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In this commentary, we propose the use of video‐reflexive ethnography (VRE) as a means to support integration of patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) in cancer care screening. As for any policy or intervention, the optimization of PROs depends on moving beyond their mere formal introduction, and depends on the integration of PROs in the everyday practice contexts of health care professionals (HPEs). The use of VRE allows for video‐playback sessions among oncology professionals to support team‐based learning and practice‐change grounded in "reflexivity." Through a review of previous methods used to support organizational change in healthcare settings (e.g., policies, quality improvement initiatives, simulation sessions), we present some unsung advantages of VRE that can be applied to a complex integrated setting, such as cancer care. As opposed to other methods to create change, VRE does not dictate new measures, but rather supports "bottom‐up" provider‐initiated changes to health care practices and contexts, grounded in collaborative day‐to‐day practice. We argue that VRE optimizes PROs in cancer care by facilitating their effective and sustainable integration, to promote improved patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first step to better understand the relationship between natural enemy communities and pest control is to know which, when, and how frequently different natural enemies interact with their prey. In alfalfa fields of central Chile, aphids are the most common pests and are consumed by predators such as coccinellids, syrphids, and spiders. In this study, through video recording, we analyzed how natural enemy communities visiting aphid sentinel cards vary between scenarios of low and high abundance of aphids in alfalfa in spring. On 15 occasions, during the day, we monitored the natural enemies visiting cards with sentinel aphids (60 cards per field; total 900) located in fields with high (n = 6) and low (n = 9) aphid abundance. We also analyzed whether the abundance of coccinellid species visiting sentinel cards was related to their abundance in each field. In 750 h of video recording, we found 2749 natural enemies visiting the sentinel cards; 86.2% of them were coccinellids of five species. Total natural enemies and coccinellid visits were three times higher in low than in high aphid abundance scenarios. In contrast, the species richness and diversity of natural enemies and coccinellids visiting cards did not differ between aphid scenarios. The abundance of coccinellids in the field was positively associated with the abundance of coccinellids visiting cards, for the three most abundant species. Our study shows that video recording is useful for identifying changes in the communities of natural enemies of aphids in alfalfa, providing important new insights into trophic interactions in field situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his essay on the cockfight, Clifford Geertz charted a now familiar course in anthropological argument. He showed how the minute details of a practice can dramatize cultural ideas about it. Many anthropologists since have been persuaded that "practice" matters, that carefully examining the conduct of events is bound to reveal something about the status of such events in cultural life. This article reflects on the role of video footage in this equation, arguing that footage is useful for, among other things, tempering assumptions that all practice is thick with reflexive meaning relevant to its overarching type. Through an extended example drawn from my research on gambling in Laos, I suggest that, when squinted at in the right way while writing and thinking, video footage can be a heuristic for countering the urge to reduce practice into a cultural gestalt, in which all interactional details carry the same meaningful architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Given the complexity and variety in treatment options for advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), shared decision-making (SDM) can be a challenge. SDM is needed for making decisions that best suit patients’ needs and their medical and living situations. SDM might be experienced differently by different stakeholders. This study aimed to explore clinical practice and perspectives on SDM in nephrology from three angles: observers, patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs). Methods An explanatory sequential mixed methods design was used. First, in the quantitative part of the study, outpatient consultations with patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (eGFR < 20 ml/min) were video recorded and SDM was assessed using the OPTION5 instrument. Subsequently, in the qualitative part, patients and HCPs reflected on their own SDM behaviour during individual stimulated recall interviews which were analysed using deductive thematic content analysis. Results Twenty nine consultations were recorded and observed in seven hospitals. The mean SDM score was 51 (range 25–80), indicating that SDM was applied to a moderate extent. The stimulated recall interviews with patients showed that they rely on the information provision and opinion of HCPs, expect consistency and support, and desire a proactive role. They also expect to be questioned by the HCP about their SDM preferences. HCPs said they were willing to incorporate patients’ preferences in SDM, as long as there are no medical contraindications. They also prefer patients to take a prominent role in SDM. HCPs ascribe various roles to themselves in supporting patients’ decision-making. Conclusions Although SDM was applied by HCPs to a moderate extent, improvement is needed, especially in helping patients get the information they need and in making sure that every patient is involved in SDM. This is even more important given the complex nature of the disease and the relatively high prevalence of limited health literacy among patients with chronic kidney disease.

Research on sensitive topics with vulnerable populations is challenging in terms of ensuring safety and obtaining ethical approval. We explored the experiences of people with self-harm/suicidality who had taken part in research that included being video-recorded. Twenty-two semi-structured interviews took place within 2 weeks of attending the Emergency Department and were thematically analysed. Participating in research when in distress and in a challenging environment was found to be overwhelmingly positive. Participants valued contributing their time and insight, particularly when research was conducted in a skilled and kind manner. They identified personal (e.g., talking as part of the healing process) and wider benefits (e.g., helping to improve services) of participation, which for most, negated the difficulty of discussing highly sensitive topics when in crisis. Despite the potential 'intrusiveness' of video-recording, it was found to be acceptable by those who participated in the follow up interviews, a better method for learning and capturing interactions than e.g., questionnaires, and did not impede communication and the disclosure of distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given the complexity and variety in treatment options for advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), shared decision-making (SDM) can be a challenge. SDM is needed for making decisions that best suit patients' needs and their medical and living situations. SDM might be experienced differently by different stakeholders. This study aimed to explore clinical practice and perspectives on SDM in nephrology from three angles: observers, patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs).Methods: An explanatory sequential mixed methods design was used. First, in the quantitative part of the study, outpatient consultations with patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (eGFR < 20 ml/min) were video recorded and SDM was assessed using the OPTION5 instrument. Subsequently, in the qualitative part, patients and HCPs reflected on their own SDM behaviour during individual stimulated recall interviews which were analysed using deductive thematic content analysis.Results: Twenty nine consultations were recorded and observed in seven hospitals. The mean SDM score was 51 (range 25-80), indicating that SDM was applied to a moderate extent. The stimulated recall interviews with patients showed that they rely on the information provision and opinion of HCPs, expect consistency and support, and desire a proactive role. They also expect to be questioned by the HCP about their SDM preferences. HCPs said they were willing to incorporate patients' preferences in SDM, as long as there are no medical contraindications. They also prefer patients to take a prominent role in SDM. HCPs ascribe various roles to themselves in supporting patients' decision-making.Conclusions: Although SDM was applied by HCPs to a moderate extent, improvement is needed, especially in helping patients get the information they need and in making sure that every patient is involved in SDM. This is even more important given the complex nature of the disease and the relatively high prevalence of limited health literacy among patients with chronic kidney disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To analyze the problems faced by teachers and undergraduates online teaching. METHODS:A self-designed questionnaire survey and result of examination comparison were used. The contents of the questionnaire include the time used before and after class, the confusion faced by online teaching and the self-evaluation of teaching effect. 63 students and all teachers were participants in the questionnaire survey. The survey is from May 2020 to June 2020.RESULTS: The average time spent by students before class of online teaching had no difference with that of offline teaching, while the average time spent by teachers for online teaching before class was significantly longer than that for offline teaching. 63% of the undergraduates considered that online teaching takes much more time to review after class. 95% of the students admitted that online teaching was easier to lose concentration because of lack of interaction with teachers, and 73% of teachers though that for online teaching they had less passionate compared to off line teaching. Regarding to the questionnaire survey, 73% of the instructors expected that the effect of online teaching would be worse than that of offline teaching. Surprisingly, 95% of the students thought that there had no significant difference in knowledge mastering between online and offline teaching after reviewing of courseware. For the future teaching model, 91% of the teachers and 79% of the students preferred the combination of watching pre-recorded video and live broadcasting. CONCLUSION: The lack of interaction is the primary issue of online teaching. Online teaching can achieve the same effect as offline teaching,whereas it needs more post-class time for students. The combination of watching pre-recorded video and live-broadcasting is the online teaching mode recommended by teachers and students.

Avian brood parasites pose a serious threat to hosts, substantially reducing their fitness, which selects for the evolution of host defences. A classic example of a host frontline defence is mobbing, which frequently includes contact attacking of brood parasites. Here, we investigated how the nest defence of a very aggressive host, the Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus, influences the speed of egg‐laying and egg‐removing behaviour of its brood parasite – the Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus. We video‐recorded 168 brood parasitic events at 102 active host nests and found that Cuckoos avoided host mobbing in 62% of cases. If hosts spotted the Cuckoo at their nests, they almost always attacked it (91 of 104 cases; 88%); however, such attacks only rarely and temporarily prevented Cuckoos from parasitizing (11 additional cases). When attacked, Cuckoos parasitized host nests significantly faster and left them immediately after laying. However, when not attacked, Cuckoos frequently stayed at or near the nest, suggesting that host aggression, rather than the risk of being spotted, influences the speed of brood parasitism in this species. Further, we found that Cuckoos performed egg‐removing behaviour in all parasitic events without regard to host aggression. As a result, Cuckoos removed at least one egg during all brood parasitism events except those when the egg slipped from their beaks when they were attacked by hosts and, thus, remained in the nest (in nine of 82 cases when they were attacked; 10.9%). This indicates that egg‐removing behaviour is not costly for the Common Cuckoo and is an essential part of its parasitism strategy, widening our understanding of this elusive behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To assess midwives' evaluation of a real-life neonatal resuscitation and their opinion on importance of resuscitation interventions.Methods: Multicenter, multi-country study.Setting: Beira Central Hospital (Mozambique) and Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova (Italy).Subjects: Sixteen Mozambican midwives and 18 Italian midwives.Interventions: Midwives' assessment was evaluated by using a predefined score, which graded each resuscitation intervention (0–2 points) and summed to a total score for each step (initial steps, bag-mask ventilation, and chest compressions). All scores were compared with referral scores given by two expert neonatologists.Results: Both Mozambican and Italian midwives overestimated their performance regarding of initial steps taken during resuscitation, chest compressions, high-oxygen concentrations (p < 0.01), and underestimated the importance of stimulation (p < 0.05). Mozambicans overestimated suctioning (p < 0.001). Participants agreed with experts about the importance of equipment preparation, using a warmer, drying the newborn, removing wet linen and heart rate assessment.Conclusion: Mozambican and Italian midwives overestimated the performance of a real-life neonatal resuscitation, with heterogeneous evaluation of the importance of several aspects of neonatal resuscitation. These findings may be useful for identifying educational goals.

Objective: To explore how women describe efforts to seek, appraise and interpret information during the diagnostic phase of her breast cancer care.Methods: Qualitative interviews with 35 women with breast cancer across Canada, using audio/video recording. Thematic analysis was used to identify topics important to participants (original results published: www.healthexperiences.ca). Secondary analysis of transcripts to identify how women described information flow, content, and management strategies.Results: Women adopt different strategies to optimize access to information, while acknowledging the negative effects of information overload and lack of relevant information. They propose small steps towards gathering and managing information, and to focus initially on understanding their illness.Conclusion: Different strategies can help to ensure that women have the right information, in the right format, at the right time. Some of these strategies include developing guidance on how to 'handle' information, helping healthcare professionals identify patient's information preferences, improving the availability, quality and access to experiential information, and facilitating acces to electronic information that can tailor information. Further research to understand how women handle information can inform strategies to help newly-diagnosed patients navigate available information.Practice Implications: Healthcare professionals can work in partnership with patients to tailor reliable information to support informed decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Paediatric research on 'everyday' pain experiences is sparse, stemming from a lack of appropriate methodologies. We explored the feasibility of two methodologies for conducting naturalistic observations of 'everyday' pains within family's homes, against an established methodology for day-care observations. Design: Within family homes, video-cameras recorded a typical morning or afternoon (maximum three hours), either with, or without researcher presence. To compare feasibility, children in day-care were observed by researchers for three hours without video-recording. Outcome measures: logistics of observation, child pain behaviours, caregiver responses to child pain. Results: Thirteen children (Mage = 45.4 months) were recorded at home, experiencing 14 pain events. Researcher presence increased child distress intensity, but reduced the number of pain events compared to sessions without a researcher. Thirty-two children (Mage = 48.4 months) were observed in day-care, experiencing 44 pain events. Children experiencing pain events in day-care exhibited decreased distress and lower personal control than those observed at home. Across all conditions, caregivers engaged mostly in physical comfort. Researcher estimates of child pain were highest if scored while present in the home. Conclusions: Observing everyday pain events within the child's natural environment is feasible and may provide insight into the social context of childhood pain experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To gain insight into patient participation in general practice by examining if and how patients' question-asking behaviour has changed over the years (2007-2016).Methods: A random set of real-life video-recorded consultations collected in 2015-2016 (n = 437) was observed and compared with that of a former study in 2007-2008 (n = 533). Patients' question-asking behaviour was coded using an adapted RIAS protocol containing six categories: medical condition/therapeutic regimen; psychosocial; social context; lifestyle; ask for opinion doctor; practical. GPs and patients completed questionnaires about their background characteristics. Data were analysed using multi-level analysis.Results: Patients asked fewer questions in 2016 than in 2007. The type of question-asking behaviour changed significantly: in particular medical questions decreased while practical questions increased. Less educated patients asked significantly more practical questions than higher educated patients.Conclusion: Contrary to our expectations, patients' question-asking has decreased in 2016 compared to 2007, while the average consultation length has increased. The type of questions shifted from medical to practical, especially in less educated patients. It seems that GPs' professional role has expanded over time, since patients nowadays ask their GP more non-medical questions.Practice Implications: GPs probably could continue facilitating patient involvement by more frequently using partnership-building and supportive communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Home and Consumer Studies (HCS) is a subject in the Swedish compulsory school that has sustainability issues clearly enrolled in its syllabus. Among other things, students should learn to make sustainable food choices, i.e.they should understand the consequences concerning health, finance and environment of what food they choose to consume. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the discussion about education for sustainable development (ESD) by investigating how students act in different decision-making processes during foodwork in HCS. Subsequently challenges when teaching sustainable food consumption are highlighted. The empirical material consists of video-recorded students (year 9) foodworking in an HCS classroom. Based on John Deweýs philosophy, Practical Epistemological Analysis (PEA) is used to analyse how the students make choices and proceed in their work. The taste of food is decisive for how the students move on in their foodwork. Sustainability aspects are raised to some extent but do not have the same significance. It is concluded that it is complex to teach sustainable food consumption and possibilities to modify the teaching so that taste become part of the content when teaching sustainable food consumption is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Safety-netting advice is information shared with a patient or their carer designed to help them identify the need to seek further medical help if their condition fails to improve, changes, or if they have concerns about their health. Aim: To assess when and how safety-netting advice is delivered in routine GP consultations. Design and setting: This was an observational study using 318 recorded GP consultations with adult patients in the UK. Method: A safety-netting coding tool was applied to all consultations. Logistic regression for the presence or absence of safety-netting advice was compared between patient, clinician, and problem variables. Results: A total of 390 episodes of safety-netting advice were observed in 205/318 (64.5%) consultations for 257/555 (46.3%) problems. Most advice was initiated by the GP (94.9%) and delivered in the treatment planning (52.1%) or closing (31.5%) consultation phases. Specific advice was delivered in almost half (47.2%) of episodes. Safety-netting advice was more likely to be present for problems that were acute (odds ratio [OR] 2.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.30 to 3.64), assessed first in the consultation (OR 2.94, 95% CI = 1.85 to 4.68) or assessed by GPs aged ≤49 years (OR 2.56, 95% CI = 1.45 to 4.51). Safety-netting advice was documented for only 109/242 (45.0%) problems. Conclusion: GPs appear to commonly give safety-netting advice, but the contingencies or actions required on the patient's part may not always be specific or documented. The likelihood of safety-netting advice being delivered may vary according to characteristics of the problem or the GP. How to assess safety-netting outcomes in terms of patient benefits and harms does warrant further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, using a multidimensional methodology, we explored the role of materiality in the everyday lives of eight Italian families. Focusing on spaces and objects, we analyzed how people "use" material frames and boundaries in expanding their individual and collective experiences at home. We employed a composite design including different sources of data: audio and videotaped home tours, visual ethnographic notes and photos, observations of everyday family activities, home-mapping and observational tracking of actions at regular intervals. We used discourse and conversation analysis to investigate family members' talk-in-interaction concerning materiality. The findings show that spaces and objects are expansions of participants' everyday activities: they are presented as flexible in their use, multifunctional and affectively connoted. We also present implications for the methodological design and its potential for capturing how family doings create both a sense of life and the affordances of everyday experiences at home.

Background: Shared decision-making (SDM) is, largely, espoused as the preferred model for making decisions in everyday health care. Studies exploring the application of SDM in primary care practice are still lacking.Objectives: This study explores how GPs involve their patients in decision-making, if application of SDM has increased over time (2007-15), and what factors are associated with it.Methods: We investigated the application of SDM by Dutch GPs by analysing a random set of real-life video-recorded consultations collected in 2007 (n = 50) and 2015 (n = 50). SDM was assessed by observing patient involvement in decision making (OPTION), a reliable and valid instrument measuring the extent to which clinicians involve patients in decision-making by coding 12 behavioural items. In addition, GPs and patients completed questionnaires about their background characteristics. The potential determinants for application of SDM by Dutch GPs (including year of measurement, sex and age of patients and GPs, the nature of complaints, consultation duration and the type of decision discussed) were analysed using multilevel analysis [with patients (Level 1) nested within GPs (Level 2)].Results: In 2015, GPs applied SDM more often compared with 2007 according to OPTION. In consultations with older patients, there is less application of SDM by GPs.Conclusions: Although application of SDM by Dutch GPs has increased, low overall SDM scores still leave room for improvement. GPs should elicit the patient's preferred role in the decision-making process at any time, in particular in consultations with older patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most species of songbirds exhibit biparental care, but, for many taxa and species, little is known about the relative contributions of males and females in brooding and provisioning nestlings. Additional studies of the contributions of males and females in brooding and feeding nestlings are needed to better understand the respective roles of males and females as well as the factors that might contribute to interspecific variation in those roles. We examined the roles of adult male and female White-eyed Vireos (Vireo griseus) in brooding and provisioning nestlings in east-central Kentucky during the 1996 breeding season. Nests were located by monitoring adult behavior and checking likely nest sites. Once eggs hatched, nests were video-recorded to monitor the behavior of adults. Subsequent review of videos revealed that both male and female White-eyed Vireos brooded young and that males provisioned nestlings at higher rates than females. In contrast to males in many other species of songbirds, male White-eyed Vireos assisted in brooding young and provisioned nestlings at higher rates than their mates. One possible explanation for this is that low rates of extra-pair paternity might increase male confidence of their paternity status. Parental care provided by male White-eyed Vireos may also limit energy expenditure by their mates and increase the likelihood of females re-nesting if nests are predated or initiating second nesting attempts if initial attempts are successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for meaningful activities that enhance engagement is very important among persons with dementia (PWDs), both for PWDs still living at home, as well as for PWDs admitted to a nursing home (NH). In this study, we systematically registered behaviours related to engagement in a group animal-assisted activity (AAA) intervention for 21 PWDs in NHs and among 28 home-dwelling PWDs attending a day care centre. The participants interacted with a dog and its handler for 30 minutes, twice a week for 12 weeks. Video-recordings were carried out early (week 2) and late (week 10) during the intervention period and behaviours were categorized by the use of an ethogram. AAA seems to create engagement in PWDs, and might be a suitable and health promoting intervention for both NH residents and participants of a day care centre. Degree of dementia should be considered when planning individual or group based AAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of video recording, video recording assignments, and self-evaluation using a smartphone on interview skills in English. For the study, 24 university students participated in the pre and post English interviews, video recording assignments, and self-evaluation. Using the smartphones of the students and the professor, the pre and post English interviews were videotaped and were evaluated both by the professor and by the students based on 15 items of content and delivery evaluation. The results of this study were as follows: First, according to a paired samples t-test, the means of the post interview data were significantly higher than the ones from the pre interview in terms of 14 items. Second, there was no significant difference between the professor's evaluation and self-evaluation in terms of an independent samples t-test. Lastly, the participants showed positive responses towards smartphone video recording and self-assessment activity based on the surveys. The findings of the study indicate that video recording, video recording assignments, and self-evaluation process using a smartphone seem to be useful activities for improving interview skills in English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current intensification of agriculture is leading to growing concern about the sustainability of modern farming systems, since farmland biodiversity has severely declined. While several studies have shown that vineyard management systems ( i.e. organic vs. conventional) are important factors determining biodiversity and influencing population trends, there is a paucity of studies focusing on the effects at finer levels, such as breeding behaviour, habitat selection and movements. Here, we examined the effects of vineyard management systems on the breeding ecology of great tits ( Parus major ) in north-western Italy. We used nest-boxes to video-record feeding efforts of parents, and radio-telemetry to detect the movements of the males. Habitat composition between the two management systems differed. Organic vineyards were characterized by a high grass cover and the presence of fruit trees, while the presence of bare ground and the use of herbicides were typical for conventional vineyards. The number of nestlings fed by parents per visit and the weight of nine day old nestlings were significantly higher in organic than in conventional vineyards. The diet of nestlings was unaffected by the management system, but depended on the landscape characteristics. Caterpillars were the favourite prey in forest-dominated areas, whereas other invertebrates increased in vineyard-dominated areas. Feeding home range was also independent of the management system, but depended on the age of males (larger in adults). Habitat selection of feeding parents within home ranges was non-random in relation to habitat availability and changed according to the distance from the nest: parents selected forests when they moved far from the nest and used vineyards when remaining in the surroundings of the nest-box. Our results suggest that management systems may affect parental feeding ecology of great tits nesting in vineyards. Differences in the number of nestlings fed per visit and in the weight of the nestlings suggest that conventional vineyards offer fewer feeding resources (and/or of lower quality) than organic vineyards, with potential negative effects on survival of juveniles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to examine the influence of environmental challenges on tic expression by subjective and objective measures. The study group consisted of 41 children aged 6–18 years (M=10.15, SD=2.73) with a primary diagnosis of Tourette syndrome. Subjective measures included the Functional Assessment Interview developed for this study and three standard validated instruments. The objective measure was a video-recording of the patients in five daily-life situations: watching television, doing homework, being alone, receiving attention when ticcing, and talking to a stranger. In addition, the effect of premonitory urges on assessment of tic expression was evaluated. The associations between the subjective and objective measures of tic expression were moderate to low. A significantly higher number of tics were observed in the television situation, and a significantly lower number in the alone situation, compared to the other situations. Higher levels of premonitory urge were associated with greater awareness of objectively measured tic expression. In conclusion, tic expression is significantly influenced by the environment. Subjective measures of tic expression may be misleading. These results have implications for refining the clinical assessment of tics, improving research methodology, and developing new therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is based on research conducted in a school where, as reported by the mathematics teachers, a majority of the students aged between seven and nine had serious difficulties in problem-solving in mathematics. The purpose of the study was to ascertain why the whole body of students had such difficulties and why in such depth. It was necessary to examine the extent to which either or both of conceptual knowledge and procedural knowledge were absent, and why. In all, 27 students were studied over an extended period and were interviewed face-to-face. These interviews were videotaped, studied and analysed in depth and the relevant data extracted. The findings disclosed a number of weaknesses in both procedural and conceptual knowledge, an inability to appreciate the relationship between those two areas of knowledge and, as a result, real difficulty in making sense of simple word problems. The methodology proved most significant, highlighting the tremendous importance of using observation, video-recording those observations and analysing and interpreting them to identify learning difficulties. The implications for teachers in making greater use of video-recorded observational assessment are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malaria mosquitoes often blood feed indoors on human hosts. The mosquitoes predominantly enter houses via open eaves. Host-seeking is odour-driven, and finding a host depends on the quality of the odour plume and whether the route towards the host is free of obstructions. Little is known about in-flight behaviour of mosquitoes during house entry. This semi-field study visualizes mosquito house entry in three dimensions (3D) and offers new insights for optimizing vector control interventions. Methods: The approach and house entry of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto was studied in a semi-field set-up using video-recorded flight tracks and 3D analysis. Behavioural parameters of host-seeking female mosquitoes were visualized with respect to their position relative to the eave as well as whether a mosquito would enter or not. Host odour was standardized using an attractive synthetic blend in addition to CO2. The study was conducted in western Kenya at the Thomas Odhiambo Campus of the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Mbita. Results: The majority of host-seeking An. gambiae approached a house with a flight altitude at eave level, arriving within a horizontal arc of 180°. Fifty-five per cent of mosquitoes approaching a house did not enter or made multiple attempts before passing through the eave. During approach, mosquitoes greatly reduced their speed and the flight paths became more convoluted. As a result, mosquitoes that passed through the eave spent more than 80 % of the observed time within 30 cm of the eave. Mosquitoes that exited the eave departed at eave level and followed the edge of the roof (12.5 %) or quickly re-entered after exiting (9.6 %). Conclusions: The study shows that host-seeking mosquitoes, when entering a house, approach the eave in a wide angle to the house at eave level. Less than 25 % of approaching mosquitoes entered the house without interruption, whereas 12.5 % of mosquitoes that had entered left the house again within the time of observation. Advances in tracking techniques open a new array of questions that can now be answered to improve household interventions that combat malaria transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Background Clinical decision-making is a complex activity that is critical to patient safety. Simulation, augmented by feedback, affords learners the opportunity to learn critical clinical decision-making skills. More detailed feedback following simulation exercises has the potential to further enhance student learning, particularly in relation to developing improved clinical decision-making skills. Objective To investigate the feasibility of head-mounted video camera recordings, to augment feedback, following acute patient deterioration simulations. Design Pilot study using an observational design. Methods Ten final-year nursing students participated in three simulation exercises, each focussed on detection and management of patient deterioration. Two observers collected behavioural data using an adapted version of Gaba's Clinical Simulation Tool, to provide verbal feedback to each participant, following each simulation exercise. Participants wore a head-mounted video camera during the second simulation exercise only. Video recordings were replayed to participants to augment feedback, following the second simulation exercise. Data were collected on: participant performance (observed and perceived); participant perceptions of feedback methods; and head-mounted video camera recording feasibility and capability for detailed audio-visual feedback. Results Management of patient deterioration improved for six participants (60%). Increased perceptions of confidence (70%) and competence (80%), were reported by the majority of participants. Few participants (20%) agreed that the video recording specifically enhanced their learning. The visual field of the head-mounted video camera was not always synchronised with the participant's field of vision, thus affecting the usefulness of some recordings. Conclusion The usefulness of the video recordings, to enhance verbal feedback to participants on detection and management of simulated patient deterioration, was inconclusive. Modification of the video camera glasses, to improve visual-field synchronisation with participants' actual visual field, is recommended to further explore this technology for enhancing student performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting undergraduate nursing students' learning in simulated care can be achieved through dynamic scenario-based training sessions that are documented using simple video equipment. One valuable aspect of this kind of training is the subsequent reflective dialogue that takes place between the teacher and the students during the examination. The aim of the present paper is to describe bachelor nursing students' experiences of being video-recorded during an examination with a simulated patient in emergency care. The study was descriptive in design and used a qualitative approach with written answers to open-ended questions; 44 undergraduate nursing students participated. A latent content analysis resulted in three themes: (i) visualization might cause nervousness at first; (ii) visualization promotes dialogue and acknowledgement; and (iii) visualization promotes increased self-knowledge and professional growth. The conclusion is that video-recording is a good way for undergraduate nursing students to develop skills in emergency care situations and to understand their own actions; it might also help them increase their self-knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research study was to examine the utility of video-recording self-analysis as an effective means of reflective practice for teachers. Participants were enrolled in a graduate-level education specialist program for practicing teachers based, in part, on the National Board for Professional Teaching standards–one of which explicitly focuses on reflective practice for teachers. Participants employed a formal observation instrument to guide them in this reflective activity. All participants recorded and analyzed their teaching using the observation instrument, and subsequently participated in a think-aloud session during which they discussed the activity as a reflective practice. Participants articulated that engaging in this guided reflective activity brought a heightened awareness of teaching strengths and weaknesses. Specifically, participants noted that employing the observation instrument, coupled with the formalized act of video-recording analysis, allowed them to focus on details of teaching often overlooked in less formal reflective practice or formal evaluation.

Background Demographic and policy changes appear to be increasing the complexity of consultations in general practice. Aim To describe the number and types of problems discussed in general practice consultations, differences between problems raised by patients or doctors, and between problems discussed and recorded in medical records. Design and setting Cross-sectional study based on video recordings of consultations in 22 general practices in Bristol and North Somerset. Method Consultations were examined between 30 representative GPs and adults making a pre-booked day-time appointment. The main outcome measures were number and types of problems and issues discussed; who raised each problem/issue; consultation duration; whether problems were recorded and coded. Results Of 318 eligible patients, 229 (72.0%) participated. On average, 2.5 (95% CI = 2.3 to 2.6) problems were discussed in each consultation, with 41% of consultations involving at least three problems. Seventy-two per cent (165/229) of consultations included problems in multiple disease areas. Mean consultation duration was 11.9 minutes (95% CI = 11.2 to 12.6). Most problems discussed were raised by patients, but 43% (99/229) of consultations included problems raised by doctors. Consultation duration increased by 2 minutes per additional problem. Of 562 problems discussed, 81% (n = 455) were recorded in notes, but only 37% (n = 206) were Read Coded. Conclusion Consultations in general practice are complex encounters, dealing with multiple problems across a wide range of disease areas in a short time. Additional problems are dealt with very briefly. GPs, like patients, bring an agenda to consultations. There is systematic bias in the types of problems coded in electronic medical records databases [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is important to survival after cardiac arrest. Mechanical devices (MD) provide constant CPR, but their effectiveness may be affected by deployment timeliness. Objectives: To identify the timeliness of the overall and of each essential step in the deployment of a piston-type MD during emergency department (ED) resuscitation, and to identify factors associated with delayed MD deployment by video recordings. Methods: Between December 2005 and December 2008, video clips from resuscitations with CPR sessions using a MD in the ED were reviewed using time-motion analyses. The overall deployment timeliness and the time spent on each essential step of deployment were measured. Results: There were 37 CPR recordings that used a MD. Deployment of MD took an average 122.6±57.8s. The 3 most time-consuming steps were: (1) setting the device (57.8±38.3s), (2) positioning the patient (33.4±38.0s), and (3) positioning the device (14.7±9.5s). Total no flow time was 89.1±41.2s (72.7% of total time) and associated with the 3 most time-consuming steps. There was no difference in the total timeliness, no-flow time, and no-flow ratio between different rescuer numbers, time of day of the resuscitation, or body size of patients. Conclusions: Rescuers spent a significant amount of time on MD deployment, leading to long no-flow times. Lack of familiarity with the device and positioning strategy were associated with poor performance. Additional training in device deployment strategies are required to improve the benefits of mechanical CPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many authors have claimed that participatory perspectives should be a significant feature of environmental and sustainability education (ESE). This change in ESE practice implies a relocation of the process of environmental knowledge constitution from ‘before’ to ‘in’ the educational event. The aim of this paper is to clarify both the processes of knowledge constitution and the content of the constituted knowledge within participatory ESE practices. Two methods based on John Dewey’s transactional perspective are used in the study: epistemological move analysis and pragmatic discourse analysis. The empirical material consists of video-recorded student discussions about climate change in the setting of a Swedish upper secondary school with a pronounced sustainability approach. In the analyses, six different epistemological moves used by the students are identified. The analyses show how students cooperatively constitute a specific view of climate change by using these moves. A main conclusion of this study is that participatory approaches do not necessarily mean that knowledge becomes more diverse. It is therefore important that teachers pay attention to governing processes among students and occasionally challenge the common view in order to allow for alternative possibilities and views. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Background: Communication is central to safe medication management. Handover is a routine communication forum where nurses provide details about how patients’ medications are managed. Previous studies have investigated handover processes as general communication forums without specific focus on medication information exchange. The effects of social, environmental and organisational contexts on handover communication and medication safety have not been explored. Objectives: To examine dominant and submissive forms of communication and power relations surrounding medication communication among nurses, and between nurses and patients during handover. Design: A critical ethnographic approach was utilised to unpack the social and power struggles embedded in handover practices. Settings: The study was conducted in two medical wards of a metropolitan teaching hospital in Melbourne, Australia from January to November 2010. Participants: All registered nurses employed in the medical wards during the study time were eligible for participation. Patients were eligible if they were able to communicate with nurses about how their medications were managed. In total, 76 nurses and 27 patients were recruited for the study after giving written consent for participation. Methods: Participant observations, field interviews, video-recordings and video reflexive focus groups were conducted. Fairclough''s critical discourse analytic framework guided data analysis. Results: Nurse coordinators’ group handovers in private spaces prioritised organisational and biomedical discourses, with little emphasis on evaluating the effectiveness of medication treatment. The ward spatial structure provided an added complexity to how staff allocation occurred. Handovers involving patients in the public spaces at the bedside facilitated a partnership model in medication communication. Nurses exercised discretion during bedside handovers by discussing sensitive information away from the bedside. Handovers across different wards during patient transfers caused communication breakdowns because information was not exchanged between bedside nurses. Conclusions: Nurse coordinators need to relinquish organisational control of the handover practice and appreciate the contribution of bedside nurses to patient information exchange. Bedside nurses need to be provided with opportunities to raise questions during the group handover. Designated meeting spaces need to be provided to reduce interruptions to the group handover process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

History taking is a vital component of patient assessment. Nurses need sound interviewing skills to identify care priorities. Verbal and non-verbal cues provide triggers to follow-up with appropriate questions during health assessment for development of appropriate care plans. This skill, however, is a difficult one for students to learn and develop. This paper reports on a study that explored the value of video-recording, facilitated review and debriefing following a simulated patient experience to enhance final year nursing students' history taking and assessment skills. Scenarios, from commonly encountered situations, with imbedded cues were developed. Actors were employed as simulated patients from whom students took histories while being videotaped. Video- recordings were then reviewed by each student with a lecturer to highlight missed cues or areas where questioning could be developed. These were later analysed to explore cue identification. Finally, a focus group was conducted with participants to elicit feedback on the experience. Findings suggested that it was a valuable exercise. Students lacked prior appreciation for many aspects, such as lifestyle, on planning care. Some reported never having had opportunity during clinical placement to take a full history. Analysis of recordings identified commonly missed social cues and failure to fully explore emerging data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows that the use of video-recording of communication processes allows the researchers to build indicators which are very helpful for the evaluation of the concrete communication processes between the operators and the addressees in which the social intervention takes form empirically. In particular, this article discusses a specific case study, that is, the evaluation of a social intervention addressed to the promotion of the European citizenship among students of secondary schools in Modena. The video-recording of communication processes allows to build three key indicators for the evaluation of an intervention addressed to promote the social participation, that is: 1) the way in which operators set adolescents' expectations toward the intervention, 2) the measure in which operators' actually promote adolescents' agency in the interaction, besides the theoretical premises of the intervention, 3) the operators' ability in making use of conflict among adolescents as opportunity for the promotion of their active and creative participation in a crucial social process such as conflict management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare and contrast the duration and content of physician–patient interaction for patients presenting to an emergency department with problems of low acuity in 1990 and 2005 treated by different grades of physician. Methods: Observational study with data collection in May–July 1990 and May–July 2005. Patients identified at nurse triage as presenting with ‘primary care’ problems were allocated by time of arrival to senior house officers (1990, n =7; 2005, n =10), specialist registrars/staff grades (1990, n =4; 2005, n =7) or sessionally employed general practitioners (1990, n =8; 2005, n =12) randomly rostered to work in a consulting room that had a wall-mounted video camera. A stratified sample of 430 video-taped consultations (180 (42%) from 1990 and 250 (58%) from 2005) was analysed using the Roter Interaction Analysis System. Main outcome measures—length of consultation; numbers of utterances of physician and patient talk related to building a relationship, data gathering, activating/partnering (i.e. actively encouraging the patient''s involvement in decision-making), and patient education/counselling. Results: On average consultation length was 251s (95% CI for difference: 185–316) longer in 2005 than in 1990. The difference was especially marked for senior house officers (mean duration 385s in 1990 and 778s in 2005; 95% CI of difference: 286–518). All groups of physician showed increased communication related to activating and partnering and building a therapeutic relationship with the patient. While senior house officers demonstrated a greatly increased focus on data gathering, only general practitioners substantially increased the amount of talk centred on patient education and counselling; compared to senior house officers, the odds ratio for the number of such utterances included in consultations was 2.8 (95% CI: 1.4, 5.3). Conclusion: Although patient-centredness together with consultation length increased for all three physician groups over the duration of this study, senior house officers and specialist registrars/staff grades continued to place less emphasis on advice-giving and counselling than did general practitioners. The extent to which these observed changes in practice were determined by policy, management and training initiatives, and their impact on patient outcome, needs further study. Practice implications: Video-recording consultations is feasible in an acute hospital setting, and could be used to support training and workforce development. General practitioners can make a distinctive contribution to the workforce of emergency departments. Their consulting style differs from that of hospital physicians and may benefit patient care through a greater focus on patient education and counselling. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Introduction: The quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) plays a crucial role in saving lives from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Previous studies have identified sub-optimal CPR quality in the prehospital settings, but the causes leading to such deficiencies were not fully elucidated. Objective: This prospective study was conducted to identify operator- and ambulance-related factors affecting CPR quality during ambulance transport; and to assess the effectiveness of mechanical CPR device in such environment. Materials and methods: A digital video-recording system was set up in two ambulances in Taipei City to study CPR practice for adult, non-traumatic OHCAs from January 2005 to March 2006. Enrolled patients received either manual CPR or CPR by a mechanical device (Thumper). Quality of CPR in terms of (1) adequacy of chest compressions, (2) instantaneous compression rates, and (3) unnecessary no-chest compression interval, was assessed by time-motion analysis of the videos. Results: A total of 20 ambulance resuscitations were included. Compared to the manual group (n =12), the Thumper group (n =8) had similar no-chest compression interval (33.40% versus 31.63%, P =0.16); significantly lower average chest compression rate (113.3±47.1min−1 versus 52.3±14.2min−1, P <0.05), average chest compression rate excluding no-chest compression interval (164.2±43.3min−1 versus 77.2±6.9min−1, P <0.05), average ventilation rate (16.1±4.9min−1 versus 11.7±3.5min−1, P <0.05); and longer no-chest compression interval before getting off the ambulance (5.7±9.9s versus 18.7±9.1s, P <0.05). The majority of the no-chest compression interval was considered operator-related; only 15.3% was caused by ambulance related factors. Conclusions: Many unnecessary no-chest compression intervals were identified during ambulance CPR, and most of this was operator, rather than ambulance related. Though a mechanical device could minimise the no-chest compression intervals after activation, it took considerable time to deploy in a system with short transport time. Human factors remained the most important cause of poor CPR quality. Ways to improve the CPR quality in the ambulance warrant further study. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Nocturnal frontal lobe seizures (NFLS) show one or all of the following semeiological patterns: (1) paroxysmal arousals (PA: brief and sudden recurrent motor paroxysmal behavior); (2) hyperkinetic seizures (HS: motor attacks with complex dyskinetic features); (3) asymmetric bilateral tonic seizures (ATS: motor attacks with dystonic features); (4) epileptic nocturnal wanderings (ENW: stereotyped, prolonged ambulatory behavior). Objective: To estimate the interobserver reliability (IR) of video-recording diagnosis in patients with suspected NFLS among sleep medicine experts, epileptologists, and trainees in sleep medicine. Methods: Sixty-six patients with suspected NFLS were included. All underwent nocturnal video-polysomnographic recording. Six doctors (three experts and three trainees) independently classified each case as “NFLS ascertained” (according to the above specified subtypes: PA, HS, ATS, ENW) or “NFLS excluded”. IR was calculated by means of Kappa statistics, and interpreted according to the standard classification (0.0–0.20 = slight agreement; 0.21–0.40 = fair; 0.41–0.60 = moderate; 0.61–0.80 = substantial; 0.81–1.00 = almost perfect). Results: The observed raw agreement ranged from 63% to 79% between each pair of raters; the IR ranged from “moderate” (kappa = 0.50) to “substantial” (kappa = 0.72). A major source of variance was the disagreement in distinguishing between PA and nonepileptic arousals, without differences in the level of agreement between experts and trainees. Conclusions: Among sleep experts and trainees, IR of diagnosis of NFLS, based on videotaped observation of sleep phenomena, is not satisfactory. Explicit video-polysomnographic criteria for the classification of paroxysmal sleep motor phenomena are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observation is a highly valued and effective research method, as well as being an essential part of nursing practice. The authors explore the way in which non-participant observation as a research method might be enhanced by the use of video recording. The utility, ethical considerations and constraints of video recording as a data collection tool are discussed, with examples from a research study. The authors argue that the use of videos can enhance the credibility of non-participant observation studies through the minimisation of selectivity and bias and the opportunity to employ more rigorous strategies for ensuring reliability [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duration of the consultation is dependent on patient-related factors as well as on factors related to the health care system. Video-recording allows direct evaluation of the consultation and is acceptable to patients. Length of time of consultation is dependent on the patient's age and on the number and nature of the problems, but is not influenced by gender. Objective - To study the influence of age, gender and the nature of the patient's problems on length of time of consultation in the practices of newly trained family doctors in a recently reconstructed health care system. Design - Video-recordings of consultations with consecutive patients in family practice were studied for duration of consultation in relation to age, gender and nature of the problem(s). Setting - Primary health care. Subjects - 405 consecutive consultations were video-taped in the practices of 27 family doctors. Main outcome measures - Length of time of consultation and its segments was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The problems were classified according to the ICPC. Results - The average consultation lasted 9.0 min (±4.9). Physical examination was 2.0 min (±1.9) and was performed in 79% of all consultations. Respiratory and circulatory problems were the most common. More than one reason for the encounter was given in one-fourth of cases. Consultation time was longer for older age groups and for patients with psychological problems. Conclusion - Video-recording allows consultations to be evaluated directly and is acceptable to patients. The high participation rate of patients in our study can be explained by the individual approach and by the family doctor system. The period of consultation was dependent on patient age and on the number and nature of the problems, but was not influenced by gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, peculiarities of β→α hydride transformation in subsurface layers of a β-hydride of palladium in the temperature range 270–100°C were studied. The transformation processes were fixed with video camera in real time and then video movies were analyzed with a Pentium computer. It is shown that a decrease in internal hydrogen phase stresses and hydrogen concentrational ones with increase in temperature strongly influences both morphological peculiarities and the rate of transformation. So, at temperatures of 100–190°C the generation and growth of nuclei can be seen clearly. The features of transformation change with decrease in temperature: at 150°C, nuclei appear one another, the incubation period in subsurface layers consists of 8 s. At 190–170°C, nuclei appear simultaneously without any incubation period. At temperatures of 230–270°C, the transformation proceeds without any relief on the sample surface. The transformation in subsurface layers of a β-PdHx accelerates with temperature increasing from 100°C up to 150°C more than 700 times. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Patterns in midwives’ and expectant/new parents’ ways of relating to each other in ante- and postnatal consultations Patterns in midwives’ and expectant/new parents’ ways of relating to each other in ante- and postnatal midwifery consultations were described by means of qualitative content analysis of 58 video-recorded consultations in a Swedish primary care setting. The midwives appeared to steer the consultations by adopting a basic pattern and occasionally including other patterns. Of the five patterns disclosed, three were revealed as basic and named ‘the respectful gardener and her developing plants’, ‘the propagandist teacher and her ignorant pupils’ and ‘the steering inspector and the representatives of the population at disposal’. The midwives related in individually oriented ways in the first pattern while the latter two indicated generalized ways of relating. The expectant/new mothers were more active in the two additional patterns ‘the mediating counsellor and the discreet seekers of guidance’ and ‘the personal women-friends’. The expectant/new fathers mostly had a minor role, only appearingly actively involved within the ‘gardener’ pattern. Midwives need to reflect over their ways of relating as these influence how expectant/new parents deal with the information given and their satisfaction with the care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many nursing home patients with dementia suffer from symptoms of agitation (e.g. anxiety, shouting, irritability). This study investigated whether individualized music could be used as a nursing intervention to reduce such symptoms in four patients with severe dementia. The patients were video-recorded during four sessions in four periods, including a control period without music, two periods where individualized music was played, and one period where classical music was played. The recordings were analysed by systematic observations and the Facial Action Coding System. Two patients became calmer during some of the individualized music sessions; one patient remained sitting in her armchair longer, and the other patient stopped shouting. For the two patients who were most affected by dementia, the noticeable effect of music was minimal. If the nursing staff succeed in discovering the music preferences of an individual, individualized music may be an effective nursing intervention to mitigate anxiety and agitation for some patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the validity of self-reporting and videorecording as methods of measuring the duration of knee-straining work postures, and to evaluate the reproducibility of timings of the video-recordings. Thirty-nine carpenters and 33 floorlayers were video-filmed while working, and were asked immediately afterwards to quantify the amount of time spent in knee-straining positions. The investigators recorded the periods of knee-straining work with a stopwatch during playback of the video-film, and the agreement between the two investigators' measurements was studied in 13 pairs of measurements. The video observation method was very effective for timing knee-strain work. Furthermore, Spearman's correlation coefficient (0.88) indicated a good association between observed and self-reported knee-straining work. Estimation of self-reported kneestraining work collected by interview showed good correlation with measurements of video-recordings. When judging the repeatability of timings of kneestraining work from the video-recordings, a high level of agreement was seen between the two observers in the 13 dual measurements of time spent in kneestraining work positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]