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The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda is the most distractive polyphagous noctuid pest in tropical and subtropical regions. The current study was designed to examine the insecticidal activity of the water extract of Moringa olifiera leaves cultivated from unirradiated and 40 Gy irradiated seeds. Also, the effect of the extract on some digestive enzymes activities was assayed. The results indicated that the extract produced from 40 Gy irradiated seeds was more effective than those of unirradiated one. As well as, leaves extract produced from cultivated irradiated and unirradiated seeds decrease lipase protease and amylase activities of 3rd instar larvae of S. frugiperda and the highest decrease was in larvae fed on leaves produced from irradiated cultivated seeds. Therefore, the water extract of M. olifiera leaves cultivated from 40 Gy irradiated seeds might be seen as an environmentally beneficial pest management method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda is the most distractive polyphagous noctuid pest in tropical and subtropical regions. The current study was designed to examine the insecticidal activity of the water extract of Moringa olifiera leaves cultivated from unirradiated and 40 Gy irradiated seeds. Also, the effect of the extract on some digestive enzymes activities was assayed. The results indicated that the extract produced from 40 Gy irradiated seeds was more effective than those of unirradiated one. As well as, leaves extract produced from cultivated irradiated and unirradiated seeds decrease lipase protease and amylase activities of 3rd instar larvae of S. frugiperda and the highest decrease was in larvae fed on leaves produced from irradiated cultivated seeds. Therefore, the water extract of M. olifiera leaves cultivated from 40 Gy irradiated seeds might be seen as an environmentally beneficial pest management method.

Abstract Increased selenium (Se) content in fruits can supply Se in human body, but the effects of teas on the Se uptake in fruit trees are unknown. The effects of infusions of four teas (green, black, dark, and white) on the Se uptake of grapevine were studied to promote the Se uptake in fruit trees in this study. However, only black tea infusion increased the biomass, photosynthetic pigment content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, and soluble protein content of grapevine. Except for white tea infusion, other tea infusions also increased the catalase (CAT) activity of grapevine. Furthermore, the tea infusions increased the activities of adenosine triphosphate sulfurase (ATPS) and adenosine 5’-phosphosulfate reductase (APR), and decreased the activities of serine acetyltransferase (SAT) and selenocysteine methyltransferase (SMT). Only the dark and white tea infusions increased the shoot total Se content by 86.53% and 23.32%, respectively (compared with the control), and also increased the shoot inorganic Se content and shoot organic Se content. Notably, four tea infusions decreased the organic Se proportion and increased the inorganic Se proportion in grapevine. Correlation and grey relational analyses showed that the root total Se content, ATPS activity, and ARP activity were closely associated with the shoot total Se content. The principal component and cluster analyses also showed that the ATPS activity, APR activity, root total Se content, and shoot total Se content were classified into one category. These findings show that black tea infusion can promote grapevine growth, while dark and white tea infusions can promote the Se uptake in grapevine.

Ganoderma lucidum has had great importance in healthcare in the Chinese for many decades. Polysaccharides and triterpenoids are one of the most important components of G. lucidum. Biological evidence indicates that this mushroom can be a promising treatment in many cancer cases and reduce the toxic effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy if taken synchronously. This study highlights preparing an extract with therapeutic effects capable of removing free radicals and protecting cell membranes from hyperoxidation effects. The antitumor effect was evaluated on two types of cancer cell lines in vitro, Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HOSCC) and Human Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HSSCC), at different concentrations 0.0-1600 µg/mL. Antioxidant by DPPH assay was assessed at concentrations from 0.0-500 µg/mL, in addition to their effects on cytogenetic indicators such as mitotic index (MI), blastogenic index (BI) and total chromosomal aberration (TCAs) for three types of extracts (ethanol extract, water extract and acidified water extract). The results recorded an increase in the antioxidant activity of the three extracts, and that the acidified water extract had the highest effect, reaching a killing rate of 78.53% for the acidified water extract on the HOSCC cell line. Chromosomal stability indicates that the three extracts enhanced the cytogenetics parameters and supported chromosomal stability by increasing both mitotic index (MI) and blastogenic index (BI), while reducing chromosomal aberrations.

To explore the protective effects of water extracts from different Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) mycelium on ethanol-induced hepatocyte injury in LO2 cells. The effects of water extracts obtained from different G. lucidum mycelium against ethanol-induced damage to LO2 cells were examined in this research. Cell survival rate, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in a liver injury model employing ethanol-induced LO2 cells, to assess the preventive effects of G. lucidum mycelium water extracts against ethanol-induced damage. The results showed that water extracts from the mycelium of all seven strains exhibited varying degrees of protective effects. Among them, the water extract from strains G0119 and G0154 had the best protective effect. Compared with the model group, the intervention of water extracts significantly increased LO2 cell survival (P

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A water hazard is one of the greatest dangers in mining and tunneling operations and the issue of predicting water hazard zones has been extensively discussed in the literature. However, the currently used methods require a highly detailed understanding of hydrogeological conditions or have major limitations and often produce unreliable results. This paper describes the use of hydrogeochemical anomalies as an indicator of impending mine water hazard zones. The proposed method uses the concentration of Cl ions in water extracts from Permian rock samples collected from the face of the mine workings. The concentration of Cl ions in the water extracts strongly correlated with the concentration of this ion in the pore solutions extracted from the same rock samples. Additionally, the concentration of Cl ions in the pore solutions exhibited a very strong correlation with the concentration from the Permian leaks. Thus, the decreasing concentration of Cl ions in the water extracts was deemed a reliable signal of an approaching water hazard zone. In the hydrogeological conditions present in the Olkusz-Pomorzany mine, this method enabled the detection of the moment when a water hazard zone was ≈ 200–250 m away. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the bioherbicidal effect of aqueous fresh extracts of leaves and roots of the Aloe vera plant on the broad leaf weed growth of Sonchus oleraceus associated faba bean plants. During the winters of 2020/2021 and 2021/2022, two pot experiments were carried out in the greenhouse of the National Research Center. Leaf and root aqueous extracts of Aloe vera were applied as soil and/or spray treatments at different concentrations. The results showed that there was significant inhibition in the fresh and dry biomass of S. oleraceus and was maximum with application of soil treatment (10%) of the leaf extract sequenced by spraying leaf extract at 20%. Furthermore, the inhibition of the weed growth was accompanied by an increase in the growth and yield of faba bean. The results indicated that phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponins were present in the leaf extract, and there were smaller amounts of tannins and saponins in the root extract than in the leaf extract. Total phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids in the leaf extract was more than three times that of the root extract. The results also revealed that the presence of higher concentrations of natural substances in the leaf extract than in the root extracts gave it its efficiency in inhibiting the growth of S. oleraceus weeds.

Straw covering is a protective tillage measure in agricultural production, but there is relatively little research on the allelopathic effects of corn straw on weeds and foxtail millet. This experiment studied the allelopathic effects of corn straw on four weeds (Chenopodium album, Setaria viridis, Echinochloa crus-galli and Amaranthus retroflexus) in foxtail millet fields, and also measured the growth indicators of foxtail millet. The study consisted of Petri dish and field experiments. Five treatments were used in the Petri dish experiment: clear water as control (0 g/L, TCK) and four types of corn straw water extracts. They were, respectively, the stock solution (100 g/L, T1), 10 X dilution (10 g/L, T2), 50 X dilution (2 g/L, T3), and 100 X dilution (1 g/L, T4) of corn straw water extracts. Additionally, seven treatments were set up in the field experiment, consisting of three corn straw covering treatments, with covering amounts of 3000 (Z1), 6000 (Z2) and 12,000 kg/ha (Z3), and four control treatments—one treatment with no corn straw cover (CK) and three treatments involving the use of a black film to create the same shading area as the corn straw covered area, with black film coverage areas of 50% (PZ1), 70% (PZ2), and 100% (PZ3), respectively. The results showed that the corn straw water extract reduced the germination rate of the seeds of the four weeds. The T1 treatment resulted in the allelopathic promotion of C. album growth but the inhibition of S. viridis, E. crus-galli, and A. retroflexus growth. Treatments T2, T3, and T4 all induced the allelopathic promotion of the growth of the four weeds. The order of the effects of the corn straw water extracts on the comprehensive allelopathy index of the four weed seeds was as follows: C. album > S. viridis > A. retroflexus > E. crus-galli. With an increase in the corn straw mulching amount, the density and total coverage of the four weeds showed a gradual downward trend, whereas the plant control effect and fresh weight control effect showed a gradual upward trend. All indices showed the best results under 12,000 kg/ha of mulching and returning to the field. Overall, corn straw coverage significantly impacted the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of foxtail millet and increased the yield of foxtail millet. Under coverages of 6000 and 12,000 kg/ha, the growth of foxtail millet is better. Based on our findings, we recommend a corn straw coverage of 12,000 kg/ha for the allelopathic control of weeds in foxtail millet fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the water extract of Eucommia ulmoides leaf (WEE) promotes egg laying in hens, its palatability is poor. To improve the palatability of E. ulmoides leaf, probiotic fermentation was used, and fermented extract E. ulmoides leaf (FEE) was prepared using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. The safety of FEE was investigated using a long-term toxicity test, and no oxidative damage, inflammatory reactions, or histological lesions were observed in the experimental rats receiving dietary supplementation of FEE at 200 mg/kg, suggesting that FEE is suitable for long-term feeding. Subsequently, dietary supplementation of FEE (group C) in comparison with dietary supplementation of WEE (group B), as well as a control (group A), was applied in the hen industry. Laying performance, egg quality, egg nutrition, egg flavor, and the gut microbiome were analyzed comparatively. Interestingly, the laying rate was observed to be four percentage points higher with dietary supplementation of FEE at 200 mg/kg compared with the control and two percentage points higher compared with the dietary addition of WEE at the same dosage. Simultaneously, a slight upregulation in daily feed consumption was determined in the FEE-supplemented group compared with the blank control and the WEE-supplemented group, indicating that the inclusion of FEE stimulated the hens' appetite. Moreover, variations in egg amino acids, fatty acids, and volatile components were obtained with either dietary addition, FEE or WEE, implying that dietary supplementation of the fermented and water-extracted E. ulmoides leaf extracts contributed to egg flavor change. Furthermore, variations in the gut microbiota were mediated by FEE, increasing the relative abundance of the genus Lactobacillus. These alterations in gut microbiota were tightly related to improved laying performance and egg flavor changes. Our results indicate that FEE is a better alternative feed additive in the hen industry than WEE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we obtained the water extracts of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo, Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, the leaves of Morus alba L., Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen. Respectively. Then, we made a compound with these water extracts of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo (13.33 %), Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge (29.17 %), the leaves of Morus alba L. (12.5 %), Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi (20.83 %), Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen (6.95 %), accessory materials (17.22 %). Subsequently, we tested its in vivo hypoglycenic activity, and the results showed that this compound can reduce the blood sugar of the model mouse without toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although characterization of plant interactions has become a research hotspot to assess the adaptability of endangered plants, the underlying molecular basis remains elusive. Dove tree (Davidia involucrata) seedlings were watered with distilled water (CK), leaf water extract (0.025 g mL−1) and branch water extract (0.1 g mL−1) from Cornus controversa , respectively. Subsequently, the morphology, biomass and gene expression levels of DiSOC1-b and DiCCoAOMT1 were analyzed. The results showed that morphological traits and biomass accumulation of D. involucrata seedlings were decreased by the addition of leaf water extracts, and increased by branch water extracts. Moreover, the gene expression level of DiSOC1-b was significantly down-regulated, while the gene expression level of DiCCoAOMT1 was significantly up-regulated in the stems and roots of D. involucrata upon treatment with leaf water extracts of C. controversa. In contrast, the gene expression level of DiSOC1-b was significantly up-regulated in the leaves and stems, while the gene expression level of DiCCoAOMT1 was significantly down-regulated in the roots of D. involucrata upon treatment with branch water extracts of C. controversa. In addition, the expression level of DiSOC1-b was positively correlated with most of morphological traits and total biomass (P  < 0.05), while DiCCoAOMT1 was negatively correlated with the majority of morphological traits in D. involucrata seedlings (P  < 0.05). Taken together, these results suggest that water extracts from the leaves and branches of the C. controversa exhibit opposite allelopathic effects and affect the expression levels of genes related to growth (DiSOC1-b) and environmental adaptability (DiCCoAOMT1) in D. involucrata seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To propose a sensory evaluation method suitable for Qingzhuan tea, a representative Qingzhuan tea produced in Hubei was soak or spray boiled in order to analyze the effects of different boiling conditions on the sensory quality and the leaching rate of major chemical components of Qingzhuan tea. The sensory quality and chemical components of the tea infusions were compared with those of tea infusion obtained by the brewing method specified in the Chinese national standard. The results showed that the sensory quality of the boiled tea infusion was significantly better than that of the brewed tea infusion; the leaching rates of major quality components such as water extract, tea polyphenols, amino acids, soluble sugars and tea pigments were much higher in the former than in the latter. From the perspectives of sensory quality and the leaching rate of major quality components, tea infusion prepared by boiling for 2 min with a tea/water ratio of 1:80 and then standing for 2–4 min tasted moderate and had good internal quality. Further correlation analysis showed high correlation coefficients between the leaching rates of soluble sugars, theabrownine and water extract and taste quality. The results of this study provide a reference for the objective evaluation of the sensory quality of Qingzhuan tea and other types of compressed tea.

Common collagen extraction methods are outdated and unsustainable. This study introduces a more sustainable method using water extract from banana peel to extract collagen from sardine bone, a prevalent marine fish in Malaysia. Banana peel was chosen as the feedstock for solvent preparation due to its abundance and agricultural significance in Malaysia. This study examined how extraction parameters including temperature (27−43 °C), sardine bone-to-solvent ratio (1:15−1:28), and extraction time (8−88 h) affect the collagen extraction yield. FT-IR, TGA, and proximate analysis were used to characterize the collagen extracted, while the water extracts were analyzed using UV-Vis and GC-MS. Under optimum conditions of 40 °C, a sardine bone-to-solvent ratio of 1:24, and an extraction time of 74 h, yielded 9.82% collagen. When citric acid was used as the common solvent, the collagen extracted yield was 4.06%. Further investigation of water extracts from other fruit waste sources, including mango peel, coconut husk, and pineapple pomace, under optimum conditions, obtained an extraction yield of 11.79%, 2.10%, and 13.58%, respectively. This study demonstrated the use of fruit waste extract as an environmentally sustainable method for extracting collagen from marine fish, highlighting an efficient approach to waste valorization.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to the widespread use of the pour-through extraction procedure in horticultural production and research, the objective of this study was to determine if the method is biased by preferentially extracting substrate solution near the bottom of the container in both conventionally filled containers as well as intentionally stratified containers. Eight treatments were created using 2.5-L, 17.5-cm tall plastic nursery containers. The first four treatments were created by layering a conventional pine bark substrate (CONV) that was either amended (+A) or nonamended (2A) with fertilizer and lime with the following layers: amended substrate throughout the entire container profile (+A/+A); amended substrate in the top half (top 8.5 cm) over nonamended substrate in the bottom half of the container profile (+A/2A); nonamended substrate in the top half over amended substrate in the bottom half (2A/+A); and nonamended substrate throughout the profile (2A/2A). An additional four treatments were created by intentionally stratifying (STRAT) a fine pine bark substrate (FINE) over a coarse pine bark substrate (CRSE) with the same amendment combinations of +A or 2A. On 0 and 42 d after potting, substrate pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were determined on samples collected by the pour-through procedure and 1:1 water extracts of the top and bottom layers in the container. At 42 d after potting, nutrient ions (NO3 2, PO4 22, K, Ca, Mg, and SO4 22) were also measured in both pour-through and 1:1 water extracts of the top and bottom layers. At both dates and in both CONV and STRAT containers, pourthrough substrate pH and EC more closely reflected those measurements in the bottom half of the container as determined by the 1:1 water extract. At 42 d after potting, nutrient ions determined by the pour-through procedure were more highly correlated to the 1:1 water extracts from the bottom half of the container compared with the top half of the container in both CONV and STRAT substrates. Evidence herein demonstrates that the pour-through procedure is more reflective of the lower half of the container than the upper half for both CONV and stratified substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the bioherbicidal effect of aqueous fresh extracts of leaves and roots of the Aloe vera plant on the broad leaf weed growth of Sonchus oleraceus associated faba bean plants. During the winters of 2020/2021 and 2021/2022, two pot experiments were carried out in the greenhouse of the National Research Center. Leaf and root aqueous extracts of Aloe vera were applied as soil and/or spray treatments at different concentrations. The results showed that there was significant inhibition in the fresh and dry biomass of S. oleraceus and was maximum with application of soil treatment (10%) of the leaf extract sequenced by spraying leaf extract at 20%. Furthermore, the inhibition of the weed growth was accompanied by an increase in the growth and yield of faba bean. The results indicated that phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponins were present in the leaf extract, and there were smaller amounts of tannins and saponins in the root extract than in the leaf extract. Total phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids in the leaf extract was more than three times that of the root extract. The results also revealed that the presence of higher concentrations of natural substances in the leaf extract than in the root extracts gave it its efficiency in inhibiting the growth of S. oleraceus weeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anadolu (1300-0225) is the property of Anadolu Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Kholani Coffee is a high-quality Coffea arabica cultivar in southwest Saudi Arabia. The objective of our research was to determine the phytochemical profile of the Kholani cultivar using LC-MS/MS analysis of whole coffee cherries (WCC) and coffee green beans (CGB) aqueous extract and GC-MS analysis of (CGB) nhexane extract. Additionally, well diffusion method was used to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of the extracts against six pathogenic microorganisms. LC-MS/MS analysis of water extracts produced 34 phytochemical compounds, of which 16 were identified based on previous studies; 18 were identified from Coffea arabica extracts for the first time; these compounds may be responsible for the distinctive characteristics of the Kholani cultivar. Including four compounds with high-quality separation (100%) and the following molecular formulas: C21H9N3O2S, C22H45NS4, C23H28N10O6, and C27H22N10O10. Ten phytochemicals were produced by GC-MS analysis of n-hexane extract, with varied intensities and retention times. The most significant compounds were 2-ethyl nitrobenzene and prenyl vinyl acetylene with the highest intensity. Our findings showed that all examined bacterial strains were sensitive to coffee extracts. Where (WCC) water extract was shown to have the largest inhibition zone against Proteus mirabilis. Neither Penicillium digitatum nor Aspergillus niger was sensitive to the (CGB) water extract or n-hexane. Our investigations showed that the Kholani cultivar of coffee cherries and green beans is a good source of several phytonutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea residues are the remaining residue of tea after processing and utilization, which are rich in multiple active components. To investigate the effects of different types and molecular weights of tea residue extracts on the pasting characteristics of potato starch (PS), the ethanol extract (TRE), water extract (TRW) and alkali extract (TRA) of tea residue were obtained by continuous extraction method. On this basis, the different molecular weights of ethanol extract (TRE-1, 30 kDa) and water extract (TRW-1, 100 kDa) were prepared by a membrane separation. The effects of different tea residue extracts on the viscosity properties were investigated, and the microstructure of potato starch added with tea residue extract was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that different types and molecular weights of tea residue extracts could significantly (PTRW-2>TRE-2>TRW-1>TRE-1. The peak viscosity of potato starch was gradually decreased with the increase of different extracts. After adding 10% TRA, TRW-2, TRE-2, TRW-1 and TRE-1, the peak viscosity of potato starch was 4624, 5013, 5431, 5911 and 6195 cP, respectively. TRE-2, TRW-2 and TRA could better promote the link between potato starch fragments and result in a more complete and smooth lamellar structure, compared with TRE-1, TRW-1. In summary, the addition of different types and molecular weights of tea residue extracts could effectively inhibit the gelatinization of potato starch, and the inhibitory effect of 10% alkali extract was the best.

Plants have several direct or indirect effects on other surrounding organisms in which it may be harmful or beneficial, in this study the potential allopathic effects of Ziziphus spina-christi (Sidr) leaf extracts were investigated alongside wheat (Triticum aestivum L), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Seeds for the observation of their germination, in which different concentrations (0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10%) of sidr aqueous and methanolic extracts (70% methanol) were made and used against these seeds in vitro and their effect on germination was determined. This experiment showed a significant inhibitory effect of both extracts on seed germination at all concentrations and it became more effective as the concentration rises, as a result, sidr leaf extracts may demonstrate the use of this species as an herbicide and provide significant agricultural success

Ustiloxins are vital cyclopeptide mycotoxins originally isolated from rice false smut balls that form in rice spikelets infected by the fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens. The toxicity of the water extract of rice false smut balls (RBWE) remains to be investigated. Studies have shown that RBWE may be toxic to animals, but toxicological evidence is still lacking. In this study, we found that the IC50 values of RBWE to BNL CL.2 cells at 24 and 48 h were 40.02 and 30.11 μg/mL, respectively, with positive correlations with dose toxicity and time toxicity. After treatment with RBWE, the number of BNL CL.2 cells decreased significantly, and the morphology of BNL CL.2 cells showed atrophy and wall detachment. RBWE induced DNA presynthesis phase arrest of BNL CL.2 cells, increased the proportion of apoptotic cells and inhibited cell proliferation. RBWE up-regulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and lowered mitochondrial membrane potentials. Additionally, Western blot and qRT-PCR results suggested that RBWE exerted the above effects by promoting the Nrf2/HO-1 and caspase-induced apoptosis pathways in vitro and in vivo. The contents of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and total bile acids in the serum of mice from Institute of Cancer were significantly up-regulated by RBWE. At the same time, RBWE can lead to increases in ROS and malondialdehyde contents, decreases in contents of oxidized glutathione, glutathione and reduced glutathione, as well as decrease in catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in mouse liver tissues, demonstrating that oxidative stress occurred in mice. Moreover, liver damage was further detected by haematoxylin-eosin staining and electron microscopy to verify the damage to the mice caused by RBWE. In general, RBWE may cause hepatotoxicity in vivo and in vitro via the apoptosis pathway, which provides a reference for hepatotoxicity and its mechanism of action.

Objective: By analyzing bacteriostasis and efficacy, the possibility of Artemisia argyi extract to be a plant extract preservative is clarified. It provides a message for the development of natural non-irritating plant extract preservative. Methods: Water and ethanol extracts of A. argyi were prepared. The content of its main active components was determined. Its inhibitory effect and stability on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were analyzed. Antioxidant activity, ultraviolet absorption capacity and security were also discussed. Results: The ethanol extract of A. argyi had a significant inhibitory effect on the two kinds of bacteria, which was related to the content of active components to some extent. Temperature and UV irradiation had no significant effect on antibacterial activity, while pH had a greater effect on antibacterial activity. At the concentration of 0.96 mg/mL, ethanol extract of A. argyi leaves could eliminate 98% of DPPH and ABTS free radicals, and more than 50% of superoxide anion and hydroxyl free radicals. When the concentration was 0.5 mg/mL, the two extracts had good ultraviolet absorption capacity. The HET-CAM test showed that the extract of A. argyi had high security at the concentration of 62.5 mg/mL. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of A. argyi has good and stable bacteriostatic effect, certain antioxidant activity, ultraviolet absorption performance and security.

Due to the widespread use of the pour-through extraction procedure in horticultural production and research, the objective of this study was to determine if the method is biased by preferentially extracting substrate solution near the bottom of the container in both conventionally filled containers as well as intentionally stratified containers. Eight treatments were created using 2.5-L, 17.5-cm tall plastic nursery containers. The first four treatments were created by layering a conventional pine bark substrate (CONV) that was either amended (+A) or nonamended (−A) with fertilizer and lime with the following layers: amended substrate throughout the entire container profile (+A/+A); amended substrate in the top half (top 8.5 cm) over nonamended substrate in the bottom half of the container profile (+A/−A); nonamended substrate in the top half over amended substrate in the bottom half (−A/+A); and nonamended substrate throughout the profile (−A/−A). An additional four treatments were created by intentionally stratifying (STRAT) a fine pine bark substrate (FINE) over a coarse pine bark substrate (CRSE) with the same amendment combinations of +A or −A. On 0 and 42 d after potting, substrate pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were determined on samples collected by the pour-through procedure and 1:1 water extracts of the top and bottom layers in the container. At 42 d after potting, nutrient ions (NO3−, PO42−, K, Ca, Mg, and SO42−) were also measured in both pour-through and 1:1 water extracts of the top and bottom layers. At both dates and in both CONV and STRAT containers, pour-through substrate pH and EC more closely reflected those measurements in the bottom half of the container as determined by the 1:1 water extract. At 42 d after potting, nutrient ions determined by the pour-through procedure were more highly correlated to the 1:1 water extracts from the bottom half of the container compared with the top half of the container in both CONV and STRAT substrates. Evidence herein demonstrates that the pour-through procedure is more reflective of the lower half of the container than the upper half for both CONV and stratified substrates.

[Objective] The effects of water and weak acid extracts of two kinds of Nigella seeds on their pharmacological effects were analyzed by comparing the differences of volatile components in inorganic solvent extracts. [Method] Distilled water and pH 1. 5 hydrochloric acid were used as extractants to extract the seeds of Nigella glandulifera and Nigella sativa respectively. The extracts were called water extract and acid extract respectively. After filtration, the extracts were dried with nitrogen, and the volatile components were determined by GC-MS. [Result] Compared with different solvents, the amount and content of volatile components in water extract were significantly higher than that in acid extract. The content of fatty acid, ester and amide compound was higher, and thymoquinone was detected, which had higher medicinal value. Compared with the two kinds of Nigella, the contents of amides and esters in the water extract of the seeds of Nigella glandulifera were higher, while the contents of fatty acids in the water extract of Nigella sativa seeds were more. [Conclusion] Nigella seeds are used in prescriptions, mostly decocted in water or taken as pills. From the medicinal value of the extract, the water extract of Nigella glandulifera seeds is suitable for neuroprotective therapeutic prescriptions, and the water extract of Nigella sativa seeds is more suitable for anti-oxidation, anti-aging and anti- tumor prescriptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The anti-diabetic efficacy of Atractylodes lancea water extract was verified by identifying the major active compounds, and quality control standards for water extracts were established by simultaneous HPLC quantification analysis. Methods: Thirteen compounds were isolated from the butanol fraction by bioactivity-guided approach using open-column chromatography. The compounds were identified by NMR and ESI/LTQ-Orbitrap-HRMS. The anti-diabetic activity was evaluated with anti-glycation and α-glucosidase assay. The simultaneous quantification by nine compounds was conducted by HPLC-PDA. Results: In total, 13 compounds from the butanol fraction were isolated. The water extract showed greater inhibitory effects than the hexane extract. Compounds 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, and 13 showed high or significant activity. HPLC simultaneous analysis for these compounds was developed and validated to establish quality control standards, and the content standards of each compound were established through quantitative evaluation. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this study is the first to identify the main components and antiglycation, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the water extract of A. lancea. This study scientifically and systematically established the quality control standards of traditional herbal medicine traditional herbal medicine through the development of a simultaneous HPLC quantitative analysis method and the establishment of content standards. It also demonstrates the potential of A. lancea water extract as a natural alternative treatment for diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ustiloxins are vital cyclopeptide mycotoxins originally isolated from rice false smut balls that form in rice spikelets infected by the fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens. The toxicity of the water extract of rice false smut balls (RBWE) remains to be investigated. Studies have shown that RBWE may be toxic to animals, but toxicological evidence is still lacking. In this study, we found that the IC 50 values of RBWE to BNL CL.2 cells at 24 and 48 h were 40.02 and 30.11 μg/mL, respectively, with positive correlations with dose toxicity and time toxicity. After treatment with RBWE, the number of BNL CL.2 cells decreased significantly, and the morphology of BNL CL.2 cells showed atrophy and wall detachment. RBWE induced DNA presynthesis phase arrest of BNL CL.2 cells, increased the proportion of apoptotic cells and inhibited cell proliferation. RBWE up-regulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and lowered mitochondrial membrane potentials. Additionally, Western blot and qRT-PCR results suggested that RBWE exerted the above effects by promoting the Nrf2/HO-1 and caspase-induced apoptosis pathways in vitro and in vivo. The contents of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and total bile acids in the serum of mice from Institute of Cancer were significantly up-regulated by RBWE. At the same time, RBWE can lead to increases in ROS and malondialdehyde contents, decreases in contents of oxidized glutathione, glutathione and reduced glutathione, as well as decrease in catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in mouse liver tissues, demonstrating that oxidative stress occurred in mice. Moreover, liver damage was further detected by haematoxylin-eosin staining and electron microscopy to verify the damage to the mice caused by RBWE. In general, RBWE may cause hepatotoxicity in vivo and in vitro via the apoptosis pathway, which provides a reference for hepatotoxicity and its mechanism of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Phenols and flavonoids are the most common phytoconstituents of medicinal and aromatic plants, and responsible for antioxidant activities. This study aimed to determine the content of phenolics and flavonoids in water and methanolic extracts of six selected medicinal plants (Betula pendula Roth, Betula pubescens Ehrh., Trifolium pratense L., Verbascum thapsus L., Equisetum arvense L., and Sambucus nigra L.) collected from various locations in Kosovo. Methods: The total phenolic content (TPC) was estimated spectrophotometrically using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry weight sample (mgGAE/gDW). The total flavonoid content (TFC) was measured by the aluminum chloride colorimetric assay and expressed as mg of catechin equivalents per gram of dry weight sample (mgCE/gDW). Results: The TPC of the water extracts ranged from 5.26±0.05 mgGAE/gDW (Equisetum arvense L.) to 33.14 ± 0.13 mgGAE/gDW (Sambucus nigra L.), while that of the methanolic extracts ranged from 16.85 ± 0.27 mgGAE/gDW (Equisetum arvense) to 38.95 ± 0.15 mgGAE/gDW (Betula pendula). The TFC of the water extracts ranged from 0.09 ± 0.01 mgCE/gDW (Verbascum thapsus) to 1.57 ± 0.01 mg CE/gDW (Trifolium pratense), while that of the methanolic extracts ranged from 0.25 ± 0.02 mgCE/gDW (Verbascum thapsus) to 1.36±0.02 mgCE/gDW (Trifolium pratense). Equisetum arvense herba showed the largest difference in TPC and TFC between the water and methanolic extracts, with 8.26 ± 0.05 mgGAE/gDW and 0.25 ± 0.01 mgCE/gDW in water extract and 16.85 ± 0.27 mgGAE/gDW and 1.15 ± 0.08 mgCE/gDW in methanolic extract, respectively. Conclusions: Results shows varying levels of phenolics and flavonoids, with some plants exhibiting higher levels in methanolic extracts than in water extracts. These findings may have important implications for the potential use of these plants in traditional medicine and as sources of natural antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, nanotechnology-based paints have been employed in the field of biofouling prevention. The green production of copper oxide nanoparticles (GB-CuONPs) with Ulva fasciata water extract was described in this study. The aqueous U. fasciata extract contains diverse compounds that act as reducing and stabilizing agents for GB-CuONPs. The GB-CuONPs were characterized by different instruments. SEM indicated monoclinic phase (tenorite) clustered nanoparticles. EDX spectrum comprised C, N, Zn, Cu, and O peaks. FT-IR showed peaks that could be attributed to proteins, carbohydrates and polyphenols. The average crystallite size was 35.2 nm. XRD assigned the reflection lines of monoclinic GB-CuONPs. The antimicrobial activity of GB-CuONPs was studied against three Gram-negative and two Gram-positive bacterial strains. Antifouling efficacy of different concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 1.50%) from GB-CuONPs was evaluated in situ for 200 days. Low weights of fouling organisms were formed on all the panels, ranging between 0.0495 and 0.1451 g/cm2. Their effectiveness may be attributed to the biocide’s gradual release from the coatings. Panels treated with formulations containing (1.00% and 1.50%) GB-CuONPs showed good antifouling activity during the study period, with only 5% of barnacles. The surrounding seawater parameters of the immersed coated steel panels were within the typical range for this area.

Although the water extract of Eucommia ulmoides leaf (WEE) promotes egg laying in hens, its palatability is poor. To improve the palatability of E. ulmoides leaf, probiotic fermentation was used, and fermented extract E. ulmoides leaf (FEE) was prepared using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. The safety of FEE was investigated using a long-term toxicity test, and no oxidative damage, inflammatory reactions, or histological lesions were observed in the experimental rats receiving dietary supplementation of FEE at 200 mg/kg, suggesting that FEE is suitable for long-term feeding. Subsequently, dietary supplementation of FEE (group C) in comparison with dietary supplementation of WEE (group B), as well as a control (group A), was applied in the hen industry. Laying performance, egg quality, egg nutrition, egg flavor, and the gut microbiome were analyzed comparatively. Interestingly, the laying rate was observed to be four percentage points higher with dietary supplementation of FEE at 200 mg/kg compared with the control and two percentage points higher compared with the dietary addition of WEE at the same dosage. Simultaneously, a slight upregulation in daily feed consumption was determined in the FEE-supplemented group compared with the blank control and the WEE-supplemented group, indicating that the inclusion of FEE stimulated the hens’ appetite. Moreover, variations in egg amino acids, fatty acids, and volatile components were obtained with either dietary addition, FEE or WEE, implying that dietary supplementation of the fermented and water-extracted E. ulmoides leaf extracts contributed to egg flavor change. Furthermore, variations in the gut microbiota were mediated by FEE, increasing the relative abundance of the genus Lactobacillus. These alterations in gut microbiota were tightly related to improved laying performance and egg flavor changes. Our results indicate that FEE is a better alternative feed additive in the hen industry than WEE.

Straw covering is a protective tillage measure in agricultural production, but there is relatively little research on the allelopathic effects of corn straw on weeds and foxtail millet. This experiment studied the allelopathic effects of corn straw on four weeds (Chenopodium album, Setaria viridis, Echinochloa crus-galli and Amaranthus retroflexus) in foxtail millet fields, and also measured the growth indicators of foxtail millet. The study consisted of Petri dish and field experiments. Five treatments were used in the Petri dish experiment: clear water as control (0 g/L, TCK) and four types of corn straw water extracts. They were, respectively, the stock solution (100 g/L, T1), 10 X dilution (10 g/L, T2), 50 X dilution (2 g/L, T3), and 100 X dilution (1 g/L, T4) of corn straw water extracts. Additionally, seven treatments were set up in the field experiment, consisting of three corn straw covering treatments, with covering amounts of 3000 (Z1), 6000 (Z2) and 12,000 kg/ha (Z3), and four control treatments—one treatment with no corn straw cover (CK) and three treatments involving the use of a black film to create the same shading area as the corn straw covered area, with black film coverage areas of 50% (PZ1), 70% (PZ2), and 100% (PZ3), respectively. The results showed that the corn straw water extract reduced the germination rate of the seeds of the four weeds. The T1 treatment resulted in the allelopathic promotion of C. album growth but the inhibition of S. viridis, E. crus-galli, and A. retroflexus growth. Treatments T2, T3, and T4 all induced the allelopathic promotion of the growth of the four weeds. The order of the effects of the corn straw water extracts on the comprehensive allelopathy index of the four weed seeds was as follows: C. album > S. viridis > A. retroflexus > E. crus-galli. With an increase in the corn straw mulching amount, the density and total coverage of the four weeds showed a gradual downward trend, whereas the plant control effect and fresh weight control effect showed a gradual upward trend. All indices showed the best results under 12,000 kg/ha of mulching and returning to the field. Overall, corn straw coverage significantly impacted the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of foxtail millet and increased the yield of foxtail millet. Under coverages of 6000 and 12,000 kg/ha, the growth of foxtail millet is better. Based on our findings, we recommend a corn straw coverage of 12,000 kg/ha for the allelopathic control of weeds in foxtail millet fields.

Gelidium spinosum belongs to red seaweed that is used as a food ingredient to heal a variety of diseases. Awareness about the potential medicinal value and actual research data on this plant's toxic effect is currently insufficient. Hence, the current study aimed to determine phytoconstituents using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and investigated the toxic effect of Gelidium spinosum Water Extract (GsWE) using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos model. Results of the identification confirmed some known phytoconstituents including alkaloid, cinnamic acid ester, heterocyclic aromatic, organic fatty acids, fatty alcohol, and sugars. Results of a toxicity study of GsWE showed a concentration-dependent increase in mortality and yolk size, meanwhile a decrease in eye size, body length, and heartbeat rate on zebrafish embryos. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of GsWE was obtained at 707.38 mg/L. It was considered in the safe category. GsWE did not affect to zebrafish embryo development at low concentrations. In high concentrations, zebrafish embryos showed abnormalities, such as loss of pigmentation, pericardial oedema, and yolk oedema. The results of this investigation will contribute to reinforcing the safety of G. spinosum-related food supplement manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistical analysis of 3802 samples of saline soils from different regions of Russia made it possible to substantiate preliminary conclusions about a higher proportion of magnesium in soils containing gypsum in comparison with gypsum-free saline soils. Gypsum is not a toxic salt and its presence does not cause an increase in salinity. Salinization is mainly related to sodium and magnesium salts, with the sodium percentage often exceeding the magnesium percentage. It is statistically substantiated that in the studied saline soils without gypsum, sodium often dominates among cations in the soil water extract (1 : 5) at any degree of salinity, The appearance of gypsum in the soil profile is accompanied by a significant increase in the proportion of magnesium. In slightly or moderately saline horizons with more than 1% of gypsum, the proportion of magnesium in the water extract (1 : 5) often exceeds 50% of the sum of sodium and magnesium according to the median, arithmetic mean, upper quartile, and maximum values. Even in strongly and very strongly saline soil horizons containing gypsum, the proportion of magnesium is significant with the median of 43 and 31%, respectively, which is 5.8–6.7 times higher than the proportion of magnesium in gypsum-free horizons of the same degree of salinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red ginger (Zingiber officinale Roxb. var. Rubrum) contains phenolic compounds that can potentially reduce blood glucose levels (antihyperglycemic) in patients with diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to determine the inhibitory activity toward α-glucosidase, antioxidant activity in reducing DPPH free radicals, and total phenolic content of aqueous extract of red ginger. The red ginger was extracted using water solvent at 100 ο C for 15 minutes. Analysis of antioxidant activity, inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase, and total phenolic content using the spectrofotometry. Antioxidant activity showed that the extracts from the first, second and third replicates were not significantly different (p<0.05). α-glucosidase inhibition activity showed that the 1st replicate extract had the highest value of 97.729% and was significantly different (p<0.05) from the 2nd and 3rd replicate extracts and acarbose. The total phenolic content showed that the 2nd replicate extract had the highest value, namely 27,624 mg GAE/g extract and was significantly different (p<0.05) from the 1st and 3rd replicate extracts. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd replicates of red ginger aqueous extract has the same antioxidant activity and equivalent glucosidase inhibitory activity as acarbose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Ecology is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tri-Yannarose is a Thai traditional herbal medicine formula composed of Areca catechu, Azadirachta indica, and Tinospora crispa. It possesses antipyretic, diuretic, expectorant, and appetite-stimulating effects. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activities, cytotoxicity, and chemical constituents of an aqueous extract following a Tri-Yannarose recipe and its plant ingredients. The phytochemical analysis was performed using LC-QTOF-MS. Antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH, ABTS, TPC, TFC, FRAP, NBT, MCA, and ORAC assays. Cytotoxicity was investigated using a methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay. In addition, the relationship between the chemical composition of Tri-Yannarose and antioxidant activities was investigated by examining the structure–activity relationship (SAR). The results of the LC-QTOF-MS analysis revealed trigonelline, succinic acid, citric acid, and other chemical constituents. The aqueous extract of the recipe showed significant scavenging effects against ABTS and DPPH radicals, with IC50 values of 1054.843 ± 151.330 and 747.210 ± 44.173 µg/mL, respectively. The TPC of the recipe was 92.685 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of extract and the TFC was 14.160 mg of catechin equivalent/g of extract. All extracts demonstrated lower toxicity in the Vero cell line according to the MTT assay. In addition, the SAR analysis indicated that prenyl arabinosyl-(1–6)-glucoside and quinic acid were the primary antioxidant compounds in the Tri-Yannarose extract. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Tri-Yannarose and its plant ingredients have potent antioxidant activities with low toxicity. These results support the application of the Tri-Yannarose recipe for the management of a range of disorders related to oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Osteoblasts and osteoclasts play an important role in bone remodeling through the release of regulatory factors to remain the bone homeostasis. When the balance between functions and activities of the two types of cells is disturbed, bone diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis will occur. Sambucus adnata Wall. is commonly used by the ethnic Yi people to treat injuries caused by falls and fractures. Our previous studies have found that the water extract (SAW-A) and dichloromethane extract (SAW-B) of Sambucus adnata Wall. can promote fracture healing and improve osteoporosis in the active parts of fractures. However, their effects on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in the active parts are still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the biological effects of SAW-A and SAW-B extracts from Sambucus adnata Wall. on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. METHODS: Osteoblasts were extracted from the skull of newborn Sprague-Dawley rats by collagenase digestion, and cell counting kit-8 was used to detect the cytotoxicity of SAW-A and SAW-B. The proliferation activity of osteoblasts was detected by cell counting kit-8 at 24, 48, and 72 hours after extract intervention, to investigate the effects of 312.5 mg/L SAW-A and 156.15 mg/L SAW-B on osteoblast proliferation. Flow cytometry was used to detect the effect of SAW-A and SAW-B on cell activity at 6 days of intervention. The proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts after SAW-A and SAW-B intervention were detected by alkaline phosphatase staining and alizarin red staining. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR assay was performed to detect the relative expression of osteogenesis-related genes RUNX2, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin and type I collagen A1. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: SAW-A and SAW-B could significantly improve the proliferation of osteoblasts at 48 and 72 hours after intervention, and SAW-B was stronger than SAW-A. Flow cytometry results showed that SAW-A and SAW-B inhibited apoptosis in osteoblasts after 6 days of intervention. The results of alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red staining showed that SAW-A and SAW-B could promote osteoblast mineralization. The relative expression levels of RUNX2, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin and type I collagen A1 increased, and SAW-B showed a better effect on the expression of bone sialoprotein and type I collagen A1 than SAW-A. To conclude, SAW-A and SAW-B can both promote osteoblast differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recently, nanotechnology-based paints have been employed in the field of biofouling prevention. The green production of copper oxide nanoparticles (GB-CuONPs) with Ulva fasciata water extract was described in this study. The aqueous U. fasciata extract contains diverse compounds that act as reducing and stabilizing agents for GB-CuONPs. The GB-CuONPs were characterized by different instruments. SEM indicated monoclinic phase (tenorite) clustered nanoparticles. EDX spectrum comprised C, N, Zn, Cu, and O peaks. FT-IR showed peaks that could be attributed to proteins, carbohydrates and polyphenols. The average crystallite size was 35.2 nm. XRD assigned the reflection lines of monoclinic GB-CuONPs. The antimicrobial activity of GB-CuONPs was studied against three Gram-negative and two Gram-positive bacterial strains. Antifouling efficacy of different concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 1.50%) from GB-CuONPs was evaluated in situ for 200 days. Low weights of fouling organisms were formed on all the panels, ranging between 0.0495 and 0.1451 g/cm2. Their effectiveness may be attributed to the biocide's gradual release from the coatings. Panels treated with formulations containing (1.00% and 1.50%) GB-CuONPs showed good antifouling activity during the study period, with only 5% of barnacles. The surrounding seawater parameters of the immersed coated steel panels were within the typical range for this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The efficacy and selectivity of phytochemicals are required for the development of new botanical bioherbicides for both pre- and post-emergence applications. Questions: How vary the phytotoxic potential of the aqueous extracts of Artemisia arborescens among five plant species? Studied species: Lactuca sativa used as a model species, two monocotyledons (Triticum turgidum, Zea mays) and two dicotyledons (Raphanus sativus, Pisum sativum). Study site and dates: Two Artemisia arborescens genotypes were collected at Bousselem and Kef, North West of Tunisia; March 2021. Results: The aqueous extracts are rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, condensed tannins and terpenoids. The highest in vitroinhibitory potential on germination and seedlings growth was detected against Lactuca sativa. The concentration 8 mg/mL causes total inhibition of lettuce germination and has no significant effect on pea germination. At this concentration, the extracts inhibited the germination of the agronomic crops by 46-58 % (Raphanus sativus), 74 % (Zea mays) and 72-78 % (Triticum turgidum). The inhibition rates of radicles and shoots growth vary according to the applied concentration. The in vivo tests showed higher phytotoxic activity against Lactuca sativa and both monocotyledons. This was confirmed by the variation of the symptomatic and biochemical traits. Conclusions: The obtained results confirm the selective bioherbicidal activity of A. arborescens water extracts which promote its potential as natural resource for the development of new botanical bioherbicides.

[Objective] To study the antioxidant activity of A. nitida extracts eluted by macroporous resin with ethanol of different concentrations. [Method] After A. nitida was extracted with water, it was eluted by macroporous resin column with different concentrations of ethanol, and compared with VC to determine the scavenging rate of DPPH radical, p-hydroxy radical, superoxide anion radical and the reduction capacity of each macroporous resin rinse. [Result] The 70% ethanol elution had a good DPPH radical elimination rate (68. 8%), and the scavenging rate,reducing ability of each elution to hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion radical were weak. [Conclusion] This study provides a basis for further exploring the research and application value of this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biologically active components are present in plants in small quantities. There are many different extraction methods, which can be used for their extraction. In this scientific work, extracts of three plants (common origanum, peppermint and garden sage) were prepared in three different ways: water extraction, ultrasound extraction and electro-discharge extraction. The dynamics of saturation of extracts with flavonoids, essential oils and organic acids for each case were studied within 48 hours after the experiment's start. The conducted studies have confirmed the effectiveness of electro-discharge extraction in comparison with ultrasound and in comparison with water extraction. Forty-eight hours after the start of the experiment, 7-15% more organic acids, flavonoids and essential oils were observed in extracts of the studied plants obtained after electro-discharge treatment than in water extracts. A similar dynamic can be traced in the assessment of all indicators. At the same time, 80% readiness of extracts in the case of electro-discharge treatment was observed already 30 minutes after the start of the experiment. Similar indicators (80% of the maximum) were achieved after 24 hours of water extraction and after 2 hours with ultrasound treatment. Thus, the electro-discharge treatment allows you to obtain higher-quality and more enriched active substance extracts in a much shorter time. At the same time, electro-discharge treatment has a significant list of disadvantages described in detail in this article.

【Objective】To explore the effect of canola water extract on the growth of the seedlings.【Methods】Using distilled water as the control,three concentrations (0.025,0.050,and 0.100 g/mL) of laboratory prepared canola water extract were set to analyze the effects on canola seed germination,seedling growth,main nutrients,and defense enzyme activity.【Results】Compared with the control,the canola water extract of 0.050 g/mL and 0.100 g/mL significantly (P<0.05) reduced the seed germination rate of canola. At the concentration of 0.025 g/mL there were promotion effects on stem length,while at concentrations of 0.050 and 0.100 g/mL,there were inhibitory effects on stem length. All three concentrations had inhibitory effects on the root length of canola seedlings. As the concentration of canola water extract increased,the allelopathic comprehensive effects of canola were "low promotion and high inhibition". In comparison with the control,concentration of 0.100 g/mL significantly (P<0.05) reduced the canola protein content. At concentration of 0.050 g/mL canola proline content was 115.39% higher than the control. The SOD activity of canola treated with different concentrations of water extract was significantly (P<0.05) lower than the control. At the concentration of 0.025 g/mL,the POD activity of canola seedlings was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control. Different concentrations of water extract treatment had different effect on the variations in canola malondialdehyde content.【Conclusion】Strong autotoxicity existed in canola. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biologically active components are present in plants in small quantities. There are many different extraction methods, which can be used for their extraction. In this scientific work, extracts of three plants (common origanum, peppermint and garden sage) were prepared in three different ways: water extraction, ultrasound extraction and electro-discharge extraction. The dynamics of saturation of extracts with flavonoids, essential oils and organic acids for each case were studied within 48 hours after the experiment's start. The conducted studies have confirmed the effectiveness of electro-discharge extraction in comparison with ultrasound and in comparison with water extraction. Forty-eight hours after the start of the experiment, 7-15% more organic acids, flavonoids and essential oils were observed in extracts of the studied plants obtained after electro-discharge treatment than in water extracts. A similar dynamic can be traced in the assessment of all indicators. At the same time, 80% readiness of extracts in the case of electrodischarge treatment was observed already 30 minutes after the start of the experiment. Similar indicators (80% of the maximum) were achieved after 24 hours of water extraction and after 2 hours with ultrasound treatment. Thus, the electro-discharge treatment allows you to obtain higher-quality and more enriched active substance extracts in a much shorter time. At the same time, electro-discharge treatment has a significant list of disadvantages described in detail in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)