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A right-hand-dominant female presented 5 weeks following a right middle finger intralesional cantharidin injection for a common wart by a dermatologist. The patient experienced progressive stiffness, blistering, swelling, pain, and ultimately, full-thickness skin necrosis surrounding the injection site. Careful debridement followed by a full-thickness skin graft was performed with no evidence of involvement of the germinal matrix or terminal extensor tendon. At the 7-month postoperative mark, the patient's graft exhibited favorable healing and improved functionality that did not require further follow-up. Intralesional injection of cantharidin solutions for digital warts leads to progressive skin necrosis. Our case required prompt debridement and defect coverage. Involvement of the underlying anatomical structures was also a concern. Dermatologists and hand surgeons should be familiar with this complication as intralesional cantharidin injections are contraindicated.

Introduction: Dermoscopy is a widely used non-invasive technique to differentiate and diagnose skin lesions between benign and malignant alterations for detecting skin cancers. Apart from malignancy differentiation, it's often hard to tell the difference between a corn and callus-derived plantar wart with an unaided gaze. Dermoscopy is a non-invasive diagnostic process that allows for a review of morphological characteristics and things that are difficult for unprepared pupils to understand. This investigation looked at the microscopic outcomes of calluses, corns, and warts on the palms and soles in pared and unpaired situations. Objective: To investigate the findings of dermoscopy's in corns, calluses, and plantar warts as well as to determine the use of dermoscopy's without compromising diagnostic precision. Methods: This study comprised 90 people with calluses, corns, and warts on the palmar surface. The dermoscopy's findings have been documented utilizing a predesigned arranged format. Results: Warts were the least prevalent disorder across patients (58.4%), followed by callous (34.6%) and corns (35%). All wart cases, either unpaired or pared, showed consistent black/red dots on dermoscopy's examination. 95% of the unpaired lesions of corns and 100% of the pared lesions have translucent centre cores. In both pared and unpaired examples of callus, homogenous opacity was noted in 100% of the cases. No correlation among pared and unpaired lesions (p>0.05). Conclusions: Dermoscopy's without paring may improve the precision of understanding several clinically significant corns, calluses, and warts varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The COVID-19 pandemic has changed hand-washing habits. Exposure to water more frequently and time than normal causes dryness, dermatitis, and damage to the skin barrier. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the frequency and duration of exposure to water on the hands, obsession with hand washing, and warts on the hands. Material and Method: A questionnaire was administered to hand warts group (n=94), plantar warts group (n=46), and healthy volunteers (n=30) questioning the factors that predispose to wart formation, hygiene behaviors, hand moisturizing habits, and hand washing obsession. The presence of warts, localization, number, and clinical type, presence of xerosis, and hand dermatitis were recorded. Data from the hand warts group were compared with control groups of healthy volunteers with plantar warts. Results: The total exposure time of the hands to water per day was significantly higher in hand warts group than in the plantar warts group and healthy ones (<0.001, both). While xerosis was observed in 51.1% of the hand warts group, further clinical evaluation was recommended with the suspicion of handwashing obsession in 26.6%. The suspicion of handwashing obsession was reinforced by bilateral warts, hand dorsum involvement, more than one anatomical region involvement, and a high number of warts (p=0.039, p=0.048, p=0.027, p=0.018; respectively). Conclusion: Water exposure might be a novel unrecognized risk factor for hand warts. Patients with hand warts should be evaluated regarding OCD and the need for moisturizer by questioning the frequency of handwashing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Design: Cryotherapy is an easy-to-apply and effective method in the treatment of warts. Numerous studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of cryotherapy in treating warts. However, in the literature, there is no comparative study on the treatment success, side effects, and superiority of vertical or tangential application to each other in spray cryotherapy. This study aims to compare both methods and to determine the ideal method for increasing patient compliance and treatment success in cryotherapy. Materials and Methods: Between December 2014 and March 2016, 25 volunteer patients with 173 warts on both hands were applied spray cryotherapy with the vertical method in one hand and tangential method in the other. The patients were evaluated in terms of both treatment success and side effects at three-week intervals. Results: The two methods did not differ in therapeutic efficacy (p>0.05). There was no difference between the two methods in terms of bullae (p=0.515) and hypopigmentation (p=0.709) formation. When the pain scores of two spray methods warts were compared according to warts diameters, the tangential application's pain score was lower in warts smaller than 2.5 mm (p=0.031). There was no significant difference in warts of other diameters (between 2.6-5.0 mm and greater than 5.0 mm) (p>0.05). Warts requiring three sessions of treatment (20/173) were compared in each session for pain scores. Regardless of the method, a significant decrease in pain score was found in each consecutive session (p

Background: Verrucae are benign proliferations caused by human papillomavirus. Treatment is needed for pain, bleeding, contagiousness, and cosmetically. Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of KTP laser treatment in verrucae, as well as side effects and recurrence rates. Patients and Methods: Patients who had Verrucae vulgaris (V. vulgaris) and Verrucae plantaris (V. plantaris) previously treated with KTP laser were scanned for their eligibility. Twenty‐nine patients who met the inclusion criteria were included. There was complete recovery in 24 patients (82.8%) and partial recovery in two patients (6.9%). Three patients (10.3%) were unresponsive to treatment after six sessions (no recovery). Two patients had mild pain during the application, and 65.4% of the patients had complete cosmetic recovery at the 3rd month follow‐up. Results: As a result, we found that the standard KTP laser can be an effective option for both types of verrucae. Conclusions: We think KTP laser treatment can be preferred for verrucae treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genital warts are the most frequent sexually transmitted disease. Their clinical diagnosis is not always easy, and invasive skin biopsies for histological examination should be performed in these cases. The aim of the study was to investigate the use of non-invasive imaging techniques for the diagnosis of genital warts and their imitators. We retrospectively evaluated dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), and line-filed confocal microscopy (LC-OCT) images of nine patients with 19 warts of the mucous membranes and five patients with lesions that clinically mimic genital warts, including 12 molluscum contagiosum, 1 Fordyce's spot and one case of multiple acquired lymphangiomas. Most genital warts (15; 79%) showed dilated vessels surrounded by a whitish halo at dermoscopy. RCM and the new device LC-OCT could identify near histologic features such as the presence of hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, papillomatosis and enlarged vessels in all genital warts. However, the identification of koilocytes, which are the hallmark for the diagnosis of warts, was still difficult using both techniques. Non-invasive imaging techniques could also offer clues for the correct diagnosis of the imitators. This study confirmed the usefulness of dermoscopy in recognizing a precise pattern in warts and showed the potential use of RCM and LC-OCT to add additional findings to the clinical and dermoscopic examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Intralesional therapies are used for recalcitrant warts, but no Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment exists nor is there consensus regarding the most efficacious therapy. Therefore, this systematic review aims to summarize efficacy and adverse events reported in 62 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of intralesional therapies for cutaneous warts. The most studied intralesional therapies included measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine (n = 24 studies), purified protein derivative (PPD) (n = 19 studies), vitamin D3 (n = 15 studies), and Candida antigen (n = 14 studies). Most studies included adult and pediatric patients or adults alone, with only 4 studies on pediatric patients alone. MMR vaccine was the most studied treatment (n = 853 patients). MMR had a complete response rate of 27–90%. The next most common treatment, PPD, had a complete response rate of 45–87%. Other treatments included Candida antigen and vitamin D3, with complete response rates of 25–84% and 40–96%, respectively. The most frequent side effects were injection-site reactions and flu-like symptoms. This systematic review represents a useful summary of intralesional therapy RCTs for clinician reference. This study also highlights the lack of large multi-institutional RCTs, despite many patients being treated for this widespread problem.

Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the production and subsequent accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells and tissues and the capacity of a biological system to eliminate these reactive substances. Systemic oxidative stress biomarkers in plasma, serum, urine, or red blood cells have been found to be elevated in many diseases, including skin cancer. UV radiation (UVR) induces damage to biomolecules that enter the bloodstream, reinforcing systemic oxidative stress. On the other hand, pre-existing systemic oxidative stress does not supply the skin with the adequate micronutrients and antioxidant resources to ameliorate the skin’s antioxidant defense against UVR. In both scenarios, skin cancer patients are exposed to oxidative conditions. In the case of warts, oxidation is linked to chronic inflammation, while impaired cutaneous antioxidant defense could ineffectively deal with possible oxidative stimuli from viral agents, such as HPV. Therefore, the aim of our study is to evaluate the existing data on systemic oxidative stress in skin diseases such as non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), basal-cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma as well as benign lesions such as actinic keratosis (AK), sebaceous keratosis (SK), and warts. Previous studies have demonstrated that patients with NMSC, melanoma, AK, and warts (both genital and non-genital) are subjected to severe oxidative stress, indicated by disturbed antioxidant enzyme levels, accumulated oxidized proteins and lipid products, and, to a lesser extent, lower concentrations of micronutrients. Interestingly, medical history of NMSC or melanoma as well as stage of skin cancer and treatment approach were found to affect systemic oxidative stress parameters. In the case of warts (both genital and non-genital), high oxidative stress levels were also detected, and they were found to be aligned with their recalcitrant character.

A five months old, male Beagle pup with several cauliflower-like outgrowths on oral mucous membrane and lips was brought to University Veterinary Hospital, Kokkalai. The growths were rounded, moist, pink in colour and with a narrow stalk. Resection of two growths was done under local anaesthesia and subjected to histopathology, which revealed proliferation of keratinized squamous cell epithelium with fibovascular stalk, indicating papillomas. Based upon the clinical signs and histopathology result, the disease was diagnosed as canine oral papillomatosis. Analogous autohaemotherapy (AHT) was selected as the method of therapeutic management. Resolution of the papillomas started within a week of administration of 5 mL of the animals's own blood as intramuscular injection, and complete recovery occurred within one month. This article discusses AHT for canine oral papillomatosis along with its hematological and histopathological results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fingolimod is a sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) analogue that has antagonistic effects on S1P receptors. It creates an immunosuppressive effect by decreasing the number of circulating lymphocytes by preventing the exit of lymphocytes from lymphoid tissues. The causal link between fingolimod treatment and warts has not yet been proven. Herein, we report a case of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in which multiple warts developed on the right hand over the years after the initiation of fingolimod treatment and disappeared completely after discontinuation of treatment. Conclusions: The temporal relationship between discontinuation of treatment and healing of lesions, as in our case, supports a possible causal role of fingolimod and new warts did not form while receiving ocrelizumab treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Locus minoris resistentiae (LMR) is a special site that offers less resistance to the onset of disease than the rest of the body. Areas of cutaneous mosaicism may act as congenital LMR sites. Viral infections such as verruca are a rare occurrence on these sites. Nevus sebaceous is a benign hamartoma with epidermal, follicular, and apocrine mosaicism in the stem cells that expand in the lines of Blaschko, which may act as a site of LMR. Herein, we present a case series of nevus sebaceous to document the occurrence of verrucae and the possibility of LMR at these sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the production and subsequent accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells and tissues and the capacity of a biological system to eliminate these reactive substances. Systemic oxidative stress biomarkers in plasma, serum, urine, or red blood cells have been found to be elevated in many diseases, including skin cancer. UV radiation (UVR) induces damage to biomolecules that enter the bloodstream, reinforcing systemic oxidative stress. On the other hand, pre-existing systemic oxidative stress does not supply the skin with the adequate micronutrients and antioxidant resources to ameliorate the skin's antioxidant defense against UVR. In both scenarios, skin cancer patients are exposed to oxidative conditions. In the case of warts, oxidation is linked to chronic inflammation, while impaired cutaneous antioxidant defense could ineffectively deal with possible oxidative stimuli from viral agents, such as HPV. Therefore, the aim of our study is to evaluate the existing data on systemic oxidative stress in skin diseases such as non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), basal-cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma as well as benign lesions such as actinic keratosis (AK), sebaceous keratosis (SK), and warts. Previous studies have demonstrated that patients with NMSC, melanoma, AK, and warts (both genital and non-genital) are subjected to severe oxidative stress, indicated by disturbed antioxidant enzyme levels, accumulated oxidized proteins and lipid products, and, to a lesser extent, lower concentrations of micronutrients. Interestingly, medical history of NMSC or melanoma as well as stage of skin cancer and treatment approach were found to affect systemic oxidative stress parameters. In the case of warts (both genital and non-genital), high oxidative stress levels were also detected, and they were found to be aligned with their recalcitrant character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Condyloma acuminata is treated in different ways, each of which may have advantages and disadvantages. The present study aimed to evaluate the effective factors in response to cryotherapy treatment in women with condyloma acuminata. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 200 women with condyloma acuminata who were candidates for cryotherapy and were referred to Farshchian Hospital (Sinai) in 2021-2022. Before starting cryotherapy, a biopsy sample was taken from the lesions to perform a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and determine the genotype of the human papillomavirus. Based on the extracted subtype, the lesions were classified into three high-risk, medium- and low-risk groups. Cryotherapy was performed for each lesion once every two weeks and up to six sessions at most. Patients were examined one month after the last cryotherapy session in terms of recovery with no recovery. Non-response to treatment was considered the case group, and response was regarded as the control group. Results: In terms of genotype, 43% were high risk, 24.5% were intermediate, and 32.5% were low risk. The frequency of response to treatment was 37%. A response to cryotherapy of condyloma acuminata in the anogenital area of participating showed a significant correlation with age (P=0.008), lesion size (P=0.001), duration of disease (P=0.001), genotype (P=0.001), and lesion location (P =0.014). Conclusion: Response to cryotherapy treatment in anogenital condyloma acuminata warts is relatively low. Lesions in the vaginal area, younger age, the smaller size of lesions, and shorter duration of infection had a better prognosis after cryotherapy

Background: Plantar warts (verrucae plantaris) are a common source of pain for patients and are often refractory to treatment. Previous work has shown a high clearance rate of verrucae using a surface‐based microwave device (Swift®). Aims: To assess the efficacy, defined as the complete visible clearance of warts, in patients with verrucae plantaris receiving microwave treatment. Patients: We undertook a retrospective review and identified records of 85 patients who underwent a course of microwave treatment at a single US‐based podiatry centre. Efficacy was analyzed on the basis on intention‐to‐treat. Results: In patients who received ≥1 session there was a complete clearance rate of 60.0% (51/85) (intention‐to‐treat; 59 patients completed treatment, 26 lost to follow‐up) and 86.4% (51/59) per treatment completion; no significant differences in clearance rates of children and adults were observed (61.0% [25/41] vs. 59.1% [26/44]). There were 31 patients who received three sessions of microwave therapy with a clearance rate of 71.0% (22/31) as per intention‐to‐treat (27 patients completed treatment, 4 lost to follow‐up). An average of 2.3 sessions (SD: 1.1; range: 1–6) was required for the complete clearance of plantar warts. Complete clearance was also observed in some patients with recalcitrant warts following additional treatment sessions (42.9% [3/7]). A significant reduction in wart related pain was reported for all patients undergoing treatment. Some patients continued to report a reduced amount of pain post‐therapy compared with pretherapy. Conclusions: Microwave treatment of verrucae plantaris appears to be a safe and effective procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The human papillomavirus that causes warts is usually harmless, and it can infect any part of the skin or mucous membranes. Despite the availability of several treatments, warts often return, and scarring, pigmentation changes, and recurrence are all possible side effects. Aim: Intralesional vitamin D3 was employed as an immunotherapy for cutaneous warts in the current investigation. Materials and Methods: In Al‐Sadr Medical City in the city of Al‐Najaf Al‐Ashraf, a skin clinic conducted a therapeutic clinical experiment. A total of 204 cutaneous warts were examined in 40 patients (14 men and 26 females). Vitamin D3 solution of the dose (600 000 IU) was injected into the lesions' bases, with 0.2 mL per patient. Each session could only inject up to five warts. The injections were given every 2 weeks for a total of four times. Instructing patients to forego the use of any topical or oral medication was also a part of the protocol. Each patient was evaluated for recurrence risk before each therapy and then again 6 months later. Result and Discussion: There was a wide range of patient ages in this study, from 20 months to 52 years. About 65% of the cases included females. When looking at the many kinds of warts, the most prevalent was the common wart (71.6%). After four treatments, a positive response was considered to have occurred when all lesions had disappeared, a partial response when more than half of the lesions had disappeared, and no reaction when less than half of the lesions had disappeared. The final tally was 81.9% for those who responded in whole, 11.3% for those who responded partially, and 6.9% for those who did not respond at all. Next‐session complete response rates were 12.7%, 29.9%, 54.9%, and 81.9%, respectively. Thirteen people experienced adverse symptoms, most noticeably minor swelling and itching. Within 6 months of follow‐up, warts had completely disappeared for all patients with a partial or modest response except one who had no reaction. Conclusion: Vitamin D3 administered intralesional is an effective and low‐cost treatment for cutaneous warts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine papillomatosis affects animal health and represents one of the greatest economic losses in the livestock sector. New control and prevention methods to protect the livestock industry from this disease are necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate a candidate peptide for antibody production against bovine papillomavirus (BPV).

Background: Warts are viral cutaneous infections caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), presented by verrucous growth over the skin surface. The cell mediated immune response is considered to play a crucial role in HPV clearance. The viral load and number of lesions increase when there is an imbalance between the T-helper 1 and T-helper 2 immune responses. Interleukin (IL)-19 is a cytokine that belongs to interleukin 10 cytokines family and constitutes a sub-family with IL-20, IL-22 and IL-24. IL-19 is mainly produced by activated monocytes and to a lesser extent by B-cells, keratinocytes and fetal membranes. IL-19 was found to shift T-cell maturation away from the pro-inflammatory T-helper 1 cells toward the anti-inflammatory T-helper 2 cells. It induces IL-4 and IL-13 production in T cells and apoptosis in monocytes. Aim: This study aimed to measure serum level of IL-19 in patients with warts compared to healthy controls and to find out the correlation between this level and number, size and clinical types of warts. Methods: The study included 50 patients with warts and 50 control subjects. Serum concentration of IL-19 was measured by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. Results: Interleukin-19 serum level was significantly lower in patients with warts than in controls (P < 0.003). Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between IL-19 serum level and the number of warts (P = 0.027). Conclusion: Serum level of IL-19 was significantly lower in patients with warts, and this low level might be crucial for an effective cell mediated immunological response to HPV.

ABSTRACT High-risk human papillomaviruses (PV) account for approximately 600,000 new cancers per year. The early protein E8^E2 is a conserved repressor of PV replication, whereas E4 is a late protein that arrests cells in G2 and collapses keratin filaments to facilitate virion release. While inactivation of the Mus musculus PV1 (MmuPV1) E8 start codon (E8-) increases viral gene expression, surprisingly, it prevents wart formation in FoxN1nu/nu mice. To understand this surprising phenotype, the impact of additional E8^E2 mutations was characterized in tissue culture and mice. MmuPV1 and HPV E8^E2 similarly interact with cellular NCoR/SMRT-HDAC3 co-repressor complexes. Disruption of the splice donor sequence used to generate the E8^E2 transcript or E8^E2 mutants (mt) with impaired binding to NCoR/SMRT-HDAC3 activates MmuPV1 transcription in murine keratinocytes. These MmuPV1 E8^E2 mt genomes also fail to induce warts in mice. The phenotype of E8^E2 mt genomes in undifferentiated cells resembles productive PV replication in differentiated keratinocytes. Consistent with this, E8^E2 mt genomes induced aberrant E4 expression in undifferentiated keratinocytes. In line with observations for HPV, MmuPV1 E4-positive cells displayed a shift to the G2 phase of the cell cycle. In summary, we propose that in order to enable both expansion of infected cells and wart formation in vivo, MmuPV1 E8^E2 inhibits E4 protein expression in the basal keratinocytes that would otherwise undergo E4-mediated cell cycle arrest. IMPORTANCE Human papillomaviruses (PVs) initiate productive replication, which is characterized by genome amplification and expression of E4 protein strictly within suprabasal, differentiated keratinocytes. Mus musculus PV1 mutants that disrupt splicing of the E8^E2 transcript or abolish the interaction of E8^E2 with cellular NCoR/SMRT-HDAC3 co-repressor complexes display increased gene expression in tissue culture but are unable to form warts in vivo. This confirms that the repressor activity of E8^E2 is required for tumor formation and genetically defines a conserved E8 interaction domain. E8^E2 prevents expression of E4 protein in basal-like, undifferentiated keratinocytes and thereby their arrest in G2 phase. Since binding of E8^E2 to NCoR/SMRT-HDAC3 co-repressor is required to enable expansion of infected cells in the basal layer and wart formation in vivo, this interaction represents a novel, conserved, and potentially druggable target.

Background: Warts are viral cutaneous infections caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), presented by verrucous growth over the skin surface. The cell mediated immune response is considered to play a crucial role in HPV clearance. The viral load and number of lesions increase when there is an imbalance between the T-helper 1 and T-helper 2 immune responses. Interleukin (IL)-19 is a cytokine that belongs to interleukin 10 cytokines family and constitutes a sub-family with IL-20, IL-22 and IL-24. IL-19 is mainly produced by activated monocytes and to a lesser extent by B-cells, keratinocytes and fetal membranes. IL-19 was found to shift T-cell maturation away from the pro-inflammatory T-helper 1 cells toward the anti-inflammatory T-helper 2 cells. It induces IL-4 and IL-13 production in T cells and apoptosis in monocytes. Aim: This study aimed to measure serum level of IL-19 in patients with warts compared to healthy controls and to find out the correlation between this level and number, size and clinical types of warts. Methods: The study included 50 patients with warts and 50 control subjects. Serum concentration of IL-19 was measured by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. Results: Interleukin-19 serum level was significantly lower in patients with warts than in controls (P < 0.003). Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between IL-19 serum level and the number of warts (P = 0.027). Conclusion: Serum level of IL-19 was significantly lower in patients with warts, and this low level might be crucial for an effective cell mediated immunological response to HPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healing from viral warts lesions can be hard to achieve in immunocompromised subjects like HIV-positive patients. The therapeutic target in immunocompetent subjects can be reached using different methods, including topical ointments, cryotherapy, laser therapy, imiquimod, and photodynamic therapy (PDT). We present a case of a male HIV-positive patient who came to the Dermatology department with multifocal wart lesions on his face, auricular, and retro-auricular areas after treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In our case, surprisingly, only one session of PDT proved to induce complete regression of lesions which, despite their thickness, had a much more robust response to treatment than we could have possibly expected. After a brief review of the literature, it is possible to state that PDT revealed itself to be a valid option in immunocompromised patients who have a major risk of relapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Intralesional antigen immunotherapy represents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of different types of warts, particularly if multiple and/or recalcitrant. Aim: to investigate the efficacy and safety of combined cryotherapy with intralesional purified protein derivative (PPD) immunotherapy in the treatment of multiple common warts. Methods: Fifty patients were randomly divided into two groups (25 patients each): Group A: receiving intralesional PPD immunotherapy for the largest wart, while group B: receiving cryotherapy for all warts plus intralesional PPD for the largest wart. Treatments were performed every 2 weeks for a maximum of four sessions. Photographs were taken at baseline and at each visit and clinical response was evaluated by the reduction in number and size of warts. Adverse effects were recorded. Results: There was a significant reduction in size and number of warts in both groups (P <.001), with no significant difference between the two groups. Complete clearance of the lesions was observed in 48% of patients in group A and 44% in group B (P =.39). Higher rates of near complete/complete response were achieved after fewer sessions (2, 3 sessions) in group B (P =.002). Blistering was common after cryotherapy. Higher rate of hypopigmentation was noticed after combined treatment than after PPD monotherapy (56%, 8% respectively; P <.001), which resolved gradually. Conclusion: Both intralesional PPD alone and combined cryotherapy with PPD are safe and effective in clearing of common warts. Cryotherapy may be a successful adjunct to intralesional PPD immunotherapy that helps in reducing the number of treatment sessions. The study protocol was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with ID: NCT04288817 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Cryotherapy might face-up either with unwanted side effects or inadequate outcomes. • The freezing temperature must also properly penetrate deep-root infectious layers. • Some bacterial proteins can initiate ice nucleation at low (above -10°C) temperatures. • These proteins would properly reach infectious layers and directly facilitate ice formation through encapsulation in vesicular lipid particles. Warts are a common skin complaint caused by viral infections. Cryotherapy is a well-established approach for wart removal, which apply low temperatures to freeze and destroy infectious cells. However, this process may face-up several unwanted side effect on healthy nearby tissues. Besides, proper penetration of such temperature is also required to cause irreversible damages in deep-root infectious layers. In this respect, ice-producing proteins that are naturally found in some bacterial species, knowing as ice nucleation active (INA) bacteria, may be practical. In the current work, we hypothesized purification and encapsulation of these proteins into vesicular lipid particles (such as liposomes, niosomes, and exosomes) for an intralesional injection. Thereby, effective wart removal would be achieved even at low temperatures without undesirable effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Viral wart is a common benign infectious dermatosis. It remains unclear why not everyone exposed to HPV develops warts. It is known that vitamin and mineral deficiencies can affect impair natural and acquired immunity and lead to a tendency to get more infections. This study aimed to determine the potential utility of evaluating vitamin B12, folic acid, and ferritin levels in patients with viral warts. Material and Methods: In this retrospective study, 70 patients who were diagnosed with viral warts in the dermatology outpatient clinic of Karabük University Training and Research Hospital between January 2018 and December 2019 were included. 70 healthy individuals matched with viral wart patients in terms of gender and age were included as the control group. Serum vitamin B12, folic acid, and ferritin levels of both groups were detected and compared from the hospital automation system. Results: Vitamin B12 level was detected statistically significantly lower in the viral wart group as compared to the control group (p=0.046). Although serum ferritin levels were found lower in the viral wart group, this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.677). No statistically significant difference was detected between the viral wart and control groups in terms of folate levels (p=0.879). Conclusion: In patients with viral warts with low serum vitamin B12 levels, replacement therapy could be considered. Also, the evaluation of serum ferritin level, an iron storage parameter in the body, is important in patients with viral warts infection.

Abstract Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide, affecting about 80% of women up to the age of 50. The persistent infection of high risk-HPV types (HR-HPV) is the leading cause of cervical cancer, the fourth most common cancer of women. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the frequency and typing of HPV in the genital lesions in the Iranian population. Methods This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on a population in the South-Khorasan province of Iran. All of the participants were sexually active and were checked for evident cervical warts. Biopsy samples were collected from various lesions, and all samples were tested for detection and genotyping of HPV using a reverse dot blot hybridization method (HPV direct flow CHIP). Results In overall, 370 samples were evaluated; 10 cases (2.7%) were male and the rest were female. The mean age of patients was 33.3 ± 8.5 years, of which 48.1% were in the age range from 25 to 36 years. Among the samples, 345 (93.2%) were positive for HPV-DNA; the low risk HPV types (LR-HPV) and HR-HPV were identified among 80.9% and 15.5% of tissue samples, respectively. Among the LR-HPV, HPV-6, 11, 42 and 54 were the most common genotypes, and HPV-16 and 39 were prevalent HR-HPV types detected. The number of pregnancies, marriage age, and partner infection were not significantly related to the HPV types. Types 42 had a declining pattern toward aging, and HPV-11 was increasing toward aging. Conclusion The number of samples with HR-HPV was rather high. Due to the greater frequency of infection in the age range of 25–35 years, it is advised that all individuals referred to gynecological clinics at gestational age be tested for HPV types.

The results of research on the selection of potato varieties and breeding material from Institute for potato study NAAS and Institute of Agriculture of Carpathian Region NAAS are presented in this paper. There were selected 12 potato varieties of Ukrainian breeding with high resistance level: 'Aria', 'Glazurna', 'Knyagynya', 'Zheran', 'Zhytnytsia', 'Podolyanka', 'Skarbnytsia', 'Slavyanka', 'Chervona Ruta', 'Fantasy', 'Schedryk' and 'Chortytsia' (1.2-2.4 points (R1) and 2 varieties ('Dyvo' and 'Povin' - 3.4 and 3.0 points (R2)) by the research results for potato assessment to wart in 2020-2021 by the results of field and laboratory studies for determining Ukrainian breeding potato varieties resistance to wart Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb) Perc. There were chosen 6 varieties with relatively high resistance degree to late blight Phytophthora infenstans (Mont) de Bary (7.2-8.5 points): 'Aria', 'Dyvo', 'Zhytnytsia', 'Knyagynia', 'Podolyanka' and 'Slavyanka' by the choice. The evaluation results allow to put them into the State Register of plant varieties suitable for dissemination in Ukraine. These potato varieties recommend for implementation in potato disease sources and usage as a parent form for crossing as sources of potato resistance to wart and late blight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Palmoplantar and periungual warts tend to be recalcitrant. Intralesional immunotherapy can provide high efficacy with additional benefit to distant warts. However, evidence on comparative effects between intralesional immunotherapy with measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR) and tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) and roles of dermoscopy in predicting treatment outcomes in palmoplantar/periungual warts is limited. Objectives: The study aimed to compare efficacy and safety of intralesional MMR and PPD injections in treatment of palmoplantar/periungual warts and explore associations between dermoscopic findings and treatment outcomes. Methods: We conducted a double-blind randomized controlled trial involving 40 patients with palmoplantar/periungual warts who were equally assigned to receive MMR or PPD. Intralesional injection was done every 2 weeks until clearance or maximum of 5 treatments. Results: Complete resolution was higher in MMR than PPD group (90.0% vs. 80.0% in index lesion and 81.3% vs. 54.6% in distant lesions, respectively), although the differences were statistically nonsignificant. Dermoscopic findings were not significantly associated with complete resolution. Local swelling, i.e., the most common adverse event, occurred more frequently in PPD (40.0%) than MMR group (10.0%). Conclusion: This study suggests that intralesional immunotherapy with either MMR or PPD is efficacious in palmoplantar/periungual warts, with MMR showing a trend toward higher clearance and lower adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: This study aims to examine the association between depression and workaholism among university students. Methods: Participants were 182 undergraduates at a large university in the South of Poland, aged between 20–28 years old (M = 22.17, SD = 1.39), including 102 women (56%). The cross-sectional study used the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Work Addiction Risk Test (WART). Results: This study shows that depression and workaholism levels are significantly lower in Physical Education students than other faculties' students. Gender moderates the relationship between workaholism and depression. Women demonstrate a stronger association between depression and workaholism than men. Conclusions: Both physical activity and gender appear to play an essential role in mental health prevention. The result of this study should be considered in therapy and prevention programs at university campuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papillomaviruses (PV) affect dogs and cats. Oral papillomas are common in young dogs and generally do not require treatment because they resolve spontaneously. The virus is spread via direct contact during play, or via indirect contact (from the environment, through fomites). Cutaneous papillomas are less common and less likely to resolve spontaneously. Cryosurgery, CO 2 laser ablation, surgical excision, or topical imiquimod are options for bothersome or nonregressing papillomas. Papillomas in older dogs occur due to systemic immunosuppression and diagnostic investigation is warranted. Cutaneous or oral papillomas in cats are uncommon and feline PV are associated with certain skin neoplasms., Competing Interests: Disclosure The author has nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Nail unit verruca is the most common nail tumor encountered in clinical practice and may be highly distressing to patients due to reduced functionality, cosmesis, and stigmatization. Subungual and periungual verrucae present a challenge for treatment compared to cutaneous warts of other sites and recurrence rates are high. The risk of spread to other skin and mucosal areas inherent to all warts may be increased given location on the fingertips. There are a multitude of therapeutic options, and treatment is individualized based on patient characteristics, anatomic location, number of verrucae, and size of verrucae. Destructive techniques, if used too aggressively, can permanently damage the nail matrix. In this clinical review, nail unit verruca epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, treatments, and therapeutic approaches to various patient populations, including pediatric and immunosuppressed patients, are described., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest Dr Piraccini has served as a consultant for Pierre fabre-Ducray, Difa Cooper, Dercos-L’Oreal, ISDIN, Legacy Healthcare, Pfeizer, and Eli- Lilly. Dr Tosti has served as a consultant for DS Laboratories, Almirall, Tirthy Madison, Eli Lilly, P&G, Pfizer, Myovant, Bristol Myers, Squibb, Ortho Dermatologics, and Concert. Dr Lipner has served as a consult for Ortho-Dermatologics, Eli Lilly, BelleTorus Corporation, and Moberg Pharmaceuticals. Author Curtis and Drs Davis, N. Di Chiacchio, N.G. Di Chiacchio, Grover, Iorizzo, and Starace have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2024 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background Some micronutrients including selenium (Se) have immunoregulatory effects in the body. Our hypothesis was that decreased serum Se levels could be associated with some degree of immunodeficiency and increased chance of multiple cutaneous warts. Objective To measure serum Se levels in patients with multiple cutaneous warts and healthy participants to verify its inhibitory role in cutaneous warts. Patients and methods A case–control study was conducted on 136 participants: 68 cases with multiple cutaneous warts and 68 age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls. Collected data were age, sex, number, duration, and clinical type of the warts. Blood samples were taken from all participants for the evaluation of serum Se level. Se level was measured with atomic absorption method. Results Median of the Se level was significantly lower in patients with multiple warts compared with healthy controls (P

Common wart, also known as verruca vulgaris is characterized by focal proliferation of keratinocytes caused by multiple strains of human papilloma virus (HPV). Conventional treatments like chemical cautery, cryotherapy, electro-cautery, etc often fail to cure verruca satisfactorily. The present work was a randomized, parallel-group, non-inferiority clinical trial with an objective of comparing the effectiveness and safety of subcutaneous MMR versus intralesional MMR vaccine in the treatment of multiple warts. Method: Consenting patients of both sexes of 18-65 years age, who have viral warts and did not receive anti-wart treatment in the last 4 weeks and devoid of any active bacterial or viral skin diseases were included in the study. Interventions: Eligible patients were randomized into either group A (receiving 0.3 ml of intralesional MMR) or group B (receiving 0.5 ml of subcutaneous MMR). A total of three injections were administered at two weeks interval. Outcome Measure: The response was considered complete if there was disappearance of the wart(s) and return of the normal skin markings, partial if the wart(s) was regression in size by 50-99% and no response if there was be 0-49% decrease in wart size. Results: Thirty patients were recruited in each group; 5 of group A and 3 of group B were lost to follow up. Modified intention to treat analysis was performed, so, the last observation of such patients was carried forward and all 60 participants were analysed. Number of warts and size of the largest wart were declined significantly (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001 respectively) in both the treatment arms. No significant difference between two groups were seen. Complete clearance including distant lesions was achieved in 22 patients; 12 (48%) in group A and 10 (37.04%) in group B, but the final outcome at the end of the study showed no significant difference between the two t groups. (P = 0.64). Adverse Events: Only one patient had developed mild fever with tender, enlarged parotid gland after first injection of subcutaneous MMR which resolved within two weeks. Conclusion: Efficacy and safety profile of Subcutaneous and intralesional MMR were almost same. Both can be considered as safe and cost effective treatment of warts while the subcutaneous route may be easier to administer.

The Genital warts are common sexually transmitted diseases caused by definite types of human papillomavirus. There are many strategies for the treatment of genital wart and intralesional immunotherapy is considered to be a safe and effective treatment modality. However, there are lack of studies that comparing the clinical effectiveness of intralesional purified protein derivative (PPD) and Candida antigen (CA) in genital wart treatment. To investigate the effectiveness and safety of PPD and CA in the treatment of genital warts. Eighty patients were enrolled in this study and were randomly divided into 2 groups with 40 patients in each. Each antigen was injected intralesionally at a dose of 0.1 ml into the largest wart every 2 weeks until complete improvement or for a maximum of four sessions. Complete clinical response was demonstrated in 65%, 62.5% in PPD and CA groups, respectively. There was no statistically difference between both groups. After the 3‐month follow‐up period, 72.5%, 85% of patients showed complete clearance in PPD and CA groups respectively. Side effects were mild and insignificant in both groups. Recurrence was observed in only one patient in each group. Immunotherapy by intralesional PPD and CA injection is considered to be effective and well‐tolerated modalities in treatment of genital wart with minimal side effects and recurrence rate compared to other modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wart (a disease caused by Synchytrium endobioticum) and golden cyst potato nematode (Globodera rostochiensis), which parasitize the roots of the host plant, cause significant damage to potato crop. Both of these disease factors are quarantined in the Russian Federation, and each registered variety is tested for resistance to their most common races and pathotypes. The main method of opposing such diseases is by the development of resistant varieties. An important step in this process is the selection of resistant genotypes from the population and the estimation of the resistance of hybrids obtained by crosses during the breeding process. Conducting a permanent phenotypic evaluation is associated with difficulties, for example, it is not always possible to work with pathogens, and phenotypic evaluation is very costly and time consuming. However, the use of DNA markers linked to resistance genes can significantly speed up and reduce the cost of the breeding process. The aim of the study was to screen the GenAgro potato collection of ICG SB RAS using known diagnostic PCR markers linked to golden potato cyst nematode and wart resistance. Genotyping was carried out on 73 potato samples using three DNA markers 57R, CP113, Gro1-4 associated with nematode resistance and one marker, NL25, associated with wart resistance. The genotyping data were compared with the data on the resistance of the collection samples. Only the 57R marker had a high level of correlation (Spearman R = 0.722008, p = 0.000000, p < 0.05) between resistance and the presence of a diagnostic fragment. The diagnostic efficiency of the 57R marker was 86.11 %. This marker can be successfully used for screening a collection, searching for resistant genotypes and marker-assisted selection. The other markers showed a low correlation between the presence of the DNA marker and resistance. The diagnostic efficiency of the CP113 marker was only 44.44 %. Spearman’s correlation coefficient (Spearman R = –0.109218, p = 0.361104, p < 0.05) did not show significant correlation between resistance and the DNA marker. The diagnostic efficiency of the NL25 marker was 61.11 %. No significant correlation was found between the NL25 marker and resistance (Spearman R = –0.017946, p = 0.881061, p < 0.05). The use of these markers for the search for resistant samples is not advisable.

This article analyses workaholism in Portuguese corporate law firms, seeking to measure this phenomenon through the Work Addiction Risk Test (wart) - a self-assessment tool on dimensions related to compulsive tendencies, lack of control, impaired communication and self-absorption, inability to delegate and self-esteem. It is based on a survey applied to a convenience sample of corporate lawyers. The study shows the lack of control and compulsive tendencies contribute to explaining the phenomenon under discussion. It can be concluded through regression analysis that the position held, time at the office and working hours contribute as predictors for workaholism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background  Whilst warts and vitiligo are both common skin diseases, their co-morbidity is rare. Here we present a clinical case of warts with vitiligo to illustrate the utility of individualized homeopathic treatment. Method  The homeopathic medicine Sepia officinalis was prescribed, based on individualization. During follow-up, changes were documented by photographs. The non-invasive methods ORIDL (Outcome Related to Impact on Daily Living), VASI (Vitiligo Area and Scoring Index), and VETF (Vitiligo European Task Force) were used to assess treatment progress. Possible causal attribution of outcome with treatment was evaluated using the Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy (MONARCH). Result  There was a marked improvement of vitiligo, along with the disappearance of warts, as evidenced photographically. VASI and VETF scores were significantly reduced. Main complaints, as well as overall well-being, improved on the ORIDL scale (+3). The MONARCH score (+9) suggested that the clinical improvement was attributable to the homeopathic intervention. Conclusion  The study suggests a significant role for individualized homeopathic treatment in the co-morbidity of warts and vitiligo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Warts are common viral skin infections with a high prevalence rate in both children and adults. Vitamin-D receptors (VDR) are expressed abundantly in the skin and affect cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Vitamin D is believed to regulate epidermal cell proliferation and formation of antimicrobial peptides. There is escalating evidence showing that vitamin D3 has a significant role in the immune-system regulation through VDR. Objective To study the expression of VDR in cutaneous warts. Patients and methods This cross section study included 30 patients of viral warts. Shaved biopsies were taken from the wart lesions and the perilesional skin. Immunohistochemical stain was done for demonstration of VDR expression using a scoring system, depending on the percentage of stained cells and the intensity of staining. Results The expression of VDR was markedly increased in wart lesions with a statistically significant difference between wart lesions and perilesional skin. There was no relation between the VDR expression in warts or perilesional area with different variables such as sex, age, number, size, site of warts or disease duration. Conclusion The high expression of VDR in cutaneous warts may be related to the epidermal hyperplasia in wart lesions that support the effectiveness of usage of intralesional vitamin-D injection in the treatment of warts. Further large scale studies may be needed to confirm the present results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Veterinary Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University is the property of Veterinary Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)