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Predicting robust earthquake spectra is challenging, especially for data sparse regions such as India. Often, alternatives to the traditional data-driven regression analysis are used to develop empirical models for such regions. Advancing these efforts, the present study aims at exploring an alternative machine learning technique called Transfer learning, wherein a non-parametric deep neural network is trained for response (Sa) and Fourier spectra (FAS) of Himalayas, which uses network parameters that were derived for a large comprehensive database (NGA-West2). While the FAS is derived using magnitude, distance, focal depth, and site class, the Sa is scaled using FAS and significant duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The transport and deposition of atmospheric pollutants in the Himalayas have a adverse impact on the climate, cryosphere, ecosystem, and monsoon patterns. Unfortunately, there is a insufficiency of data on trace element concentrations and behaviors in the high-altitude Himalayan region, leading to limited research in this area. This study presents a comprehensive and detailed comprehension of trace element deposition, its spatial distribution, seasonal variations, and anthropogenic signals in the high-altitude Kashmir region of the Western Himalayas. Our investigation involved the analysis of 10 trace elements (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in glacier ice, snow pits, surface snow, and rainwater collected at various sites including Kolahoi, Thajwas, Pahalgam (Greater Himalayan ranges), and Kongdori and Shopian (Pir Panjal Ranges) during 2021. The study reveals distinct ranges of concentrations for the trace elements at different sampling sites. Our analysis of trace element concentration depth profiles in snow pits reveals seasonal fluctuations during the deposition year. The highest concentrations were found in the autumn (below 20 cm) and summer (top layer), compared to the winter concentration (10–20 cm). The high enrichment factors (EFs) suggest the severity of human-induced trace metal deposition in the western Himalayan region, relative to surrounding regions. Surprisingly, the concentrations and EFs of trace elements showed seasonal contradictions, with lower concentration values and higher EFs during the non-monsoon season and vice versa. A source apportionment analysis using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) technique identified five sources of trace element deposition in the region, including crustal sources (32.33%), coal combustion (15.62%), biomass burning (17.63%), traffic emission (18.8%), and industrial sources (15.6%). Additionally, the study incorporated backward trajectories coupled with δ18O using the NOAA HYSPLIT model to estimate moisture sources in the region, which suggests atmospheric pollutants predominately deposited from the large-scale atmospheric circulation from westerlies (75%) during non-monsoon season. These findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced monitoring and research efforts in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of most recent glacial advancement and had pronounced cooling effect in the North Atlantic region. Synchronous hydroclimate changes are also reported from the Himalayas, however owing to the heterogeneity within the proxy reconstructions, their relationship with LIA cooling is unclear. Varied topography, huge glacial mass, and multiple moisture sources (both from the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) and the Westerlies) makes understanding of the impact of LIA cooling on this region ambiguous. In this study, we review and assess the existing paleoclimatic proxy records for a comprehensive analysis of the regional response of the Western Himalayas to LIA cooling. Using the existing meteorological reanalysis data for back trajectory analysis for the last 20 years, the Western Himalayan region was classified into three different zones based on the relative percentage of moisture-bearing-wind-source contribution. The upper Western Himalayas receive most of the moisture from the Westerlies, both Middle and Lower Western Himalayas receive majority of rainfall from the ISM, with a relatively higher contribution of Westerlies in the Lower Western Himalayas. Comparison of reconstructions using Principal Component Analysis reveal consistent high moisture conditions during the LIA, with increased winter precipitation and decreased summer precipitation coherently in all the records. Spectral analysis of the available proxy records and various climate forcing for LIA cooling show similar dominant frequency, attesting that the LIA cooling drove the hydroclimate changes in the Western Himalayan region. External forcings such as decreased solar activity and increased volcanic activity caused cooling, influenced the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone, and resulted in weaker summer rainfall during the LIA. Synchronous changes in the North Atlantic Oscillations and El Niño–Southern Oscillation records with precipitation records suggest a link between "monsoon breaks" and enhanced Westerly intensity and an intensified winter precipitation in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New material of water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia) from the Uttarakhand State of India is reported. Ten species are identified, among which Sperchon (Hispidosperchon)rostratus Lundblad, 1969 is reported for the first time for India and two species, i.e. Monatractides smiti (Torrenticolidae) and Atractides uttarakhandensis (Hygrobatidae) are described as new to science. One sample collected in standing water in Uttar Pradesh State revealed the presence of three Arrenurus species, of which A. (Truncaturus) indicus Smit & Pešić, 2008 was reported for the first time after the original description. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The species of the subfamily Polygonoideae is an essential component of temperate forests as well as the flora of the western Himalayan region. The aim of this research was to explore the taxonomic diversity, distribution patterns, and associated flora of Polygonoideae in relation to edaphic factors in various ecological zones in the Muzaffarabad division of the Kashmir Western Himalayan Region. We applied a random sampling approach for data collection from 10 different sites with a cumulative 780 quadrats to record the diversity of wild Polygonoideae species across the Muzaffarabad division between 2021 and 2022. This study revealed 279 plant species from 192 genera and 75 families associated with Polygonoideae, with the dominant families being Asteraceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae, and Rosaceae. Herbs were predominant in the investigated area, with a proportion of 72.40 %, followed by shrubs (9.68 %) and pteridophytes (8.24 %). The flora was dominated by therophytes (37.35 %), whereas nanophylls (37.28 %) were the most dominant leaf form. Persicaria, Rumex, and Polygonum genera were observed and collected from various ecological zones, while Bistorta, Fagopyrum, Oxyria, and Rheum were only collected from a single zone, representing a restricted niche. A total of 28 taxa from 8 genera were studied in the investigative subfamily Polygonoideae, with the majority being therophytes (57.14 %), followed by hemicryptophytes (28.57 %), and leaf form dominated by microphylls (50 %) and nanophylls (17.85 %). The average values for Shannon and Simpson's diversity for the reported plant communities were 0.96 and 3.53, respectively, whereas species richness averaged 2.43 and species evenness 0.92. The vegetation exhibited a relatively lower (

Extreme precipitation events (EPEs) are among the most pervasive weather hazards in the western Himalayan region (WHR), posing widespread damage to life, infrastructure, and agriculture. This study investigates the synoptic and large‐scale characteristics linked to winter precipitation extremes over the WHR. EPEs are identified as events surpassing the 95th percentile threshold. A composite analysis is employed using two reanalyses—the fifth‐generation European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis (ERA5) and the Indian Monsoon Data Assimilation and Analysis (IMDAA)—to elucidate the synoptic conditions conducive to EPEs. Our findings suggest that EPEs in the WHR are linked to an intensified subtropical westerly jet, characteristically shifted to south than normal. Enhanced kinetic energy in the upper troposphere, attributed to increased baroclinic instability, reinforces moisture convergence and strengthens synoptic‐scale circulation, triggering deep convection and supporting EPEs. Notably, the interplay of pronounced Rossby waves sinking over the WHR and regional orography significantly modulates the intensity of western disturbances (WDs). Employing clustering analysis, we observed that the strongest EPEs are linked to anomalous vorticity in the upper to middle troposphere, together with deep convection via strengthened WDs, suggesting the potential role of large‐scale influences. Using Lagrangian method, we identify that the Arabian Sea is the primary moisture source for EPEs in the WHR. We further delved into the role of large‐scale connections and EPEs through quasi‐resonant amplification (QRA) analysis. The findings unveil distinct QRA fingerprints in meridional temperature gradients along with notably magnified, quasi‐stationary midlatitude planetary waves characterized by zonal wave numbers 6/7/8 (baroclinic waves) contributing to EPEs. Overall, our results highlight the underlying physical mechanisms for winter precipitation extremes, emphasizing QRA's role in amplifying planetary waves and promoting EPEs, underscoring the WHR's vulnerability to evolving climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for water and energy resources has led to widespread dam construction, particularly in ecologically sensitive regions like the Himalayan Range. This study focuses on the Uttarakhand state in the Western Himalayas, where hydroelectric projects (HEPs) have significantly altered river flow regimes. The research investigates the impact of flow alterations on the composition and structure of riparian vegetation in the Garhwal Himalayas, specifically analysing four rivers regulated by hydroelectric projects. Utilizing the paired-reach comparison method, control (undisturbed), diverted (downstream of barrage/dam), and altered flow conditions (downstream of water outlet) were examined. The research reveals diverse and unique riparian ecosystems, with 89 genera and 113 taxa identified, showcasing the dominance of families like Asteraceae and Lamiaceae. The study unveils the structural importance of key species such as Berberis asiatica and Artemisia nilagirica. The density, diversity, and richness of shrub and herb species vary significantly across flow conditions. Notably, altered flow conditions demonstrate resilience in vegetation structure, while diverted conditions exhibit decreased species richness and density. The study emphasizes the importance of nuanced environmental flow management for mitigating adverse effects on riparian biodiversity in the fragile Himalayan region. These findings contribute to the global discourse on dam impacts and riparian ecology, shedding light on the complexities of this dynamic relationship in a vulnerable ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional knowledge is crucial in illustrating how faunal resources are exploited for a variety of purposes, ranging from food to the exploitation of their parts as decorative accents and even traditional medicine. However, unrestrained use may endanger the existence of the species. In terms of traditional usage and hunting status, very little study has been undertaken in India and much less so in the western Himalayas (Jammu & Kashmir). Five ethnic groups' information on ethnozoological and hunting was gathered through semi-structured and open-ended questionnaires, group discussions, and interviews. The data was subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis and ordination methods (Principal Component Analysis). Three categories—single, double, and multiple uses—were used to classify the traditional uses. In the current study, we documented ethnozoological applications of 25 wild species from 12 families in the western Himalayan region. The most frequently used animal part was meat (29.2%), and the highest priority of the local people was for medicinal usage (29.3%). Across ethnic groups, the Bakarwal and Gujjar showed greater similarity in use, whereas the least overlap was observed between Dogra and Kashmiri. Meanwhile, a single species (Glaucidium radiatum) was unique in being used by Dogra ethnic group only. Bakarwal and Gujjar exhibit cultural similarity due to intermarriage and shared religions, in contrast to Dogra and Kashmiri, who, with distinct religious and cultural identities, demonstrate minimal connection. Finally, we evaluated the protection status of the species and based upon the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 (WPA) categorization it was observed that 48% belonged to Schedule-I, 4% belonged to Schedule-II, 16% belonged to Schedule-III, and 12% belonged to Schedule-IV. The study discovered that the indigenous population relies on the Schedule-I species with high use value was observed for species like Ursus thibetanus (0.60), Moschus moschiferus (0.57), Panthera pardus (0.52) and Cervus elaphus hanglu (0.38). These species require attention by immediately addressing unsustainable harvesting and encouraging educational efforts directed at all stakeholders, from collectors to end users. This study can be used as a starting point for learning how ethnozoological studies might help build sustainable long-term conservation and management plans for animal resources in the Himalayas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver is a vital organ in the human body. Almost all the drugs, foods, and water constituents are metabolized and detoxified in the liver. Liver diseases such as hepatitis, jaundice, cirrhosis, and liver cancer are continuously on the rise in recent years. Limited options are available for the treatment of liver diseases in the allopathic system of medicines. A study was conducted to document the plants used for the treatment of liver diseases in Jammu division of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K), India. Two districts (Doda and Samba) of Jammu province were selected for the study. One hundred twenty respondents were selected for the study, based on random sampling. Face to face interviews were conducted. Fourty medicinal plants belonging to 39 genera and 25 families used for the treatment of liver diseases were recorded. Majority of plants were herbs (55%). Most commonly used plant part was root (27%) followed by fruit (22%), leaf (20%), whole plant (12%), seed (10%), stem (3%) and flower, rhizome and bark (2%). The most common mode of consumption was decoction (45.97%). RFC values for species used in treating liver disorders were between 0.02 and 0.30, respectively. FIV was highest for Lamiaceae (3.3) as 10% of the species reported belonged to this family. The study has documented the list of species used against liver disease that may be subjected to pharmacological and phytochemical studies that may be critical for the discovery of novel hepatoprotective drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snow and glacier melt are significant contributors to streamflow in Himalayan catchments, and their increasing contributions serve as key indicators of climate change. Consequently, the quantification of these streamflow components holds significant importance for effective water resource management. In this study, we utilized the spatio‐temporal variability of isotopic signatures in stream water, rainfall, winter fresh snow, snowpack, glaciers, springs, and wells, in conjunction with hydrometeorological observations and Snow Cover Area (SCA) data, to identify water sources and develop a conceptual understanding of streamflow dynamics in three catchments (Lidder, Sindh, and Vishow) within the western Himalayas. The following results were obtained: (a) endmember contributions to the streamflow exhibit significant spatial and seasonal variability across the three catchments during 2018–2020; (b) snowmelt dominates streamflow, with average contributions across the entire catchment varying: 59% ± 9%, 55% ± 4%, 56% ± 6%, and 55% ± 9% in Lidder, 43% ± 6%, 38% ± 6%, 32% ± 4%, and 33% ± 5% in Sindh and 45% ± 8%, 40% ± 6%, 39% ± 6%, and 32% ± 5% in Vishow during spring, summer, autumn, and winter seasons, respectively; (c) glacier melt contributions can reach ~30% to streamflow near the source regions during peak summer; (d) The primary uncertainties in streamflow components are attributed to the spatiotemporal variability of tracer signatures of winter fresh snow/snowpack (±1.9% to ±20%); (e)regarding future streamflow components, if the glacier contribution were to disappear completely, the annual average streamflow in Lidder and Sindh could decrease up to ~20%. The depletion of the cryosphere in the region has led to a rapid increase in runoff (1980–1900), but it has also resulted in a significant streamflow reduction due to glacier mass loss and changes in peak streamflow over the past three decades (1990–2020). The findings highlight the significance of environmental isotope analysis, which provides insights into water resources and offers a critical indication of the streamflow response to glacier loss under a changing climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Tajuria yajna yajna (Doherty, 1886), a new record in Himachal Pradesh, India (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)" documents the discovery of Tajuria yajna yajna, a species of butterfly, in the Balh Valley of Himachal Pradesh, India. This is the first time the species has been reported in Himachal Pradesh, expanding its known distribution range in the North West Himalayas. The study also provides information on the species' larval host plant and its life history in India. The article emphasizes the need for conservation efforts due to the species' rarity and the decline of its host plant. [Extracted from the article]

The present study investigates the role of varying subglacial drainage distribution, discharge patterns and reactive mineralogy in switching the chemical weathering mechanism and altering CO2 drawdown in distinct hydromicroclimate. Catchments with less glacierized area (Stok and Phutse in cold-arid zones) bestow high (ablation/accumulation)area ratio and large spatial extent of channelized subglacial conduits and, thus permit high specific discharge. Conversely, Chhota Shigri (CS) acquires large glacierized portion covered under accumulation zone. The low (ablation/accumulation)area ratio promotes the development of lesser channelized and more distributed subglacial drainage, allowing low specific discharge in CS basin. As a consequence of distinct drainage characteristics, carbonation reaction processed through atmospheric CO2 and calcite dissolution becomes the locus of solute generation in Phutse and Stok. Correspondingly, carbonate weathering mediated CO2 drawdown override and remains on the higher side than silicate weathering and thus makes the system potential sink to atmospheric CO2. Meltwater draining in Phutse and Stok shows neutral pH, low sulphate mass fractionation (SMF) and low pCO2. In contrary, Chhota Shigri augments predominant sulphide oxidation and carbonation via atmospheric CO2 as a major source of H+ for chemical weathering during low and high ablation seasons, respectively. Elevated role of sulphide oxidation in chemical weathering promotes high SMF, high pCO2 and lowered alkalinity during low ablation, which may act as a source of atmospheric CO2 in Chhota Shigri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the proportional contribution of snow/ice melt, rainfall, and groundwater to Sutlej River discharge at various locations. Sutlej River is a major tributary of the Indus River system and an important water supply source for irrigation through the canal network in northwest India. Here, we used hydrograph separation and associated uncertainty and applied the snowmelt runoff model (SNOWMOD) to estimate the contribution from different water sources to the Sutlej River. We used δ18O and electrical conductivity values of different waters for the hydrograph-separation approach. The first-order Gaussian error propagation and Monte-Carlo simulation are used to assess the accuracy. The estimated contribution at Rampur is ~ 62.7% (snow/ice melt), 18.7% (rainfall), and ~ 18.4% (groundwater); for Ropar is 59 ± 2% (snow/ice melt), 23 ± 2% (rainfall), and 18 ± 2% (groundwater); and for Yusufpur, 25 ± 3% (snow/ice melt), 39 ± 3% (rainfall), and 36 ± 2% (groundwater) during July–December 2013. The findings from the hydrograph-separation and SNOWMOD analysis established a fundamental understanding of the hydrological processes in the Sutlej River system, providing valuable baseline data essential for developing sustainable water resource management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of tree biomass and its carbon (C) stock at the local and regional level is considered a crucial criterion for understanding the impact of changing environments on the global carbon cycle. In this context, we selected three sites in the western Himalayas, covering parts of Himachal Pradesh and north-eastern Haryana. Each study site experiences distinct climatic conditions, vegetation types, and elevations. We seek to elucidate the determinants of tree biomass and carbon stock across different forest types in the Western Himalayas. We found that temperate forests contributed the most biomass and carbon stock, with Cedrus deodara attaining the highest values of 782.6 ± 107.9 Mg/ha and 360 ± 49.7 Mg C/ha. In contrast, Quercus leucotrichophora mixed temperate had the lowest 286.6 ± 57.2 and 128.9 ± 25.7 Mg/C ha, respectively. Only a few species, such as Abies pindrow, Cedrus deodara, Quercus floribunda, and Quercus semecarpifolia, accounted for significant biomass and carbon stock. The lower elevation subtropical forests had the highest species richness (8–12 species) and stem density (558.3 ± 62.9 to 866.6 ± 57.7 trees/ha). Furthermore, tree diameter, total basal cover, and height emerged as the strongest predictors of biomass and C stock. The remaining variables showed no significant associations, including species diversity, climatic attributes and elevation. Thus, our study extended the assertion that vegetation composition and structural attributes, apart from climatic and topographic factors, are equally important in determining biomass and C stock in forest ecosystems. Our study indicated that the temperate forests in the western Himalayas possess significant carbon storage and climate change mitigation potential.

In some religious contexts, mainly Protestant Christianity, anthropologists often contend with the problem of presence that preoccupies believers – the simultaneous presence and absence of God. However, in the Hinduism of the Western Himalayas the problem of presence is quite different. The royal deities in this region are profoundly present, embodied in mediums and palanquins. Thus, followers of these deities are not puzzled by the concept of an absent god. Instead, they need to navigate in a world where gods are very tangible, in ways that can cause discomfort and anxiety. In this article I demonstrate the different roles of mediums and palanquins in the religious experience, and how palanquins are considered more reliable manifestations of the deities. I suggest that this is due to the need of the locals to maintain some degree of distance from the spirit mediumship in order to avoid excess presence of the deities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drang Drung and Pensilungpa are neighbouring glaciers in the western Himalayas, sharing the same meteorological conditions and climate zone. The Drang Drung glacier is a clean glacier, whereas the Pensilungpa glacier is notable for its considerable accumulation of debris. The present study explores the topographical features of the Drang Drung and Pensilungpa glaciers and investigates how topography affects their response to climate change. Additionally, a comparison is made between these glaciers with others in the basin to assess their representativeness of the region. The study utilized Landsat Imagery and ASTER GDEM data from 1976 to 2020. The results revealed that the mean accumulation area ratio (AAR) for Drang Drung and Pensilungpa was 54% and 49%, respectively, during this period. Drang Drung has lost 8.16 km2 (10.73%) of its area, while Pensilungpa has lost 2.25 km2 (9.84%) of its area. The debris cover of Pensilungpa increased from 1.86 km2 in 1976 to 2.32 km2 in 2020, whereas the debris cover area of Drang Drung has increased comparatively more, from 4.01 km2 to 4.76 km2. Within the same time frame, the snowline altitude (SLA) shifted upward by an average of 104 m and 88 m for Drang Drung Pensilungpa, respectively. Further, our findings revealed a substantial connection between the size of glaciers and the speed at which their area is diminishing. The mean slope was identified as a key factor in influencing the rate at which the area is lost, and the retreat rates of the glaciers. The reduction in glacial area, increased debris coverage, and changes in SLA are key indicators of ice volume loss under prevailing climatic conditions. The present study recommends that long-term field-based data and the incorporation of multi-temporal satellite imagery are crucial to mitigate uncertainties in detecting changes in Himalayan glaciers. These approaches would contribute to a more accurate understanding of glacial changes, and would aid in forecasting future scenarios considering ongoing global warming trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Himalayacalamus falconeri is a socio-economically important temperate woody bamboo of north-western Himalayas, which has been investigated for genetic diversity and population genetic structure across distribution range in western Himalayas using genomic STMS markers. The calculated diversity measures have indicated a high gene diversity in H. falconeri at population level (Ho = 0.637; He = 0.714; Ar = 5.05). Despite the larger proportion of genetic variation (88%) confined within the populations, a moderate level of genetic differentiation (FST = 0.121) was detected with relatively lower gene flow (Nm = 1.891). Furthermore, clustering and STRUCTURE analysis displayed high genetic heterogeneity in a metapopulation, where populations in both the spatially disconnected regions of the Uttarakhand state, Garhwal and Kumaon, were clustered in different groups. Whereas, nested sub clustering and between-population genetic admixing were not correlated to their physical proximity. Also, the Mantel test supports the isolation by distance model showing a significant correlation between genetic and horizontal geographic distances. For conservation implications, diverse hotspots with high allelic richness were also identified in both the geographical regions of Uttarakhand state. To the best of our knowledge, it is a pioneer study presenting in depth knowledge of metapopulation in any Indian temperate bamboo, which will be of paramount importance to the researchers, foresters, and policymakers for guiding future conservation decisions of H. falconeri in the Indian Himalayan Regions (IHRs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yushania anceps is a temperate woody bamboo taxon of high socio-economic importance occurring in the sub-alpine zone of the western Himalayas. This study was carried out to delineate the potential distribution of Y. anceps in the western Himalayas through species distribution modelling (SDM), and genetic characterization using sequence-tagged microsatellite (STMS) markers. The present study revealed an endemic distribution of this species in the Uttarakhand Himalayas, with an estimated area of 211.59 km2. The maximum probability of occurrence was recorded in the moderately dense forests between the altitudinal ranges of 2500 and 2700 m. The model output was well supported with high values of different statistical measures, such as the AUC (0.911) and Kappa coefficient (K = 0.513). Environmental variables related to precipitation, temperature and topography were identified as the most contributory in current SDM. In addition, diversity measures, namely allelic richness (Ar), expected heterozygosity (He), and fixation index (F ST), were calculated in five sampled populations with eight STMS markers, which indicated high genetic diversity (Ar = 4.24; He = 0.689) and little differentiation (F ST = 0.062). The diversity maps displayed that the populations located in the Kumaon region captured relatively more genetic diversity than the Garhwal region. Further, genetic clustering and STRUCTURE analysis revealed a substantial level of genetic admixing across the analysed populations, and as a result, no sub-structuring was detected. Due to the rare and endemic distribution of Y. anceps , it requires immediate conservation measures, and the knowledge base generated here will be of paramount importance to forest managers, researchers and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background In the Himalayas, traditional knowledge and biodiversity are strongly linked due to the symbiotic interaction between plant and cultural diversity, as well as the support provided by cultural memories, ecological awareness, and social norms. Our study was focused on documenting the vanishing knowledge in the Kashmir Himalaya with the following main objectives: 1) to document the ethnomedical and cultural knowledge of the local flora, 2) to evaluate the cross-cultural use of the flora in the region, and, finally, 3) to identify the key indicator species utilized by each ethnic group using multivariate statistical analysis. Methods We used semi-structured questionnaires to conduct interviews with people of different ethnicity, gender, age, and occupational categories. The intercultural relationships of species utilization among ethnic groups were examined using a Venn diagram. The overall trends between the indicator values and the plant species used by diverse ethnic groups were illustrated using the linear regression model. Results We recorded 46 species belonging to 25 different families used by the local people of the Kashmir Valley belonging to four ethnic groups (Gujjar, Bakarwal, Pahari, and Kashmiri). The dominant families recorded were Asteraceae and Ranunculaceae followed by Caprifoliaceae. Rhizomes were the most utilized plant part, followed by leaves. A total of 33 ailments were treated with plants, and gastrointestinal disorders were treated with most species followed by musculoskeletal diseases and dermatological problems. Across cultural relationships, the Gujjar and Pahari showed greater similarity (17%). This may be due to the fact that both ethnic groups share a common geographical landscape and are exogamous to each other. We identified key indicator species used by different ethnic groups with significant (p ≤ 0.05) values. For instance, in the Gujjar ethnic group, Aconitum heterophyllum and Phytolacca acinosa had significant indicator value, which was due to the fact that these plants were easily accessible and also had a wide range of uses. In contrast, the Bakarwal ethnic group showed different indicator species, with Rheum spiciforme and Rhododendron campanulatum being highly significant (p ≤ 0.05), because this ethnic group spends the majority of their time in high-altitude pastures, using a particularly wide variety of plant species for medicine, food, and fuelwood. While indicator values and plant usage were positively correlated for the Gujjar, Kashmiri, and Pahari ethnic groups, they were negatively correlated for the Bakarwal. The positive correlation indicates cultural preferences for certain plant use and underlines the cultural significance of each species. The current study reported new uses for the following species: raw roots of Jurinea dolomiaea used for tooth cleaning, seeds of Verbascum thapsus applied for respiratory diseases, and flowers of Saussurea simpsoniana given to anyone as a good luck wish. Conclusion The current study highlights historical ethnic group stratifications and cultural standing while comparing reported taxa across cultures. Each ethnic group made extensive ethnomedical use of plants, and knowledge, originally transmitted verbally, is now available in writing for reference. This could pave the way for providing incentives to local communities to showcase their talents, celebrate them, and gain from potential development initiatives.

Human expansion and anthropogenic activities are causing the conversion of forests to other land uses in the Himalayas, which is threatening species with extinction. To address this issue, we used an ensemble model to simulate the future landscape and assess its impact on the Kashmir Musk Deer (KMD) distribution in the context of land use change. Our simulation suggests a decline in croplands and shrublands and increase of mixed forests in the future scenario. Evergreen broad-leaf and needle-leaf forests are likely to convert to mixed forests, while croplands and barren areas transform into savannas. Precipitation, elevation, and mixed forests were found to be the most significant factors influencing KMD distribution. Only 20,690 km2 out of the total area of 324,666 km2 is currently suitable for KMD, but this is projected to increase to 22,701.47 km2 in the future. We predict a habitat gain of about 2,722 km2 in new areas and a loss of 711 km2 in existing habitats for KMD by 2030, with Uttarakhand state losing much of the suitable habitat. However, new habitats in future will become available for the species in Jammu and Kashmir. Our landscape configuration investigation indicates a decline in the number of patches and aggregation index in the future scenario. Most of the suitable KMD habitats are outside the current protected areas (PA), making the current PA network insufficient for long-term conservation. Therefore, we suggest forest managers to rationalize the boundary of the PAs to include suitable habitats that are currently not protected for the long-term survival of the KMD.

Simple Summary: Given the potential impact of climate change on the distributions of endemic species, it is critical to implement species recovery and habitat management measures to protect threatened species. This study used MaxEnt modeling to assess the species' habitat suitability in varying climate scenarios in the Western Himalayas and identified ten influential drivers. Our field-based observations of Tragopan melanocephalus show that the species typically lives at elevations between 1850 and 3800 m, which is consistent with the species' reported affinity for extremely high elevations between 1500 and 4000 m above sea level. Our findings reveal that areas with high and moderate suitability for the species are patchily distributed throughout the Western Himalayas, ranging from northeastern Pakistan to central Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Moreover, there are continuous strips of highly suitable habitats along the Pakistan–Afghanistan border, in the Kashmir region, and in the Annapurna region of Uttarakhand. The study observed that the Western Tragopan's habitat suitability may increase under future climate change scenarios, but additional research is needed to avert population collapses and identify other potential drivers of local extinction occurrences. To support increased biodiversity and lower risks under current and anticipated future climatic conditions, it is advised that the suitable areas identified be designated as nature reserves. According to the study's findings, a more effective wildlife management strategy might significantly help with the reintroduction of the Tragopan melanocephalus population into its suitable habitats in western Himalaya, thereby advancing the global objectives set for the UN Decade of Ecosystem Restoration targets (2021–2030). The impact of a changing climate, particularly global warming, often harms the distribution of pheasants, particularly those with limited endemic ranges. To effectively create plans of action aimed at conserving species facing threats such as the Western Tragopan, (Tragopan melanocephalus; Gray, 1829; Galliformes, found in the western Himalayas), it is crucial to understand how future distributions may be affected by anticipated climate change. This study utilized MaxEnt modeling to assess how suitable the habitat of the targeted species is likely to be under different climate scenarios. While similar studies have been conducted regionally, there has been no research on this particular endemic animal species found in the western Himalayas throughout the entire distribution range. The study utilized a total of 200 occurrence points; 19 bioclimatic, four anthropogenic, three topographic, and a vegetation variable were also used. To determine the most fitting model, species distribution modeling (SDM) was employed, and the MaxEnt calibration and optimization techniques were utilized. Data for projected climate scenarios of the 2050s and 2070s were obtained from SSPs 245 and SSPs 585. Among all the variables analyzed; aspect, precipitation of coldest quarter, mean diurnal range, enhanced vegetation index, precipitation of driest month, temperature seasonality, annual precipitation, human footprint, precipitation of driest quarter, and temperature annual range were recognized as the most influential drivers, in that order. The predicted scenarios had high accuracy values (AUC-ROC > 0.9). Based on the feedback provided by the inhabitants, it was observed that the livability of the selected species could potentially rise (between 3.7 to 13%) in all projected scenarios of climate change, because this species is relocating towards the northern regions of the elevation gradient, which is farther from the residential areas, and their habitats are shrinking. The suitable habitats of the Tragopan melanocephalus in the Himalayan region will move significantly by 725 m upwards, because of predicted climate change. However, the fact that the species is considered extinct in most areas and only found in small patches suggests that further research is required to avert a further population decline and delineate the reasons leading to the regional extinction of the species. The results of this study can serve as a foundation for devising conservation strategies for Tragopan melanocephalus under the changing climate and provide a framework for subsequent surveillance efforts aimed at protecting the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Resolving the taxonomic ambiguity of a species is important for their long-term conservation. We used non-invasive DNA sampling and camera trapping to address the taxonomic ambiguity in musk deer species in the Western Himalayas, and species occurrence locations were used to model the species distribution to identify suitable habitats. The combined results confirm the presence of only Kashmir musk deer (KMD) in the Western Himalayas. During our survey, no other musk deer species were found in the study area. This finding suggests that the presence of other species, such as Himalayan musk deer and Alpine musk deer, were incorrectly reported in the past. The predicted distribution (6% of the total area) of Kashmir musk deer is a narrow belt of the Western Himalayas between 2500 and 4500 m. Based on this study, we recommend long-term monitoring and assessment of KMD throughout its distribution range for its conservation and management. Insufficient research has been conducted on musk deer species across their distribution range, primarily because of their elusive behaviour and the fact they occupy remote high-altitude habitats in the Himalayas above 2500 m. The available distribution records, primarily derived from ecological studies with limited photographic and indirect evidence, fail to provide comprehensive information on the species distribution. Consequently, uncertainties arise when attempting to determine the presence of specific taxonomic units of musk deer in the Western Himalayas. This lack of knowledge hampers species-oriented conservation efforts, as there need to be more species-specific initiatives focused on monitoring, protecting, and combatting the illegal poaching of musk deer for their valuable musk pods. We used transect surveys (220 trails), camera traps (255 cameras), non-invasive DNA sampling (40 samples), and geospatial modelling (279 occurrence records) to resolve the taxonomic ambiguity, and identify the suitable habitat of musk deer (Moschus spp.) in Uttarkashi District of Uttarakhand and the Lahaul–Pangi landscape of Himachal Pradesh. All the captured images and DNA-based identification results confirmed the presence of only Kashmir musk deer (KDM) (Moschus cupreus) in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh. The results suggest that KMD inhabit a narrow range of suitable habitats (6.9%) of the entire Western Himalayas. Since all evidence indicates that only KMD are present in the Western Himalayas, we suggest that the presence of other species of musk deer (Alpine musk deer and Himalayan musk deer) was wrongly reported. Therefore, future conservation plans and management strategies must focus only on KMD in the Western Himalayas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is a preliminary taxonomic survey of diatom assemblages from one of the highest mountain ranges in the Western Himalayas – Ladakh. 37 samples were collected from 19 different sampling sites at altitudes ranging from 3100–4552 amsl. The diatom communities were representative of habitats such as lakes, streams, and hot springs from high altitudes. The dominant diatoms are studied using light microscopy and identified using valve morphometrics. The study enlists a total of 74 taxa belonging to 40 genera along with photomicrographic plates. Commonly-found species of high-altitude hot springs habitats were Gogorevia exilis and Denticula thermaloides. Reimeria sinuata, Fragilaria vaucheriae, Gomphonella cf. olivacea, Encyonema ventricosum, Lindavia biswashanti, Diatoma moniliformis, and Denticula valida were commonly occurring species in stream, river and lake habitats. Further analysis and putative novel species from this high-altitude environment will be described in future publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate riverine water quality in Western Himalayan region of India and assess carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic human health risks. Water samples collected from 12 different sampling locations were analyzed for 21 physicochemical and biological parameters including heavy metals using standard procedures. Mean values of TDS, turbidity, Ca, K, BOD, and COD were found to be higher than the levels specified by WHO for drinking water. Most of analyzed parameters had statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlation among them. Water quality and heavy metal pollution indices of samples ranged from 22.84 to 235.69 and 22.30 to 235.92, respectively. Except for Cd and Zn, concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cu, and Fe were found to be higher than permissible limits. Hazard quotient for oral and dermal exposures and overall hazard indices for heavy metals were < 1, signifying negligible non-carcinogenic risk. However, carcinogenic risk due to exposure to Cr among adults and children was 3.25 × 10−4 and 4.05 × 10−4, respectively, i.e., > 1 per 10,000 inhabitants indicating a high carcinogenic risk. For Pb, it was 1.38 × 10−5 and 1.72 × 10−5 for adults and children, respectively, indicating a medium risk. This study highlights the deterioration of water quality in the Western Himalayan region of India and emphasizes the importance of implementing strict enforcement and remedial measures to protect human and environmental health. Such measures are crucial to prevent further degradation of water quality and to restore the wholesomeness of these valuable resources for the benefit of current and future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to characterize pinto and cranberry bean landraces of Kashmir valley. A set of 30 genotypes including 16 pinto and 12 cranberry type bean landraces and two checks viz., Shalimar Rajmash-1 (SR-1) and Shalimar French Bean-1 (SFB-1) were evaluated for seven qualitative and 10 quantitative traits. There was a substantial variation among 30 accessions (28 landraces and 2 checks) evaluated for all the traits. Out of 28 landrace accessions, 13 were bushy type and 15 were pole type. Pods were predominantly green and seed colour was predominantly brown with characteristic mottling of varying colour shades. Out of 30 accessions, 16 were medium sized with oval seeds. There was substantial variability as depicted by a wide range for both morphological and seed quality traits pertaining to water absorption as well as protein content and phytic acid. The heat map revealed that seed yield had a significant correlation with the number of pods per plant (0.505), followed by seed length (0.455) and seeds per pod (0.414). Similarly, water absorption percentage was significantly correlated with hydration coefficient followed by seed wet weight and hydration capacity but was negatively correlated with hard shell percentage and coat proportion. Principal component analysis based on the seed yield and related traits concentrated the variability in the first three components for morphological traits and four components for seed quality traits explaining 67.23 % and 78.60 % variation, respectively. A number of desirable genotypes could be identified based on consistent performance for various maturity, yield and seed quality traits including high protein and low phytic acid content.

Background: In the Himalayas, traditional knowledge and biodiversity are strongly linked due to the symbiotic interaction between plant and cultural diversity, as well as the support provided by cultural memories, ecological awareness, and social norms. Our study was focused on documenting the vanishing knowledge in the Kashmir Himalaya with the following main objectives: 1) to document the ethnomedical and cultural knowledge of the local flora, 2) to evaluate the cross-cultural use of the flora in the region, and, finally, 3) to identify the key indicator species utilized by each ethnic group using multivariate statistical analysis. Methods: We used semi-structured questionnaires to conduct interviews with people of different ethnicity, gender, age, and occupational categories. The intercultural relationships of species utilization among ethnic groups were examined using a Venn diagram. The overall trends between the indicator values and the plant species used by diverse ethnic groups were illustrated using the linear regression model. Results: We recorded 46 species belonging to 25 different families used by the local people of the Kashmir Valley belonging to four ethnic groups (Gujjar, Bakarwal, Pahari, and Kashmiri). The dominant families recorded were Asteraceae and Ranunculaceae followed by Caprifoliaceae. Rhizomes were the most utilized plant part, followed by leaves. A total of 33 ailments were treated with plants, and gastrointestinal disorders were treated with most species followed by musculoskeletal diseases and dermatological problems. Across cultural relationships, the Gujjar and Pahari showed greater similarity (17%). This may be due to the fact that both ethnic groups share a common geographical landscape and are exogamous to each other. We identified key indicator species used by different ethnic groups with significant (p ≤ 0.05) values. For instance, in the Gujjar ethnic group, Aconitum heterophyllum and Phytolacca acinosa had significant indicator value, which was due to the fact that these plants were easily accessible and also had a wide range of uses. In contrast, the Bakarwal ethnic group showed different indicator species, with Rheum spiciforme and Rhododendron campanulatum being highly significant (p ≤ 0.05), because this ethnic group spends the majority of their time in high-altitude pastures, using a particularly wide variety of plant species for medicine, food, and fuelwood. While indicator values and plant usage were positively correlated for the Gujjar, Kashmiri, and Pahari ethnic groups, they were negatively correlated for the Bakarwal. The positive correlation indicates cultural preferences for certain plant use and underlines the cultural significance of each species. The current study reported new uses for the following species: raw roots of Jurinea dolomiaea used for tooth cleaning, seeds of Verbascum thapsus applied for respiratory diseases, and flowers of Saussurea simpsoniana given to anyone as a good luck wish. Conclusion: The current study highlights historical ethnic group stratifications and cultural standing while comparing reported taxa across cultures. Each ethnic group made extensive ethnomedical use of plants, and knowledge, originally transmitted verbally, is now available in writing for reference. This could pave the way for providing incentives to local communities to showcase their talents, celebrate them, and gain from potential development initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palaeo-monsoon and palaeoclimate conditions over Southeast Asia are a matter of debate despite notable studies on the continental and oceanic sedimentary record. The present study investigates the environmental magnetic and geochemical records preserved in the deep marine sediments of the northeastern (NE) Arabian Sea to elucidate the erosion history of the western Himalayas and its link with the prevailing hydroclimatic conditions since the late Miocene. For this, the sediment core retrieved during International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 355 at Site U1457 in the NE Arabian Sea has been explored. The results reveal that the hydroclimatic conditions were predominantly arid during the late Miocene, except for humid intervals from 6.1 Ma to 5.6 Ma. Humid climate conditions in the Indus River Basin returned during the mid-Pliocene and continued to the Pleistocene with an intense chemical weathering regime from 1.9 Ma to 1.2 Ma. The dominant sediment source to the NE Arabian Sea at Site U1457 during the late Miocene and the Pliocene was the Indus River, while during the Pleistocene, mixed sediments brought by the Indus River and the Peninsular Indian rivers were observed. The sediment contribution from a chemically less altered mafic source (the Deccan basalts) increased between 1.2 Ma and 0.2 Ma, possibly linked to a weak Indian Summer Monsoon. The summer monsoon wind strength and associated shift in the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) influenced the dominant sediment provenance at Site U1457 of the Laxmi Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising intensity and frequency of extreme temperature events are caused due to climate change and are likely to affect the entire world. In this context, the Himalayas are reported to be very sensitive to changes in temperature extremes. In this study, we investigate the variability of temperature extremes over the Northwest Himalayas in the early 21st century (2000–2018). Here, we used 14 temperature indices recommended by ETCCDI (Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices). The present study reveals the trends of extreme temperature indices on the spatial scale for the western part of the Northwest Himalayas. The 14 temperature indices were used to assess the behavior of extreme temperature trends with their significance. This study reports that the northwestern region of the study area has a cooling effect due to an increase in the trends of cold spells, cold days/nights, and frost days, while the southwestern region significantly shows the warming effects due to the increasing trends in warm spells, warm days/nights, and summer days. On the other hand, the eastern region of the study area shows mixed behavior, i.e., some places show warm effects while some reveal cold effects in the early 21st century. Overall, this study implies the northwestern parts have cooling trends while the southwestern and southeastern parts have warming trends during the early 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abies pindrow is a keystone tree species of temperate forests in the Himalayan range with immense ecological significance. The current study was designed to investigate the spatial distribution, population structure, associated flora, and sustainability of Abies pindrow in the temperate forests of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan. Vegetation data were collected from 48 forest sites distributed in six districts of AJK with respect to the geography, microclimates, and vegetation structure by employing a systematic quadrate-based methodology. Abies pindrow populations were characterized by an average stem density of 183.9 trees/ha with an average basal area cover of 789 cm. A. pindrow populations showed a regeneration value of 555.6 seedlings/ha. A digital elevation model revealed that A. pindrow exhibited a large extent of distribution in an altitudinal range of 1800–3400 m. GIS analysis identified that north-facing slopes with a moderate degree of slope steepness constitutes the preferred habitat of the species in the Kashmir mountains. A floristic analysis revealed that a total of 282 species from 74 plant families comprised the associated flora of A. pindrow-dominated forests with Pinus wallichiana, Picea smithiana, Aesculus indica, and Viburnum grandiflorum as codominant companion species. A. pindrow forests exhibited significant levels of species diversity and richness with average values of Simpson's diversity as 0.94, Shannon's diversity as 3.09, species richness as 1.45, and maturity index value as 45.9%. The A. pindrow populations in the study area were found to be subjected to significant deforestation pressure along with overgrazing and erosion impacts. Results provide valuable scientific information for the conservation management of A. pindrow populations, ensuring the sustainability of temperate forest ecosystems in the Western Himalayan region of Kashmir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The moist temperate forests extend along the whole length of outer ranges of Himalaya between the subtropical pine forests and sub-alpine timberline formation with a rainfall from 400 mm to 800 mm. The altitudinal range is from 1500 m to 3000 m. The floristic variation in these Himalayan forests is poorly understood especially in the study area. Species composition may be either unpredictable or it may correspond to environmental heterogeneity. Vegetation from 144 stands in between 2000 – 2700 m altitude was sampled. Soil samples were collected to document edaphic conditions. Soils were physically and chemically analyzed. Ordination (DECORANA) and classificatory techniques were used to analyze the vegetation data. No clear disjunct vegetation patterns emerged from these analyses. The major axes brought out by the ordination were related to altitude and although it is possible to relate the units of classification to broad soil types. Soil chemical properties, litter cover and rockiness were significantly associated with the vegetation variation along an altitudinal gradient. The application of classification to the ordination allowed the interpretations of the vegetation variation in terms of topography and predictable climatic factors such as rainfall, wind speed and extent of snow accumulation. The vegetation patterns revealed have been discussed in relation to the general problem of plant community definition in continuous forest type. Our results demonstrate the overlapping rather than clearly discrete boundaries between the vegetation types and species distributions. This overlapping nature of the vegetation types are discussed in terms of overlapping environmental preferences of the species. Our results are consistent with notion that species separate edaphically and landscape scale within the uniform looking forest. This view maintains that differences in soil within the forest are distinct enough to favor different species, and thus create numerous floristically differentiated forest patches along the altitudinal gradients. The findings that non obvious but distinct floristic and edaphic variation exist within the Himalayan moist temperate forests at the landscape scale have important practical implications for forest management. In biodiversity conservation a high degree of habitat heterogeneity implies an increased need for wide-scale information on species distribution and endemism patterns to better assess where the different habitats are, which species they harbor, and where conservation efforts should be concentrated. The overlapping nature of vegetation types and hazy boundaries of the plant communities implies that plant ecologists must continue to attempt the difficult definition of hazy boundaries.