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This thesis documents as well as questions how the presence of large mining operations in Andean regions of Peru alters social and natural landscapes. Taking conflicts over water as a useful entry-point for the analysis, it explores and unravels the dilemmas and challenges faced by the main conflicting actors: rural communities and mining companies. Through an in-depth analysis of how the actors navigate these challenges, focusing on those related to water, the thesis sets out to understand what happens with water in contexts of mineral extraction. It traces changes in how water is accessed, controlled and governed, and by whom. By making the complex character of water politics in mining contexts explicit, the thesis sheds light on how mining reconfigures water governance arrangements, while also contributing to wider debates about water governance in contexts characterized by huge power differences.

This multidisciplinary study focuses on projecting and adapting to future hydrological changes in the Mekong – an international river of global significance in terms of rapidly increasing human pressures and climate-change vulnerability. A modelling framework was developed to project future changes in both the river flow regime and hydrological extremes (i.e. high/low flows and floods), under multiple scenarios of climate change, irrigation and hydropower developments. Furthermore, we developed a combined quantitative-qualitative approach to develop suitable adaptation measures and strategies to future floods in the Mekong Delta being a key vulnerability hotspot. Results show that the Mekong’s future flow regime is subjected to substantial changes under climate change and human developments. Climate change will intensify the hydrological cycle, resulting in increasing average river flows (between +5 % and +16%, annually), and more frequent and extreme high flows during the wet season. Flow regime shows substantial alterations in the seasonal flow distributions under the combined impacts of climate change, irrigation expansions and hydropower developments. While dry season flows increase strongly (monthly changes up to +150%), wet season flows show contrasting changes with reductions during June - October (up to -25%) and substantial increases during November – December (up to 36%). A follow-up modelling assessment for the Mekong Delta shows substantial increases in flood hazards under climate change and sea level rise, shown by higher flood frequencies and flood depths across the whole delta. Increasing flood hazards therefore represents a key issue to be addressed in terms of future adaptation. The adaptation appraisal study further shows that effective adaptation requires looking beyond sole infrastructural investments. Instead, technological innovations for flood risk management combined with improved governance and institutional capacities offer ample opportunities to adapt to future hydrological changes. This study projects substantial future hydrological changes under future climate change and accelerating socioeconomic developments and shows potentially serious consequences for water related safety and sustainable water resources uses and allocations. Furthermore, this study demonstrates amble opportunities to manage future changes through strategic development planning and through adaptive interventions. Insights from this study address the needs for quantified future hydrological changes and emphasize adequate adaptation to the associated risks in an important international river experiencing climate change and rapid socioeconomic developments.

This book addresses two major issues in natural resource management and political ecology: the complex conflicting relationship between communities managing water on the ground and national/global policy-making institutions and elites; and how grassroots defend against encroachment, question the self-evidence of State-/market-based water governance, and confront coercive and participatory boundary policing ('normal' vs. 'abnormal'). The book examines grassroots building of multi-layered water-rights territories, and State, market and expert networks' vigorous efforts to reshape these water societies in their own image - seizing resources and/or aligning users, identities and rights systems within dominant frameworks. Distributive and cultural politics entwine. It is shown that attempts to modernize and normalize users through universalized water culture, 'rational water use' and de-politicized interventions deepen water security problems rather than alleviating them. However, social struggles negotiate and enforce water rights. User collectives challenge imposed water rights and identities, constructing new ones to strategically acquire water control autonomy and re-moralize their waterscapes. The author shows that battles for material control include the right to culturally define and politically organize water rights and territories.

Alterra Wageningen UR heeft, als een van de partijen in het project RichWaterWorld (RWW), onderzoek gedaan naar piekberging en voorraadberging in Het Waterrijk, een gebied dat onderdeel is van Park Lingezegen dat tussen Arnhem en Nijmegen wordt aangelegd. Omdat door klimaatverandering de kansen op wateroverlast en watertekorten toenemen, is ook elders in Nederland een toenemende behoefte aan bergingsgebieden die kunnen worden ingezet voor piekberging en voorraadberging. Voor Rivierenland is met GIS-bewerkingen geïnventariseerd waar geschikte gebieden voor beide vormen van waterberging liggen.

This book addresses two major issues in natural resource management and political ecology: the complex conflicting relationship between communities managing water on the ground and national/global policy-making institutions and elites; and how grassroots defend against encroachment, question the self-evidence of State-/market-based water governance, and confront coercive and participatory boundary policing ('normal' vs. 'abnormal'). The book examines grassroots building of multi-layered water-rights territories, and State, market and expert networks' vigorous efforts to reshape these water societies in their own image - seizing resources and/or aligning users, identities and rights systems within dominant frameworks. Distributive and cultural politics entwine. It is shown that attempts to modernize and normalize users through universalized water culture, 'rational water use' and de-politicized interventions deepen water security problems rather than alleviating them. However, social struggles negotiate and enforce water rights. User collectives challenge imposed water rights and identities, constructing new ones to strategically acquire water control autonomy and re-moralize their waterscapes. The author shows that battles for material control include the right to culturally define and politically organize water rights and territories.

Alterra Wageningen UR heeft, als een van de partijen in het project RichWaterWorld (RWW), onderzoek gedaan naar piekberging en voorraadberging in Het Waterrijk, een gebied dat onderdeel is van Park Lingezegen dat tussen Arnhem en Nijmegen wordt aangelegd. Omdat door klimaatverandering de kansen op wateroverlast en watertekorten toenemen, is ook elders in Nederland een toenemende behoefte aan bergingsgebieden die kunnen worden ingezet voor piekberging en voorraadberging. Voor Rivierenland is met GIS-bewerkingen geïnventariseerd waar geschikte gebieden voor beide vormen van waterberging liggen.

Quality assurance (QA) is defined as protocols and guidelines to support the proper application of models. In the water management context we classify QA guidelines according to how much focus is put on the dialogue between the modeller and the water manager as: (Type 1) Internal technical guidelines developed and used internally by the modeller's organisation; (Type 2) Public technical guidelines developed in a public consensus building process; and (Type 3) Public interactive guidelines developed as public guidelines to promote and regulate the interaction between the modeller and the water manager throughout the modelling process. State-of-the-art QA practices vary considerably between different modelling domains and countries. It is suggested that these differences can be explained by the scientific maturity of the underlying discipline and differences in modelling markets in terms of volume of jobs outsourced and level of competition. The structure and key aspects of new generic guidelines and a set of electronically based supporting tools that are under development within the HarmoniQuA project are presented. Model credibility can be enhanced by a proper modeller-manager dialogue, rigorous validation tests against independent data, uncertainty assessments, and peer reviews of a model at various stages throughout its development.

A three-step interdisciplinary method to assess approaches to water shortage, water quality and flood risks is presented. This method, based on water system analysis, economics, law and public administration, seeks to create common understanding based on newly developed concepts and definitions. First, generating content knowledge about the water system and about values, principles and policy discourses. Second, providing an organizational process with sufficient stakeholder involvement, insight into the trade-off between social objectives, and attribution of responsibilities in addition to regulations and agreements. Finally, implementing the agreed service level through adequate infrastructure, enforcement and conflict resolution.

This book provides the necessary elements to determine exactly what information should be collected to make the collected information relevant for policy makers. It highlights the dissatisfaction of information users about the information they get and the reasons for this dissatisfaction. It also discusses general issues around the role and use of information in policy making. The text then describes the how to develop a full understanding of the policy makers’ information needs and will describe how policy makers can be included in the process. Finally, the book describes how the results from this process are input for the information production process.

This book provides the necessary elements to determine exactly what information should be collected to make the collected information relevant for policy makers. It highlights the dissatisfaction of information users about the information they get and the reasons for this dissatisfaction. It also discusses general issues around the role and use of information in policy making. The text then describes the how to develop a full understanding of the policy makers’ information needs and will describe how policy makers can be included in the process. Finally, the book describes how the results from this process are input for the information production process.

Met behulp van modelberekeningen (SIMFLOW en MWW) is nagegaan in welke mate het opzetten van het waterpeil als anti-verdrogingsmaatregel in een gebied de piekafvoeren doet toenemen en wat dit betekent voor de frequentie van het maaionderhoud. Voorbeeldberekeningen worden gegeven voor twee waterlopen in het stroomgebied van de Poelsbeek (Twente)

Een vergelijking van drie huishoudwatersystemen (hemelwater-, oppervlaktewater- en grijswatersysteem) met het gangbare enkel-net-systeem op de punten economische rendabiliteit, milieurendement en maatschappelijke effecten. Behalve in het oosten van het land, waar de noodzaak van grondwaterbesparing het grootst is, zullen omvangrijke huishoudwaterprojecten er waarschijnlijk niet komen

Bespreking van een drietal publicaties rond het thema "water in de stad"

This thesis is about peasant and indigenous struggles for water rights in the Ecuadorian Highlands. It is based on the following main research question: How have peasant and indigenous communities developed multi-scalar political agency in water governance to gain and maintain their water access and related rights in the Ecuadorian Highlands since the 1980s? To answer this question, this thesis analyses the histories and relationships between organized water users, water reforms and non-governmental development organisations (NGOs) active in the Ecuadorian irrigation sector. Through state reforms, and processes of coproduction between NGOs and local peasant and indigenous communities, water user associations were created in many supra-community irrigation systems. Once created, these organisations formed the basis for the development of provincial and national federations and policy advocacy networks and platforms that now form the building blocks of the Ecuadorian water users movement.

This thesis is about peasant and indigenous struggles for water rights in the Ecuadorian Highlands. It is based on the following main research question: How have peasant and indigenous communities developed multi-scalar political agency in water governance to gain and maintain their water access and related rights in the Ecuadorian Highlands since the 1980s? To answer this question, this thesis analyses the histories and relationships between organized water users, water reforms and non-governmental development organisations (NGOs) active in the Ecuadorian irrigation sector. Through state reforms, and processes of coproduction between NGOs and local peasant and indigenous communities, water user associations were created in many supra-community irrigation systems. Once created, these organisations formed the basis for the development of provincial and national federations and policy advocacy networks and platforms that now form the building blocks of the Ecuadorian water users movement. Dit proefschrift gaat over de strijd om water en waterrechten van kleine boeren en inheemse gemeenschappen in de Ecuadoraanse hooglanden. De volgende onderzoeksvraag staat hierin centraal: hoe hebben gemeenschappen van kleine boeren en de inheemse bevolking in de Ecuadoraanse hooglanden hun politieke macht voor het verkrijgen en behouden van toegang tot water en bijbehorende rechten sinds de jaren 1980 ontwikkeld op verschillende bestuurlijke niveaus? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden heb ik de geschiedenis van - en de relatie tussen - georganiseerde watergebruikers, hervormingen in de watersector en niet-gouvernementele organisaties (NGO’s) werkzaam in dit veld geanalyseerd. Als gevolg van, en in reactie op overheidshervormingen en door samenwerkingen tussen NGO’s en watergebruikers, werden er in veel irrigatiesystemen watergebruikersorganisaties opgezet, zowel in autonome als in door de overheid beheerde systemen. Deze organisaties vormen de basis voor de ontwikkeling van provinciale en nationale federaties, belangenbehartigingsorganisaties en platforms waaruit de watergebruikersbeweging van Ecuador is ontstaan.

Pesticide transport through the unsaturated zone was modelled with an analytical solution of the convection-dispersion equation assuming steady water flow, a linear sorption isotherm and first-order transformation kinetics. Pesticide behaviour in the saturated zone was described with an analytical solution of the mass balance equation for a cylindrical flow system assuming steady flow, no dispersion, linear sorption and first-order transformation. This simplified model for the unsaturated-saturated soil system was developed to identify the processes and parameters with the greatest impact on the fraction of applied pesticide reaching a drinking water well. Leaching from the unsaturated zone was highly sensitive to the parameters describing travel time and transformation rate. Leaching increased when heterogeneity of the soil was taken into account. Pesticide arrival in the well was only moderately sensitive to the characteristic travel time and transformation rate in the aquifer. However, this sensitivity increases if zones without pesticide application were introduced around the wells (protection zones). For representative sandy soils under average Dutch rainfall conditions, processes in the unsaturated zone had a much larger impact on pesticide arrival in the wells than processes in the saturated zone. Protection zones reduced pesticide transport to wells substantially if their half-life was much smaller than the characteristic travel time of the pesticide in the aquifer.

De behoeften van waterschappen aan gegevens en instrumenten voor integraal waterbeheer worden geschetst tegen de achtergrond van het toekomstige profiel voor een waterschap. Informatie over beschikbare kennis en methoden wordt vanuit meerdere invalshoeken geschetst. Terreinen die worden bestreken, zijn: het kwantitatieve waterbeheer; de belasting van grond- en oppervlaktewater met nutriënten en bestrijdingsmiddelen; beschikbare gegevensbestanden met informatie over bodem, grondgebruik en grondgebruiksmogelijkheden en de actualiteit ervan; de verontreiniging en sanering van waterbodems; en het tactische en operationele waterbeheer.

The damages and hardships caused by floods and flooding remain an issue and are continuously increasing in the Chi River Basin, Thailand. It is difficult to make an accurate assessment of the costs and consequences associated with floods. However, flood hazards can also be seen as an opportunity, a chance to correct possible flaws and ambiguities in the flood management.The Chi River system cannot handle the regularly occurring floods, consequently, flooding of the low-lying areas occurs on a regular basis. Therefore, an integrated flood management framework needs to be developed to minimize the negative effects of floods of different magnitude. In response, a hydrological model (SWAT) and a hydraulic (1D/2D SOBEK) model were integrated to simulate floods in detailed way and to analyse the current system. A reliable simulation of the river flows and inundated areas is an essential component of a holistic flood management plan.The developed modelling framework enabled to analyse the impact of different structural measures such as river normalisation, green river (bypass), and retention basin. In addition, non-structural measures including reservoir operation and spatial land use planning were assessed in their capability to protect people and valuable infrastructure. For each measure, several possible scenarios were tested and evaluated based on economic and technical efficiency criteria to determine the most promising and efficient scenario. However, effective interventions may involve a judicious combination of flood mitigation approaches, rather than reliance on a stand-alone solution. A truly optimum combination of aforesaid measures was then chosen since it could considerably reduce flood extent and its damage.Finally, the study illustrates the effects of land use changes on floods, which indicated little or no significant potential impact on flood regime at river basin level, but rather at sub-basin scale. This finding is important for a better understanding of the scale and direction of impacts of developments in the future. Integrated land use planning was shown to be an essential component of a comprehensive flood management framework.&nbsp

Steden kunnen beschouwd worden als producenten van primaire en secundaire grondstoffen. Volgens onze hypothese, moet deze zelfvoorziening uitgaan van de kleinst mogelijke ruimtelijke schaal. De mogelijkheden om energie en water in Nederland te ‘oogsten’ zijn geëvalueerd, uitgaande van gemiddelde jaarcijfers. De resultaten op nationale schaal laten zien dat het mogelijk is om aan 100% van de elektriciteitsvraag, 55% van de warmtevraag en 52% van de watervraag te voldoen. In werkelijkheid zijn er echter beperkingen aan deze mogelijkheden tot oogsten als gevolg van de dynamiek in grondstof- en energiestromen, stedelijke typologie en technologische (in)efficiëntie. Om de werkelijke oogstpotenties te kunnen bepalen is daarom dynamische modellering nodig op relatief fijne tijd- en ruimteschalen. Op gebouwniveau zijn scenario's onderzocht met verschillende strategieën zoals het minimaliseren van de vraag, en het verkrijgen van secundaire kwaliteit water voor toiletspoeling en wasmachinegebruik door recyclen van licht grijs water (LGW) en het opvangen van regenwater (multi-sourcing).

The damages and hardships caused by floods and flooding remain an issue and are continuously increasing in the Chi River Basin, Thailand. It is difficult to make an accurate assessment of the costs and consequences associated with floods. However, flood hazards can also be seen as an opportunity, a chance to correct possible flaws and ambiguities in the flood management.The Chi River system cannot handle the regularly occurring floods, consequently, flooding of the low-lying areas occurs on a regular basis. Therefore, an integrated flood management framework needs to be developed to minimize the negative effects of floods of different magnitude. In response, a hydrological model (SWAT) and a hydraulic (1D/2D SOBEK) model were integrated to simulate floods in detailed way and to analyse the current system. A reliable simulation of the river flows and inundated areas is an essential component of a holistic flood management plan.The developed modelling framework enabled to analyse the impact of different structural measures such as river normalisation, green river (bypass), and retention basin. In addition, non-structural measures including reservoir operation and spatial land use planning were assessed in their capability to protect people and valuable infrastructure. For each measure, several possible scenarios were tested and evaluated based on economic and technical efficiency criteria to determine the most promising and efficient scenario. However, effective interventions may involve a judicious combination of flood mitigation approaches, rather than reliance on a stand-alone solution. A truly optimum combination of aforesaid measures was then chosen since it could considerably reduce flood extent and its damage.Finally, the study illustrates the effects of land use changes on floods, which indicated little or no significant potential impact on flood regime at river basin level, but rather at sub-basin scale. This finding is important for a better understanding of the scale and direction of impacts of developments in the future. Integrated land use planning was shown to be an essential component of a comprehensive flood management framework.&nbsp

In Australia, the best use of limited national water resources continues to be a major political and scientific issue. Average water allocations for rice-cereal irrigation farmers in the Riverina region have been drastically reduced since 1998 as a consequence of high rainfall variability and prolonged periods of drought, together with political changes. This has severely impacted regional crop production during the last decade, threatening the livelihoods of many farmers and is in stark contrast to much of this region’s 100 year agricultural history, where water resources were available to farmers in steady abundance. The water ‘landscape’ has changed - bringing with it considerable social, economic and environmental consequences and forcing a rethink of how valuable water resources are best used under such variable, changed and changing conditions. This thesis presents details of investigations into on-farm adaptation options for rice-cereal farmers, using field experimentation, participatory engagement, and farming systems modelling as the major tools of research. Additionally, a major component of this work has been the development and testing of new modelling tools and decision-support structures. Well-tested cropping systems models that capture interactions between soil water and nutrient dynamics, crop growth, climate and management can assist in the evaluation of new agricultural practices. At the beginning of this research project, all available models were lacking in at least some major element required for simulation of rice-based cropping systems. The capacity to simulate C and N dynamics during transitions between aerobic and anaerobic soil environments was added into the APSIM model, to facilitate our need to model farming system scenarios which involved flooded rice in rotation with other crops and pastures. Thorough testing against international datasets was subsequently conducted. Photosynthetic aquatic biomass (PAB – algae) is a significant source of organic carbon (C) in rice-based cropping systems. A portion of PAB is capable of fixing nitrogen (N), and is hence also a source of N for crops. To account for this phenomenon in long term simulation studies of rice-based cropping systems, the APSIM model was modified to include new descriptions of biological and chemical processes responsible for loss and gain of C and N in rice floodwater. Using this improved APSIM model as a tool, together with participatory involvement of Riverina case-study farmers, it was demonstrated that the best on-farm cropping and irrigation strategies in years of high water availability were substantially different to those when water supplies were low. The strategies leading to greatest farm returns vary on a season-by-season basis, depending primarily on the water availability level. Significant improvements in average farm profits are possible by modifying irrigation strategies on a season-by-season basis. The opportunities for Riverina farmers to exploit their irrigation water resources also extend beyond the farm gate. Currently there is considerable confusion amongst farmers on how to evaluate and compare on-farm and off-farm water options. Direct selling of water seasonally on the open market and even permanent sale of irrigation water entitlements are possibilities. In response to this confusion, a new conceptual framework was developed that enables quantitative comparisons between various options. The framework is based on a method regularly employed in the financial world for share portfolio analysis. Simulation modelling provided risk-return characteristics for on-farm options, and helped to elucidate circumstances under which off-farm options were viable. A modified version of alternate wet-and-dry water management for Australian rice-growing conditions (delayed continuous flooding, DCF) was investigated via a 2 year field experiment – aimed at reducing irrigation water requirement and increasing water productivity (WP). We demonstrated up to a 17% increase in WP, and field data was generated on system performance for a range of discrete irrigation strategies. The APSIM model was then parameterized, calibrated and validated before being used to extrapolate findings from the two year experimental period to a much broader climatic record (55 years), allowing detailed investigation of optimal management strategies and a more realistic estimation of likely long-term gains in water productivity, and associated risks, from this new rice irrigation practice. Best practice guidelines were developed, and the potential impact of a changing climate on both optimal practice and likely benefits was assessed. This thesis concludes by synthesising the approaches taken - addressing the question of whether improved rice irrigation practices, seasonally-flexible cropping and irrigation strategies and off-farm exploitation options, can in combination address the challenges of reduced irrigation water allocations in Australia’s Riverina region. Evidence is presented that the answer is yes under certain circumstances, but that limits to change exist beyond which the investigated on-farm adaptations are not enough. The thesis also proposes that the concepts and methods developed during this project are globally applicable and useful in the design of farming system adaptation options. Keywords: irrigation, limited water resources, farming systems modelling, participatory engagement.

In Australia, the best use of limited national water resources continues to be a major political and scientific issue. Average water allocations for rice-cereal irrigation farmers in the Riverina region have been drastically reduced since 1998 as a consequence of high rainfall variability and prolonged periods of drought, together with political changes. This has severely impacted regional crop production during the last decade, threatening the livelihoods of many farmers and is in stark contrast to much of this region’s 100 year agricultural history, where water resources were available to farmers in steady abundance. The water ‘landscape’ has changed - bringing with it considerable social, economic and environmental consequences and forcing a rethink of how valuable water resources are best used under such variable, changed and changing conditions. This thesis presents details of investigations into on-farm adaptation options for rice-cereal farmers, using field experimentation, participatory engagement, and farming systems modelling as the major tools of research. Additionally, a major component of this work has been the development and testing of new modelling tools and decision-support structures. Well-tested cropping systems models that capture interactions between soil water and nutrient dynamics, crop growth, climate and management can assist in the evaluation of new agricultural practices. At the beginning of this research project, all available models were lacking in at least some major element required for simulation of rice-based cropping systems. The capacity to simulate C and N dynamics during transitions between aerobic and anaerobic soil environments was added into the APSIM model, to facilitate our need to model farming system scenarios which involved flooded rice in rotation with other crops and pastures. Thorough testing against international datasets was subsequently conducted. Photosynthetic aquatic biomass (PAB – algae) is a significant source of organic carbon (C) in rice-based cropping systems. A portion of PAB is capable of fixing nitrogen (N), and is hence also a source of N for crops. To account for this phenomenon in long term simulation studies of rice-based cropping systems, the APSIM model was modified to include new descriptions of biological and chemical processes responsible for loss and gain of C and N in rice floodwater. Using this improved APSIM model as a tool, together with participatory involvement of Riverina case-study farmers, it was demonstrated that the best on-farm cropping and irrigation strategies in years of high water availability were substantially different to those when water supplies were low. The strategies leading to greatest farm returns vary on a season-by-season basis, depending primarily on the water availability level. Significant improvements in average farm profits are possible by modifying irrigation strategies on a season-by-season basis. The opportunities for Riverina farmers to exploit their irrigation water resources also extend beyond the farm gate. Currently there is considerable confusion amongst farmers on how to evaluate and compare on-farm and off-farm water options. Direct selling of water seasonally on the open market and even permanent sale of irrigation water entitlements are possibilities. In response to this confusion, a new conceptual framework was developed that enables quantitative comparisons between various options. The framework is based on a method regularly employed in the financial world for share portfolio analysis. Simulation modelling provided risk-return characteristics for on-farm options, and helped to elucidate circumstances under which off-farm options were viable. A modified version of alternate wet-and-dry water management for Australian rice-growing conditions (delayed continuous flooding, DCF) was investigated via a 2 year field experiment – aimed at reducing irrigation water requirement and increasing water productivity (WP). We demonstrated up to a 17% increase in WP, and field data was generated on system performance for a range of discrete irrigation strategies. The APSIM model was then parameterized, calibrated and validated before being used to extrapolate findings from the two year experimental period to a much broader climatic record (55 years), allowing detailed investigation of optimal management strategies and a more realistic estimation of likely long-term gains in water productivity, and associated risks, from this new rice irrigation practice. Best practice guidelines were developed, and the potential impact of a changing climate on both optimal practice and likely benefits was assessed. This thesis concludes by synthesising the approaches taken - addressing the question of whether improved rice irrigation practices, seasonally-flexible cropping and irrigation strategies and off-farm exploitation options, can in combination address the challenges of reduced irrigation water allocations in Australia’s Riverina region. Evidence is presented that the answer is yes under certain circumstances, but that limits to change exist beyond which the investigated on-farm adaptations are not enough. The thesis also proposes that the concepts and methods developed during this project are globally applicable and useful in the design of farming system adaptation options. Keywords: irrigation, limited water resources, farming systems modelling, participatory engagement.

Steden kunnen beschouwd worden als producenten van primaire en secundaire grondstoffen. Volgens onze hypothese, moet deze zelfvoorziening uitgaan van de kleinst mogelijke ruimtelijke schaal. De mogelijkheden om energie en water in Nederland te ‘oogsten’ zijn geëvalueerd, uitgaande van gemiddelde jaarcijfers. De resultaten op nationale schaal laten zien dat het mogelijk is om aan 100% van de elektriciteitsvraag, 55% van de warmtevraag en 52% van de watervraag te voldoen. In werkelijkheid zijn er echter beperkingen aan deze mogelijkheden tot oogsten als gevolg van de dynamiek in grondstof- en energiestromen, stedelijke typologie en technologische (in)efficiëntie. Om de werkelijke oogstpotenties te kunnen bepalen is daarom dynamische modellering nodig op relatief fijne tijd- en ruimteschalen. Op gebouwniveau zijn scenario's onderzocht met verschillende strategieën zoals het minimaliseren van de vraag, en het verkrijgen van secundaire kwaliteit water voor toiletspoeling en wasmachinegebruik door recyclen van licht grijs water (LGW) en het opvangen van regenwater (multi-sourcing).

To be effective in implementing the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, you need to have a good balance between theoretical background and the available methods for capacity development interventions on the one hand and personal facilitation, leadership and communication skills on the other. This guide provides a stepwise approach for developing and implementing capacity development initiatives to achieve the wise use of wetlands.

To be effective in implementing the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, you need to have a good balance between theoretical background and the available methods for capacity development interventions on the one hand and personal facilitation, leadership and communication skills on the other. This guide provides a stepwise approach for developing and implementing capacity development initiatives to achieve the wise use of wetlands.

Heeft de verwachte klimaatverandering invloed op de frequentie en omvang van laagwater in de zomer in de Maas. Modelstudies op grond van klimaatscenario's en analyse van historische data m.b.t. neerslag en waterafvoer tonen aan dat er, met de huidige behoefte aan Maaswater, een grote kans is dat aanzienlijke economische schade ontstaat als gevolg van langdurig lage afvoeren (zelfs zonder klimaatverandering)

In a past of abundance, we had clean water to meet our demands for showers, pools, farms and rivers. Our laws and customs did not need to regulate or ration demand. Over time, our demand has grown, and scarcity has replaced abundance. We don't have as much clean water as we want. We can respond to the end of abundance with old ideas or adopt new tools specifically designed to address water scarcity. In this book, the author describes the impact of scarcity on our many water uses, how the institutions of abundance fail in scarcity, and how economic ideas and tools can help us direct water to its highest and best use.

Results of recent studies, research and practical experiences from Egypt and abroad with forms of aquaculture that use water en nutrients more efficiently than common pond culture were discussed at a workshop held in Cairo (April 21, 2011). The presentations include the results of a study undertaken on four Egyptian integrated aquaculture – agriculture farms where water use, effluent water quality, fish harvest and revenue from crop and fish sales in 2010 were monitored.