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The article explores the pollination of two species of Angelica plants by hornets. While the family Apiaceae typically attracts a variety of insects for pollination, the author observed that hornets were the primary visitors to the Angelica plants, carrying a large amount of pollen. Other insects, such as bees, flies, butterflies, and ants, were also observed but carried less pollen. The study conducted a bagging experiment on the Angelica plants, which revealed that hornets played a significant role in seed production, although other insects also contributed. The findings suggest that hornets may serve as functional pollen vectors for these Angelica species, particularly those with dark-red and green floral displays. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: Spatially-selective arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI is sensitive to arterial transit times (ATT) that can result in inaccurate perfusion quantification when ATTs are long. Velocity-selective ASL is robust to this effect because blood is labeled within the imaging region, allowing immediate label delivery. However, velocity-selective ASL cannot characterize ATTs, which can provide important clinical information. Here, we introduce a novel pulse sequence, called VESPA ASL, that combines velocity-selective and pseudo-continuous ASL to simultaneously label different pools of arterial blood for robust cerebral blood flow (CBF) and ATT measurement.Methods: The VESPA ASL sequence is similar to velocity-selective ASL, but the velocity-selective labeling is made spatially-selective and pseudo-continuous ASL is added to fill the inflow time. The choice of inflow time and other sequence settings were explored. VESPA ASL was compared to multi-delay pseudo-continuous ASL and velocity-selective ASL through simulations and test-retest experiments in healthy volunteers.Results: VESPA ASL is shown to accurately measure CBF in the presence of long ATTs, while ATTs < TI can also be measured. Measurements were similar to established ASL techniques when ATT was short. When ATT was long, VESPA ASL measured CBF more accurately than multi-delay pseudo-continuous ASL, which tended to underestimate CBF.Conclusion: VESPA ASL is a novel and robust approach to simultaneously measure CBF and ATT and offers important advantages over existing methods. It fills an important clinical need for non-invasive perfusion and transit time imaging in vascular diseases with delayed arterial transit.

Xenos is a strepsipteran genus parasitizing hornets of the Vespa spp. In Japan, parasitism levels in hornets have been examined for two Xenos species. These studies have indicated that parasitism levels vary with the seasons but are inconsequential compared to other potential factors that reduce the number of host colonies. However, a comprehensive analysis of parasitism levels accounting for various factors such as host species, seasons, and years was not conducted. To address this gap, we conducted a four-year study in which we collected Vespa spp. using bait traps and assessed parasitism levels concerning those factors. Additionally, we evaluated the number of male and female Xenos parasites throughout the seasons. A total of 11,766 wasps from six hornet species were collected, with three of the species conspicuously parasitized by two Xenos parasites: Vespa analis (Fabricius, 1775) parasitized by Xenos oxyodontes (Nakase & Kato, 2013) and Vespa mandarinia (Smith, 1852) and Vespa ducalis (Smith, 1852) parasitized by Xenos moutoni (Buysson, 1903). Levels of parasitism by X. oxyodontes exceeded those by X. moutoni. Seasonal and yearly variations influenced the levels of parasitism by the two Xenos spp. We observed that male and female Xenos parasites emerged simultaneously over 2 – 3 months, suggesting the likelihood of multivoltinism in temperate regions. Our study also examined several key factors influencing the fluctuations in the population size of these parasites.

Venom immunotherapy (VIT) protects up to 98% of treated Hymenoptera allergy patients from reactions with new stings. A correct diagnosis with the identification of the venom causing the allergic reaction is essential to implementing it. The knowledge of the Hymenoptera foraging habits when the sting takes place in a food environment would allow the culprit insect to be known. Images of Hymenoptera occurring in environments where there was human food were recorded in Spain, including the date of the image, the place description and its geolocation. The insects' genus and species were identified by an entomologist. Results: One hundred and fifty-five images depicting 71 insects were analyzed. The identified insects were Vespula (56), Vespa (7), Polistes (4), Cerceris (2), Bombus (1) and Apis (1). Most (97.1%) of the images were obtained in summer and early autumn, outdoors in terraces (64%). Meat was the food associated with 47.9% of the images. In protein-rich foods, Vespula was found in 89%. Conclusions: Vespula was the main Hymenoptera associated with food environments in our country (78.87%), and in most of the cases (71%), the food involved is a source of protein, such as meat or seafood. In that environment, the probability that the insect is a Vespula would be 89%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Wasp stinging, a neglected tropical entity can have a myriad of local and systemic effects. We present a case of multi-organ injury following multiple wasp stings and a review of literature on the systemic manifestations of wasp stings. Case presentation A 48-year-old Sri Lankan male who suffered multiple wasp stings, developed an anaphylactic shock with respiratory failure, which was treated with adrenaline and mechanical ventilation. Within the next 2 days the patient developed acute fulminant hepatitis, stage III acute kidney injury, rhabdomyolysis, haemolysis and thrombocytopenia. The patient was treated in the intensive care unit with ionopressors and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Haemoadsorbant therapy was used in adjunct with CRRT. There was a gradual recovery of the organ functions over the 1st week. However, the patient succumbed to fungal sepsis on the 16th day despite treatment. We conducted a literature review to identify the various clinical manifestations of wasp stinging. Wasp venom contains enzymes, amines, peptides and other compounds. These proteins can cause type 1 hypersensitive reactions ranging from local skin irritation to anaphylactic shock. Furthermore, the toxins can cause direct organ injury or delayed hypersensitivity reactions. The commonly affected organs are the kidneys, liver, and muscles. The effect on the haematological system manifests as coagulopathy and/or cytopenia. The heart, nervous system, lungs, intestines and skin can be affected rarely. Treatment is mainly supportive. Conclusion In conclusion, wasp envenomation can result in multi-organ injury and attention should be paid in doing further research and establishing evidence-based treatment practices.

Simple Summary: Parasites sometimes manipulate host behavior to effectively utilize their hosts. The parasitism of host-manipulating parasites of hornets (Vespa spp.) was examined for baited or hand-collected hosts. There, two groups of endoparasites that sterilize their hosts, a nematode species, Sphaerularia vespae, and two species of parasitic insects, Xenos spp., were recovered during the survey. Although the nematode parasitism was scarcely observed (4 out of 1641 host hornets), the parasitism of Xenos spp. varied among host species between 0 and 17%. Interestingly, the rate of hornets parasitized by Xenos spp. was higher in baited individuals than in hand-collected ones. Because the bait trap attracts feeding (not foraging for colony) individuals, the parasitism manipulates the host to visit a feeding site, and the result is in good accordance with previous observations; i.e., parasitized hosts frequently visit and stay at feeding sites instead of foraging and reproducing. The present study could be the first case to quantify the Vespa host manipulation of Xenos spp. Genetically, both the Xenos spp. had four haplotypes in the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene, and these were close to Japanese and some other East Asian genotypes. The parasitism of two groups of host-manipulating parasites of hornets was examined in Kyoto, Japan. Vespa mandarinia (661 individuals), V. simillima (303), V. analis (457), V. ducalis (158), V. crabro (57), and V. dybowskii (4) were collected either by bait trap or hand collection with an insect net, and examined for their parasites. An endoparasitic nematode, Sphaerularia vespae was isolated from three overwintered gynes of V. mandarinia and a gyne of V. ducalis. While endoparasitic insects, Xenos spp., were recovered from 13 V. mandarinia, 77 V. analis, two V. ducalis, and three V. crabro, and those recovered from V. analis and others were molecularly identified as X. oxyodontes and X. moutoni, respectively. Comparing Xenos parasitism level and capturing methods, the parasitism level was significantly higher in trapped hosts than in hand-collected ones, suggesting that stylopized hosts are more strongly attracted to the food source (bait trap) compared with unparasitized hosts. The genotypes of S. vespae were identical to each other, and near identical to its type population. While each of the two Xenos spp. showed four mitochondrial DNA haplotypes. A phylogenetic comparison suggested that Xenos haplotypes found in the present study are close to those previously reported from Japan and other Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to explore how Czech learners of English use lexical bundles ending in that in their academic texts in comparison with novice and professional L1 authors. The analysis is based on three corpora (VESPA-CZ, BAWE and our own corpus of papers published in academic journals). The results suggest that Czech learners of English do not use a more limited repertoire of lexical bundles ending in that than professional writers. However, there are differences between the groups studied, especially in the range of various shell nouns used in nominal bundles. Novice writers, both L1 and L2, use bundles ending in that to express stance more frequently than professional writers.

Variation and differential selection pressures on Tat genes have been shown to alter the biological function of the protein, resulting in pathological consequences in a number of organs including the brain. We evaluated the impact of genetic variation and selection pressure on 147 HIV-1 subtype C Tat exon 1 sequences from monocyte-depleted peripheral lymphocytes on clinical diagnosis of neurocognitive impairment. Genetic analyses identified two signature amino acid residues, lysine at codon 24 (24K) with a frequency of 43.4% and arginine at codon 29 (29R) with a frequency of 34.0% in individuals with HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment. The analyses also revealed two signature residues, asparagine, 24 N (31.9%), and histidine, 29H (21.3%), in individuals without neurocognitive impairment. Both codons, 24 and 29, were associated with high entropy but only codon 29 was under positive selection. The presence of signature K24 increased by 2.08 times the risk of neurocognitive impairment, 3.15 times higher proviral load, and 69% lower absolute CD4 T-cell count compared to those without the signature. The results support a linkage between HIV-1 C Tat N24K polymorphism, proviral load, immunosuppression, and neurocognitive impairment. The signature may induce more neurotoxic effects, which contributes to establishment and severity of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis) is spreading across the Italian territory threatening the health and wellbeing of honeybees by feeding on adult individuals and larvae and by plundering hive resources. Considering the capacity of other hornets in harboring honeybee viruses, the aim of this study was to identify the possible role of the Oriental hornet as a vector for honeybee viruses. Adult hornets were subjected to macroscopical examination to identify the presence of lesions, and to biomolecular investigation to detect the presence of six honeybee viruses: Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV), Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV), Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV), Deformed Wing Virus (DWV), Kashmir Bee Virus (KBV), Sac Brood Virus (SBV). No macroscopical alterations were found while biomolecular results showed that DWV was the most detected virus (25/30), followed by ABPV (19/30), BQCV (13/30), KBV (1/30) and SBV (1/30). No sample was found positive for CBPV. In 20/30 samples several co-infections were identified. The most frequent (17/30) was the association between DWV and ABPV, often associated to BQCV (9/17). One sample (1/30) showed the presence of four different viruses namely DWV, ABPV, BQCV and KBV. The detected viruses are the most widespread in apiaries across the Italian territory suggesting the possible passage from honeybees to V. orientalis , by predation of infected adult honeybees and larvae, and cannibalization of their carcasses. However, to date, it is still not clear if these viruses are replicative but we can suggest a role as mechanical vector of V. orientalis in spreading these viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vespa velutina nigrithorax and Vespa velutina auraria are two subspecies of Vespa velutina Lepeletier. V. velutina preys managed honey bees, other pollinators, and insects. However, the Vespa midgut microbiota of three forms, namely queens, workers, and males have not been reported, thus the objective of this study was to analyze the midgut bacterial diversity of the three forms of V. v. nigrithorax and V. v. auraria. Our results showed that Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Tenericutes, and Actinobacteria were the most abundant phyla, and Lactobacillus (17.21%) and Sphingomonas (11.39%) were the most abundant genera in the midgut of V. v. nigrithorax and V. v. auraria. We found that the midgut bacterial compositions of the V. velutina males were special, in terms of richness and diversity of bacterial communities, as well as the content of lactic acid bacteria. By comparing the gut bacterial compositions of Vespa from different regions (Japan, South Korea, Italy, and China), it was discovered that the gut bacterial compositions were very similar at the phylum and class level, and Gammaproteobacteria, Bacilli, and Alphaproteobacteria were the most abundant classes of bacteria and consistent in the genus Vespa. Besides, though Vespa from different regions had quite different gut bacterial communities at the genus level, Lactobacillus and other lactic acid bacteria were abundant and played important roles in protection and metabolism in V. velutina collected from different regions. This is the first report of midgut bacterial diversity of three forms queens, workers, and males of V. velutina. Our findings provide insight that Proteobacteria and Firmicutes (especially Lactobacillus and other lactic acid bacteria) are consistent and may play important roles in the genus Vespa. The understanding of the microbiome in the midgut of Vespa and the discovery of the vital bacteria would provide useful information to design pest biological control agents. Thus, the significance of this study is to provide a basis for the study of the relationship between gut microbiota and physiology and health of Vespa, as well as the control of Vespa.

The Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis) is spreading across the Italian territory threatening the health and wellbeing of honeybees by feeding on adult individuals and larvae and by plundering hive resources. Considering the capacity of other hornets in harboring honeybee viruses, the aim of this study was to identify the possible role of the Oriental hornet as a vector for honeybee viruses. Adult hornets were subjected to macroscopical examination to identify the presence of lesions, and to biomolecular investigation to detect the presence of six honeybee viruses: Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV), Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV), Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV), Deformed Wing Virus (DWV), Kashmir Bee Virus (KBV), Sac Brood Virus (SBV). No macroscopical alterations were found while biomolecular results showed that DWV was the most detected virus (25/30), followed by ABPV (19/30), BQCV (13/30), KBV (1/30) and SBV (1/30). No sample was found positive for CBPV. In 20/30 samples several co-infections were identified. The most frequent (17/30) was the association between DWV and ABPV, often associated to BQCV (9/17). One sample (1/30) showed the presence of four different viruses namely DWV, ABPV, BQCV and KBV. The detected viruses are the most widespread in apiaries across the Italian territory suggesting the possible passage from honeybees to V. orientalis, by predation of infected adult honeybees and larvae, and cannibalization of their carcasses. However, to date, it is still not clear if these viruses are replicative but we can suggest a role as mechanical vector of V. orientalis in spreading these viruses.

The aim of this paper is to explore how Czech learners of English use lexical bundles ending in that in their academic texts in comparison with novice and professional L1 authors. The analysis is based on three corpora (VESPA-CZ, BAWE and our own corpus of papers published in academic journals). The results suggest that Czech learners of English do not use a more limited repertoire of lexical bundles ending in that than professional writers. However, there are differences between the groups studied, especially in the range of various shell nouns used in nominal bundles. Novice writers, both L1 and L2, use bundles ending in that to express stance more frequently than professional writers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poisonous animals imply a risk to human life, because their venom is a complex mixture of low molecular weight components, peptides and proteins. Hornets use the venom for self-defence, to repel intruders and to capture prey, but they can cause poisoning and allergic reactions to people. In particular, they seem to be a health problem in the countries where they are native due to their sting, which in the most severe cases can lead to severe or fatal systemic anaphylaxis. But this situation is being an emerging problem for new countries and continents because hornet incursions are increasing in the global change scenario, such as in Europe and America. Furthermore, 55 detailed cases of hornet sting were found in 27 papers during the current review where 36.4% died due to, mainly, a multi-organ failure, where renal failure and liver dysfunction were the most common complications. Moreover, the great taxonomic, ecological diversity, geographical distribution and the wide spectrum of pathophysiological symptoms of hornets have been the focus of new research. Considering this, the present systematic review summarizes the current knowledge about the components of Vespa venom and the epidemiology of its sting to serve as reference for the new research focused on the development of techniques for diagnosis, new drugs and treatments of its sting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent trend to fully utilize neutrons from pulsed spallation sources for broadband neutron spectrometers with indirect-geometry seeks to improve their performance by using large-area curved analyzers that focus neutrons in time, energy and space. Here we describe the ongoing collaborative efforts of CNR (IT) and ISIS (UK) towards future upgrades of TOSCA at ISIS, which are also essential for the design and subsequent construction of VESPA at the ESS. This performance improvement is due to both a larger detector coverage using a curved geometry and a corresponding tuning of analyzer crystal characteristics. To achieve high resolution in the entire spectral range 0–500 meV, the time-focusing of neutrons from the sample to the detector should be carried out within tight tolerances. The effect of graphite mosaicity and its variation from crystal-to-crystal across the whole analyzer, as well as the impact of manufacturing tolerances on instrument performance, and of the detector pixelation are here investigated to inform about the design in order to balance the efficiency of neutron collection with the resolution requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wasp venom is a complex mixture of biologically active components, including high molecular weight proteins, small peptides, bioactive amines, and amino acids. Peptides comprise up to 70% of dried venom. In social wasp venoms, three of the major peptide types are mastoparans, which cause mast cell degranulation, chemotactic peptides, which promote chemotaxis of polymorphonucleated leukocytes, and kinin‐related peptides, which are known to produce pain and increase vascular permeability. Among these, the bioactive tridecapeptide mastoparan is the most common and may even have antimicrobial activity. Herein we summarize the results of studies on vespid mastoparans, focusing on hornets (Vespa spp.) identified following a systematic literature search for mastoparans of hornets in the genus Vespa, the most active mastoparan research taxon. The common features of hornet mastoparans are C‐terminal amidation, amphipathic helical structure, and multiple functions such as mast cell degranulation and hemolysis, as well as membrane permeabilization. Most interestingly, all tested hornet mastoparans have strong antimicrobial activities, suggesting that they can provide useful insights into and opportunities for development of novel antibacterial peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hornets and honey bees have a long history of coevolution resulting in a plethora of captivating adaptations and counteradaptations between predator and prey. From simple physiological mechanisms to complex behavioral strategies, some Vespa hornets have specialized in hunting honey bees, while the latter have put in place effective defenses to counteract their attack. Both hornets and honey bees have evolved the ability to detect the odors and the pheromones emitted by the other to locate the prey or to spot foraging predators. Hornets often rely on their bigger size, heavily armored body and destructive attacks, while honey bees differentiated collective defense responses finely coordinated to deter or kill the hornet menace. However, when new species of hornets and honey bees come into contact, the absence of coevolution can have a heavy impact on the defenseless bees. The evolutionary arms race between hornets and honey bees provides not only compelling examples of adaptations and counteradaptations between predator and prey, but could also represent a starting point for the development of effective and sustainable strategies to protect honey bees and beekeeping activities and to control invasive alien species of hornets.

A total of eight species and subspecies of the genus Vespa, namely V. velutina nigrithorax du Buysson, 1905, V. basalis Smith, 1852, V. affinis affinis (Linnaeus, 1764), V. affinis indosinensis Pérez, 1910, V. mandarinia magnifica Smith, 1852, V. tropica leefmansi van der Vecht, 1957, V. bicolor Fabricius, 1787, V. analis nigrans du Buysson, 1903 along with Provespa barthelemyi (du Buysson, 1905) is recorded for the first time in Bhutan. The current number of species in the genus Vespa and Provespa found in Bhutan stands at 14. The records for V. mandarinia bellona Smith, 1871 and V. tropica tropica (Linnaeus, 1758) previously reported as from Maria Basti, Bhutan, must be confirmed.

Greg Lynn, founder‐owner of Greg Lynn FORM and currently a professor at the University of Applied Arts Vienna and at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), has been at the forefront of the architectural digital revolution since the early 1990s. Here he explains why historically architects are not entrepreneurs, and implores them to think outside the box and innovate by stealing back and owning the digitised means of production for architecture, infrastructure and products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We report recent developments regarding the TOSCA (ISIS, UK) and VESPA (ESS, Sweden) neutron broadband chemical spectrometers, both joint ventures between CNR (IT) and ISIS (UK). TOSCA has seen the first major upgrade since it first became operational over fifteen years ago. The new design of the primary spectrometer, which exploits a state-of-the-art, high- m neutron guide and associated chopper system, is boosting the useful neutron flux by over an order of magnitude. Feasibility studies for an upgrade of the secondary spectrometer have been performed, outlining an additional order-of-magnitude gain in performance. In the case of VESPA, the novel characteristics and challenges arising from a long-pulse spallation source such as ESS are part of the drivers of the instrument design. For both the primary and secondary spectrometers, a detailed analysis of expected performance, supported by both simulations and analytical models, is being carried out, also capitalizing from experience on TOSCA. Indeed, for instrument design and optimization, extensive neutron-transport simulations and baseline studies of neutronic response have become a must, along with extensive benchmarking against much-needed experimental data. All these combined efforts represent the first opportunity to benchmark a broadband, high-resolution chemical spectrometer in terms of measured vs. simulated response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oriental hornets, Vespa orientalis, are dangerous enemy to bee colonies in some countries of the world. There are more than one subspecies of V. orientalis. Few studies have investigated the morphological characteristics of these subspecies. Morphological characterization can help in confirming and discriminating between the subspecies, and to follow any changes in their morphology over time. In this study, some body characteristics of V. orientalis orientalis queens from Egypt were measured including head width, fore wing length and width, hind wing length and width, femur length, tibia length and approximate stinger length. Also, fore wing characteristics using wing coordinates for 20 landmarks were studied. Computer based techniques were applied to take these measurements. The data of the current study can be utilized for comparisons with other subspecies.

Pollination and seed dispersal in angiosperms have long been investigated in order to understand the coevolution of plants and animals. However, the signals from flowers and/or seeds to attract pollinators and/or seed dispersers have received comparatively little attention. In this study, the pollination biology and seed dispersal of the vulnerable agarwood plant Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg, a traditional medicinal plant in China, was studied in its natural distribution range. The reproductive tactics of A. sinensis were studied in detail by employing various tests dealing with fruit set and also seed dispersal. Dynamic headspace extraction followed by GC-MS analysis was also performed in order to reveal the composition of floral scent. The results showed that noctuids and pyralids are the most effective pollinators of pollinator-dependent A. sinensis. The main compounds of the floral scent were (E, E)-α-Farnesene (61.9 ± 3.2%), trans-Ocimene (16.6 ± 1.2%), and Benzyl salicylate (4.6 ± 1.1%). The results obtained from seed dispersal experiments indicate that hornets are effective seed dispersers and they may play an important role in long-distance seed dispersal of A. sinensis. Based on our findings, we recommend several protection methods for this threatened agarwood plant in China.

The main challenge facing a parasite of social insects lies in deceiving its host’s detection and defense systems in order to enter and survive within the host colony. Sphecophaga orientalis is an ichneumonid wasp that parasitizes the pupae of the Oriental hornet Vespa orientalis. In Israel’s Mediterranean region, this parasitoid infects on average 23.48% (8–56%) of the host pupal cells. Observation of colonies brought to the laboratory revealed that the parasite moves around within the colony without being aggressed by the host workers. To assess how the parasite evades host detection and defense, we compared the cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles of both species. There was little similarity between the parasite and the host workers’ CHC, refuting the hypothesis of chemical mimicry. The parasite’s CHCs were dominated by linear alkanes and alkenes with negligible amounts of branched alkanes, while the host workers’ CHCs were rich in branched alkanes and with little or no alkenes. Moreover, the parasite cuticular wash was markedly rich in oleic acid, previously reported as a cue eliciting necrophoric behavior. Since nests of Oriental hornets are typified by large amounts of prey residues, we suggest that, due to its unfamiliar CHCs and the abundance of oleic acid, the parasite is considered as refuse by the host. We also detected rose oxide in the parasitoid head extracts. Rose oxide is a known insect repellent, and can be used to repel and mitigate aggression in workers. These two factors, in concert, are believed to aid the parasite to evade host aggression.

Vespa is a vehicle that has its own charm of its distinctive shape. Vespa has fanatical fans around the world including in Denpasar Bali, either modern vespa or classic vespa. But sometimes riding a vespa (especially a classic vespa) although routine maintenance of the vespa may still be problematic when driving, whether it's a strike in the middle of the journey, broken clutch rope or tire broke while on the way. Information about the vespa workshop is the information that the vespa rider must know. Geographic information system of vespa workshop in Denpasar can be a solution to provide information about the location and route to the vespa workshop in Denpasar. The system is created using the concept of web-mobile, so that each device is capable of using the system with only the web-browser.The result of designing and building geographic information system of Vespa workshop in Denpasar is system consist of user menu and admin menu. Users can view information about the vespa workshop and the route to the vespa workshop. The admin menu is dedicated to managing vespa workshop data in the system.

Virtual Observatory tools are specifically designed for astronomical data, but they can be adapted to work with geospatial data by providing existing Geographical Information System tools with Simple Application Messaging Protocol interface. Open source QGIS package was chosen as a platform for this. The Simple Application Messaging Protocol interface was made with Python plug‐ins. Geospatial data were exposed to Virtual European Solar and Planetary Access via a dedicated German Astronomical Virtual Observatory Data Center Helper Suite server and several tables exposing existing Open Geospatial Consortium—compliant planetary services were published to Virtual European Solar and Planetary Access providing a variety of geospatial data types: vector data and spectral cube rasters, as well as Open Geospatial Consortium Web Map Service of planetary maps. Plain Language Summary: Geospatial Science and Astronomy are closely related fields which nevertheless use different tools, standards, interfaces, formats, and protocols. Heterogeneous Astronomical data are accessed routinely via standard system largely known as Virtual Observatory, whereas in Planetary Science, capabilities of cross‐mission and cross‐archive data discovery are lacking. The present work tries to bridge these two communities by leveraging on commonalities in data types and tools while exposing Geospatial data sets to the Virtual Observatory and creating necessary interfaces in Geographical Information Systems. Key Points: Geospatial data sets were exposed to Virtual ObservatoryQGIS plug‐ins interface to Virtual Observatory was developed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Vespicochory, seed dispersal by hornets, is an uncommon seed dispersal pattern in angiosperms. To date, this phenomenon has been recorded in only four families. Because of its rarity, the causes and consequences of vespicochory remain unclear. Hence, this seed dispersal syndrome is often regarded as anecdotal.Through field investigations, chemical analyses, electrophysiological tests, identification of chemosensory proteins from the antennae of hornets, and behavioral assays, we investigated whether olfactory and/or visual cues of the diaspores of Stemona tuberosa mediate the behavior of the social hornets and maintain their mutualism.This study demonstrated that the elaiosome of S. tuberosa emits hydrocarbons, which are attractive to hornets. However, these compounds, which induce responses in the antennae of naive hornets, are ubiquitous substances on insect cuticle surfaces. Innate preference and experienced foraging behavior of hornets can increase their seed dispersal efficiency.This is the first example in which hydrocarbons have been identified as a diaspore odour involved in the attraction of hornets. Given that the ubiquity of hornets, and the communication function of hydrocarbons in insects, we predict that this rare seed dispersal mechanism may be an overlooked mechanism of insect–plant mutualism. See also the Editorial by Kessler, 220: 655–658. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many familiar Hymenoptera are brightly colored and can sting painfully–thus, their threat and clinical importance may be exaggerated. Most stinging insects only sting to defend themselves or their colonies from predators. The clinical nature of Hymenoptera envenomations contrasts that of other venomous animals, including other arthropods, primarily because allergic reaction, not direct intoxication, is the usual main concern. This review focuses mainly on the clinical features of direct toxicity to Hymenoptera envenomations, which can induce a high incidence of acute renal failure, liver failure, multiple organ failures, and death. Toxic mass envenomations by honeybees usually entail many hundreds or more stings per victim. In contrast to honeybee toxic envenomations, hornet sting envenomations can be clinically threatening with only 20–200 stings needed to cause kidney and other organ failures. Many lethal envenomations by honeybees occur in rural areas in the New World and Africa and are not recorded or documented. In contrast, deaths by hornets occur mainly to Asia. The most frequent and important envenomating taxa are honeybees, hornets, yellowjacket wasps, paper wasps, fire ants, and jack jumper ants. Occasional envenomating taxa include bumblebees, bullet ants, harvester ants, solitary wasps, solitary bees, and various ants of lesser clinical importance. Envenomations by Hymenoptera usually can be avoided if one considers that bees, wasps and ants “view” us as potential threats or predators, and that with information about the biology of stinging Hymenoptera, humans can minimize adverse incidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at reporting our first experience with robotic laparoendoscopic single-site radical prostatectomy (R-LESS-RP) with single-site VesPa platform (Intuitive Surgical Inc.). A 68-year-old-man presenting with a cT1c adenocarcinoma Gleason Score 3 + 4 = 7 in 4/12 bilateral cores underwent a transperitoneal robotic LESS-RP with a single-site Vespa platform. Initial PSA, prostate weight, and body mass index (BMI) were 4.4 ng/ml, 45 g, and 25, respectively. Instruments and camera cross within the Single-Site port; the da Vinci System software detects and reassigns the user's hands with the instruments position. The single-site port is inserted through a 2-cm intraumbilical incision. The robotic 8.5 mm scope and two surgical curved instruments (fenestrated bipolar forceps and cautery hook) are introduced through the ports and used for most of the procedure, whereas a wristed needle driver on the right hand is used for the reconstructive steps. An additional 12 mm port (Air Seal, SurgiQuest) is placed in a midline between the umbilicus and the right iliac spine in order to facilitate table assistance during surgery and to place a drain at the end of the procedure.Operative time and blood loss were 300 min and 400 mL, respectively. The postoperative course was uneventful. The drain and the catheter were removed on days 1 and 6, respectively. The patient experienced a temporary mild stress incontinence (one pad at sixth month) and erectile dysfunction.Our first robotic laparoendoscopic single-site radical prostatectomy (R-LESS-RP) with the single-site VesPa platform was associated with acceptable operative times and perioperative outcome. This procedure is feasible without complications, provided that a proper patient selection has occurred. Limited movements together with the lack of the fourth robotic arm require a considerable expertise in robotic surgery. Some tricks can help overcome technical limitations. The Robotic LESS-RP reduces in some measure the limitations of conventional LESS RP, although further refinement of the robotic instruments is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alguns estudos evidenciam que condições climáticas são fatores relevantes no padrão de nidificação de várias espécies de vespas solitárias. O presente estudo avaliou o padrão de nidificação da vespa Monobia angulosa Saussure (Vespidae: Eumeninae) no pólo agrícola Mucugê-Ibicoara, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, durante período de seca prolongada, bem como, a descrição do ninho natural da espécie como o primeiro registro de ninho de M. angulosa construído em ninho abandonado da abelha Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) cearensis Ducke (Apidae: Xylocopinae). Para o registro e descrição do ninho natural, um único ninho de M. angulosa foi estudado em um pomar de maçã (Malus domestica Borkh). Para o estudo do padrão de nidificação foi utilizada a técnica de ninhos armadilha, sendo amostrados 25 pontos ao longo do pólo agrícola, com as armadilhas postas em remanescentes de vegetação nativa. Cada ponto amostral apresentou uma distância mínima de 4 km do ponto mais próximo. Emergiram em laboratório um total de 19 fêmeas e 23 machos de um total de 19 ninhos fundados, com a emergência dos machos precedendo as das fêmeas. O ninho natural, ao contrário dos ninhos armadilha que foram dispostos horizontalmente, foi construído em série linear vertical sendo utilizada, como substrato, uma estaca de madeira. As nidificações se concentraram nos meses quentes, entre fevereiro e abril de 2012, porém com baixa precipitação, evidenciando influência no padrão de nidificação da espécie, indicando uma rápida resposta às alterações climáticas. Nesting Pattern of Monobia angulosa Saussure (Vespidae) During Prolonged dry Season in the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, with Notes on Nesting in Old Carpenter-Bee Borings Xylocopa cearensis Ducke (Apidae) Abstract. Weather can be treated as an important factor in the nesting pattern of several solitary wasps species. Nesting pattern of wasp Monobia angulosa Saussure (Vespidae: Eumeninae) was accessed in present study in the agricultural area of Mucugê-Ibicoara, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, during an extended period of dry season. In here we also presented the first record of a natural nest in pre-existing cavities prior used by Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) cearensis Ducke (Apidae: Xylocopinae). For a description of the M. angulosa’s natural nest a single nest found in apple orchard (Malus domestica Borkh) was used. For the nesting pattern study we used the trap nests technique with 25 points along the agricultural sampled area; traps were placed in remaining native vegetation. Each sample point was at least 4 km apart. Emerged in the laboratory a total of 19 females and 23 males for a total of 19 established nests, males emerged prior females. Unlike the horizontal trap nests, the natural one was built in vertical linear series and a wooden stake was used as a substrate. Nesting concentrated in the warmer months, between February and April, 2012, with very low precipitation, evidencing influence on nesting pattern of this species, probably due fast response to climatic changes.