poročila o poškodbah navadne ameriške duglazije v Sloveniji so zelo redka. Zabeleženih je bilo 10 organizmov in sicer glive Armillaria mellea, Armillaria ostoyae, Botrytis cinerea, Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii, Phacidium coniferarum, Rhabdocline pseudotsugae in Hypholoma fasciculare, ter žuželke Adelges cooleyi, Melolontha melolontha in Pityogenes chalcographus. Na podlagi pregledane literature ugotavljamo, da bolezni in škodljivci navadne ameriške duglazije (P. menziesii) v Sloveniji trenutno ne ogrožajo. Glede na veliko število potencialnih škodljivih organizmov, ki so v Sloveniji prisotni in klimatskih sprememb, ki se nam obetajo, pa se to lahko v prihodnje spremeni. Douglas fir (P. menziesii) is a non-native tree species that could be used in artificial forest regeneration in the future. Prior to the possible increased use of this alien tree species in the regeneration of our forests, it is necessary to study the impacts and risks posed by various diseases and pests. In the diploma thesis, we therefore reviewed foreign and domestic professional literature on the topic of diseases and pests of Douglas fir (P. menziesii). We found 212 different species, of which 53% belong to the phylum Arthropoda and 37% to the kingdom of Fungi. The other 10% are represented by bacteria (Bacteria), nematodes (Nematoda), phytophthoras (Phytophthora spp.) and plants (Plantae). Out of the total number of 212, 105 species are expected to be present in Slovenia. Most of these organisms are classified as fungi (49 species) and insects (48). Among the latter, the most represented are orders Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Reports of Douglas fir damage in Slovenia are very rare. 10 organisms were recorded, namely the fungi Armillaria mellea, Armillaria ostoyae, Botrytis cinerea, Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii, Phacidium coniferarum, Rhabdocline pseudotsugae and Hypholoma fasciculare, and the insects Adelges cooleyi, Melolontha melolontha in Pityogenes chalcographus. Based on the reviewed literature, we conclude that the Douglas Fir (P. menziesii) in Slovenia is currently not endangered due to diseases and pests. However, given the large number of potential harmful organisms present in Slovenia and the climate change that awaits us, this may change in the future.