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Purpose. The purpose of this study is to develop the methodology and the framework for assessing the level of environmental friendliness of startups in the agricultural sector and their compliance with the circular economy and sustainable development principles using T. L. Saaty’s analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to enhance their market attractiveness and success. Methodology / approach. The author’s methodology was created based on the AHP approach which is a comprehensive decision-making framework used to divide complex problems into a clear hierarchical structure. This approach enables the evaluation and comparison of multiple criteria facilitating informed decision-making. Calculations have been made in the RStudio. Results. The authors’ methodology and the framework for assessing the startups’ environmental friendliness and compliance with the circular economy and sustainability principles were created. The unique program was developed and executed in the RStudio using R programming language. The created methodology is based on the hierarchical criteria system consisting of three main criteria – “Compliance with the EU environmental standards and sustainability principles promotion”, “Compliance of the startups’ business model to the circular economy and sustainability principles”, and “Resource usage rationality” with the corresponding sub-criteria. It was determined that the first criterion has the highest impact on the startup eco-friendliness with a weight of 49.2 %, the second one has a weight of 28.7 %, and the third one – 22.1 %. The system of requirements for the AHP experts was also developed. Originality / scientific novelty. It was substantiated that the application of the original authors’ methodology and program enhance the startups’ market attractiveness and success by strengthening their brand image. The proposed solution facilitates the implementation of the circular economy and sustainability principles for innovative businesses, leading to improvements in environmental protection and waste management. Practical value / implications. The methodology has been tested on the example of the authors’ bioenergy startup for producing eco-friendly biofuels using agricultural and food industry wastes and minimising the usage of toxic substances. Based on the experts’ opinion and using the authors’ unique program it was calculated that the startup complies with the circular economy and sustainability principles and has an eco-friendly brand image with a 78.6 % probability.

Purpose. The paper proposes a new trajectory of institutional change that integrates economic (fiscal) and technical solutions in managing municipal waste. Methodology / approach. The study adopts a model for the study of institutional change. A retrospective, quantitative analysis of institutional change, a legal-historical analysis of formal institutions, and a comparative-institutional analysis are used to substantiate the link between municipal waste quantities and Gross domestic product (GDP) growth. Using correlation and regression analysis, we examine the relationship between institutional change in municipal waste management and recycling. Results. The study proves the impact of institutional change on municipal waste management in the EU and Bulgaria. It can change the relationship between GDP and the amount of waste and stimulate the implementation of more efficient and innovative waste management methods. The relationship between institutional change in municipal waste management are studied. The main idea is that more legal acts regulating municipal waste management and a higher human development index, wich reflects better and more efficient municipal waste management, will lead to higher recycling rates. The study discusses how institutional change aimed at effective municipal waste management can contribute to increased revenues and reduced costs for the government by promoting innovation in the sector, introducing more efficient waste collection and treatment technologies, and encouraging recycling. Originality / scientific novelty. The study highlights the lack of a unified direction in rules and policies for municipal waste management in Bulgaria and its impact on the system’s efficiency. It aims to present a new approach to solving the problems related to municipal waste management in Bulgaria that focuses on the importance of institutional change. Practical value / implications. The paper identifies differences between the municipal waste management systems in the EU and Bulgaria. The proposed financial and technical solutions help central and municipal administrations to create new institutions. These actions can be joint and better coordinated. All this should lead to changes in the regulatory framework. The new rules will contribute to stability and less need to change regulations, clarity for individuals and organisations to the optimal solutions for reducing municipal waste costs, and “pressure” on the central and local administration to take the necessary actions for such a change.

The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) through open dumping or open burning has been a very common practice in Nigeria. The work investigated the impact of these practices on soil physicochemical properties and the vertical distribution of heavy metals at two dumpsites at Obollo-Afor and Nsukka in Southeastern Nigeria. Soil samples were collected at 10 m apart at depths of 0-20, 20-40, 40-60 cm from the dumpsite and at 100 m away from the dumpsite for the determination of soil physicochemical properties. A profile pit was dug at the centre of each dumpsite while soil sample collection was done from 0-100 cm for heavy metal determination. Soil chemical properties (TN, Av. P, OM, TEB, CEC, H+ , Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ , K+ ) and some soil physical properties e.g. aggregate stability (AS) and available water capacity (AWC) differed significantly (P < 0.05) across locations and depths. Municipal solid wastes significantly (P < 0.05) influence all soil chemical and some physical properties such as mean weight diameter (MWD), AS, clay, and sand contents. The impact of MSW was more pronounced at the surface soil (0-20 cm) and decreased with increasing depth. In addition, significant (P < 0.05) interaction effects of MSW on soil chemical and physical properties were recorded across locations and depth zones. In both locations, heavy metal concentrations were higher in MSW dumpsites relative to the control. However, the heavy metal concentrations were too low to cause any ecological or health risk when compared to the heavy metal permissible limit in agricultural soils as recommended by WHO.

Background: The world faces a significant global health threat – climate change, which makes creating more environmentally sustainable healthcare systems necessary. As a resource-intensive specialty, anesthesiology contributes to a substantial fraction of healthcare's environmental impact. This alarming situation invites us to reconsider the ecological health determinants and calls us to action. Methods: We conducted a single-center qualitative study involving an online survey to explore the environmental sustainability from anesthesia providers' perspectives in a center implementing internal environmentally-sustainable anesthesia guidelines. We asked care providers how they perceive the importance of environmental issues in their work; the adverse effects they see on ecological sustainability in anesthesia practice; what measures they take to make anesthesia more environmentally friendly; what barriers they face in trying to do so; and why they are unable to adopt ecologically friendly practices in some instances. Using a thematic analysis approach, we identified dominating themes in participants' responses. Results: A total of 62 anesthesia providers completed the online survey. 89% of the participants stated that environmental sustainability is essential in their work, and 95% reported that they implement measures to make their practice greener. A conscious choice of anesthetics was identified as the most common step the respondents take to reduce the environmental impact of anesthesia. Waste production and improper waste management was the most frequently mentioned anesthesia-associated threat to the environment. Lacking knowledge/teaching in sustainability themes was recognized as a crucial barrier to achieving ecology goals. Conclusions: Sustainable anesthesia initiatives have the potential to both encourage engagement among anesthesia providers and raise awareness of this global issue. These findings inspire opportunities for action in sustainable anesthesia and broaden the capacity to decrease the climate impact of health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems have gained significant attention and popularity in recent years. It possesses several distinct advantages over its traditional land-based counterparts, and it is poised for exponential growth soon. Hence, to contribute to the rapid developments in FPV systems, this article critically reviews and presents the latest state of knowledge in FPV’s technologies, applications, and outlook. This article also discusses the present standards for FPV project designs, learnings from past installations, and its sustainability aspects, including its end-of-life management and carbon footprint. Overall, while scholars and the industry are cognizant of the need for more research and development to accelerate FPV deployment, they should also channel their efforts and resources to developing industry standards and focus on enabling FPV systems to participate in the circular economy

The healthcare sector is responsible for around 4.4 % of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, according to estimates. Operating rooms are responsible for the greatest rate of resource consumption and overall hospital waste, varying from 20 % to 33 %. Hence, it is essential to fully discover the environmental impact of surgical procedures to obtain insight into the total emissions associated with the healthcare sector. Moreover, the lack of uniformity in data collection and the discrepancy of the data used by researchers makes it challenging, if not ineffective, to conduct a rigorous scientific comparison among the currently available studies on the environmental impacts of surgical procedures. This study aims to provide a practical and standardised framework that can be utilised to evaluate, simply and consistently, the environmental impacts of surgical procedures. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to assess the state of the art in environmental impact analyses related to surgical practices. This review highlighted significant variability and heterogeneity in existing methodologies, serving as the foundation for developing a more consistent approach. By simulating three different scenarios based on data availability, a methodology is proposed to conduct an environmental impact analysis tailored to the specific needs of researchers. Adopting a uniform methodology guarantees the inclusion of important variables and factors, preventing any oversights in the evaluation of the entire process.

This study was performed to investigate the effects of composted tannery sludge (CTS) on the physical properties of tropical sandy soil after seven years of CTS application. CTS was applied to a Fluvisol at five rates (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 Mg ha-1) in experimental plots (sized 20 m2) with four replications. Water infiltration into the soil was determined in the field with the concentric-ring infiltrometer method. Bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity, and microporosity were determined in the soil samples. The permanent CTS application altered the physical properties of the soil and led to a decrease in bulk density. The total porosity, microporosity and macroporosity values in the CTS-applied soil ranged from 44.1–51.7, 34.6–39.4, and 9.1–12.8%, respectively. Water-infiltration rates were significantly influenced by CTS. The cumulative infiltrated water in the soil varied from 21.3–34.7 cm. The basic infiltration rate was lower in the unamended soil and increased with an increase in the rate of CTS application. This study confirmed that the physical soil parameters improved after the permanent CTS application. Therefore, this application may be a suitable strategy for improving physical soil properties over time.

Rami Saadeh,1 Yousef Khader,1 Mohammad Alyahya,2 Majid Al-Samawi,1 Mohammed Z Allouh3,4 1Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 2Department of Health Management and Policy, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 3Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; 4Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, JordanCorrespondence: Mohammed Z Allouh, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P. O. Box: 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, Tel +97 137 137 551, Email m_allouh@uaeu.ac.aePurpose: To identify areas that need improvement in Jordanian health centers regarding infection prevention and control (IPC) programs; water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services; and other protective measures, especially in the context of coronavirus disease (COVID-19).Methods: This is a national assessment study that comprised hospitals of different sectors in Jordan, including, Ministry of Health (MoH), private, and military hospitals. The study included 23 Jordanian hospitals. Assessment tools were developed and adapted mainly from the WASH Facility Improvement Tool (WASH FIT) and other tools. Hospitals were assessed to meet targets based on whether indicators were fully met, partially met, or not met.Results: The mean percentage of the 150 indicators that met the standards was 83.2% (72.6% for MoH, 84.5% for private, and 90.4% for military hospitals). The percentage of indicators, both WASH/IPC and training and education indicators, that met the targets were higher in military hospitals than in MoH and private hospitals. However, in context of COVID-19, only 64.7% of indicators related to precautionary measures were met by all hospitals.Conclusion: The data available on WASH/IPC in Jordan are scarce, and the study findings will help in preventing severe consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. There is scope for improvement in many WASH/IPC aspects, and urgent actions should be taken, especially to fill the gaps in COVID-19 precautionary measures.Keywords: COVID-19, healthcare, hospitals, infection control, waste management

This study aimed to analyze potential industrial solid waste that can be added to soil-cement blocks. A narrative literature review was conducted in the Scopus academic database, using as the search criteria keywords related to the topic, such as soil-cement, building materials, soil-cement blocks, soil-cement bricks, physical and mechanical properties, solid waste, life cycle analysis, and civil construction. A variety of industrial solid waste that can be incorporated into soil-cement blocks was observed, such as waste rock, sludge from water treatment plants, wood sawdust, polyethylene terephthalate fibers (PET), vegetable fibers from loofah, hemp fibers, rice husks, brachiaria grass, poultry eggshells, sugar cane bagasse, wheat and barley straw, welding slag, foundry sand, waste from quartzite mining, construction, and demolition, mechanical turning, pulp industry grains, and steel mill co-products. Among the investigated wastes, those that improved the physical and mechanical properties of the soil-cement blocks were grains from the cellulose industry, rice husks, Brachiaria grass, steel by-products with granulated soil-cement blocks and blast furnace slag. The waste that produced no satisfactory results was sludge from a water treatment plant, sugarcane bagasse, and vegetable loofah. Through this research, it was possible to verify that the behavior of soil-cement blocks is influenced by several factors in their manufacture, mainly regarding the type and percentage of incorporated waste. However, it is important to be concerned with its application in waste blocks so as not to increase the environmental impacts in the long term.

Background: Municipal solid waste management is a complex process involving many technological options. In this review, the effect of five different health systems was studied to assess the impacts of MSW landfilling and incineration according to three environmental health measures: global warming potential, acidification, and nutrient enrichment potentials. Further investigation was conducted to determine whether these differences changed our study approach regarding selecting the most appropriate management option. Content: Life cycle assessment was used to examine the environmental health impacts of all MSW management stages through four main phases: goal and scope, life cycle inventory, life cycle impact assessment, and interpretation. Results were similar for Brazil, China, Lebanon, and Iran where global warming potential, acidification, and nutrient enrichment potentials were higher for landfills than for incinerators. In Canada, landfills produced fewer emissions. Summary: Such work can be helpful to choose the best environmentally friendly municipal solid waste management option based on the standards in Saudi Arabia. These results indicate that national health standards and policies determine these technologies’ environmental health impacts.

Sewage sludge is an important type of organic wastes among the various categories of solid waste. Organic matter resources in soils are relatively low and frequently require replenishment. Therefore, the use of sewage sludge in agricultural soils is a desirable method of their utilisation. The addition of sewage sludge to soils may be an inexpensive and effective alternative to the methods applied currently (mineral fertilisation, manure etc.). In spite of the undisputable advantages resulting from the application of sewage sludge in agriculture, it also involves some serious threats. Among those we should mention the presence of pathogens, heavy metals, and organic pollutants. In the current scenario of increasing global population, the generation of solid wastes like biosolids is bound to increase remarkably. Improper and unscientific disposal of biosolids results in several environmental issues such as surface and groundwater contamination, degradation of land, and food chain contamination. According to the principles of waste management hierarchy, agricultural recycling of biosolids will be a more environmentally preferred option over the traditional disposal methods. Utilizing the potential of biosolids to recycle valuable plant nutrients and as an effective soil amendment will not only help in sustainable management of this waste but also in minimizing the negatives associated with its traditional disposal. Every country must obey their regulations and legislations for managing their sewage sludge as a basic solution for use of sewage sludge in agricultural soil.

The aim of this study is to identify the factors affecting the construction material waste generation and to determine the magnitude of construction waste material in Erbil city. To achieve this study, a form of a questionnaire was prepared comprised of the factors influencing the waste generation of construction material, and assessment of seventeen different construction materials was selected to examine the approximate magnitude of their waste. The survey data was analyzed by adopting the relative important index (RII) method. The result of the analysis revealed that the top significant causes of wastage of materials on construction projects were due to the lack of on-site waste management plans; frequent changes to design, lack of supervision, improper storing of materials; lack of possibilities to order small quantities; lack of skilled workers. Also the study found that the waste percentage of materials used ranged from 3.3% to 8.5%., and the waste percentage of fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and timber were in a range of 6% to 7% while the waste of cement, steel reinforcement, concrete, concrete block and brick in a range of 5% to 6%, whereas the waste in gypsum reached 8.5%. Furthermore, the study found that poor planning and rework contributing as a significant aspect of waste generation in Erbil city.

Waste management is crucial for maintaining the hygienic environment in urban cities. The establishment of a reliable and efficient IoT system for waste management is based on integrating low power and long-range transmission protocol. Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) is specially designed for the aforementioned requirement of IoT. LoRa (Long Range) is an LPWAN transmission protocol that consumes low power for long-range transmission. In this study, we are implementing long-range (LoRa) communication and cloud applications for real-time monitoring of the bins. The customized sensor node and gateway node are specifically designed for sensing the level of bins using ultrasonic sensor and communicating it to the cloud via long-range and internet protocol connectivity. Blynk and cayenne are the two cloud-based applications for storing and monitoring the sensory data receiving from the gateway node over internet protocol (IP). The customization of nodes6 and utilization of two cloud-based apps are the unique features in this study. In the future, we will implement blockchain technology in the study for enabling a waste-to-model platform.

Background: Audiologists have a clinical and ethical responsibility to create a working environment, designed to reduce the potential for cross-contamination or transmission of infections. Objectives: To describe the infection prevention and control (IPC) measures utilised and the opinions of audiologists and speech therapists, and audiologists (A/STAs) towards IPC in public healthcare facilities in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. Method: A quantitative, descriptive survey was utilised and entailed completing an online questionnaire. The Cronbach’s alpha (0.82) indicated good internal consistency of the tool. Forty-nine A/STAs from 29 public healthcare facilities responded. Results: Most participants (82%) followed a generic Department of Health policy on IPC, while 67% alluded to a discipline-specific policy. Participants had received training in infection control but indicated that further instruction was required for audiology-specific infection control procedures. Only 57% indicated that they ‘sometimes’ wore gloves with every patient during direct clinical contact. An association between the healthcare facility level and the wearing of gloves was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.025). Participants at regional and tertiary levels contended that gloves should be worn during most procedures versus those at district levels of care. While 96% washed their hands after each patient, only 76% washed their hands before each patient. Twenty-nine per cent indicated that they only ‘sometimes’ wore masks when in contact with patients with communicable diseases. Approximately one-third disinfected touch surfaces and toys, based on the clinician’s discretion. The majority (86%) of participants, however, always followed the correct protocol for medical waste disposal. Despite training and the availability of policies, some practitioners displayed poor IPC practices in terms of universal precautions, personal protective equipment, handwashing and sterilisation. Conclusion: Further education, training and awareness related to appropriate IPC measures are recommended for audiologists. It is envisaged that this will lead to more effective IPC measures in audiology practice thereby reducing the risk of infection transmission.

Radionuclides may contaminate lubricant oils in nuclear power plants. In Brazil, this kind of waste has been stored in the generator’s facilities, awaiting treatment alternatives. This work intends to investigate a process to treat it for final deposition, using bentonite as sorbent material. This process will result in decontaminated oil, free from radiological control, and radioactive loaded sorbent, with considerable volume reduction of the radioactive waste. The study focuses in cobalt removal from a simulated oil waste (non-active). The production of the simulated waste is described. Benton-ite was used for equilibrium time determination, kinetic and adsorption studies. Cobalt adsorption equilibrium was rapidly attained after 30 minutes. The data was used for modelling the system’s kinetic, applying the pseudo first and pseudo second order equation models. Experimental data fitted to pseudo second order model, supporting the assump-tion that the adsorption is due to chemisorption. Batch sorption tests were conducted and the results fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich sorption models. Both isotherm models chosen for this work did not fit to the experimental data. Thus, these are preliminary results and the studies must be repeated to evaluate data variability and better statistical inference. Other isotherm models must be evaluated to choose the best fitted one and describe the sorption of cobalt on bentonite in oil matrix. Even though, bentonite has considerable potential as sorbent for the removal of cobalt from lubricant oil. Finally, the results might be extended to other kinds of radioactive oils and radioactive organic wastes.

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For ruminants, there is a narrow span between nutritional deficiency of Molybdenum and its potential toxicity. Molybdenosis occurs among cattle feeding on forage with Mo concentrations above 10 μg g-1 or a Cu:Mo ratio <2. In the area under investigation forage Mo contents in the valley are as high as 180 μg g-1 due to industrial pollution, while the alpine pastures, where cattle graze during summer, are nutrient (e.g. Cu) deficient. When driven to the valley pastures in fall, animals often fell ill with molybdenosis, and several died. The aim of the study was to remediate this 300 ha area. Two approaches were attempted: (1) to reduce the Mo contents of the forage by immobilizing soil Mo, and (2) to increase plant Mo contents by mobilizing soil Mo to increase plant Mo which may then be removed from the system (phytoremediation). In a soil extraction experiment we demonstrated that phosphate fertilization, ammonium sulfate amendment, vermiculite, humic acid and sewage sludge increased Mo leaching by 30 to 110%. Fe-humate and Mn-humate application decreased Mo in the leachate from 96 μg L-1 to 55 and 7 μg L-1, respectively. Plant Mo contents were increased up to 170% by P-fertilizer and up to 150% by vermiculite. Conversely, sewage sludge, Fe- and Mn-humate decreased plant Mo contents by 60, 40 and 75% in the greenhouse. In the field study, the effects were smaller, but Mo export through plant harvest increased by 88% after P-fertilization and 84% after vermiculite amendment. Mn-humate and sewage sludge decreased plant Mo content by 25 and 40%, respectively, rendering the forage suitable for feeding of ruminants. P-fertilization and vermiculite may thus be recommended for the severely contaminated sites to enhance phytoremediation through Mo export, and Mn-humate and sewage sludge application appear suited to remediate the less severely contaminated sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Audiologists have a clinical and ethical responsibility to create a working environment, designed to reduce the potential for cross-contamination or transmission of infections., Objectives: To describe the infection prevention and control (IPC) measures utilised and the opinions of audiologists and speech therapists, and audiologists (A/STAs) towards IPC in public healthcare facilities in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa., Method: A quantitative, descriptive survey was utilised and entailed completing an online questionnaire. The Cronbach's alpha (0.82) indicated good internal consistency of the tool. Forty-nine A/STAs from 29 public healthcare facilities responded., Results: Most participants (82%) followed a generic Department of Health policy on IPC, while 67% alluded to a discipline-specific policy. Participants had received training in infection control but indicated that further instruction was required for audiology-specific infection control procedures. Only 57% indicated that they 'sometimes' wore gloves with every patient during direct clinical contact. An association between the healthcare facility level and the wearing of gloves was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.025). Participants at regional and tertiary levels contended that gloves should be worn during most procedures versus those at district levels of care. While 96% washed their hands after each patient, only 76% washed their hands before each patient. Twenty-nine per cent indicated that they only 'sometimes' wore masks when in contact with patients with communicable diseases. Approximately one-third disinfected touch surfaces and toys, based on the clinician's discretion. The majority (86%) of participants, however, always followed the correct protocol for medical waste disposal. Despite training and the availability of policies, some practitioners displayed poor IPC practices in terms of universal precautions, personal protective equipment, handwashing and sterilisation., Conclusion: Further education, training and awareness related to appropriate IPC measures are recommended for audiologists. It is envisaged that this will lead to more effective IPC measures in audiology practice thereby reducing the risk of infection transmission.

Owning to the increase in the world population as well as the consumer's awareness on the health benefits of consumption of fruits, the demand for both fresh and processed fruits has been increased. The by-product and waste streams generated from fruit processing industries are extremely diverse, owning mainly to different fruits varieties and the wide range of the processes employed towards the production of the end fruit-based products. Due to the increasing production and processing of fruits, disposal of waste and by-product streams has become a serious issue, since these materials are prone to microbial spoilage. Also, the inappropriate waste management practices pose severe environmental issues. Furthermore, the costs of drying and storage of fruit processing residues are economically limiting factors hindering their further exploitation. Therefore, fruit processing by-products such as peels, seeds and unused flesh are often utilized as fertilizers. On the other hand, plant residues contain biomolecules such as vitamins, proteins, minerals, antioxidants and aromatic oil. Recovery of bioactive compounds holds a great potential for their usage in food industry as functional ingredients and nutraceuticals or in pharmaceutical and in cosmetic applications. So, valorization of plant fruit processing by-products to high-value added compounds, constitute a promising alternative not only for addressing fruit residues management issues but also leading to the production of functional food products of high nutritional value, with several potential beneficial health effects. The aim of this paper is to highlight current trends in addressing environmental issues caused by the production of high volumes of specific categories of fruit processing waste streams by investigating their potential usage as natural raw materials for the recovery of valuable bioactive compounds (such as polyphenols, dietary fibers or aromatic oil). The extracted nutrients may be used in the industrial food sector for the production of functional foods, nutraceuticals or even as health promoting natural pharmaceutical ingredients or additives for the production of innovative enriched foods. Highlights: • Fruit processing by product streams are rich in bioactive compounds. • Integration of fruit by-products and waste streams to value added products such as additives, unconventional oil, bioactive compounds and novel functional products is a very interesting approach regarding fruit processing residues exploitation. • Recovering of biomolecules from fruit residues by non-thermal processes could lead to the efficient production of highly purified functional ingredients. • Negative-valued fruit processing residues could be recycled for the production of health promoting value added products., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)