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Weir Third is one of the dams in Kuningan West Java. Dam Third, located on Jl. New East Ring Road, Tonjong Hamlet, Sangkanmulya Village, District Cigandamekar, Regency Kuningan. The distance from the city of Brass is not enough, more than 13 km towards the north and less than 24 km from Cirebon city to the south direction. Dam Third irrigates an area of ± 1,010 Ha, covering two districts: Regency Kuningan 348 Ha and Cirebon Regency 662 Ha. Buildings are mainly third in the form of channel parent and channel secondary. Research objectives This analyzes mark performance based on condition damage, knowing performance moment this, get weight component Channels and Buildings Weir Third. The author uses primary data and secondary data. Primary data is obtained from field observations, while secondary data is from UPTD SUP Kalijaga - Cisanggarung. The methods used in the research Are qualitative nature, descriptive - and inductive. Research results show that the percentage performance component Channels and Structures on Dams Third based on conditions and functions, namely, Channel Primary and Secondary Weir Third with a percentage condition good 15%, condition medium 50%, condition damaged 34%, so the average condition channel Primary and Secondary Weir Third in Moderately Damaged Condition. The condition of the building on Dam Third is good at 7%, moderate condition at 85%, and damaged at 9%, so Weir Third's average condition is good. The result of the analysis calculation of rainfall rain and comparison of discharge needs with the debit of irrigation area availability shows that the debit availability river is bigger than the debit requirement, with thus water needs in irrigation areas being third in all-sufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field experiment was conducted during the years 2006-2008 on a very light soil in central Poland in an area particularly deficient in water. The key aim of the study was the reaction of 10 European asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) cultivars: Ravel, Rambo, Rally, Ramada, Rapsody, Cipres, Plaverd, Backlim, Grolim, Orane, grown for green spear production to surface drip irrigation. Drip irrigation of the asparagus plants had a positive effect both on summer stalks and green spears. A significant increase in the height, number and diameter of summer stalks, as well as an increase in the marketable yield, weight and number of green spears was observed for most of the cultivars. Both factors, the irrigation used and the asparagus cultivars, significantly modified the antioxidant content in asparagus spears. The Rapsody cultivar accumulated significantly more, and the Grolim cultivar significantly less, total polyphenols in asparagus spears at unirrigated plots. An inverse relationship was obtained in the Grolim cultivar with respect to the content of vitamin C, which accumulated the most of it under the irrigation conditions. The Ramada cultivar from irrigated plots contained significantly the highest amount of total carotenoids. In turn, the Cipres and Grolim cultivars from irrigated plots were characterized by the highest antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is expected to heavily impact agriculture in the Mediterranean region due to higher temperatures and droughts. Within the agricultural systems, vineyards are one of the most affected by climate. Here we provide a diagnosis of the main impacts of climate change in three protected designations of origin (PDOs) in Catalonia (NE Spain) in the 21st century. This is fundamental for assessing the future suitability of grapevine cultivation in the study area. For this purpose, we estimated the annual net water needs of the vineyard and a set of agroclimatic parameters of crop phenology and ripening. Climate change impacts were estimated at 1 km pixel resolution using temperature and precipitation projections based on the IPCC AR5 RCPs 4.5 and 8.5 climate change scenarios. Water needs would be 2 to 3 times greater than current water needs and a general advance and shortening of the ‘Budburst to Harvest’ period were estimated. The flowering date would advance from 3 to 6 weeks and the harvest from 1 to 2.5 months, resulting in a duration of the ‘Budburst to Harvest’ period from 10 to 80 days shorter. Changes in temperature during ripening were also estimated. Minimum temperature and daily thermal amplitude during ripening could increase from 1.4 to 2.9 °C and from 0.4 to 2.8 °C, respectively, by the end of the century. Additionally, the number of tropical nights (nights with T min > 20 °C) at ripening would increase from 2 to 23.7 days during the second half of the 21st century. Dynamics would be similar in the three PDOs studied although the magnitude of impact would differ, leading, in some cases, to significant limitations for grapevine cultivation and wine production if no adaptation strategies are applied in the near future. Increases in water needs were slightly greater in Empordà PDO, while the potential impact on crop phenology and grapevine quality was greater in the Pla de Bages PDO. These results, despite the limitations from simplified methods, incomplete data and unaddressed uncertainties, could serve as a basis for the design of specific adaptation strategies to improve and maintain vineyards in the PDOs studied and could be extrapolated to similar PDOs and regions.

The determination of water requirements for crops holds a crucial role in optimizing irrigation and enhancing agricultural productivity. However, identifying these needs remains a significant challenge due to the variety of factors influencing this decision, such as meteorological conditions, soil structure, and the phenological stages of each crop. In this study, we propose the design and development of a dedicated web-based irrigation advisory platform for arboriculture named ‘Soqia-Advice’. This platform will provide services to farmers, advisors, and decision-makers. The proposed methodology is based on four main steps: (1) need assessments; (2) definition of functionalities to fulfill these needs; (3) design of the overall architecture and the conceptual data model; and (4) implementation of key features of the module dedicated to farmers. The prototype of the “Farmer” module was tested on a farm in Azrou city, Morocco, as a case study. Seven-day weather forecasts were seamlessly integrated using the Weatherbit API. Additionally, the irrigation schedule was accurately displayed, ensuring efficient water management. Functionality tests were conducted on each menu to ensure the seamless and reliable operation of all planned features. The results were rigorously assessed to ensure that each feature aligned with the identified needs.

In recent decades, the world population has grown rapidly, having surpassed the 7 billion mark in 2017. Projections indicate that in 2050, this number will rise to more than 9 billion. This increase will imply greater consumption of resources, namely water and food, on a planetary scale. It is the task of the agricultural sector, especially irrigated agriculture, to respond to this need and produce enough food to meet the growing food demand. It is necessary, however, to ensure that water consumption by the agricultural sector is balanced. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the performance of irrigation systems by determining uniformity coefficients of water distribution on the plot considering the water needs of the cultural occupation. To this end, water was collected in two plots: citrus, whose size is 3 x 6 m, and banana, whose size is 2 x 2 m. To do this, the containers were placed at the beginning of the line, at one third, at two thirds and at the end, as per Keller and Karmeli (1975). The uniformity coefficients were classified as fair for the citrus fruit portion (81,6%) and poor for the banana portion (69,4%). The evaluation of the performance of the irrigation systems, carried out through the determination of uniformity coefficients of water distribution on the plot, made it possible to verify that the performance of the systems is far from what was desired, namely, taking into account the values reported in much of the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of water requirements for crops holds a crucial role in optimizing irrigation and enhancing agricultural productivity. However, identifying these needs remains a significant challenge due to the variety of factors influencing this decision, such as meteorological conditions, soil structure, and the phenological stages of each crop. In this study, we propose the design and development of a dedicated web-based irrigation advisory platform for arboriculture named 'Soqia-Advice'. This platform will provide services to farmers, advisors, and decision-makers. The proposed methodology is based on four main steps: (1) need assessments; (2) definition of functionalities to fulfill these needs; (3) design of the overall architecture and the conceptual data model; and (4) implementation of key features of the module dedicated to farmers. The prototype of the "Farmer" module was tested on a farm in Azrou city, Morocco, as a case study. Seven-day weather forecasts were seamlessly integrated using the Weatherbit API. Additionally, the irrigation schedule was accurately displayed, ensuring efficient water management. Functionality tests were conducted on each menu to ensure the seamless and reliable operation of all planned features. The results were rigorously assessed to ensure that each feature aligned with the identified needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the BUMDs owned by the regional government is The Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM), which is responsible for developing and managing a clean water supply system to serve consumers at more affordable prices. The need for clean water is something that is of great concern because it is one of the primary human needs that cannot be avoided in everyday life. This research aims to determine the analysis of the service quality of PDAM Tirta Sejuk regarding the need for clean water in Blangkejeren. The method used is a qualitative method with descriptive analysis to obtain a systematic, factual and accurate picture of the problems studied. This research also uses Zeithaml's theory which consists of several main indicators, namely: tangibles, empathy, responsiveness, reliability and guarantee. The results of the research show that the service provided to consumers is quite good and satisfying, seen in its form, namely the existence of facilities and infrastructure to support service quality and meet community needs, prioritizing good communication in creating a sense of empathy for customers, and responsiveness in overcoming various problems that occur regarding clean water needs. Apart from that, reliability is also emphasized to fulfill promises of guarantees that will be given to customers.

The annual global amount of water consumed to produce food ranges from 600,000 to 2.5 million liters per capita depending on food habits and food waste generation. Humans need approximately 2–3 L of water daily to maintain health, but only 0.01% of the world's water is drinkable. Food supplies cannot be generated without land, water, and energy use. The current use of water for production of food is most concerning and requires immediate and increased awareness. Minimal attention has been devoted to the increasing water scarcity and loss of drinking water. Food waste also contains water and therefore also adds to water scarcity that is affecting almost 4 billion people. We summarize the human need of water, its significance for life and for the production, processing, and consumption of foods. This review includes an examination of the history of water; the unique properties of water for sustaining life; water for food production including agriculture, horticulture, and mariculture; the properties of water exploited in food processing; water scarcity due to water demands exceeding availability or access; and its consequences for our world. Means to reduce water scarcity, including using water treatment and promoting change of human habits, are discussed. The future of water and the recommendations for action are proposed for decreasing water scarcity and reducing water use during food production, food processing, food preparation, and consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Denpasar City has an index of population increase worth 2.07% every year. It is feared that this will become a new problem in terms of environmental sustainability, such as the overexploitation of groundwater to meet the community’s water needs. This study aims to support the sustainability of water resources by using Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) as a form of green building planning. The method used in this study is a quantitative descriptive method, which is an analysis method carried out to calculate and describe the scale of RWH in the focus of the system’s effectiveness with the study location in the campus environment of the Ngurah Rai University Denpasar. The results of the study stated that 11 roofs of capture buildings produced rainwater of 1,783,350 litres/year. Another analysis said that this RWH method could cover all water needs, especially water used for flushing toilets. It is stated that the total water deficit of -703,734 litres/year can be subsidized from the entire remaining rainwater harvesting water of 879,624 litres/year. In addition, rainwater harvesting also plays a role as a form of effort to maintain the conservation of water resources and the application of green buildings that are energy efficient and environmentally friendly.

The evapotranspiration of potato, corn and pea crops in the central region of Boyacá (Colombia) is analyzed under standard conditions and under hydric stress to determine water requirements and optimal planting calendars according to water balances. The study included the collection and purification of information that has a greater impact on these phenomena such as climatological variables, crop physiology and soil types; Mathematical models that describe evapotranspiration and water needs were designed and adjusted, which were implemented computationally through the simulation of all possible crops under study in the analysis period from 1967 to 2019. As results, critical periods were determined and optimal planting dates were established for each crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the National Disaster Management Agency, in 2021 there were 5,402 incidents recorded, one of them being drought disasters. During the drought, the availability of clean water was minimal, so clean water assistance came from other areas. The problem that is often encountered in the field is delays in water distribution assistance due to sudden information and the location of the aid is in areas that are difficult to reach. This research developed a water tank technology equipped with a sensor to provide information about water availability, the location of the tank placement to speed up information on dropping water in drought areas. This technology uses the NodeMCU ESP8266 module which functions as a microcontroller, to provide sensor-based information that detects the quantity and quality of water as well as the location of the tank. This system is based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and Blynk Android which makes it easier for people to get information in real time. The water availability indicator is presented in a three-color graphical display, namely green is a safe sign (sufficient water), yellow is a warning sign (water is reduced), and red is a sign that water availability is running low and it is necessary to drop clean water. Other information presented is water quality parameters such as pH, TDS, turbidity, and temperature as well as the location of the tank. This technology supports the achievement of SDGs, namely goals number 6 (clean water and proper sanitation) and 11 (sustainable cities and settlements). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Water resources carrying capacity is dynamic and can be influenced by catastrophic volcanic eruptions. The eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010 changed the landscape and community livelihoods due to the redistribution of a large volume of volcanic materials. This study aims to analyze water resources carrying capacity before and after the major 2010 eruption of Mount Merapi.METHODS: The value of water resources carrying capacity is derived from that of water availability and the domestic water needs per capita per year. The model uses a grid of 100 x 100 meter cells to determine the spatial distribution of water resources carrying capacity in Krasak watershed, and this analysis considers the years 2008, before the eruption, and 2021, after the eruption. The population distribution data have been previously mapped by referring to statistical data and land use at the village level, while water availability is calculated considering rainfall, potential evaporation rate, and runoff.FINDINGS: Water resources carrying capacity in Krasak watershed has undergone changes related to the distribution of volcanic material and human activities. The water resources carrying capacity for both periods experienced a surplus, although there has been an average decrease of 331.50 cubic meters per year for each grid cell. Water resources carrying capacity analysis shows a decline, especially in the midstream and downstream. Based on T-Test, there are significant changes in the water resources carrying capacity at 2008 and 2021 (p-value 0.047 and 95% confidence level).CONCLUSION: Water resources carrying capacity increased only in some locations that occurred ecosystem succession after the eruption, although areas near the peak are decreased by sand and stone mining. The spatial-gridded model proved capable of analyzing this phenomenon.

Water needs of crops are determined by climate demand and crop type, these two parameters are interrelated through Crop Coefficient (Kc). It varies in time because of the factors that influence in the crop development. The objective of the research was to determine bean Kc under the conditions of the Cuban central provinces. The study was carried out in the Cooperative Production Basic Unit (UBPC) "Victoria II", belonging to the Agricultural Enterprise Camagüey. Center pivot machines were used on red Fersalitic soil, where samplings of soil moisture were made every five days with TDR-300. Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was determined taking into account the irrigation made and the usable rain during the cropping period. Kc values were calculated starting from the relationship of moisture balance every five days and the results were validated. These results showed the increase in ETc during the flowering and pod formation stages with a value of 3.98 mm/day. The Kc obtained were 0.45 (Kc initial), 1.00 (Kc mid) and 0.38 (Kc end) and in their validation, a constant trend was observed in the behavior of the Kc results, while their variation in relation to the results of the research stage is maintained in a range of less than 10 %. It was concluded that Kc parameters obtained can be used for bean irrigation scheduling under the conditions of the central provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, abiotic stresses are drastically reducing the productivity of vegetable crops. Among abiotic stresses, drought and salinity are more challenging constraints for the sustainable production of vegetables. A great variety of vegetables are facing dry and hot summer spells, poor water availability, and higher salinity mainly due to irrigation with brackish water. Vegetables are considered higher water-dependent crops, requiring water for proper growth and yield. Drought and salinity impair plant metabolism. The disruption in plant metabolism leads to a reduction in growth, developmental processes, and ultimately crop yield. Appropriate management measures are needed to cope with the adverse effects of drought and salinity. Different agronomic and molecular approaches contributed to improving tolerance. Therefore, the present review significantly explores the impact of phytohormones on vegetable crops under drought and salinity stresses. Phytohormones (salicylic acid, melatonin, jasmonates, Brassinosteroids, ascorbic acid, and numerous others) can be sprayed for improvement of plant growth, yield, and photosynthetic pigments by modulation of physiological and biochemical processes. In this manner, these phytohormones should be explored for sustainable production of vegetable crops growing under abiotic stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze drought conditions and evaluate irrigation water availability and household water needs in the Krueng Jrue sub-watershed, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The Z-score statistics method was developed to analyze the drought, and the Mock model was used to generate discharges. We performed model validation using linear regression, which produced a coefficient of determination (R2 D 0.90**) and coefficient of regression (r D 0.95**). In general, this area had a normal Z-score for precipitation (ZSP) class with 90 events (75%) and a normal Z-score for a discharge (ZSD) class with 89 events (74.2%). There were 0-11 (0-9.2%) moderate wet, very wet, extreme wet, moderate drought, and severe drought events. The consistency between the ZSP and ZSD indices reached 85.8%, indicating consensus between the meteorological droughts that were analyzed based on rainfall (ZSP) and hydrological droughts analyzed based on water discharge (ZSD). ZSP and ZSD indices showed negative values during the dry season (April to September) and positive values during the rainy season (October to March). There was a surplus of water availability for irrigation and household water needs during the rainy season and a deficit during the dry season. However, water deficits also occurred in certain months during the rainy rendeng planting season, for example, in October 2009, 2013, 2016, and 2017 as well as in February between 2008 to 2011 and from 2014 to 2017. This observation was probably due to the influence of global climate variables that need to be substantiated. This study offers necessary information for farmers, the community, and the local government when anticipating drought phenomenon, organizing the rice planting season, and evaluating water availability in other watersheds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze drought conditions and evaluate irrigation water availability and household water needs in the Krueng Jrue sub-watershed, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The Z-score statistics method was developed to analyze the drought, and the Mock model was used to generate discharges. We performed model validation using linear regression, which produced a coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.90**) and coefficient of regression (r = 0.95**). In general, this area had a normal Z-score for precipitation (ZSP) class with 90 events (75%) and a normal Z-score for a discharge (ZSD) class with 89 events (74.2%). There were 0–11 (0–9.2%) moderate wet, very wet, extreme wet, moderate drought, and severe drought events. The consistency between the ZSP and ZSD indices reached 85.8%, indicating consensus between the meteorological droughts that were analyzed based on rainfall (ZSP) and hydrological droughts analyzed based on water discharge (ZSD). ZSP and ZSD indices showed negative values during the dry season (April to September) and positive values during the rainy season (October to March). There was a surplus of water availability for irrigation and household water needs during the rainy season and a deficit during the dry season. However, water deficits also occurred in certain months during the rainy rendeng planting season, for example, in October 2009, 2013, 2016, and 2017 as well as in February between 2008 to 2011 and from 2014 to 2017. This observation was probably due to the influence of global climate variables that need to be substantiated. This study offers necessary information for farmers, the community, and the local government when anticipating drought phenomenon, organizing the rice planting season, and evaluating water availability in other watersheds.

Copyright of Revista de Climatología is the property of Revista de Climatologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper contains a detailed assessment of three full-size football fields constructed in 2019-2022 to meet the basic conditions for proper operation and maintenance. As a result of field and laboratory tests on permeability and retention capacity of the fields' base and drainage layers, they were found to meet the requirements set out in the standard DIN 18035. It ensures that rainwater and snowmelt are quickly drained from the turf's surface. The grass turfs of the football fields under study meet the conditions for properly performing one of the basic care treatments - irrigation. The base layer can retain an average of 10.3 mm of water in comfortable water availability conditions, depending on the football field. It is the value of a single dose net, which should be used for sprinkler irrigation of grass turf of football fields. However, considering the drainage layer, this dose could be increased to 12.5 mm. Considering the percentage content of generally available water and assuming less comfortable water availability conditions, the appropriate doses net are 12.5 mm on average. In comparison, for both layers together, they are 15.4 mm on average. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Infrastructure & Ecology of Rural Areas / Infrastruktura & Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich is the property of Stowarzyszenie Infrastruktura & Ekologia Terenow Wiejskich and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The work was developed at the Experimental Agroforestry Station "Jibacoa" with the aim of defining the partial and total net irrigation requirements for the production of coffee tree seedlings in tubes. For the study, three substrate variants were tested (50% rice husk + 50% soil + 2g multicote, 50% coconut fiber + 50% soil + 2g multicote) and technical standards (50% organic matter + 50% soil) with three levels of moisture in the substrate (85, 70 and 50%) available water. Parameters of morphological development were measured to know the influence of irrigation management on the quality of seedlings. Each treatment was made up of four trays containing 54 tubes with a capacity of 180 cm3, where seedlings of Coffea arabica L., variety "Isla 6-14", were developed, of which 10 of the central part were evaluated at the end of the experimental period. As a result, the average partial irrigation standards per type of substrate are: rice husk (14,44 mL plants-1), coconut fiber (12,1 mL plants-1) and technical standards (13,87 mL plants-1). Consequently, the total net irrigation standards vary, where the largest volumes of water needed are in the rice husk substrate followed by technical standards and coconut fiber with 46,01; 42,37 and 36,16 mL m-2, respectively. From the morphological point of view, the best seedlings are achieved in the rice husk substrate and maintaining a humidity level of 85% of the total available water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Water resources carrying capacity is dynamic and can be influenced by catastrophic volcanic eruptions. The eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010 changed the landscape and community livelihoods due to the redistribution of a large volume of volcanic materials. This study aims to analyze water resources carrying capacity before and after the major 2010 eruption of Mount Merapi. METHODS: The value of water resources carrying capacity is derived from that of water availability and the domestic water needs per capita per year. The model uses a grid of 100 x 100 meter cells to determine the spatial distribution of water resources carrying capacity in Krasak watershed, and this analysis considers the years 2008, before the eruption, and 2021, after the eruption. The population distribution data have been previously mapped by referring to statistical data and land use at the village level, while water availability is calculated considering rainfall, potential evaporation rate, and runoff. FINDINGS: Water resources carrying capacity in Krasak watershed has undergone changes related to the distribution of volcanic material and human activities. The water resources carrying capacity for both periods experienced a surplus, although there has been an average decrease of 331.50 cubic meters per year for each grid cell. Water resources carrying capacity analysis shows a decline, especially in the midstream and downstream. Based on T-Test, there are significant changes in the water resources carrying capacity at 2008 and 2021 (p-value 0.047 and 95% confidence level). CONCLUSION: Water resources carrying capacity increased only in some locations that occurred ecosystem succession after the eruption, although areas near the peak are decreased by sand and stone mining. The spatial-gridded model proved capable of analyzing this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major challenges for agriculture related to climate change is drought. The increasing temperatures and decreasing precipitation in many parts of the world have enhanced the frequency and severity of drought events. Therefore, a detailed analysis is required in order to determine the drought frequency and take the necessary precautions. In this study, the climatic conditions in the agricultural region of Çukurova (Turkey) were analysed. Meteorological data for the three provinces of Adana, Mersin, and Osmaniye were used. The aim was to calculate the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for each of the three provinces analysed, and to use these values to detect drought during the different growth periods of maize. We also investigated whether the SPI values for the last 30 years differ significantly between the provinces. Furthermore, indicators such as the duration, magnitude, severity, recurrence, and drought frequency were also calculated. Using linear regression analysis, we determined whether there were trends in the multi-year data for the total precipitation and mean temperature. In addition, the water deficiency was determined by examining the amount of water required by maize and the adequacy of the precipitation in each development period. As a result, it was found that the Çukurova region is prone to droughts, but they follow a mild course in most cases. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between the SPI values in the three provinces. The calculated average approximate drought recurrences (Tr) and expected intensities (Iave) were Tr ~ 1.036 years and Iave ~ 5.634 mm year−1 in 3 years for Adana, Tr ~ 1.031 years and Iave ~ −0.312 mm year−1 in 3 years for Mersin, and Tr ~ 1.052 years and Iave ~ −0.084 mm year−1 in 3 years Osmaniye. The research carried out in this paper confirmed that maize cultivation in the Çukurova region is vulnerable to drought, and adaptation actions should be taken immediately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding of climate aridity is an important step towards assessing the availability of water in a given area. This understanding requires an appropriate analysis allowing monitoring the spatio-temporal evolution of the parameters which act on the availability of water. In this study, we used annual rainfall and temperatures from 5 synoptic stations in the groundnut basin over the period 1965-2014. The study is essentially based on a quantitative and qualitative examination of the Lang, Martonne and hydrothermal indices. It is for us to extract information that can guide agricultural planning choices. The results obtained show that the groundnut basin actually experienced aridity phenomena during the study period. For the five regional stations, there are three degrees of aridity, namely semi-arid, arid and hyper-arid. In terms of duration and frequency, Louga stands out as the most affected and Kaolack the least affected by the aridity phenomenon. In terms of water balance, Fatick seems to be the most affected and Louga the least affected for the water deficit. In terms of heat balance, Louga stands out as the warmest and Thies the least hot. A comparison of the three indices has led to the conclusion that the Martonne aridity index remains very satisfactory for studies of a regional nature. These results thus highlight the great vulnerability of the area to drying up and global warming, especially from north to south. Indeed, an increasing decrease in precipitation and temperatures was observed during the period under review, which widened the gap between the amount of precipitation and the demand for water in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Procurement of housing for low to middle income people in the city of Palembang is carried out by the government and developers with the direction of building housing on the outskirts of the city. One of the development directions is the Talang Kepuh area, Ilir Barat District 1. Housing development in this area is carried out on landfill swamp land, so that in its construction it must have its own characteristics. In addition, the problem of housing development is the difficulty of providing clean water. So that it takes a housing design that pays attention to environmental aspects, one of which is the rainwater harvesting system as an alternative solution to the problem of providing clean water to meet the needs of the community. The rainwater harvesting system is the use of rainwater harvesting, where rainwater from the roof of the house will be channeled into distribution pipes which will then be forwarded and accommodated in a holding tank. The analytical method used is descriptive qualitative. The results of the discussion are outlined in the form of a simple concept of planning and designing an environmentally friendly house.

The need for water during the Covid-19 pandemic for various hygiene and health efforts has increased significantly. However, the increase in the amount of water demand is not accompanied by increased attention to water availability. The conversion of Daerah Tangkapan Air (DTA) into residential and industrial areas continues to increase, as happened in the Lake Rawapening catchment area. Changes in land use in the Lake Rawapening catchment area cause an increase in surface runoff during the rainy season and drought during the dry season. The increase in runoff is always accompanied by a decrease in infiltration volume, so that during the dry season the base flow discharge decreases. The decrease in water availability causes a decrease in the carrying capacity of the Rawapening Lake area. Changes in land use in the Lake Rawa Pening catchment area are dominated by settlement development, from 8.48% in 1996 to 18.64% in 2010. This condition causes a decrease in the volume of infiltrated rainwater, so that groundwater reserves do not increase. This will cause a decrease in water discharge during the dry season which will further reduce the carrying capacity of water in the area. This condition continues so that the carrying capacity of water in the dry season is decreasing, even during 2009 the water carrying capacity of the area was only 0.5 – 0.9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Water is one of the most important inputs and elements of development, and the importance of water in Egypt is increasing due to the lack of resources and increased demand in recent periods, where rain is scarce and covers most of its deserts. The River Nile is the main water supplier in the Arab Republic of Egypt, where the share of the river about 55.5 billion cubic meters per year, and the problem is limited to the study of the current and future use of water, while Egypt suffers from the constant amount of water available to cover these uses, The high rates of Egyptian population growth, with Egypt's share of water remaining constant, and hence the problem of water shortage, is a threat to the national economy in general and the agricultural sector in particular. The aim of the study is to use water for the time being and to work to increase the efficiency of water use in future years The study shows that the quantities of water used in irrigation for agricultural crops in Aswan fluctuated between the minimum and the decrease, ranging between a minimum of about 40.1 billion m3 in 2012 and a maximum of about 62.1 billion M3 in 2008 with an annual average of about 50.48 billion m3 during the same period. And the study of the equation of the general time trend for the quantities of water used for irrigating agricultural crops in Aswan and it shows that there is no mathematical picture suitable for the nature of the data and that the data revolve around the mean arithmetic.

The growth of population causes growth in food needs. It cause availability of agricultural land getting smaller. The purpose of this study is to know the carrying capacity of agricultural land and analize water availability to support food security in Malaka. Malaka is an export-oriented food storage area in the border region (LPBE-WP). Based on the result of analisys, carrying capacity of agricultural land in Malaka on 2020-2024 is σ < 1. It means this region cannot afford food self-sufficiency, population beyond the limits of optimal (over populated). To achieve food self-sufficiency requires 12.516 hectares area of agricultural land. Based on water surplus graphics, the availability of water building infrastructure in Malaka cannot fulfill agricultural water needs. The volume of storage needed to fulfill agricultural water need is 86,201 million cubic meters.

The paper includes a detailed water need forecasting analysis of fruit plants: apple trees, pear trees, cherry trees and plum trees, for the area of Poland with particular water deficits. The assessment was carried out for the multiannual period of 1989-2018, using three methods developed by Press, Grabarczyk and Rzekanowski, and Treder. The greatest water needs in the multiannual period (1989-2018) were demonstrated by apple and plum trees. The average water needs of apple trees in the multiannual period were 485 mm (Press method), 599 mm (Rzekanowski and Grabarczyk) and 558 mm (Treder), respectively. The average amount of water needs of plum trees was 506 mm (according to Press), 590 mm (Rzekanowski and Grabarczyk) and 548 mm (Treder). In practice, each of the methods presented should be used to forecast the water needs of fruit plants. This will minimise the risk of water shortages and will also enable determination of irrigation doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Terra Latinoamericana is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de la Ciencia del Suelo A.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Agricultura Irrigada - RBAI is the property of Revista Brasileira de Agricultura Irrigada - RBAI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Willows are one of the plants which can be used to produce biomass for energy purposes. Biomass production is classified as a renewable energy source. Increasing the share of renewable sources is one of the priority actions for European Union countries due to the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To achieve the best possible growth of the willow and increase its biomass for fuel, it is crucial to provide optimal water conditions for its growth. The aim of the study was to determine the water requirements of willows under the conditions of the western Polish climate and to verify whether this area is potentially favourable for willow cultivation. The novelty of this paper lies in its multi-year climatic analysis in the context of willow water needs for the area of three voivodships: Lubusz, Lower Silesian, and West Pomeranian. This is one of the few willow water-needs analyses for this region which considers the potential for widespread willow cultivation and biomass production in western Poland. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was determined by the Blaney-Criddle equation and then, using plant coefficients, water needs for willow were determined. Calculations were carried out for the growing season lasting from 21 May to 31 October. The estimated water needs during the vegetation season amounted on average to 408 mm for the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, 405 mm for the Lubusz Voivodeship, and 402 mm for the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. The conducted analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that these needs do not differ significantly between the voivodeships. Therefore, it can be concluded that the water requirements of willows in western Poland do not differ significantly, and the whole region shows similar water conditions for willow cultivation. Furthermore, it was found that water needs are increasing from decade to decade, making rational water management necessary. This is particularly important in countries with limited water resources, such as Poland. Correctly determining the water requirements of willow and applying them to the cultivation of this plant should increase the biomass obtained. With appropriate management, willow cultivation in Poland can provide an alternative energy source to coal.

Water is one of the most important inputs and elements of development, and the importance of water in Egypt is increasing due to the lack of resources and increased demand in recent periods, where rain is scarce and covers most of its deserts. The River Nile is the main water supplier in the Arab Republic of Egypt, where the share of the river about 55.5 billion cubic meters per year, and the problem is limited to the study of the current and future use of water, while Egypt suffers from the constant amount of water available to cover these uses, The high rates of Egyptian population growth, with Egypt's share of water remaining constant, and hence the problem of water shortage, is a threat to the national economy in general and the agricultural sector in particular. The aim of the study is to use water for the time being and to work to increase the efficiency of water use in future years The study shows that the quantities of water used in irrigation for agricultural crops in Aswan fluctuated between the minimum and the decrease, ranging between a minimum of about 40.1 billion m3 in 2012 and a maximum of about 62.1 billion M3 in 2008 with an annual average of about 50.48 billion m3 during the same period. And the study of the equation of the general time trend for the quantities of water used for irrigating agricultural crops in Aswan and it shows that there is no mathematical picture suitable for the nature of the data and that the data revolve around the mean arithmetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Basic Education College Magazine For Educational & Humanities Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ecological Engineering / Inżynieria Ekologiczna is the property of Polish Society of Ecological Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agro Productividad is the property of Colegio de Postgraduados and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Agricultural uses vary from year to year and season for another, this depends on many factors which have direct influence or directly in determining the quantities used it. The total annual discharge of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and their tributaries and crop composition, one of the most important factors affecting the use of irrigation water in Iraq agriculture, as well as other factors such as cropland area, soil type and climatic conditions, therefore, the research aims to study some indicators of economic efficiency to use irrigation water in production some of the major agricultural crops in Iraq such as wheat, barley, rice, maize, and summer harvest, through economic analysis structure of production costs and revenues for these crops and water unit productivity, and the ratio of total revenue to irrigation costs per crop. The study was based on the use of secondary data through published and unpublished data by Iraq Government agencies such as the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Irrigation, the Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation, and the Arab Organization for Agricultural Development, and some scientific thesis. The study was based on analysis of the results using descriptive and quantitative analysis method represented in the arithmetic mean, the scarcity of river water, and indicators of production and economic efficiency of irrigation water use in the production of study crops and the results showed that the amount of water used to irrigate these crops reached about (12326) million m3 accounting for ( 61%) of the total water used in the irrigation of the crop structure in Iraq for the year 20 15and (20 161) million m3 . Wheat came first In terms of cultivated area, which amounted to about (3797.2) thousand dunums, and the amount ofwater amounted to (8138.4) million m3 , barley came second In terms of cultivated area of (941) thousand dunums with a quantity of water amounted to (1836.4) million m3 , The rice crop ranked first in terms of total costs among the study crops at a value of about (300.8) thousand dinars/dunum, and summer harvest ranked second with a value of about (256.4) thousand dinars/dunum, the summer harvest came first in terms of total revenue and net return with a value of about (1378.3), (1122) thousand dinars, respectively, followed by a rice crop with total revenues and net return of about (1120), (819.13) thousand dinars/dunum, respectively. The productivity ofthe water unit for the studied crops (wheat, barley, rice, maize, summer harvest) has reached about (0.315, 0.180, 0.220, 0.160, 0.664) tons/1000 m3 , While the ratio of total revenue to irrigation costs for these crops were (11.8%, 4.7%, 10.2%, 11.2% and 27.6%), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]