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We announce a genome sequence of Citrobacter freundii MTR_GS_V1777 strain isolated from a vegetable sample in Bangladesh. This strain had a genome size of 4,997,753 bp (58.7× genome coverage) and contained two plasmids, typed as sequence type ST124, 38 predicted antibiotic resistance genes, and 77 predicted virulence factor genes.

Fruits and vegetables are essential horticultural crops for humans. The quality of fruits and vegetables is critical in determining their nutritional value and edibility, which are decisive to their commercial value. Besides, it is also important to understand the changes in key substances involved in the preservation and processing of fruits and vegetables. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), a powerful technique for investigating biological surfaces, has been widely used to characterize the quality of fruits and vegetables and the substances involved in their preservation and processing from the perspective of nanoscale structure and mechanics. This review summarizes the applications of AFM to investigate the texture, appearance, and nutrients of fruits and vegetables based on structural imaging and force measurements. Additionally, the review highlights the application of AFM in characterizing the morphological and mechanical properties of nanomaterials involved in preserving and processing fruits and vegetables, including films and coatings for preservation, bioactive compounds for processing purposes, nanofiltration membrane for concentration, and nanoencapsulation for delivery of bioactive compounds. Furthermore, the strengths and weaknesses of AFM for characterizing the quality of fruits and vegetables and the substances involved in their preservation and processing are examined, followed by a discussion on the prospects of AFM in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practical Application The effects of brine acidification, glutamate addition, and starter culture on γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) content of fermented cucumber were investigated. GABA is a nonprotein amino acid with antihypertensive, antianxiety, and immunomodulatory properties. It is produced during cucumber fermentation but is limited by the low intrinsic concentration of free glutamate. Glutamine is 10‐fold more abundant than glutamate in fresh cucumber and could provide additional substrate if converted to glutamate by glutaminase. Cucumbers were fermented in triplicate in acidified (pH 4.7–4.8) or nonacidified (pH 6.6) cover brines with 2% (342 mM) sodium chloride (NaCl) and 0 or 10 mM added glutamate. Indigenous and starter culture‐assisted fermentations were conducted for each treatment at 28°C. The starter culture included lactobacilli containing gene sequences that encode for glutaminase (Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 33323) and glutamate decarboxylase (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WCFS1 ATCC BAA‐793). GABA, glutamate, and glutamine were quantified by liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Both indigenous and starter culture‐assisted fermentations effectively metabolized intrinsic and added glutamate, resulting in 10.4 ± 2.2 mM to 14.9 ± 0.7 mM GABA in glutamate supplemented fermentations compared with only 1.1 ± 0.2 mM in indigenous ferments. No additional increases in glutamate or downstream formation of GABA were observed in nonacidified brines with or without starter cultures, indicating that glutaminase production by L. gasseri and the indigenous microbiota was minimal or absent under these conditions. Glutamate addition to reduced salt cucumber fermentations generated ready‐to‐eat pickles that can deliver clinically relevant levels of GABA in a typical serving size.Research was conducted to explore ways to increase the production of the health‐promoting compound, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), in fermented cucumber pickles. Cucumbers were fermented in reduced salt cover brines with or without added glutamate and/or acetic acid. Both natural and starter culture‐assisted fermentations effectively converted the intrinsic and added glutamate to GABA, producing ready‐to‐eat pickles that can deliver clinically relevant levels of GABA in a typical serving size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lightweight alloys play a vital role in the development of automotive, biomedical and aerospace industries as well as other industrial sectors. The current study investigates the machinability of AZ61 magnesium alloy within a vegetable-oil-based MQL environment through high-speed orthogonal cutting. A tool wear and chip morphology examination are conducted along a full factorial experimentation to allow for adequate machinability testing. The usage of Grey Relational Analysis was invoked to allow for a multi-variant optimisation of input parameters such as MQL flow rate, cutting speed, and feed based on output responses, such as chip compression ratio, chip segmentation ratio, tool-chip contact length, and shear angle as well as tool wear evolution. Through the analysis of the formulated signal-to-noise data, it was found that the optimal cutting parameters were an MQL flow rate of 80 ml/h, cutting speed of 250 m/min and feed of 0.3 mm/rev. The optimal cutting conditions resulted in a Grey Relational Grade improvement of 0.177 as compared to the referenced experimental trail. The analysis of variance further concluded that the feed was the highest contributing input parameter at 38.04% followed by the MQL flow rate and the cutting speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetables are low in energy and rich in vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber; various health benefits associated with their intake have been reported. Salads are one of the most convenient ways to consume vegetables and can be made simply by pouring mayonnaise, dressing, olive oil, or other condiments over a selection of vegetables. There are also many reports on the ways in which vegetable intake can improve health. However, there is no comprehensive review summarizing the health functions of vegetables when consumed as a salad. The effects of vegetable salads on amounts of vegetable intake, lifestyle-related diseases, and the absorption of specific nutrients through mayonnaise, as well as the effects of the order in which vegetable salad and carbohydrates are consumed, have been reported. In this review, the health functions of vegetable salad consumption are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the phytotoxicity of agro-industrial wastes (almond, walnut, pistachio and peanut shells, asparagus spears, and brewer's spent grain) and their biochar through germination bioassays in several horticultural species: green pea, lettuce, radish, and arugula. Biowaste was pyrolyzed under controlled conditions to produce biochar, and both biowaste and biochar were characterized. Germination bioassay was conducted using seeds exposed to different dilutions of aqueous extract of biowaste and their biochar (0, 50, and 100%). Germination percentage, seed vigor, germination index, and root and aerial lengths were evaluated. The results showed that the phytotoxicity of the biowaste was significantly different to that of its biochar. The biochar obtained demonstrated changing effects on germination and seedling growth. In particular, biochar extracts from spent brewers grains, walnut shells, and pistachio shells showed 5–14% increases in seed vigor and root and aerial length. Furthermore, the response of different species to both agro-industrial waste and biochar revealed species-specific sensitivity. Seeds of lettuce and arugula species were more sensitive to aqueous extracts than radish and green peas. This knowledge not only elucidates the behavior of agro-industrial waste-based biochar in the early stage of plant development but also provides valuable insights regarding phytotoxicity, seed sensitivity, and the variables involved in germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the genera in this family, Styrax is unique in that it yields benzoin resin, a resinous substance. Usually, when sharp items lacerate the bark, this resin is secreted. Because of its fragrant qualities, it has been used for centuries in cosmetics and fragrances all over the world. Additionally, Styrax species have long been employed in herbal remedies for a variety of ailments. The antibacterial characteristics of Styrax tonkinensis essential oil (STEO) were the focus of this study. The antimicrobial activity was compared to bacteria, both Gram-positive (G+) and Gram-negative (G-), using inhibition zones in agar media, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) bioassays and in vapour phase on fruits and vegetables model. The findings showed that STEO was very successful in inhibiting bacteria that were G+ (Bacillus sutbtilis subsp. Spizizenii CCM 1999, Bacillus thuringiensis CCM 19, and Priestia (Bacillus) megaterium CCM 2007) as well as G- (Citrobacter koseri CCM 2535, Enterobacter aerogenes CCM 2531, Escherichia coli CCM 3954). The range of maximal inhibition zones and MIC values was determined to be 4.67 to 8.33 mm and 3.49 to 7.71 mg.mL-1, respectively. Furthermore, B. thiriangensis, P. megaterium, and E. coli were all susceptible to the antimicrobial effects of the (STEO) on the fruit and vegetable model. According to research findings, STEO is a valuable source of organic chemicals that have the potential to be innovative antibacterial agents against microbes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Milk proteins are known for their exceptional nutritional and technological attributes, making them a staple in the food industry. Nonetheless, the partial substitution of milk proteins with plant‐based proteins in dairy products may be an effective strategy to meet the increasing consumer demand for a reduction in the consumption of animal‐derived proteins. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of partial substitution (25% and 50%) of milk proteins with pea protein on the manufacturing and technological attributes of high‐protein yogurt during refrigerated storage. The replacement of up to 50% of the milk proteins with pea protein did not alter the fermentation time and all yogurts had a total lactic acid bacteria count greater than 107 CFU g−1 after manufacturing. However, replacing 50% of milk proteins with pea protein affected the pH, syneresis, water holding capacity, consistency, firmness, viscosity index, and cohesiveness of the yogurts. In turn, no effect was observed on the pH, syneresis, water holding capacity, firmness, and cohesiveness of the product after replacing 25% of the dairy base with pea protein (P >0.05). Hence, the findings indicate that substituting 25% of the milk protein with pea protein in high‐protein yogurts can be achieved without compromising the product's stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research aimed to characterize the nutritional, health and basic sustainability practices among regular smoothies' consumers (RSC; ≥ 1-2 servings/week for ≥ 2 months). Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Self-report online multiple-choice questionnaire survey of random sample of adults from online retailer database and community. Sample: 193 healthy Israeli adults (75.6% females, mean age 40.65 ± 14.36) completed an online multiple-choice validated survey from May 2022 to August 2023. Measures: Demographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle habits, including physical activity, FV consumption, and sustainability practices. Analysis: Data were analyzed using chi-square tests for categorical variables and Mann-Whitney tests for non-normally distributed continuous variables. The level of statistical significance was set at.05. Results: RSC were significantly older (P <.001) and more physically active (P =.025) than occasional smoothie consumers (OSC). They consumed more FV, reaching nutritional recommendations, and exhibited significant lifestyle changes, including reduced meat (P =.013) and processed food consumption (P =.013), and regular meal consumption (P =.045). RSC used fewer disposables (P =.002) compared to OSC and non-smoothie consumers (P =.001). RSC demonstrated a higher incidence of weight reduction compared to weight gain. Conclusion: RSC is significantly associated with health and nutritional sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the health status and factors influencing healthcare choices among leafy vegetables (waterleaf and fluted pumpkin) farmers in Calabar Agricultural Zone, Cross River State Nigeria. Specifically, this study sought to: assess the health status of the leafy vegetable farmers in the study area by identifying the common illnesses they suffer and days of being off-farm as a result of ill health; identify the choices of healthcare used by the farmers and determine socio-economic factors influencing their choices. A multi-stage sampling technique was used in selecting 240 leafy vegetable farmers from the study area. Primary data were collected using a set of structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics such as tables, means, frequencies, percentages, minimum, maximum, and standard deviation; and inferential statistics such as multinomial logit regression. Results from the study show that malaria, typhoid, diarrhea, stomach upset, farm injuries, skin rashes, respiratory disease, and body pain/fatigue were the prevalent illnesses in the study area. The majority of the farmers (37.5%) preferred Primary Healthcare Centres (PHCs). Household size, waiting time, and distance had a significant influence on the choice of PHCs over other alternatives. The study recommends an increase in the use of insecticide-treated mosquitoe nets by farmers in the study area. The study also called for adequate training and staffing of PHCs to reduce the waiting time and better serve the people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During food quality control, NIR technology enables the rapid and non-destructive determination of the typical quality characteristics of food categories, their origin, and the detection of potential counterfeits. Over the past 20 years, the NIR results for a variety of food groups—including meat and meat products, milk and milk products, baked goods, pasta, honey, vegetables, fruits, and luxury items like coffee, tea, and chocolate—have been compiled. This review aims to give a broad overview of the NIRS processes that have been used thus far to assist researchers employing non-destructive techniques in comparing their findings with earlier data and determining new research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable and fruit byproducts are different parts of vegetables and fruits plus secondary products derived from primary agrofood production processes. With the increasing growth of global vegetable and fruit production, utilization of their byproducts for recovery of health benefit dietary nutrients required emphasis. The current food system and manufacturers are inadequate to maximize the existing food or plant resources' public demand concurrently to minimize environmental pollution. Important sources of nutritional qualities of these byproducts and their valorization trends are getting research interests. In this review, we have summarized the nutritional qualities and their means of valorization of vegetable and fruit byproducts which have maximum global production from the FAO (2021) published data. The nutritional qualities of the main byproducts are highlighted and the current trends to valorize them into innovative health‐promoting products were assessed. Valorization investigations conducted on these byproducts into food additives (dietary fiber concentrates), nutraceuticals, edible food packaging materials, fermented beverages, and natural dyes were mainly focused on in this review. There are limitations in valorizing technologies of vegetable and fruit byproducts. Hence, further studies are vital to develop novel processing techniques for each of these byproducts. Benefiting from the food waste is a pearl of wisdom and ignoring the value can be participating in pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshness is an important quality attribute for vegetables. Identifying the sensory drivers for freshness is important to promote vegetable consumption. Due to the lack of research on freshness of prepared vegetables, this study focused on the role of visual cues of common vegetables (carrot, beetroot, bell pepper) on perception of freshness. Twenty-seven vegetables were prepared by varying five factors and photographed in a plate: (1) shape (stick, large cube, small cube), (2) vegetable presence for each of the three vegetables (yes, no), (3) number of vegetables conjointly present in the plate (1, 2, 3), (4) color (green bell pepper, yellow bell pepper), (5) combined vegetables prepared with same or different shapes. Freshness was rated online by 156 consumers. Visual cues leading to the main increase in freshness were the stick shape vs. large and small cubes, the absence of beetroot, and the presence of green bell pepper vs. yellow bell pepper. Overall, it seems that visual cues associated with minimally processed vegetables, such as stick shapes, which allow to recognize the vegetables in comparison to cube shapes, promote freshness. These results are particularly valuable for culinary and catering professionals and food industries involved in the preparation and/or manufacturing of prepared vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two-year pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the combined application of biochar and chemical fertilizer on soil quality and vegetable growth by adding different proportions of chemical fertilizer and biochar to the soil in 2022 and no fertilizer in 2023. It was concluded that the combined treatment improved the soil's properties. After two consecutive years of planting vegetables, the improvement of soil properties was the most significant with the 1.5 g biochar + 80% chemical fertilizer optimal fertilizer application (BCF6) treatment. In comparison to the control (CK), soil pH, electrical conductivity, and dissolved organic carbon increased by 0.59 units, 166.6%, and 282.6%, respectively. Soil fertility also improved significantly, indicating that the combined treatments resulted in the slow release of nutrients to enhance the effectiveness of the fertilizers. Co-application significantly increased the yield of the edible parts of Chinese cabbage and improved its quality. The most significant effects of vitamin C content and soluble protein were observed in Chinese cabbage under BCF6 treatment, which were 3.33 and 1.42 times more than the CK, respectively. Utilizing biochar as a partial substitute for chemical fertilizers can improve soil structure and fertility over the long term while reducing the reliance on chemical fertilizers, ultimately providing sustained economic and ecological benefits for agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lectins are a class of carbohydrate-binding proteins that may have antiviral activity by binding to the glycans on the virion surface to interfere with viral entry. We have identified a novel lectin (named Shictin) from Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes)-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles (VLNs, or exosomes) that exhibits strong activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant with an IC50 value of 87 nM. Shictin contains 298 amino acids and consists of two unique domains (N-terminal and C-terminal domain). The N-terminal domain is the carbohydrate-binding domain (CBD) that is homologous with CBDs of other lectins, suggesting that Shictin inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection by binding to the glycans on the virion surface to prevent viral entry. This finding demonstrates that exosomes of vegetables are a valuable source for the identification of antiviral lectins. Therefore, it is believed that lectins from vegetable VLNs have potential as antiviral therapeutic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the hygiene status, behavioral practices, and handling of cutting boards for meat and vegetable processing in selected open markets in Benin City. Utilizing a structured questionnaire and laboratory analysis for Escherichia coli and Aeromonas, the research found prevalent Escherichia coli in all samples, with varying concentrations of Aeromonas, more pronounced in vegetable processing areas. Analysis of the questionnaire revealed that 30% of traders leave cutting boards uncovered, 88% clean them before use (52% with water and detergent), and 12% dust boards before use. Furthermore, 80% of meat sellers store leftover meat in refrigerators, while 68% of vegetable sellers store leftovers in the open market. The findings underscore the importance of proper hygienic practices in handling cutting boards to mitigate food contamination risks, urging awareness among traders regarding effective cleaning and storage procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the potential link between cancer incidence and trace elements and heavy metals intake from locally grown vegetables in Ondo West and Ondo East Local Government Areas of Ondo Stae, Nigeria. It builds on a 2019 study by Adeola and colleagues, which identified a significantly higher cancer incidence in Ondo West compared to Ondo East, with rates three times higher. Five commonly consumed vegetables—Solanum macrocarpon, Talinum triangulare, Amaranthus hybridus, Telfairia occidentalis, and Vernonia amygdalina— were sampled from 47 locations across both regions. The samples were oven-dried, digested, and analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) to determine the mean concentrations of essential trace elements (magnesium, manganese, and zinc) and toxic heavy metals (lead and cadmium). The estimated daily intake (EDI), daily intake (DI), and chronic daily intake (CDI) were calculated and used to assess the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), non-cancer hazard quotient (HQ), and non-cancer health index (HI). Contributions to the recommended daily intake of magnesium, manganese, and zinc through vegetable consumption were 12.65%, 40.8%, and 9.6%, respectively, in Ondo West, and 13.7%, 47.7%, and 10.58%, respectively, in Ondo East. The total non-cancer health indices were 0.90 and 0.92 for Ondo West and Ondo East, respectively, indicating no significant non-cancer health risks from consuming these vegetables. However, the ILCR values were calculated as 0.000293 for Ondo West and 0.000416 for Ondo East, exceeding the threshold of 1.0 × 10⁻⁵, suggesting a potential cancer risk. Despite this finding, the study could not account for the notably higher cancer prevalence in Ondo West.

Background: Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) occurs in elder men globally with high prevalence. Human diet and lifestyle aroused great attention in the prevalence of BPH. Prostate enlargement (PE) is a major symptom of BPH. Objectives: To elaborate the effect of total diet quality for adults from the United States, we investigated the association between Health Eating Index (HEI)-2015 and the risk of PE in adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted based on NHANES 2001–2008. Participants who reported a PE history were included. We conducted a logistic regression analysis to investigate the association between HEI-2015 and PE. Results: A total of 4,866 male participants aged 40 and above were enrolled. Compared with Q1 of HEI-2015, no significant differences were found in adjusted models. Higher vegetables intake (Odds ratio [OR] = 1.073; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.015 to 1.134, P = 0.02) and higher total dairy intake (OR = 1.034; 95%CI 1.009 to 1.061, P = 0.01) were significantly related with higher risk of PE. Conclusions: There was no significant difference between HEI-2015 and PE after full adjustment. Total vegetables and dairy product might be associated with higher risk of PE and needed further validation.

Abstract Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.); an important spice crop of the region is a rich source of vitamins and antioxidants having many health benefits. Many biotic and abiotic factors contribute towards growth and yield losses of this crop. Arsenic (As) toxicity is a global issue, but it is particularly critical in developing countries. The current study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of selenium (Se) in mitigating the toxic effects of As in two varieties (HSP-181 A and PS09979325) of Capsicum annuum L. Different concentrations of As (0, 50, and 100 µM) and Se (0, 5, and 10 µM) were tested using 14 days old seedlings of C. annuum L. The As stress caused a significant (P ≤ 0.001) reduction in growth, uptake of nutrients, and eco-physiological attributes in both varieties however, the response was specific. While the overproduction of osmo-protectants and antioxidants intensified the symptoms of oxidative stress. The maximum reduction in shoot length (45%), fresh weight (29%), and dry weight (36%) was observed in under 100 µM As stress. The organic acids exudation from the roots of both cultivars were significantly increased with the increase in As toxicity. The Se treatment significantly (p ≤ 0.001) improved growth, nutrient uptake, gas exchange attributes, antioxidant production, while decreased oxidative stress indicators, and As uptake in the roots and shoots of all the subjects under investigation. It is concluded from the results of this study that Se application increased photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant activity while decreasing As levels, organic acid exudation, and oxidative stress indicators in plants. Overall, the var. PS09979325 performed better and may be a good candidate for future pepper breeding program.

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Heracleum dissectum Ledeb. (HD) with high edible and medicinal values is distributed in Northeast Asia. To provide a reference for selecting appropriate parts and periods to harvest HD, the nutrient contents in different parts of HD at three growth stages were determined. The nutrients being determined are essential nutrients closely related to human needs, and the crude protein content of HD was 3.58-28.43 g • 100 g-1 DW (dry weight), sugar content was 2.33-30.92 g • 100 g-1 DW, and soluble dietary fiber content was 9.71-26.09 g • 100 g-1 DW. Crude protein was mainly distributed in leaf blades and inflorescences, sugar was primarily found in roots, and dietary fiber was predominantly located in leaves. From the leaf development stage to the flowering stage and then to the late seed harvest stage, the content of moisture, crude protein and soluble sugar first decreased and then increased. In contrast, the content of dietary fiber and crude fat first increased and then decreased. Key words: nutrient content, vegetable, plant organ, developmental stage [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fruit and vegetable quality assessment is a critical task in agricultural and food industries, impacting various stages from production to consumption. Leveraging deep learning methods, particularly through sensor fusion, offers promising avenues to enhance the accuracy and robustness of quality assessment systems by amalgamating information from diverse sensor modalities such as visual, spectral, and tactile. The review scrutinizes a plethora of sensor fusion strategies, encompassing early fusion, late fusion, and hybrid fusion approaches, each with its distinct advantages and limitations. Furthermore, it explores the utilization of various deep learning architectures, including convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), and their combinations, tailored specifically for multimodal data fusion. Additionally, attention is paid to the challenges and considerations associated with sensor fusion in this domain, including data heterogeneity, synchronization, and feature alignment. Moreover, the review discusses the implications of dataset size, diversity, and annotation quality on the effectiveness of deep learning-based fusion models. Furthermore, it sheds light on the transferability of fusion models across different fruit and vegetable types and environmental conditions, highlighting the need for domain adaptation techniques. Moreover, the review delves into the real-world applications and commercial implementations of sensor fusion-based quality assessment systems, providing insights into their scalability, efficiency, and economic viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: This study investigated per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in 53 fruit and vegetable samples collected from a local wholesale and retail market in Sydney and a local supermarket in Newcastle. As there is limited information about PFAS levels in vegetables on the market, this study aimed to fill this gap and assess potential risks for humans through consumption of these vegetables. METHODS: QuEChERS extraction – a solid‐phase extraction method, a portmanteau word formed from 'quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe' – followed by enhanced matrix removal–lipid cleaning and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis were used to detect 30 PFASs in vegetables. RESULTS: PFOA was detected in 7 out of the 53 samples, with concentrations of 0.038–1.996 ng g−1 fresh weight; PFOS was detected in 2 samples only, with concentrations ranging from 0.132 to 0.911 ng g−1 fresh weight. PFHxS was not detected in any sample in this study. PFOA and PFOS concentrations measured in vegetables in this study constituted daily intake of 2.03 ng kg−1 body weight (BW) and 1.98 ng kg−1 BW, respectively, according to recommended daily vegetable intake and BW data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The most sensitive population group is girls of 4–8 years of age. These estimated exposure levels represent up to 1.3% of the tolerable daily intake for PFOA (160 ng kg−1 BW) and 9.9% for PFOS (20 ng kg−1 BW) according to Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Consumption of the vegetables from the study locations poses a marginal risk to human health. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.); an important spice crop of the region is a rich source of vitamins and antioxidants having many health benefits. Many biotic and abiotic factors contribute towards growth and yield losses of this crop. Arsenic (As) toxicity is a global issue, but it is particularly critical in developing countries. The current study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of selenium (Se) in mitigating the toxic effects of As in two varieties (HSP-181 A and PS09979325) of Capsicum annuum L. Different concentrations of As (0, 50, and 100 µM) and Se (0, 5, and 10 µM) were tested using 14 days old seedlings of C. annuum L. The As stress caused a significant (P ≤ 0.001) reduction in growth, uptake of nutrients, and eco-physiological attributes in both varieties however, the response was specific. While the overproduction of osmo-protectants and antioxidants intensified the symptoms of oxidative stress. The maximum reduction in shoot length (45%), fresh weight (29%), and dry weight (36%) was observed in under 100 µM As stress. The organic acids exudation from the roots of both cultivars were significantly increased with the increase in As toxicity. The Se treatment significantly (p ≤ 0.001) improved growth, nutrient uptake, gas exchange attributes, antioxidant production, while decreased oxidative stress indicators, and As uptake in the roots and shoots of all the subjects under investigation. It is concluded from the results of this study that Se application increased photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant activity while decreasing As levels, organic acid exudation, and oxidative stress indicators in plants. Overall, the var. PS09979325 performed better and may be a good candidate for future pepper breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review aimed to identify the heavy metal contents of Bangladeshi vegetables and evaluate the subsequent health hazards of these heavy metals. Relevant studies were obtained from systematic searches of electronic databases. Average (mean) concentrations of Arsenic (AS), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), and Copper (Cu) in the vegetables were calculated on a fresh-weight basis. The health hazards associated with these metals’ intake were assessed using estimated daily intake (EDI) and carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks were measured as the target cancer risk (TR), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI). The results showed that the mean concentration of As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Cu was 0.02–0.45, Not detectable (ND)-9.45, 0.00–0.51, 0.05–2.19, 0.28–43.43, Not detectable (ND)-5.80, 2.005–175.77, and 0.20–23.85 mg/kg of fresh vegetables respectively. The concentrations of As, Pb, and Cd were higher than the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) in the vegetables. However, all the metals were consumed daily in amounts below the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI) for all vegetables. THQ values for all metals except As and Pb were below the safety level (THQ <1) in all the vegetables. Potential non-carcinogenic risk (THQ >1) was posed by As and Pb in some vegetables like cabbage, string bean, bottle gourd, green papaya, sponge gourd, etc. The TR levels of As, Cd, Cr, and Ni were higher than the acceptable levels (10−4) for most vegetables, suggesting that long-term exposure to these toxic metals may raise the risk of developing various malignancies, including stomach and lung cancer. An integrated approach is required to address the contamination burden to preserve the health of the consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Unhealthy eating habits, such as low vegetable and fruit intake, are associated with many health problems. 24-h movement behaviors have been reported to be positively associated with numerous health-related outcomes. Despite the importance of these two modifiable lifestyle behaviors in building healthy habits in university students, there is a paucity of relevant research in this population. Therefore, this study aims to examine the correlation between compliance with 24-h movement guideline (24-h MG) and intake of fruits and vegetables (IFV) in Chinese university students. Methods: This study investigated the relationship between the compliance with 24-h MG and IFV in 1,793 Chinese university students using a convenience sampling method online. Physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) were assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form, while sleep was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The Chinese version of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II was used to measure IFV. Generalized linear models were applied to examine the correlation between compliance with the 24-h MG and eating habits. Results: The proportion of participants who routinely consumed vegetables and fruits was 24.6% and 43.1%, respectively, while the proportion of meeting the three 24-h MG and a combination of any two guidelines was 27.8% and 40.1%, respectively. Meeting all three guidelines was associated with a greater IFV intake compared to not meeting either guideline. Meeting all three guidelines (OR = 2.42 [1.63, 3.58]) and the combination of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) and sleep (OR = 2.06 [1.37, 3.10]) were positively associated with the frequency of vegetable consumption (p < 0.05). As well, meeting all three guidelines (OR = 2.06 [1.37, 3.10]), the combination of MVPA and sleep (OR = 1.72 [1.04, 2.84]), and sleep only (OR = 1.88 [1.21, 2.92]) were positively associated with fruits consumption (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Almost a third of the university students met the three 24-h MG, and compliance with all three guidelines was associated with a higher frequency of IFV. Furthermore, meeting the sleep guideline alone or in conjunction with the PA, and meeting the entire 24-h MG was associated with greater consumption of fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetables are an essential part of people's daily diet, and weeds can cause serious losses in vegetable yield and quality. Intelligent weeding technology for vegetables will be one of the mainstream technologies in modern agricultural development. This article reviews the current research status of intelligent weeding technology for vegetables, including vegetable and weed detection technology, weeding actuators, and weeding robots. Firstly, the vegetable and weed detection technology was introduced in detail from three aspects: global weed detection, crop-rows detection, and vegetable/weed precise recognition technology. The research results of some researchers were summarised, and the vegetable/weed precise recognition technology, including machine learning and proximal sensor technology, was introduced. Secondly, the weeding actuators and robots were introduced, including intelligent chemical weeding, mechanical weeding, physical weeding, and integrated weed management methods. Some weeding actuators and robots developed by researchers and agricultural companies were showcased. Finally, the challenges and future development directions of intelligent weeding technology were discussed and analysed. Intelligent weeding technology for vegetables is still mainly limited by natural conditions and a lack of technology. In the future, it will be possible to develop in the direction of multi-algorithm and multi-sensor fusion technologies. It is necessary to improve the applicability of intelligent weeding equipment for various environments, crops, and weeds. This article can provide a reference for future research in the field of intelligent weeding for vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustaining crop production and food security are threatened by a burgeoning world population and adverse environmental conditions. Traditional breeding methods for vegetable crops are time-consuming, laborious, and untargeted, often taking several years to develop new and improved varieties. The challenges faced by a long breeding cycle need to be overcome. The speed breeding (SB) approach is broadly employed in crop breeding, which greatly shortens breeding cycles and facilities plant growth to obtain new, better-adapted crop varieties as quickly as possible. Potential opportunities are offered by SB in plant factories, where optimal photoperiod, light quality, light intensity, temperature, CO2 concentration, and nutrients are precisely manipulated to enhance the growth of horticultural vegetable crops, holding promise to surmount the long-standing problem of lengthy crop breeding cycles. Additionally, integrated with other breeding technologies, such as genome editing, genomic selection, and highthroughput genotyping, SB in plant factories has emerged as a smart and promising platform to hasten generation turnover and enhance the efficiency of breeding in vegetable crops. This review considers the pivotal opportunities and challenges of SB in plant factories, aiming to accelerate plant generation turnover and improve vegetable crops with precision and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in measuring major and trace elements in plants has increased in recent years because of growing concerns about the elements’ contribution to daily intakes or the health risks posed by ingesting vegetables contaminated by potentially toxic elements. The recent advances in using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to measure major and trace elements in plant samples are reviewed in the present work. The sample preparation before instrumental determination and the main advantages and limitations of ICP-OES are described. New trends in element extraction in liquid solutions using fewer toxic solvents and microextractions are observed in recently published literature. Even though ICP-OES is a well-established and routine technique, recent innovations to increase its performance have been found. Validated methods are needed to ensure the obtaining of reliable results. Much research has focused on assessing principal figures of merit, such as limits of detection, quantification, selectivity, working ranges, precision in terms of repeatability and reproducibility, and accuracy through spiked samples or certified reference materials analysis. According to the published literature, the ICP-OES technique, 50 years after the release of the first commercially available equipment, remains a powerful and highly recommended tool for element determination on a wide range of concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable farmers in Sokoto state, Nigeria are disadvantaged by problem soils that are generally low in nutrient content, leading to below optimum output. As a result, this research was undertaken to disseminate innovative soil management practices through participatory on-farm trials using household waste compost, vermicompost, and biochar as treatments toward ensuring sustainable vegetable farming. The research covered a sequence of 3 main activities; including baseline survey through focus group discussion (FGD), pre and post project soil sample analyses (0-15cm and 15-30cm depths) and trials, and dissemination of findings via result demonstration, respectively. Findings from the baseline revealed that, the vegetable farmers were vulnerable and never had contact with an extension worker, living below $50/month and confronted by dwindling vegetable output due to acidity and low nutrient content of the soil. Amaranth, cabbage, lettuce, tomatoes, peppers, onions, and carrot were the mainly cultivated vegetables by the farmers. Soil management practices in the research sites were occasional application of inorganic fertilizers and traditional application of municipal waste, crop residue and refuse, which was due to inadequate knowledge on sustainable management practices of the soil. Application of organic amendments including household waste compost, vermicompost, and biochar caused tremendous variation in post-project soil properties (EC, K, Na, Ca, Mg, CEC, N, OC and P). Similarly, yield and benefit cost ratio of the trial crop (amaranth) significantly improved due to the amendments. Hence, application of organic soil amendments especially household waste and biochar would be worthwhile for sustainability of vegetable farming in Sokoto state, Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the sensory properties and nutritional benefits of a fruit and vegetable chutney made by incorporating papaya, orange, and carrot into traditional coconut chutney. Topics include the effect of different ingredient proportions on sensory acceptability, the nutritional composition of the best treatment, and the potential health benefits of papaya and orange.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different irrigation sources on the levels of potentially toxic metals (Cd, Cr, Fe and Mn) in the edibles of citrus fruits (Citrus sinensis and Citrus limetta). The samples of fruit, soil and water were collected from two locations (fresh water irrigated-FW I and sewage water irrigated-SW II) within the city of Sargodha. The samples utilized in the study for metal analysis were prepared utilizing the wet acid digestion method. Metal determination was performed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The potentially toxic metal values in the citrus samples ranged from 0.010 to 0.063, 0.015 to 0.293, 6.691 to 11.342 and 0.366 to 0.667 mg/kg for Cd, Cr, Fe and Mn, respectively. Analysis of Citrus limetta and Citrus sinensis indicated that the highest concentration of Cr, Fe and Mn is observed at the sewage water irrigation site (SW-II), whilst the minimum levels of Cr, Fe and Mn were observed at the fresh water irrigation site (FW-I). The results show that the levels of these metals in soil and fruit samples meet the acceptable guidelines outlined by USEPA and WHO. It was found that the metal pollution constitutes a potential threat to human health due to the HRI values for Cd, Cr, and Fe being above 1, despite the DIM values being below 1. Regular monitoring of vegetables irrigated with wastewater is highly recommended in order to minimise health risks to individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine copper (Cu) levels in Amaranthus viridis collected from 11 Peninsular Malaysia sampling sites and to estimate its human health risk. In addition, it also aims to assess the potential of A. viridis as a biomonitor and phytoremediator of Cu pollution. From a biomonitoring point of view, the Cu concentrations in the leaves, stems, and roots of A. viridis ranged from 10.8 to 21.9 µg/g dw (1.30-2.63 µg/g ww), 5.96 to 14.60 µg/g dw (0.36-0.88 µg/g ww), and 9.17 to 30.68 µg/g dw (1.01-3.37 µg/g ww), respectively. From the health risk aspect, it was found that the target hazard quotient (THQ) for Cu in the edible leaves of A. viridis were all below 1.00, indicating there were no non-carcinogenic risks of Cu to consumers, regarding both children and adults. Still, routine monitoring and managing the vegetable farms are recommended and necessary. From a phytoremediation perspective, with most bioconcentration factor values> 1.0 and the transfer factor> 1.0, A. viridis is a very potential phytoextraction agent of Cu. The experimental greenhouse study indicated that A. viridis could be a Cu biomonitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degradation of the environment due to numerous industrial practices has emerged as a major issue globally, particularly in a country like Bangladesh. The present study dispenses information about heavy metal (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) contamination in some frequently consumed vegetables, namely, ash pumpkin, potato, bitter gourd, buffalo spinach, snake gourd, and pointed gourd grown in an industrially prone location and their repercussion on consumers' health. Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique was used as the major analytical tool to detect heavy metal concentrations. Mean concentration and the range of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in vegetables were detected (4.81 ± 2.79, 2.43–10.94), (497.57 ± 258.08, 181.24–886.67), (644.49 ± 298.40, 179.56–998.78), (38.88 ± 14.31, 18.88–60.12), (58.11 ± 12.58, 42.55–84.79), (137.24 ± 48.37, 71.99–208.98), (123.31 ± 63.62, 49.97–256.09), (8.09 ± 2.69, 4.29–14.94), and (4.16 ± 2.95, 1.22–9.98) mg/kg (dry weight basis), respectively. An extreme level of heavy metal contamination in vegetable samples was notified regarding the estimated metal pollution index (MPI) and Nemerow pollution index (P) value, which underpinned the health risk values. The estimated hazard index (HI) value stipulated high risk in all varieties of vegetables regardless of age group and cadmium (Cd) was found as the major contributor. Concerning the carcinogenic risk index (CR) for single elements, the value of Co, Ni, and Cr was approximated far above the USEPA threshold risk limit (CR>1E-04). Moreover, total carcinogenic risk (TCR) for all varieties of vegetables exceeded the safety threshold value for both the age group and children, in particular, were found most vulnerable. The outshot of the present study divulged associated health risks for the population group by the heavy metals via dietary intake of vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercialization of smallholder farmers is seen as the most significant driver of improved food security and household welfare in most countries with low-agricultural economies. This study used a Generalized Propensity Score Matching (GPSM) approach to evaluate the average causal effects of vegetable commercialization levels on the food security status of households in Sabbata Hawas Woreda, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Data were collected through surveys of 385 farm households, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and observations. The results revealed that vegetable commercialization had both positive and negative effects on households’ food security. The MAHFP increased steadily as the levels of commercialization increased. However, the lower levels of commercialization are associated with negative outcomes for calorie intake, food consumption scores, and household dietary diversity scores. The caloric intake, HDDS, and FCS were improved after commercialization levels reached 50%, 40%, and 25% respectively. The findings indicate that an increase in commercialization may not always lead to consistent increases across all indicators of food security and it has heterogeneous effects on households with different levels of commercialization. The subsequent policy recommendations of the study results are that, even though smallholder commercialization strategies are crucial for ensuring increased food production, productivity, and incomes for food security, it still requires taking into account the heterogeneous food security effects of vegetable commercialization levels.

Due to the high cost of mechanical refrigeration, Evaporative Cooling (EC) can be an alternative technology for small farmers in developing countries, such as Thailand. This study aimed to experimentally investigate the performance of EC using a wet fabric blanket. A real-scale cargo chamber, commonly used in Thailand, was constructed, and equipped with axial fans to simulate airflow during transportation. Two pallets of test products (hollow plastic balls) were loaded into the cargo and covered with the wet blanket. During the experiment, the inlet air velocities varied from 0.8 m s−1 to 3.6 m s−1 while the constant climate conditions were maintained (29–30 °C and 70–73 %RH). The air and product temperatures and air relative humidity were measured every minute for 3 h using thermocouples and hygrometers, respectively. The proposed EC method allowed the air temperature to decrease by approximately 3–4 °C. When the inlet air velocity decreased, a lower temperature reduction was observed. Simplified heat and mass transfer models were developed to interpret the load temperature evolution from the inlet to the outlet positions at different air velocities. The comparison between the measured and calculated data revealed a maximum mean relative error of 1.2 %. The quality preservation performance was also evaluated based on lettuce mass loss. Lower mass loss was observed for the product stored inside the cargo chamber (

This study focused on the nematicidal potential of sea urchin-like zinc oxide nanometrics (SUZN) against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. XRD, SEM, UV-vis spectroscopy, TEM, and EDX have been utilized to characterize the SUZN. Various SUZN concentrations (150–750 ppm) were examined for their implications for M. incognita second-stage juveniles (J2s) and egg masses, including mortality as well as hatching inhibition. The largest J2s hatching inhibition (83.07%) was seen at 750 ppm SUZN after 48 hours of incubation, whereas the lowest hatching occurred at 150 ppm when compared to the control. SUZN illustrated increased nematicidal efficiency with increasing concentration and incubation duration. LC50 values for J2s were calculated at various time points. In root-dip trials, all SUZN doses substantially reduced J2s penetration into eggplant roots relative to the untreated control. The study emphasizes SUZN’s strong nematicidal activity against M. incognita, suggesting its promise as a long-term alternative to chemical nematicides for root-knot nematode management while reducing the environmental concerns associated with traditional pesticides.

This study aimed to develop and characterize a dried seasoning made from Liang (Gnetum gnemon var. tenerum) leaves, with a focus on the effects of packaging and storage conditions on the quality and shelf life. The seasoning, rich in protein (25.20 g/100 g), fiber (10.22 g/100 g), vitamin B2 (0.52 mg/100 g), and calcium (642.17 mg/100 g), was stored in laminated aluminum foil and nylon/LLDPE packaging at 30 °C with 60 % and 90 % relative humidity (RH) for 12 weeks. Laminated aluminum foil exhibited superior moisture barrier properties, with a water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of 3.22 × 10⁻⁶ g/(day × cm2) at 25 °C and RH 50 % and a water vapor permeability coefficient (P) of 2.52 × 10⁻5 g × μm/(day × cm2 × mmHg), making it 19 times more effective as a barrier material compared to nylon/LLDPE. As a result, the seasoning stored in laminated aluminum foil at RH 60 % maintained the lowest moisture content (3.45–3.58 %) and water activity (0.277–0.278) and demonstrated the longest estimated shelf life of 684 days, compared to only 12 days for nylon/LLDPE at RH 90 %. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) remained relatively stable over the 12-week storage period, with at least 70 % of their initial levels. During storage, the number of microbes appeared to increase, yet remained below 3 log CFU/g for the total viable count and 2 log CFU/g for yeast and mold. The seasoning packaged in laminated aluminum foil also yielded the highest sensory scores. Overall, laminated aluminum foil at RH 60 % proved to be the most effective packaging material for extending the shelf life and maintaining the quality of dried Liang leaf seasoning.

Objectives: Our study evaluated the independent and overall associations of vegetable and fruit consumption at midlife with the likelihood of physical frailty in later life. We also investigated whether specific nutrients in these foods could have accounted for these associations, if present. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: A population-based cohort of Chinese adults followed over a period of 20 years in Singapore. Participants: We used data from 11,959 subjects who participated in the baseline (1993–1998) and follow-up 3 (2014–2017) interviews of the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Measurements: At baseline, dietary intake was evaluated using a validated food frequency questionnaire. During the follow-up 3 visits, physical frailty was assessed using a modified Cardiovascular Health Study phenotype that included weakness, slowness, exhaustion and weight loss. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations with physical frailty. Results: Participants had mean ages of 52 years at baseline, and 72 years at follow-up 3. Baseline intake of vegetables, but not of fruits, showed a dose-dependent inverse relationship with physical frailty at follow-up 3 (Ptrend = 0.001). Compared to participants in the lowest quintile of vegetable intake, those in the highest quintile had reduced odds of frailty [OR (95% CI): 0.73 (0.60−0.89)]. Among the components of physical frailty, vegetable intake had the strongest inverse association with weakness defined by handgrip strength [OR (95% CI) between extreme quintiles: 0.62 (0.52−0.73); Ptrend < 0.001]. In models that were individually adjusted for nutrients, the vegetable-frailty association was attenuated and no longer statistically significant after adjusting for the intake of β-carotene, lutein, folate, α-carotene, and isothiocyanates. Conclusion: : Increased midlife intake of vegetables was associated with reduced odds of physical frailty in later life, and the intake of β-carotene, lutein, folate, α-carotene, and isothiocyanates could have accounted for this association.

Background: Previous studies have indicated a certain relationship between the intake of fruits and vegetables and frailty. However, there is currently a lack of research on the association between fruit and vegetable intake and frailty. Objective: This study aims to explore the potential correlation between fruit and vegetable intake and frailty. Additionally, we seek to investigate the relationship between fruit intake and frailty across different demographic characteristics and subgroups. Methods: Initially, participant information from the NHANES database (2007–2018) was extracted, including age, gender, race, education level, and other relevant factors. Subsequently, a comprehensive adjustment of multiple variables was carried out using a logistic regression model to analyze the relationship between vegetable and fruit intake and frailty. We also conducted subgroup analyses for variables showing significant differences in the regression model, exploring the relationship between vegetable and fruit intake and frailty in different demographic subgroups. Finally, we employed Restricted Cubic Splines (RCS) to explore the relationship between vegetable and fruit intake and frailty. Results: In our study of 13,935 participants, 2224 were classified as frail, while 11,711 were non-frail. Significant differences were observed between the frail and non-frail groups in variables such as gender, race, marital status, education level, and BMI. Weighted logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between the intake of fruits (including f_other, f_whole, f_juice, f_total) and vegetables (including v_redor_total, v_total) and a reduced risk of frailty (p for trend