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Mobbing staje się coraz powszechniejszym zjawiskiem, o destrukcyjnym charakterze dla ofiary, przedsiębiorstwa i całego otoczenia, które pojawia się w wielu miejscach pracy. W niniejszej pracy szczególną uwagę poświęcono na zaprezentowanie tematu dotyczącego skali zjawiska mobbingu w jednym z oddziałów firmy handlowej funkcjonującej w Nowym Sączu. Istotnym jest także fakt, że istnieją regulacje prawne definiujące postępowanie w przypadku pojawienia się mobbingu w miejscu pracy, a także występują instytucje wspierające ofiary dotknięte zjawiskiem mobbingu. W artykule zarysowane są odwołania poruszające istotę omawianego pojęcia, charakterystykę mobbingu, jego przyczyny oraz skutki. Nawiązano też do opisu roli ofiary oraz prześladowcy, praw pracownika oraz obowiązków leżących po stronie pracodawcy. Ważną częścią opracowania jest kwestia metod oraz pomocy mobbingowanym pracownikom. Ponadto, w opracowaniu zaprezentowano projekt badawczy na przykładzie jednego z oddziałów firmy handlowej, analizujący pierwotną kondycję firmy, pod kątem występowania w jej strukturach zjawiska mobbingu w celu wskazania możliwych do wdrożenia rozwiązań mających za zadanie niwelować mobbing. Zjawisko przeanalizowano w oparciu o badanie ilościowe przeprowadzone przy użyciu kwestionariusza ankiety skierowanego do pracowników omawianej firmy, dzięki czemu możliwe stało się otrzymanie wiarygodnych wyników badań. Zaproponowane rozwiązania mogą być jedynie alternatywnymi propozycjami, jakie dyrekcja oddziału może wprowadzić w firmie w ramach przeciwdziałaniu zjawisku mobbingu. Mobbing is becoming an increasingly common phenomenon. It occurs in many workplaces and is destructive for the victim, the company and the work environment. In this paper, particular attention was paid to presenting the topic in relation to the scale of mobbing in one of the branches of a trading company operating in Nowy Sącz. It is important to note that there are legal regulations, which define the procedures in the event of workplace mobbing, as well as institutions for supporting victims affected by mobbing. The article outlines references to the essence of the concept, the effects, causes and the characteristics of mobbing. The description of the victims’ and persecutors roles was also referenced, including the rights of the employee and the obligations of the employer. One important aspect of the study, is the issue of methods and the help provided for mobbed employees. Additionally, the study presents a research project based on one of the branches of a commercial company, analyzing the original condition of the company in terms of the presence of mobbing in its structures. This is in order to indicate possible solutions to eliminate mobbing. The phenomenon was analyzed on the basis of a quantitative study, conducted with the use of a questionnaire addressed to the employees of the company in question. Thanks to this, it was possible to obtain reliable research results. The proposed solutions, however, may only be used as alternative proposals; which the branch may introduce as part of mobbing prevention.

AMAÇ: Bir ya da daha fazla saldırgan tarafından, iki veya daha fazla insanın, birbirinden farklı olaylar içerisinde kasten öldürül- mesi, seri cinayet olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Türkçe literatürde seri cinayet tanımı ve özellikleri hakkında çok az sayıda veriye rastlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, İstanbul’daki seri cina- yet fail ve kurbanlarının profil özelliklerini değerlendirerek, seri cinayet ile ilgili araştırmacıları bilgilendirmek, olgu serilerinin tespitini ve faillere ulaşmayı kolaylaştıracak stratejiler belirle- mektir. YÖNTEM: Adli Tıp Kurumu Morg ve Gözlem İhtisas Daireleri, 4. İhtisas Kurulu ve Genel Kurulu raporları ile İstanbul Emni- yet Müdürlüğü Cinayet Büro Amirliği kayıtlarında seri cinayet ile uyumlu olgu serileri hakkında düzenlenmiş tüm adli ve tıbbi ev- rakın kalitatif değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. BULGULAR: Seri katil profili: tespit edilen yedi failin tamamı beyaz ırktan ve erkektir. İlk cinayet işleme yaşı 17 ile 40 arasın- da değişmekte olup, ortalama ilk cinayet işleme yaşı 27,2’dir. Değişik mesleklere sahip olmakla birlikte genellikle uzun süre yaptıkları legal bir işleri yoktur. Biri dışında tüm faillerin (%86) sabıkası ve fiziksel/cinsel travma öyküsü mevcuttur. Faillerin üçü (%42,9) şehvet ve biri (%14,3) rahatlık hedonizmiyle, ikisi (%28,5) görev, biri (%14,3) de güç kontrol güdüsüyle cinayet iş- lemektedirler. Üç failin sabit noktalı, üç failin bölgesel, bir failin de gezgin tarzda cinayetler işlediği saptanmıştır. Kurban profili; cinayetlerde tamamı beyaz ırktan 27 kurbanın, 4 kadın ve 20 er- kek 24’üne ait verilere ulaşılabilmiştir. İncelenen yedisi (%29,2) vücut bütünlüğü korunmuş, ikisi (%8,3) parçalanmış ve vücut parçaları eksik, dördü (%16,6) ileri derece yanmış, 11 (%45,8) ta- nesi de çürümüş halde kurbanın ceset bütünlüğü bozulmuştur. On kurban failini önceki dönemlerde tanımaktadır. Kurbanların yaşam tarzı yönünden verilerde belirgin eksiklikler dikkati çek- mektedir. SONUÇ: Tüm dünyada olduğu gibi, ülkemizde de seri cinayet olguları vardır ve doğru değerlendirmeler yapılıp, önleyici giri- şimlerde bulunulmadığı sürece, tespit edilsin veya edilmesin, kurban sayısı artacaktır. İstanbul’da kolluk kuvvetlerinde ve adli en azından coğrafi profilleme için kullanılabilecek bir suç veri tabanına ihtiyaç vardır. Seri cinayetleri tespit için kriminal pro- filleme ve adli psikoloji konularında donanımlı Gözlem İhtisas Dairesi gibi bir birimde yetişmiş uzmanlarla, yeterli otopsi tec- rübesine sahip adli tıp uzmanları ve emniyet içinde kurulmuş özel eğitimli dedektiflerin birlikte çalışacağı bir birime ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. INTRODUCTION: Serial murder can be defined as the un- lawful killing of two or more people by the same offender(s), in separate events with an emotional cooling-off period betwe- en homicides. Data related to definition and characteristics of serial murder are rarely encountered in Turkish literature. The present study aims to evaluate profiles of serial murderers and their victims in order to provide researchers with relevant infor- mation and to establish strategies facilitating detection of case series and access to perpetrators. METHODS: Qualitative evaluation of all legal and medical documents concerning serial murder case series available at the Morgue Specialization Department, Observation Speciali- zation Department, 4th Specialization Board, and General As- sembly of the Council of Forensic Medicine as well as the Homi- cide Bureau of Istanbul Police Department. RESULTS: Serial killer profile: all seven perpetrators were Caucasian males. Their age at initial murder ranged from 17 to 40 years-of age with an average of 27.2. Although coming from different professions, they usually did not perform a long-term legal job. All perpetrators except one (86%) had a criminal re- cord and physical/sexual trauma history. Three of the subjects (42,9%) committed homicide driven by lust, one by (14,3%) com- fort hedonism, in two (28,5%) murders were triggered by a mis- sion and in one by (14,3%) a power control impulse. Modus opeandi was nomadic in one, territorial in three, and stationary in three cases. Victim profile: all 27 victims were Caucasian. Data could be obtained for 24 victims, four women and 20 men. In seven (29.2%) cases, body integrity was preserved, in two (8.3%) cases body was dismembered with some missing body parts, four (16.6%) cases were severely burned, and 11 (45.8%) were decomposed. Ten of the victims were acquainted with their mur- derers. Lack of information regarding the lifestyles of victims was noteworthy. CONCLUSION: Serial murders exist in our country like in all over the world, and numbers of victims, known or unk- nown, will increase if the detected cases cannot be analyzed and evaluated thoroughly and preventing measures cannot be implemented properly. A continuously updated crime database covering a wide scope of indicators ranging from nature to lo- cation of a crime employed at least in geographical profiling is necessary for law enforcement agencies and forensic medicine specialists in Istanbul. The establishment of a unit enabling the collaboration of experts trained in an environment like the Ob- servation Specialization Department well equipped for criminal profiling and forensic psychology, forensic medicine specialists with thorough autopsy experience, and specifically trained de- tectives is inevitable.

The knowledge of the promoting variables of dating violence has been a topic much studied in the last decade. However, the definition of the profile of this type of victim still presents numerous unknowns that hinder the effectiveness of prevention programs against violence. This study analyzes the interaction of cognitive, emotional and behavioral variables that converge in the victim profile. The sample comprised 2577 adolescents (55.2% girls) of 14 to 18 years in age (M = 15.9, SD = 1.2). The instruments used were the dating violence questionnaire (CUVINO), the scale of detection of sexism in adolescents (DSA), Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement Scale and Child and Adolescent Disposition Scale (CADS). To study the relationship between the different variables considered in this article, a SEM analysis was used. The results show that victims of gender violence and emotional abuse have high scores in benevolent sexism, moral disengagement and emotionally negative behavioral patterns. Likewise, the existence of an interdependent relationship between these three sets of variables was found.

In Romania, the communist period brought about some serious damage to the image of the woman both at the society and at the family level, a fact that generated numerous social problems. Later on, the transition from socialism to capitalism was carried out with difficulty, and, in order to overcome the crisis situation (both social and familial) created, after 1989 the politicians preferred to “import” solutions without adapting them to the needs of the people, to its lifestyle and especially to the religion and culture of this nation. Moreover, domestic violence “continued its natural course”, still being considered a hidden problem, protected by the privacy of the family, by the institution of marriage and conceived as a thing that was allowed, accepted. Studies that should analyse the real status of this social problem were carried out only at national level, with more emphasis being laid on identifying the cases reported and solved and on the types of violence the victims were subjected to, but, unfortunately, the local or regional studies that should bring new and specific elements are very few. For this reason, the present survey tries to analyse the issues related to woman’s victimisation within an area lying in the south of Romania, namely in the Argeş County, by shaping a portrait of the woman from this area who presents a high risk of being abused and by identifying the cultural and structural barriers that prevent abuse and provide the means the victims need in order to be safe. The interviews carried out with the victims of domestic violence, as well as the analysis of their files, for a period of three years, render, in addition to the severity of the acts of violence and the trauma suffered, the authorities’ incapacity to manage this phenomenon which seems to become more and more present in Romanian households every single day that goes by. En Rumania, el periodo bajo el régimen comunista afectó seriamente la imagen de la mujer en la sociedad pero también en la familia, lo que generó varios problemas sociales. Más tarde, la transición desde el socialismo al capitalismo se realizó con dificultad y para enfrentar la situación de crisis (bien social y bien familiar) creada, después del año 1989, los políticos prefirieron «importar» soluciones sin adaptarlas a las necesidades del pueblo, a su estilo de vida pero sobre todo a la religión y cultura de esta nación. Además, la violencia doméstica «siguió su curso normal» todavía considerándose un problema ignorado, protegido en la intimidad de la familia, por la institución del matrimonio y visto como una cosa permitida, aceptada. Los estudios que analizan la situación real de este problema social se realizaron solamente al nivel nacional centrándose más en identificar los casos denunciados, solucionados y los tipos de violencia a las cuales fueron sujetas las víctimas, pero desgraciadamente, hay muy pocos estudios locales o regionales que traten de traer elementos nuevos y específicos. Por lo tanto, este estudio trata de analizar los problemas relacionados a la victimización de la mujer en una zona del Sur de Rumania, concretamente, en la provincia de Argeş, esbozando un retrato de la mujer que vive en esta zona y que presenta un riesgo más alto para abuso e identificando las barreras culturales y estructurales que impiden el abuso y ofrecen la ayuda que necesitan las víctimas para sentirse seguras. Las entrevistas realizadas con las víctimas de la violencia doméstica así como el análisis de los expedientes correspondientes, por un periodo de tres años, ponen de manifiesto, aparte de la gravedad de los actos de violencia y de los traumas sufridos, la incapacidad de las autoridades de gestionar este fenómeno que parece extenderse más en los hogares de los rumanos.

Los accidentes de tránsito en Costa Rica contribuyen significativamente con la tercera causa de muerte en el país en los últimos años: las causas externas, por ello resulta importante conocer el panorama más reciente de las fatalidades causadas por estos eventos. En el presente trabajo se analizarán desde el punto de vista médico legal los accidentes de tránsito fatales, cuyas víctimas fallecieron en el año 2007. Para ello se revisaron todas las autopsias efectuadas (un total de 3003) en el Departamento de Medicina Legal de Costa Rica para ese año. Se obtuvo que una cuarta parte de las mismas se originaron en accidentes de tránsito, lo cual generó una tasa de mortalidad de 16,58 por 100000 habitantes, considerada alta a nivel mundial. El perfil predominante de las víctimas fue: ser de género masculino, en edad económicamente productiva, con accidentes fatales de predominio en la noche, los fines de semana, en las provincias costeras, con fallecimiento en el sitio del hecho por trauma cráneo cervical en ocupantes de automotores o peatones, de los cuales un porcentaje significativo estaba bajo los efectos del alcohol y muy pocos bajo los efectos de otras drogas de abuso. Se insiste en la prevención como la herramienta fundamental para evitarlos. Traffic accidents in Costa Rica have been a contributing cause of death (the third cause of death) over the last years; that ’s why its is a mayor issue to know the panorama of the latest fatalities caused by this events. In this article, it will be analyzed from the legal medicine point of view, the fatal transit accidents during the year 2007. For these reason all autopsies (a total of 3003) occurred during that year which were made by the Departamento de Medicina Legal de Costa Rica were reviewed. From these revision, it was obtained that one forth of these autopsies were transit accidents, which means that the mortality rate was 16,58 per 100000 habitants, that is consider high over the world. The most common profile of the victims was: male, productive age, fatal accidents occurred predominantly during nights, weekends, in coast provinces, with death by cranial cervical trauma at the scene in pedestrian and drivers (including company), a significant percentage were under alcohol effects and very few were under the effects of other abuse dugs. It is insist the prevention as a fundamental tool to avoid them.