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Background: This study aimed to observe corneal and retinal thicknesses at 5 years after femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) and small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) for myopia, investigate the effect of epithelial remodeling on refractive status and visual quality, and compare retinal thicknesses among fundus tessellation grades. Methods: Patients who received FS-LASIK or SMILE 5 years before were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. After 1:1 propensity score matching, each surgical group obtained 177 patients (177 eyes). Examinations including visual acuity, refraction, corneal and retinal thicknesses, corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs), and fundus photography were performed in this visit at 5 years after surgery. The Quality of Vision (QoV) questionnaire was used to assess visual symptoms and overall satisfaction. Corneal and retinal thicknesses between groups were compared, contributing factors were analyzed, and correlations with postoperative refractive status, HOAs, QoV scores and overall satisfaction were evaluated. Results: The discrepancy of epithelial thickness between central and pericentral zones in FS-LASIK group was larger than that in SMILE group, which was negatively correlated with postoperative spherical equivalent (SE), positively correlated with spherical aberration (all P < 0.05), but not correlated with QoV scores and overall satisfaction (all P > 0.05) in both surgical groups. There was no statistical difference in stromal thickness and total corneal thickness (all P > 0.05). Most annuluses of epithelial and stromal thicknesse were linearly related to preoperative SE (all P < 0.05). The macular thickness, ganglion cell complex thickness, and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness exhibited comparable values between two surgical groups and four fundus tessellation grades, with no significant association observed with postoperative SE (all P > 0.05). Conclusion: The tendency that epithelial thickness in central zone was thicker than peripheral zone was more obvious at 5 years after FS-LASIK compared to SMILE. This uneven distribution of epithelial thickness might play a role in myopic regression and the changes in HOAs, especially in patients with high myopia, but it had little effect on patients' subjective visual quality and satisfaction. Retinal thicknesses were not affected by these two surgical methods, and they did not appear to be the clinical indicators for myopic regression or fundus tessellation progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Visual quality after corneal refractive surgery is linked to the postoperative effective optical zone (EOZ). This study aims to compare long-term changes in the EOZ following small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and femtosecond laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) for moderate and high myopia. Methods: This study included 42 patients (72 eyes) who underwent either SMILE (36 eyes) or FS-LASIK (36 eyes). A custom software program based on the tangential curvature difference map of the Pentacam HR (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH) was used to define the EOZ at 3 and 7 years postoperatively. The EOZ, its chronological changes compared to the programmed optical zone (POZ), and the corneal wavefront aberrations following SMILE and FS-LASIK were analyzed. Correlations between the EOZ changes and relevant parameters were evaluated. Results: Three years postoperatively, EOZ following SMILE and FS-LASIK were 5.13 ± 0.27 mm and 4.70 ± 0.24 mm (P < 0.001), respectively. Seven years postoperatively, EOZ following SMILE and FS-LASIK decreased to 5.03 ± 0.28 mm and 4.63 ± 0.23 mm (P < 0.001), respectively. At postoperative 7 years, the percentages of EOZ/POZ were negatively correlated with Q-value changes (β = -5.120, P = 0.009) following SMILE and positively correlated with the cylinder correction (β = 1.184, P = 0.004) following FS-LASIK. The induced spherical aberrations in the SMILE group were less than those in the FS-LASIK group (P < 0.05) and were negatively correlated with the EOZ/POZ (β = -16.653, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The EOZ following SMILE was larger than that following FS-LASIK in the long postoperative term for moderate and high myopia. Furthermore, a continual reduction in the EOZ was noted after both surgical modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the wide application of deep learning technology in various fields, its potential in artistic creation has gradually attracted attention. This research focuses on the application of deep learning in the creation of traditional Chinese landscape painting and its cultural and aesthetic impact. First, the research comprehensively analyzes the existing deep learning algorithms and the basic elements of Chinese landscape painting to determine the most suitable model architecture. Then, through several rounds of experiments, various training parameters are adjusted and the optimal network configuration is determined. In terms of assessment, the study uses a variety of indicators, including visual quality and technical performance, as well as in-depth cultural and aesthetic analysis. The results show that deep learning not only effectively improves visual quality and technical performance, but also has a positive impact on culture and aesthetics. Although there are some limitations, such as high computational requirements and reliance on large amounts of training data, corresponding solutions are also proposed. This study provides a powerful experimental basis for the integration of Chinese traditional art and modern science and technology, and promotes the research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid urbanization in Malaysia, human activities have caused damage to many waterfront areas. Efforts are being made to restore the connection between the community and river waterfronts while creating attractive urban spaces. However, the implementation of modern design development strategies without sufficient consideration of cultural aspects and societal visual preferences has raised a number of questions with regard to the public's acceptance and appreciation of the newly implemented urban facades. This study aims to comprehensively examine the relationship between cultural elements and visual preferences in the context of urban waterfront walkways in Malaysia. This study implemented a photo survey to assess the visual preferences of the study's respondents. The results indicated a significant correlation between subjects' visual preferences and their cultural backgrounds. Additionally, the analysis of the collected data highlights a strong correlation between the presence of green elements and what the respondents perceived as part of the Malaysian culture. Additionally, the historical character of the study area, as represented by historical buildings, significantly influences the preferences of Malaysian respondents. Furthermore, certain elements, such as food carts, high-rise buildings, and water, are among the least preferred compared to other elements. Ultimately, incorporating these elements in the early design stages can contribute to the creation of culturally connected and visually appealing urban waterfront spaces in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tendency to increase the number of acquired remote sensing images and to make their average size larger has been observed. To manage such data, compression is needed, and lossy compression is often preferable. Since lossy compression introduces distortions, this results in worse classification and object detection. Therefore, lossy compression must be controlled, i.e., the introduced distortions must be under a certain limit. The distortions and the limit can be characterized by different metrics (quantitative criteria). Here, we consider the case of using the HaarPSI metric, which has a very high correlation with visual quality and human attention (saliency map), for three-channel optical band images compressed by the better portable graphics (BPG) encoder, one of the best modern compression techniques. We analyze a two-step procedure of providing a desired visual quality and show its peculiarities for the modes 4:4:4, 4:2:2, and 4:2:0 of image compression. We show how the HaarPSI metric relates to other known metrics of image visual quality and thresholds of distortion visibility. It is demonstrated that the two-step procedure provides about three times better accuracy in providing the desired visual quality compared to the fixed setting of parameter Q that controls compression for the BPG encoder. The provided accuracy is close to the reachable limit determined by the integer value setting of the Q parameter. We also briefly analyze the influence of compression on the classification accuracy of real-life remote sensing data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the visual quality after wavefront-guided femtosecond LASIK (WFG FS-LASIK) in patients with different levels of preoperative total ocular higher-order aberrations to guide clinical decision-making regarding patient selection and treatment strategies. Methods: This study included 112 right eyes of 112 patients who previously underwent WFG FS-LASIK for correcting myopia and myopic astigmatism. The patients were divided into two groups based on the mean values of preoperative total ocular HOAs (0.30 ± 0.09 µm): HOA ≤ 0.3 and > 0.3 groups. The visual acuity, manifest refraction, corneal Strehl ratio (SR), root mean square (RMS) of corneal and ocular aberrations, and area under the log contrast sensitivity function (AULCSF) of both groups were compared preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Results: The induced ocular HOAs and coma (Δ = 1 mo − Preop) were significantly lower in the HOAs > 0.3 group than in the HOAs ≤ 0.3 group (ΔHOAs: 0.39 ± 0.19 vs. 0.29 ± 0.18 μm, t = 2.797, P = 0.006; Δ coma: 0.30 ± 0.19 vs. 0.20 ± 0.21 μm, t = 2.542, P = 0.012). In the HOAs > 0.3 group, ΔHOAs were negatively correlated with the preoperative ocular HOAs (r = −0.315, P = 0.019). In the HOAs ≤ 0.3 group, the regression equation for Δ HOAs = 0.098 + 0.053 |SE| (F = 21.756, P < 0.001). In the HOAs > 0.3 group, the regression equation for ΔHOAs = 0.534 − 1.081 HOAs + 0.038|Sphere| (F = 7.954, P = 0.001). The postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity, spherical equivalent, corneal aberrations, SR and AULCSF of both groups were similar (all P > 0.05). Furthermore, the ocular aberrations were not significantly different between both groups at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively (all P > 0.05). In addition, compared with the preoperative period, the AULCSF of both groups were significantly increased in the postoperative period (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: The induced ocular HOAs and coma in HOAs > 0.3 group were lower. However, both groups achieved equivalent and excellent visual quality after WFG FS-LASIK. WFG FS-LASIK may provide significant visual benefits for a wider range of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the novel 3D visualization technologies of our era, light field displays provide the complete 3D visual experience without the need for any personal viewing device. Due to the lack of such constraint, these displays may be viewed by any number of observers simultaneously, and the corresponding use case contexts may also involve a virtually unlimited numbers of users; any number that the valid viewing area of the display may accommodate. While many instances of the utilization of this technology operate with static contents, camera animation may also be relevant. While the topic of light field camera animation has already been addressed on an initial level, there are still numerous research efforts to be carried out. In this paper, we elaborate on the lessons learned from implementing light field camera animation. The paper discusses the associated implications, limitations, potentials, and future research efforts. Each of these areas are approached from the perspectives of use cases, visual content, and quality assessment, as well as capture and display hardware. Our work highlights the existing research gaps in the investigated topic, the severe issues related to visualization sharpness, and the lack of appropriate datasets, as well as the constraints due to which novel contents may be captured by virtual cameras instead of real capture systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: To evaluate the clinical and patient-reported outcomes (PROMs) obtained with an optimized version of a previously investigated trifocal IOL. Methods: Prospective non-comparative single-center study enrolling 29 patients (55–71 years) undergoing bilateral cataract surgery with implantation of the trifocal diffractive IOL Liberty 677CMY (Medicontur Medical Engineering Ltd., Zsámbék, Hungary). Visual and refractive outcomes as well as PROMs were evaluated during a 3-month follow-up: measurement of uncorrected and corrected distance (UDVA, CDVA), intermediate (UIVA, DCIVA) and near visual acuities (UNVA, DCNVA), defocus curve, patient satisfaction, photic phenomena perception, spectacle independence, and difficulty in performing some vision-related activities. Results: A total of 100%, 92%, and 80% of patients achieved a postoperative binocular UDVA, UIVA, and UNVA of 20/25 or better, respectively. Likewise, 100%, 80%, and 84% of patients achieved a postoperative binocular CDVA, DCIVA, and DCNVA of 20/25 or better, respectively. In the defocus curve, all mean visual acuity values were better than 0.15 logMAR for all defocus levels. A total of 95.8%, 95.8%, and 91.7% of patients referred to be satisfied with their distance, intermediate, and near visual vision, respectively. Mean overall Catquest Rasch calibrated score was −3.12 ± 0.98. Most of the patients were spectacle independent: far (95.8%), intermediate (95.8%) or near vision (91.7%). No bothersome or minimal to moderately bothersome halo, starburst, and glare was perceived by 83.3%, 83.4%, and 83.3% of patients, respectively. Conclusions: The trifocal IOL evaluated provides a visual acuity improvement, with high levels of spectacle independence, patient satisfaction, and perceived visual quality associated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background This study aimed to observe corneal and retinal thicknesses at 5 years after femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) and small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) for myopia, investigate the effect of epithelial remodeling on refractive status and visual quality, and compare retinal thicknesses among fundus tessellation grades. Methods Patients who received FS-LASIK or SMILE 5 years before were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. After 1:1 propensity score matching, each surgical group obtained 177 patients (177 eyes). Examinations including visual acuity, refraction, corneal and retinal thicknesses, corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs), and fundus photography were performed in this visit at 5 years after surgery. The Quality of Vision (QoV) questionnaire was used to assess visual symptoms and overall satisfaction. Corneal and retinal thicknesses between groups were compared, contributing factors were analyzed, and correlations with postoperative refractive status, HOAs, QoV scores and overall satisfaction were evaluated. Results The discrepancy of epithelial thickness between central and pericentral zones in FS-LASIK group was larger than that in SMILE group, which was negatively correlated with postoperative spherical equivalent (SE), positively correlated with spherical aberration (all P 0.05) in both surgical groups. There was no statistical difference in stromal thickness and total corneal thickness (all P > 0.05). Most annuluses of epithelial and stromal thicknesse were linearly related to preoperative SE (all P 0.05). Conclusion The tendency that epithelial thickness in central zone was thicker than peripheral zone was more obvious at 5 years after FS-LASIK compared to SMILE. This uneven distribution of epithelial thickness might play a role in myopic regression and the changes in HOAs, especially in patients with high myopia, but it had little effect on patients’ subjective visual quality and satisfaction. Retinal thicknesses were not affected by these two surgical methods, and they did not appear to be the clinical indicators for myopic regression or fundus tessellation progression.

Abstract Background Visual quality after corneal refractive surgery is linked to the postoperative effective optical zone (EOZ). This study aims to compare long-term changes in the EOZ following small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and femtosecond laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) for moderate and high myopia. Methods This study included 42 patients (72 eyes) who underwent either SMILE (36 eyes) or FS-LASIK (36 eyes). A custom software program based on the tangential curvature difference map of the Pentacam HR (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH) was used to define the EOZ at 3 and 7 years postoperatively. The EOZ, its chronological changes compared to the programmed optical zone (POZ), and the corneal wavefront aberrations following SMILE and FS-LASIK were analyzed. Correlations between the EOZ changes and relevant parameters were evaluated. Results Three years postoperatively, EOZ following SMILE and FS-LASIK were 5.13 ± 0.27 mm and 4.70 ± 0.24 mm (P

AIM: To compare the clinical effect of small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)and implantable collamer lens(ICL)implantation on efficacy, safety and visual quality in patients with high myopia complicated with low astigmatism.METHODS: Retrospective study. A total of 80 cases(159 eyes)of high myopia and low astigmatism treated in the hospital from January 2021 to January 2022 were included, and they were divided into 46 cases(91 eyes)in SMILE group and 34 cases(68 eyes)in ICL implantation group by means of different surgical methods. The spherical equivalent, uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), higher order aberrations of cornea and optical quality index, effectiveness and safety index were compared between the two groups before surgery and at 3 and 6 mo after surgery, and the surgical complications were counted.RESULTS: The spherical equivalent, UCVA and BCVA of both groups were all improved at 6 mo postoperatively(all P0.05). The root mean square values of total higher order aberration, spherical aberration, coma, vertical coma and horizontal coma in the SMILE group were higher than those in the ICL implantation group, and Strehl ratio(SR)in the ICL implantation group was higher than that in the SMILE group at 3 and 6 mo after surgery(all P

This paper utilizes deep learning and street view images to extract visual variables and explore the interactive effects and spatial impacts of the built environment on hotel prices with GeoDetector and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) models. The results indicate that hotel prices are influenced by multiple factors in a coupled manner, with combined effects more substantial than individual drivers; the visual quality of the built environment can influence consumers’ perception and willingness to stay, thereby affecting hotel prices; MGWR, compared to traditional statistical models, demonstrates superior explanatory power for hotels, accurately identifying the spatial heterogeneity of factors influencing hotel prices; and by elucidating the bandwidth influence and spatial differentiation pattern of each factor, this study provides a reference for hotel site selection, price adjustment, and urban planning.

Agricultural landscapes contribute positively to the visual texture of the city and change over time. In this context, this study aims to determine the visual landscape quality of agricultural landscapes based on parameters on expert approach the hypothesis; it is important and necessary to determine the visual landscape values based on the change in agricultural landscapes over time. Within the framework of the developed hypothesis, it aims to make an expert-based visual landscape assessment of the agricultural landscapes of Tekirdağ Province, located in the northwestern part of Türkiye, based on nine subclasses created according to the CORINE land cover (CLC) classes, on the basis of 4 main parameters. Using the AHP technique, the priorities of the parameters and agricultural landscape classes and the relationships between basic parameters and visual preferences were determined. In this direction, the questions; What are the priorities of parameters that are effective in determining the visual quality of agricultural landscapes on the basis of expert approach?; What kind of changes have occurred in agricultural landscapes during the years 1990-2000-2006-2012-2018 in 9 subclasses created according to the CLC classes? and; How should the visual landscape quality values of the agricultural landscape subclasses created according to the CLC classes be ranked? The results of the study can be used as a tool in landscape planning and management studies as a factor in strengthening landscape quality.

Since the first intraocular lens(IOL)was implanted by Harold Ridley in 1949 and the widespread use of depth-of-focus extended intraocular lens(EDOF IOL)clinically, the IOL has been constantly updated and developed, aiming to provide patients with good postoperative visual quality. The residual astigmatism is one of the important factors affecting the postoperative visual quality of cataract patients, 35%-40% of cataract patients have astigmatism of 1.00 D, and 19%-22% have astigmatism of 1.50 D. Therefore, it is important to understand the inclusiveness of EDOF IOL for astigmatism, so that the right IOL can be selected for the patient. This article summarizes the inclusiveness of different types of EDOF IOL for astigmatism and their advantages and disadvantages, with the expectation that it will provide a reference in selecting EDOF IOL for patients with different residual astigmatism.

Objective: To develop and evaluate a Chinese version of the Symptom Questionnaire for Visual Dysfunctions (CSQVD) to quantify visual dysfunction symptoms in school-age children with various eye diseases, and to explore the relationship between ophthalmological disorders and visual dysfunction symptoms. Methods: Following standard scale adaptation procedures, the Symptom Questionnaire for Visual Dysfunctions (SQVD) was translated into Chinese (CSQVD). We employed random sampling to survey 198 outpatients aged 7–18 to assess the psychometric properties of the CSQVD. Using the reliable and validated questionnaire, we evaluated the determinants of visual dysfunction symptoms among 406 school-age patients at an eye center. The CSQVD scores were correlated with demographic and clinical variables, including gender, age, eye position, refractive power, and best-corrected visual acuity. Univariate analysis identified potential risk factors, followed by binary logistic regression and multiple linear regression analysis on factors with a P-value

AIM: To analyze the changes of the dominant eye in myopic patients after small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)and its effect on visual quality.METHODS: Prospective clinical study. A total of 140 patients(280 eyes)who underwent SMILE operation to correct myopia in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from June to December 2022 were selected. They were divided into dominant eye transformation group(46 cases, 92 eyes)and non-transformation group(94 cases, 188 eyes)according to whether the dominant eye transformation occurred during the follow-up in postoperative 3 mo. The uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA)of the two groups was evaluated, the subjective visual quality was evaluated by the quality of life impact of refractive correction(QIRC)scale, and the objective visual quality was evaluated by measuring the high-order aberrations of the whole eye before and at 1 and 3 mo after surgery.RESULTS: Before SMILE, the right type of dominant eye was 105 cases, left-type was 35 cases. There were 46 cases had change at 1 mo postoperatively, and there was no new change at 3 mo after operation than 1 mo after operation. There was no significant difference in UCVA and QIRC scale score between the two groups preoperatively and at 1 and 3 mo postoperatively(P>0.05). Comparison of the dominant eye between the two groups: the total higher-order aberrations and spherical aberrations at 3 mo postoperatively were significantly higher than those in the non-transformed group(P=0.030, 0.046); Comparison of the non-dominant eye between the two groups: trefoil in the transformed group at 1 mo postoperatively was significantly higher than that in the non-transformed group(P=0.008). The binocular difference of trefoil in the transition group was significantly higher than that in the non-transition group at 1 mo after surgery(P=0.022), with no differences in the rest parameters.CONCLUSION: Some patients may experience a change in the dominant eye after SMILE surgery, with no significant impact on subjective visual quality. The decrease of objective visual quality in the early postoperative period may be an associated factor in the dominant eye transformation.

Dimensionality reduction is often used to project time series data from multidimensional to two-dimensional space to generate visual representations of the temporal evolution. In this context, we address the problem of multidimensional time series visualization by presenting a new method to show and handle projection errors introduced by dimensionality reduction techniques on multidimensional temporal data. For visualization, subsequent time instances are rendered as dots that are connected by lines or curves to indicate the temporal dependencies. However, inevitable projection artifacts may lead to poor visualization quality and misinterpretation of the temporal information. Wrongly projected data points, inaccurate variations in the distances between projected time instances, and intersections of connecting lines could lead to wrong assumptions about the original data. We adapt local and global quality metrics to measure the visual quality along the projected time series, and we introduce a model to assess the projection error at intersecting lines. These serve as a basis for our new uncertainty visualization techniques that use different visual encodings and interactions to indicate, communicate, and work with the visualization uncertainty from projection errors and artifacts along the timeline of data points, their connections, and intersections. Our approach is agnostic to the projection method and works for linear and non-linear dimensionality reduction methods alike.

AIM:To compare the corneal refractive power and visual quality after three kinds of corneal refractive surgery: laser subepithelial keratomileusis(LASEK), transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy(TransPRK)and femtosecond laser assisted in situ keratomileusis(FS-LASIK).METHODS: Retrospective study. A total of 232 patients(464 eyes)who underwent elective corneal refractive surgery in our hospital from January 2021 to December 2022 were selected as the study subjects. They were divided into the LASEK group of 70 cases(140 eyes), TransPRK group of 76 cases(152 eyes), and FS-LASIK group of 86 cases(172 eyes)according to the different surgical choices made by the patients. Uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA), visual quality, biomechanical stability, tear film break-up time(BUT), Schirmer Ⅰ test(SⅠt)and quality of life were compared among the three groups at 1 and 3 mo postoperatively.RESULTS: The UCVA of the three groups significantly improved at 1 and 3 mo postoperatively, the total high-order aberrations, spherical aberration, horizontal coma, and vertical coma of the entire cornea were significantly increased, while the biomechanical stability in all three groups were significantly reduced(all P0.05).CONCLUSION:In the treatment of ametropia, LASEK, TransPRK and FS-LASIK all have certain effects, and have similar results in improving UCVA and increasing visual quality. However, TransPRK and LASEK have more stable biomechanical properties than FS-LASIK, and have better efficacy in improving patients' quality of life.

Cathleen M McCabe,1 Rachael Peterson,2 Jessie Hull,2 Chandra Bala3 1The Eye Associates, Sarasota, FL, USA; 2Alcon Vision LLC, Fort Worth, TX, USA; 3PersonalEyes, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaCorrespondence: Cathleen M McCabe, The Eye Associates, Sarasota County, 2111 Bee Ridge Road, Sarasota, FL, 34239, USA, Email cmccabe13@hotmail.comPurpose: To evaluate binocular intermediate visual acuity (IVA), depth of focus, and other visual outcomes achieved with a monofocal aspheric intraocular lens (IOL) using pooled data from 2 randomized, double-masked, controlled trials.Patients and Methods: The studies conducted at 32 sites included patients aged ≥ 22 years with bilateral cataracts, preoperative corneal astigmatism 1.0 D, and lens power 18.0– 25.0 D. Patients received bilateral AcrySof IQ IOLs (SN60WF). Primary endpoint data were collected at month 6. Binocular uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (UDVA and CDVA) at 4 m, binocular uncorrected and corrected IVA (UIVA and DCIVA) at 66 cm, manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE), and binocular defocus curve at 4 m were assessed under photopic conditions. Validated questionnaires were used to assess spectacle use and quality of vision.Results: Of 233 patients who received SN60WF, 228 had visual acuity data at 6 months. Under photopic conditions, 51% of the eyes had pupils > 4 mm, 40% had pupils 3– 4 mm, and 9% had pupils < 3 mm. Mean ± SD UDVA and CDVA were − 0.019 ± 0.110 and − 0.088 ± 0.082 logMAR, respectively. Mean ± SD UIVA and DCIVA were 0.125 ± 0.145 and 0.196 ± 0.139 logMAR, respectively. UIVA and DCIVA of 20/32 or better were achieved by 83% (188/228) and 71% (162/228) of patients, respectively. Mean ± SD MRSE was − 0.007 ± 0.404 D for the first eye and 0.036 ± 0.371 for the second eye. The defocus curve demonstrated binocular vision of 0.24 logMAR or better from +1.2 to − 1.5 D. Spectacle independence for distance and intermediate vision was reported by 86% and 41% of the patients, respectively. Based on questionnaires, 61%, 79%, and 65% of the patients did not experience starbursts, halos, or glare.Conclusion: A monofocal aspheric IOL (SN60WF) assessed in a large, pooled study provided excellent distance vision and clinically functional intermediate vision.Keywords: Intermediate visual acuity, monofocal aspheric intraocular lens, spectacle Independence, visual quality

Abstract Purpose To assess the efficacy and safety of various intraocular lenses (IOLs), including standard monofocal, bifocal, trifocal, extended depth of focus (EDOF), and enhanced monofocal IOLs, post-cataract surgery through a network meta-analysis. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was conducted to identify relevant studies from the past 5 years. Parameters such as binocular visual acuities, spectacle independence, contrast sensitivity (CS), and optical quality were used to evaluate efficacy and safety. Data from the selected studies were analyzed using Review Manager 5.4 and STATA 17.0 software. Results Twenty-eight Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) comprising 2465 subjects were included. Trifocal IOLs exhibited superior uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA) compared to monofocal IOLs (MD: -0.35; 95% CI: -0.48, -0.22). Both trifocal (AcrySof IQ PanOptix IOLs group MD: -0.13; 95% CI: -0.21, -0.06) and EDOF IOLs (MD: -0.13; 95% CI: -0.17, -0.09) showed better uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA) than monofocal IOLs. Trifocal IOLs ranked highest in spectacle independence at various distances (AT LISAtri 839MP group: SUCRA 97.5% for distance, 80.7% for intermediate; AcrySof IQ PanOptix group: SUCRA 83.0% for near). Conclusions For cataract patients who want to treat presbyopia, trifocal IOLs demonstrated better visual acuity and spectacle independence at near distances. Different types of trifocal IOL characteristics differ. EDOF and enhanced monofocal IOLs have improved visual quality at intermediate distances.Therefore, It is very important to select the appropriate IOLs based on the lens characteristics and patient needs.

In recent years, the combined surgery of phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation, and goniosychialysis has gradually emerged as a primary and effective approach in treating primary angle-closure glaucoma with cataracts. However, with the continuous progress of medical technology, postoperative intraocular pressure control is no longer the sole pursuit. Patients increasingly aspire to achieve higher postoperative visual quality. In order to ensure that patients attain a better refractive status and higher visual quality postoperatively, it is essential to minimize the negative impact caused by primary angle-closure glaucoma. This involves personalized selection of different intraocular lenses or calculation formulas,etc. Evaluation metrics for visual quality encompass visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, higher-order aberrations, subjective perception, etc. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive review of postoperative refractive shift, higher-order aberrations, contrast sensitivity and their influencing factors, and the selection of intraocular lenses for patients undergoing combined surgery for primary angle-closure glaucoma with cataracts.

With the world’s rapid urban development, it has been observed that space for sociability has decreased. To overcome the impact of the same, streets should develop as an urban space along transit corridors. These spaces encourage meaning and identity creation by offering visual quality to everyone. This paper focuses on assessing parameters through which an urban streetscape along transit corridor can be analyzed to enhance visual quality. The authors suggest nine essential parameters based on literature review and expert interviews.

Penstemon, with more than 250 species native to North America, holds significant aesthetic and ecological value in Utah, supporting diverse pollinators. Despite their significance, the survival of penstemon is threatened by challenges such as habitat loss, climate change, and Utah’s naturally high soil salinity. To address these challenges and understand their adaptability, this study evaluated the salt tolerance of two penstemon species [Penstemon davidsonii (Davidson’s penstemon) and Penstemon heterophyllus (foothill penstemon)] under controlled greenhouse conditions. The aim was to develop baseline information for nursery production and landscape use that utilize reclaimed water for irrigation. Plants were irrigated weekly with a nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.0 dS·m-1 as control or a saline solution at an EC of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, or 10.0 dS·m-1 for 8 weeks. Half of the plants were harvested after four irrigation events, and the remaining plants were harvested after eight irrigation events. At harvest, visual rating (0 = dead and 5 = excellent without foliage salt damage), plant width, number of shoots, leaf area, shoot dry weight, leaf greenness [Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD)], stomatal conductance, and canopy temperature were collected to assess the impact of salinity stress. In both species, salt damage was dependent on the salinity levels and length of exposure. After four irrigation events, both species exhibited foliage damage that increased in severity with rising EC. The most severe damage was observed in plants receiving saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·m-1. After eight irrigation events, P. davidsonii exposed to a saline solution with an EC of 10.0 dS·m-1 received a visual rating of 0, whereas P. heterophyllus had a visual rating of 0.4. Both species exhibited salinity-induced effects, with variations observed in the specific parameters and the degree of response. Penstemon davidsonii exhibited significant salinity stress, as indicated by reduced leaf area, shoot dry weight, SPAD reading, and stomatal conductance with increasing EC of the saline solution. In addition, in both species, at both harvests, canopy temperatures increased either linearly or quadratically by 8% to 36% as the EC levels of the saline solution increased. These results indicate that P. davidsonii was more sensitive to salinity stress than P. heterophyllus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the efficacy and safety of various intraocular lenses (IOLs), including standard monofocal, bifocal, trifocal, extended depth of focus (EDOF), and enhanced monofocal IOLs, post-cataract surgery through a network meta-analysis. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was conducted to identify relevant studies from the past 5 years. Parameters such as binocular visual acuities, spectacle independence, contrast sensitivity (CS), and optical quality were used to evaluate efficacy and safety. Data from the selected studies were analyzed using Review Manager 5.4 and STATA 17.0 software. Results: Twenty-eight Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) comprising 2465 subjects were included. Trifocal IOLs exhibited superior uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA) compared to monofocal IOLs (MD: -0.35; 95% CI: -0.48, -0.22). Both trifocal (AcrySof IQ PanOptix IOLs group MD: -0.13; 95% CI: -0.21, -0.06) and EDOF IOLs (MD: -0.13; 95% CI: -0.17, -0.09) showed better uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA) than monofocal IOLs. Trifocal IOLs ranked highest in spectacle independence at various distances (AT LISAtri 839MP group: SUCRA 97.5% for distance, 80.7% for intermediate; AcrySof IQ PanOptix group: SUCRA 83.0% for near). Conclusions: For cataract patients who want to treat presbyopia, trifocal IOLs demonstrated better visual acuity and spectacle independence at near distances. Different types of trifocal IOL characteristics differ. EDOF and enhanced monofocal IOLs have improved visual quality at intermediate distances.Therefore, It is very important to select the appropriate IOLs based on the lens characteristics and patient needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the world's rapid urban development, it has been observed that space for sociability has decreased. To overcome the impact of the same, streets should develop as an urban space along transit corridors. These spaces encourage meaning and identity creation by offering visual quality to everyone. This paper focuses on assessing parameters through which an urban streetscape along transit corridor can be analyzed to enhance visual quality. The authors suggest nine essential parameters based on literature review and expert interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surplus structures lead to wall problems in outdoor spaces. This makes people feel trapped between concrete masses. In this study, the walls in Izmit were examined. Activity areas in Izmit were determined as roadside, children's playground, sports area and resting area in which the wall is used intensively. The focal point was chosen as the visual quality of the walls in these areas. Visual quality is the user's appreciation or preference of the images of the walls before and after the design intervention. For each activity area, a total of 8 different wall examples of boundary and load-bearing walls were decided on, and design recommendations were developed using three different techniques of planting, constructiveness and planting–constructiveness. For each activity area, different intervention rates less (25–50%) or more (75–100%) were employed. Subsequently, the effect of these proposed designs on users and appropriate applications for different walls was revealed with the aid of a survey. In order to reveal the selection differences between the user group and the expert group, the survey was applied to 100 voluntary participants and an expert group of 10 landscape architects. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that activity difference and the intervention rate were effective in the choice of intervention. Planting intervention design proposals were chosen for children's playground and roadside while constructiveness and planting interventions were chosen for resting areas. Also, constructiveness interventions were chosen for sports areas. On the basis of the results, activity type in the areas where the walls are located was found to be effective on choices. It is important to choose the appropriate intervention technique in accordance with the user's preference for the activity. Overall, this study aims to emphasize the necessity and importance of correct interventions to walls in order to illustrate the city more liveable, healthy and comfortable, providing aesthetic value in a visual sense compatible with the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose To compare the visual quality after wavefront-guided femtosecond LASIK (WFG FS-LASIK) in patients with different levels of preoperative total ocular higher-order aberrations to guide clinical decision-making regarding patient selection and treatment strategies. Methods This study included 112 right eyes of 112 patients who previously underwent WFG FS-LASIK for correcting myopia and myopic astigmatism. The patients were divided into two groups based on the mean values of preoperative total ocular HOAs (0.30 ± 0.09 µm): HOA ≤ 0.3 and > 0.3 groups. The visual acuity, manifest refraction, corneal Strehl ratio (SR), root mean square (RMS) of corneal and ocular aberrations, and area under the log contrast sensitivity function (AULCSF) of both groups were compared preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Results The induced ocular HOAs and coma (Δ = 1 mo − Preop) were significantly lower in the HOAs > 0.3 group than in the HOAs ≤ 0.3 group (ΔHOAs: 0.39 ± 0.19 vs. 0.29 ± 0.18 μm, t = 2.797, P = 0.006; Δ coma: 0.30 ± 0.19 vs. 0.20 ± 0.21 μm, t = 2.542, P = 0.012). In the HOAs > 0.3 group, ΔHOAs were negatively correlated with the preoperative ocular HOAs (r = −0.315, P = 0.019). In the HOAs ≤ 0.3 group, the regression equation for Δ HOAs = 0.098 + 0.053 |SE| (F = 21.756, P < 0.001). In the HOAs > 0.3 group, the regression equation for ΔHOAs = 0.534 − 1.081 HOAs + 0.038|Sphere| (F = 7.954, P = 0.001). The postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity, spherical equivalent, corneal aberrations, SR and AULCSF of both groups were similar (all P > 0.05). Furthermore, the ocular aberrations were not significantly different between both groups at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively (all P > 0.05). In addition, compared with the preoperative period, the AULCSF of both groups were significantly increased in the postoperative period (all P < 0.05). Conclusions The induced ocular HOAs and coma in HOAs > 0.3 group were lower. However, both groups achieved equivalent and excellent visual quality after WFG FS-LASIK. WFG FS-LASIK may provide significant visual benefits for a wider range of patients.

BackgroundResidual astigmatism is common after cataract surgery involving implantation of an intraocular lens, yet the tolerance of presbyopia-correcting intraocular lens to astigmatism of different magnitudes and axes is poorly understood. Here we compared visual acuity and quality in the presence of induced astigmatism after implantation of a trifocal or extended-depth-of-focus (EDOF) intraocular lens, the two widely used presbyopia-correcting intraocular lenses.MethodsAt least 3 months after implantation of a TFNT00 or ZXR00 intraocular lens, patients were analyzed by slit-lamp examination, non-contact tonometry, subjective refraction, iTrace aberrometry, and corneal topography. After correction of residual astigmatism, astigmatism of different magnitudes on different axes was induced using cylindrical lenses, and overall visual acuity was measured, while objective visual quality was measured using the Optical Quality Analysis System II. Subjects were also asked about subjective visual quality using the Visual Function-14 questionnaire.ResultsComparison of 18 individuals who received a trifocal lens and 19 who received an EDOF lens showed that objective visual quality was better in the EDOF group regardless of the magnitude or axis of the induced astigmatism. In both groups, astigmatism of at least −1.00 DC influenced distant vision more severely when the axis was 45° than 0° or 90°, meanwhile astigmatism of at least −1.50 DC influenced near and intermediate vision more severely when the axis was 45° than 0° or 90°.ConclusionTrifocal or EDOF intraocular lenses are less tolerant of oblique astigmatism than astigmatism with or against the rule. EDOF lenses may provide better objective visual quality than trifocal lenses in the presence of astigmatism, regardless of its magnitude or axis.

AIM: To assess effectivity and safety of trifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) and capsular tension rings in treating cataract patients with axial high myopia. METHODS: A prospective nonrandomized controlled clinical trial was conducted. Totally 98 eyes (74 patients) who underwent femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) with trifocal IOLs were enrolled in the study and followed up for 2y after surgery: 46 eyes (33 patients) with capsular tension ring implantation in the long axial lengths (AL) group (260.05). The dysfunctional lens index and total modulation transfer function (MTF) average height were similar between the two groups. The postoperative internal coma aberrations in the axial high myopia eyes were significantly higher than that in the normal AL group (P

AIM: To explore the effects of femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery combined with intraocular lens implantation(FLACS-IOL)on postoperative deviation rate of multifocal intraocular lens(MIOL)and visual quality in cataract patients.METHODS: In the prospective study, 95 patients with cataract(108 eyes)who underwent MIOL implantation in the hospital between January 2021 and December 2022 were enrolled. According to different surgical methods, they were divided into FLACS group(51 cases, 56 eyes)and Phaco group(44 cases, 52 eyes). The operation time, incision diameter of anterior capsule, effective phaco time(EPT), cumulative dissipated energy(CDE), uncorrected distance visual acuity(UCDVA), best corrected distance visual acuity(BCDVA), eccentricity distance of IOL and deviation rate at 3 mo after surgery, total high order aberration(HOA), Trefoil and coma under 3 mm pupil were compared between the two groups.RESULTS: The operation time in the FLACS group was significantly shorter than that in the Phaco group, EPT and CDE were significantly lower than those in the Phaco group(all P0.05). At 1 wk, 3 mo after surgery, UCDVA in the FLACS group was better than that in the Phaco group(all P0.05).CONCLUSION: FLACS-IOL can effectively reduce deviation rate of IOL and obtain better visual quality in cataract patients.

Estimating Visual Quality of Street Space (VQoSS) is pivotal for urban design, environmental sustainability, civic engagement, etc. Recent advancements, notably in deep learning, have enabled large-scale analysis. However, traditional deep learning approaches are hampered by extensive data annotation requirements and limited adaptability across diverse VQoSS tasks. Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have recently demonstrated proficiency in various computer vision tasks, positioning them as promising tools for automated VQoSS assessment. In this paper, we pioneer the application of MLLMs to VQoSS change estimation, with our empirical findings affirming their effectiveness. In addition, we introduce Street Quality Generative Pre-trained Transformer (SQ-GPT), a model that distills knowledge from the current most powerful but inaccessible (not free) GPT-4V, requiring no human efforts. SQ-GPT approaches GPT-4V’s performance and is viable for large-scale VQoSS change estimation. In a case study of Nanjing, we showcase the practicality of SQ-GPT and knowledge distillation pipeline. Our work promises to be a valuable asset for future urban studies research.

Context: Evaluation of visual quality in soft and rigid gas-permeable contact lens wearers, with an emphasis on twilight vision. Purpose: To assess the visual acuity and visual performance at dusk before and after soft and rigid gas-permeable contact lens (CL) correction in healthy subjects. Settings and Design: This prospective study was conducted in a tertiary eye-care center. Methods: Sixty eyes corrected with soft contact lenses (SCLs) and 30 eyes with rigid gas-permeable contact lenses (RGPCLs) were enrolled in this study. Patients underwent corrected distance visual acuity with spectacles (CDVAs), corrected distance visual acuity with contact lenses (CDVAcl), and twilight vision (TV) testing (Vista Vision Far-Pola, DMD MedTech charts). Parameters were evaluated before and after the CL fitting and repeated 3 months after the baseline visit. Statistical Analysis Used: MedCalc for Windows, version 11.4 (MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium). Results: Rigid gas-permeable CL wear showed significant improvement in CDVAcl compared to wearing spectacles on both visits (P = 0.0039 and P = 0.0003, respectively). TV with CLs was significantly better in both groups compared to the TV with spectacles at the baseline visit (P = 0.0011 in SCL group; P = 0.0001 in RGPCL group), and at the follow-up visit, this significance was proven for the RGPCL group (P = 0.001). Also, spectacle TV showed a significant improvement on the follow-up visit (P = 0.0022 in SCL group; P = 0.0269 in RGPCL group). Conclusion: Contact lens wear improves visual performance compared to spectacles. TV results showed superiority of CLs compared to the spectacles, without a statistical difference regarding the CL type.

A Digital image watermarking is a cutting-edge problem that deals with copyright protection, content authentication and ownership identification. Precisely due to this reason, it is quite clear to the media industry. Particularly for images and videos, falling under un-compressed and compressed domain, it deals with minimizing the trade-off between two essential performance evaluation metrics – Visual Quality of the signal and the Robustness criteria. Although several metaheuristic technqiues have been applied to this problem, we are yet to apply new nature inspired techniques to develop watermarking applications for images and video. In this paper, we propose a novel watermark embedding scheme for gray-scale images using Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA). The HSA optimizes the Objective Function which in turn produces the best Multiple Scaling Factors (MSFs) to be used for embedding the watermark coefficients in the most suitable image coefficients in hybrid transform domain. On signed and attacked images, the PSNR show that their visual quality is very good. This scheme is also found to be very robust against common image processing operations except cropping attack of different variants. It is concluded that the proposed scheme is well optimized in terms of aforesaid performance evaluation metrics and proves improvement over other similar state of the art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperspectral images (HSI) are contiguous band images commonly used in remote sensing applications. Over the past decades, significant advancements have been made in HSI enhancement and classification. However, challenges such as computational complexity, low spatial resolution, overfitting, noisy images, misclassification, and slow convergence speed persist. So the novel HSI enhancement and classification model is proposed to address and overcome these issues. The data are collected from the different HSI datasets namely Pavia University (PU), Indian Pines (IP), Salinas Valley (SV), Houston University (HU) and Kennedy Space Center (KSC) for preprocessing the collected data. The collected data undergoes preprocessing, which includes noise reduction, geometric correction, and radiometric calibration operations to improve image quality. To reduce the high dimensionality of the preprocessed image, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is employed. Additionally, the Mutation Boosted Aquila Optimization (MBAO) algorithm is applied to enhance the visual quality of the image. The image enhancement process relies on three types of enhancement parameters: histogram equalization, contrast stretching, and adaptive filtering. Finally, the enhanced image is classified using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture, with weight updates performed iteratively using the Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) model to minimize the loss function. A comparative analysis is conducted to evaluate the superiority of the proposed model. The experiments of the proposed model achieves an F1-score of 98.2%, kappa statistics of 98.3%, SSIM of 0.99, PSNR of 38.81 dB, RMSE of 1.97, and UQI of 0.85. These findings indicate that the proposed model outperforms other existing HSI enhancement and classification models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, deep image-hiding techniques have attracted considerable attention in covert communication and high-capacity information hiding. However, these approaches have some limitations. For example, a cover image lacks self-adaptability, information leakage, or weak concealment. To address these issues, this study proposes a universal and adaptable image-hiding method. First, a domain attention mechanism is designed by combining the Atrous convolution, which makes better use of the relationship between the secret image domain and the cover image domain. Second, to improve perceived human similarity, perceptual loss is incorporated into the training process. The experimental results are promising, with the proposed method achieving an average pixel discrepancy (APD) of 1.83 and a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) value of 40.72 dB between the cover and stego images, indicative of its high-quality output. Furthermore, the structural similarity index measure (SSIM) reaches 0.985 while the learned perceptual image patch similarity (LPIPS) remarkably registers at 0.0001. Moreover, self-testing and cross-experiments demonstrate the model's adaptability and generalization in unknown hidden spaces, making it suitable for diverse computer vision tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Evaluation of visual quality in soft and rigid gas-permeable contact lens wearers, with an emphasis on twilight vision. Purpose: To assess the visual acuity and visual performance at dusk before and after soft and rigid gas-permeable contact lens (CL) correction in healthy subjects. Settings and Design: This prospective study was conducted in a tertiary eye-care center. Methods: Sixty eyes corrected with soft contact lenses (SCLs) and 30 eyes with rigid gas-permeable contact lenses (RGPCLs) were enrolled in this study. Patients underwent corrected distance visual acuity with spectacles (CDVAs), corrected distance visual acuity with contact lenses (CDVAcl), and twilight vision (TV) testing (Vista Vision Far-Pola, DMD MedTech charts). Parameters were evaluated before and after the CL fitting and repeated 3 months after the baseline visit. Statistical Analysis Used: MedCalc for Windows, version 11.4 (MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium). Results: Rigid gas-permeable CL wear showed significant improvement in CDVAcl compared to wearing spectacles on both visits (P = 0.0039 and P = 0.0003, respectively). TV with CLs was significantly better in both groups compared to the TV with spectacles at the baseline visit (P = 0.0011 in SCL group; P = 0.0001 in RGPCL group), and at the follow-up visit, this significance was proven for the RGPCL group (P = 0.001). Also, spectacle TV showed a significant improvement on the follow-up visit (P = 0.0022 in SCL group; P = 0.0269 in RGPCL group). Conclusion: Contact lens wear improves visual performance compared to spectacles. TV results showed superiority of CLs compared to the spectacles, without a statistical difference regarding the CL type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penstemons are a diverse group of flowering plants valued for their ability to enhance the visual appearance of urban landscapes. Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth 'Novapenblu' (rock candy blueVR penstemon) and Penstemon strictus Benth 'Rocky Mountain' (rocky mountain beardtongue) are widely used in landscapes, but their tolerance to soil salinity remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of salinity levels at electrical conductivities (ECs) of 1.0 (nutrient solution), 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 dS·m21 on two penstemons (P. barbatus and P. strictus). Penstemons were irrigated with nutrient or saline solution for 8 weeks and various growth and physiological data were recorded before harvest. Salinity stress degraded the visual quality of penstemon species and led to a reduction in the growth rate and biomass production. Leaf burn and necrosis were observed in penstemons because of salinity stress. The visual score of P. barbatus and P. strictus decreased with increasing EC levels in the saline solution. When irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 7.5 dS·m21, Penstemon barbatus and P. strictus had severe-to-moderate foliar salt damage with average visual scores of 1.7 and 2.5, respectively (0 5 dead plant; 5 5 excellent plant without any foliar damage). The two penstemon species had severe foliar salt damage or were dead when irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·m21. There were 87% and 92% decreases in the leaf area of P. barbatus and P. strictus, respectively, when irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·m21 compared with those in the control. Although not statistically significant, there were 7% to 18% decreases in shoot dry weight of P. barbatus when irrigated with saline solutions at ECs of 2.5 to 10.0 dS·m21 compared with control. However, P. strictus displayed declines of 13% to 31% in shoot dry weight as the salinity levels of the irrigation solution increased. As the salinity levels increased, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration (E) rates decreased. Furthermore, sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl2) contents of P. barbatus and P. strictus increased with the increase in salinity levels of the treatment solution. Consequently, P. barbatus and P. strictus demonstrated sensitivity to salinity stress at ECs of 7.5 and 10.0 dS·m21. This study provides important insights for their effective utilization in landscaping practices within saline-prone areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Talking head generation aims to synthesize a photo‐realistic speaking video with accurate lip motion. While this field has attracted more attention in recent audio‐visual researches, most existing methods do not achieve the simultaneous improvement of lip synchronization and visual quality. In this paper, we propose Wav2Lip‐HR, a neural‐based audio‐driven high‐resolution talking head generation method. With our technique, all required to generate a clear high‐resolution lip sync talking video is an image/video of the target face and an audio clip of any speech. The primary benefit of our method is that it generates clear high‐resolution videos with sufficient facial details, rather than the ones just be large‐sized with less clarity. We first analyze key factors that limit the clarity of generated videos and then put forth several important solutions to address the problem, including data augmentation, model structure improvement and a more effective loss function. Finally, we employ several efficient metrics to evaluate the clarity of images generated by our proposed approach as well as several widely used metrics to evaluate lip‐sync performance. Numerous experiments demonstrate that our method has superior performance on visual quality and lip synchronization when compared to other existing schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the novel 3D visualization technologies of our era, light field displays provide the complete 3D visual experience without the need for any personal viewing device. Due to the lack of such constraint, these displays may be viewed by any number of observers simultaneously, and the corresponding use case contexts may also involve a virtually unlimited numbers of users; any number that the valid viewing area of the display may accommodate. While many instances of the utilization of this technology operate with static contents, camera animation may also be relevant. While the topic of light field camera animation has already been addressed on an initial level, there are still numerous research efforts to be carried out. In this paper, we elaborate on the lessons learned from implementing light field camera animation. The paper discusses the associated implications, limitations, potentials, and future research efforts. Each of these areas are approached from the perspectives of use cases, visual content, and quality assessment, as well as capture and display hardware. Our work highlights the existing research gaps in the investigated topic, the severe issues related to visualization sharpness, and the lack of appropriate datasets, as well as the constraints due to which novel contents may be captured by virtual cameras instead of real capture systems.

A tendency to increase the number of acquired remote sensing images and to make their average size larger has been observed. To manage such data, compression is needed, and lossy compression is often preferable. Since lossy compression introduces distortions, this results in worse classification and object detection. Therefore, lossy compression must be controlled, i.e., the introduced distortions must be under a certain limit. The distortions and the limit can be characterized by different metrics (quantitative criteria). Here, we consider the case of using the HaarPSI metric, which has a very high correlation with visual quality and human attention (saliency map), for three-channel optical band images compressed by the better portable graphics (BPG) encoder, one of the best modern compression techniques. We analyze a two-step procedure of providing a desired visual quality and show its peculiarities for the modes 4:4:4, 4:2:2, and 4:2:0 of image compression. We show how the HaarPSI metric relates to other known metrics of image visual quality and thresholds of distortion visibility. It is demonstrated that the two-step procedure provides about three times better accuracy in providing the desired visual quality compared to the fixed setting of parameter Q that controls compression for the BPG encoder. The provided accuracy is close to the reachable limit determined by the integer value setting of the Q parameter. We also briefly analyze the influence of compression on the classification accuracy of real-life remote sensing data.

Background/Objectives: To evaluate the clinical and patient-reported outcomes (PROMs) obtained with an optimized version of a previously investigated trifocal IOL. Methods: Prospective non-comparative single-center study enrolling 29 patients (55–71 years) undergoing bilateral cataract surgery with implantation of the trifocal diffractive IOL Liberty 677CMY (Medicontur Medical Engineering Ltd., Zsámbék, Hungary). Visual and refractive outcomes as well as PROMs were evaluated during a 3-month follow-up: measurement of uncorrected and corrected distance (UDVA, CDVA), intermediate (UIVA, DCIVA) and near visual acuities (UNVA, DCNVA), defocus curve, patient satisfaction, photic phenomena perception, spectacle independence, and difficulty in performing some vision-related activities. Results: A total of 100%, 92%, and 80% of patients achieved a postoperative binocular UDVA, UIVA, and UNVA of 20/25 or better, respectively. Likewise, 100%, 80%, and 84% of patients achieved a postoperative binocular CDVA, DCIVA, and DCNVA of 20/25 or better, respectively. In the defocus curve, all mean visual acuity values were better than 0.15 logMAR for all defocus levels. A total of 95.8%, 95.8%, and 91.7% of patients referred to be satisfied with their distance, intermediate, and near visual vision, respectively. Mean overall Catquest Rasch calibrated score was −3.12 ± 0.98. Most of the patients were spectacle independent: far (95.8%), intermediate (95.8%) or near vision (91.7%). No bothersome or minimal to moderately bothersome halo, starburst, and glare was perceived by 83.3%, 83.4%, and 83.3% of patients, respectively. Conclusions: The trifocal IOL evaluated provides a visual acuity improvement, with high levels of spectacle independence, patient satisfaction, and perceived visual quality associated.

Purpose: To analyze and compare the visual performance and patient satisfaction following the implantation of toric multifocal intraocular lenses (TMIOLs) in adult patients with different types of developmental cataracts (DC) accompanied by corneal astigmatism (CA). Methods: This is a prospective observational cohort study. Patients diagnosed with DC aged 18–30 years were divided into three groups according to the anatomic location of the lens opacity: cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular (PSC) groups, and implanted with TMIOLs. Visual acuity (VA), postoperative refractive astigmatism (RA), intraocular lens (IOL) rotation, high-order aberrations (HOAs), modulation transfer function (MTF) curve, and Strehl ratio were compared. The functional vision and incidence of photic phenomena were surveyed using questionnaires. Results: Fifty-five eyes of 37 patients were enrolled and completed a 1-year follow-up. The mean CA was 2.06 ± 0.79 D preoperatively, and the mean RA was 0.29 ± 0.30 D 3-month postoperatively. The IOL rotation was 2.48° ± 1.89°, with no deviation > 10°. At 12 months, mean uncorrected distance VA improved from 0.93 ± 0.41 preoperatively to 0.08 ± 0.08 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), mean uncorrected near VA increased from 0.45 ± 0.30 preoperatively to 0.12 ± 0.11 logMAR, and mean uncorrected intermediate VA was 0.14 ± 0.08 logMAR. The cortical and nuclear groups displayed better improvements in uncorrected near and intermediate VA than that in the PSC group. Similar results were observed in the 3-month defocus curves, HOAs, MTF curve, halo incidence, and near vision satisfaction. Conclusion: In adult patients with DC accompanied by CA, TMIOLs implantation achieved good postoperative visual outcomes and significantly reduced glasses dependency. Patients with cortical or nuclear lens opacity showed better whole-course VA and quality of vision, while patients with PSC opacity showed unsatisfactory near vision and suffered more photic phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]