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RELEASE OF 'BENÍQUEZ' WHITE BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.) CULTIVAR

Limited information is available on the sensitivity of dry beans to tribenuron and carfentrazone applied preplant (PP). Four field trials were conducted at Exeter and Ridgetown, ON, Canada in 2019 and 2020 to determine the tolerance of azuki, kidney, small red and white beans to glyphosate (1800 g·ae·ha-1) + tribenuron (15 g·ai·ha-1), glyphosate (1800 g·ae·ha-1) + carfentrazone (35 g·ai·ha-1) and glyphosate (1800 g·ae·ha-1) + tribenuron (15 g·ai·ha-1) + carfentrazone (35 g·ai·ha-1) applied PP 1 - 2 days prior to seeding dry beans. Glyphosate + tribenuron, glyphosate + carfentrazone, and glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone, applied PP, caused 5%, 5% and 9% bean injury at 1 WAE; 7%, 6% and 10% bean injury at 2 WAE and 6%, 5% and 8% bean injury at 4 WAE, respectively. At 8 WAE, there was 0, 1% and 4% injury in azuki bean; 1%, 2% and 2% injury in kidney bean; 3%, 2% and 3% injury in small red bean; and 6%, 3% and 2% injury in white bean with glyphosate + tribenuron, glyphosate + carfentrazone, and glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone applied PP, respectively. The injury was significantly greater with glyphosate + tribenuron in small red and white beans compared to the azuki and kidney beans. There was no difference between injury levels among market classes of dry been with glyphosate + carfentrazone or glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone applied PP. There was no effect of glyphosate + tribenuron, glyphosate + carfentrazone and glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone on dry bean plant stand, maturity and seed yield. However, dry bean biomass was reduced as much as 15% with glyphosate + tribenuron and 13% with glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone compared to the untreated control. Dry bean height was reduced 4% with glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone but was not affected with other treatments. Based on these results, there is potential for using glyphosate plus tribenuron or carfentrazone for preplant weed management in dry bean production.

Six field trials were conducted over a four-year (2017-2020) period near Exeter and Ridgetown, Ontario to determine the efficacy of halosulfuron tankmixes applied postemergence to control broadleaf weeds in white bean. Halosulfuron caused up to 4% injury in white bean at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment (WAT). Bentazon, acifluorfen, fomesafen, bentazon/acifluorfen, and bentazon + fomesafen caused 2% - 16% injury at 2 WAT and up to 3% injury at 4 WAT in white bean. The addition of halosulfuron to the aforementioned herbicides did not accentuate white bean injury. Reduced weed interference with the herbicides evaluated increased white been yield 50% - 90% compared to the weedy control; there was no difference in seed yield among herbicide treatments evaluated. At 4 WAT, halosulfuron at 25, 37.5 and 50 g ai ha-1 controlled velvetleaf 86%, 93% and 97%; redroot pigweed 83%, 85% and 89%; common ragweed 90%, 93% and 94%; common lambsquarters 27%, 28% and 36%; flower-of-an-hour 66%, 76% and 69%; and wild mustard 100%, 100% and 100%, respectively. Bentazon, acifluorfen, fomesafen, bentazon/acifluorfen, and bentazon + fomesafen controlled velvetleaf 73%, 14%, 52%, 42% and 68%; redroot pigweed 40%, 91%, 85%, 75% and 80%; common ragweed 36%, 81%, 92%, 68% and 84%; common lambsquarters 87%, 39%, 48%, 60% and 76%; flower-of-an-hour 90%, 66%, 63%, 73% and 83%; and wild mustard 97%, 97%, 100%, 99% and 100%, respectively. Halosulfuron tankmixed with bentazon, acifluorfen, fomesafen, bentazon/acifluorfen or bentazon + fomesafen controlled velvetleaf 90%, 51%, 68%, 75% and 90%; redroot pigweed 80%, 99%, 95%, 92% and 91%; common ragweed up to 94%, 97%, 93%, 94% and 95%; common lambsquarters 74%, 62%, 43%, 62% and 66%; flower-of-an-hour 92%, 78%, 74%, 82% and 87%; and wild mustard 100%, 100%, 100%, 100% and 100%, respectively. Weed density and dry biomass followed the same trend. This study concludes that the optimal halosulfuron tankmix is broadleaf weed species specific for weed management in dry bean production.

Neste trabalho elaboraram-se diferentes tipos de nuggets vegetarianos enriquecido com fibras e sem glúten, e avaliou-se a aceitabilidade entre acadêmicos de uma faculdade privada de Montes Claros – MG. Participaram da pesquisa 200 acadêmicos e funcionários. Foram elaborados três nuggets vegetarianos sendo um a base de farinha de feijão-branco, um a base de farinha de berinjela e a base farinha de grão-de-bico e, todos foram enriquecidos com gergelim e linhaça; para a comparação usou-se o nuggets industrial sabor de frango. Utilizou-se a escala hedônica de 9 pontos e a intenção de compra (escala de 7 pontos). Foram avaliados os valores dos macronutrientes, o valor energético total, as vitaminas A e C, e os minerais ferro, cálcio e sódio, e fibras. Foram realizados os testes de Salmonella spp., coliformes a 35 e 45ºC. A quantidade de fibras foi maior no nuggets a base de farinha de grão-de-bico (2,5g). Quanto à análise sensorial, 20 e 30% dos entrevistados avaliaram os nuggets nos sabores de farinha de berinjela e grão-de-bico como “gostei moderadamente”. E 75% dos participantes avaliaram o nuggets industrializado como “gostei extremamente”. Os resultados da intenção de compra mostram que o nuggets industrial apresentou a melhor avaliação, com a escala de “certamente compraria” por 74% dos avaliadores. Observa-se que os três nuggets vegetarianos elaborados encontram-se dentro do permitido pela legislação brasileira. Os nuggets elaborados apresentaram boas quantidades de vitaminas e minerais, além de fibras, o que pode contribuir com a saúde do consumidor.

A total of six field experiments were conducted in southwestern Ontario over a 3-yr period (2016, 2017, 2018) to evaluate the efficacy of trifluralin and halosulfuron applied preplant incorporated (PPI) for weed management in white bean. Trifluralin, halosulfuron, and trifluralin + halosulfuron applied PPI caused as much as 2%, 6%, and 8% white bean injury, respectively. Weed interference delayed maturity and reduced white bean yield 56% compared with the weed-free control. Weed interference with trifluralin and halosulfuron applied alone reduced white bean seed yield as much as 35% and 29%, respectively; however, white bean seed yield with the trifluralin + halosulfuron tankmixes was similar to the weed-free control. Trifluralin, halosulfuron, and trifluralin + halosulfuron applied PPI provided 6%–12%, 75%–92%, and 71%–95% control of velvetleaf; 89%–95%, 93%–98%, and 96%–99% control of pigweed species; 5%–18%, 82%–96%, and 90%–97% control of common ragweed; 90%–97%, 81%–97%, and 95%–99% control of common lambsquarters; 23%–43%, 55%–88%, and 83%–96% control of flower-of-an-hour; 4%–25%, 94%–100%, and 95%–100% control of wild mustard; 96%–100%, 18%–45%, and 97%–100% control of barnyardgrass; and 92%–98%, 21%–40%, and 93%–98% control of green foxtail, respectively. Results indicated that low rates of trifluralin tank-mixed with halosulfuron has the potential to control problematic weeds and improve white bean yields in Ontario.

This model study aimed to evaluate the effect of phenolic–food matrix interactions on the in vitro bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity of selected phenolic compounds (gallic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, apigenin, and catechin) as well as protein and starch digestibility in fortified white bean paste. The magnitude of food matrix effects on phenolics bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity was estimated based on “predicted values” and “combination indexes”. Furthermore, the protein–phenolics interactions were investigated using electrophoretic and chromatographic techniques. The results demonstrated phenolic–food matrix interactions, in most cases, negatively affected the in vitro bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds as well as nutrient digestibility. The lowest in vitro bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds in fortified paste was found for quercetin (45.4%). The most negative impact on the total starch digestibility and relative digestibility of proteins was observed for catechin–digestibility lower by 14.8%, and 21.3% (compared with control), respectively. The observed phenolic–food matrix interactions were strictly dependent on the applied phenolic compound, which indicates the complex nature of interactions and individual affinity of phenolic compounds to food matrix components. In conclusion, phenolic–food matrix interactions are an important factor affecting the nutraceutical and nutritional potential of fortified products.

This research was intended to determine the effect of different cereal and pulse flours and commercial gluten-free flour on the mineral content, fatty acid composition, and volatile compounds of the gluten-free tarhana (cereal-based fermented dry soup). In order to produce the gluten-free tarhana, white bean (BF), chickpea (CF), commercial gluten-free (GWF), yellow lentil (LF), and rice (RF) flours were used. The Mg, K, Al, and Mn contents of tarhanas obtained using different pulse and cereal flours were found to be quite high compared to tarhanas produced with commercial GWF. The utilization of different cereal and pulse flours in the tarhana formulation resulted in an increase in the percentage (30.37-51.47%) of the total polyunsaturated fatty acid (TPUFA). The highest (452.4 µg/g) and the lowest (241.17 µg/g) total concentration of all compounds were detected in BF and GWF, respectively. The highest number (21) of compounds belonged to terpenes and terpenoids, followed by acids, hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, and alkanes. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study shows that cereal and pulse flours can be used to produce acceptable tarhana with improved nutritional quality in terms of mineral and fatty acid contents. The results of the current study may be useful and applicable to food manufacturers producing gluten-free products for celiac patients.

The white bean represents the most important nutrition legume in many coun-tries in the world, including Kosovo. It has high protein, dietary fibers and mineral content and it is mainly used in the form of cooked food. This paper has the objective to review the parameters of rheological properties, qualitative properties and nutrition values of the bread produced by adding various per-centages of the flour obtained from white bean. The results from rheological analysis of the dough indicate that with the increase of bean flour content the water absorption and the dough development time are increased; however there is a considerable tendency to reduce the extensibility, the resistance and dough energy. In addition, the increase of the white bean amount influences the decrease of the qualitative properties of bread. With the increase of the white bean flour content, one observes a considerable increase in nutrition values, especially that of proteins, cellulose and minerals. Whereas the positive Pearson correlation between qualitative properties and nutrition in the bread thus obtained exists only in the level p

Three field experiments were carried out during 2017-2019 at the University of Guelph Huron Research Station near Exeter, Ontario, Canada to determine the effect of halosulfuron rate (25, 37.5 or 50 g∙ai∙ha-1) and application timing (POST 1, POST 2 and POST 3) on volunteer azuki bean control in white bean. At POST 1, halosulfuron at 25, 37.5 and 50 g∙ai∙ha-1 controlled volunteer azuki bean 46% - 50% at 1 week after application (WAA), controlled decreased to 16% - 25% at 8 WAA. At POST 2, volunteer azuki bean controlled decreased from 34% - 39% at 1 WAA to 17% - 27% at 8 WAA. A similar trend was observed at POST 3. Halosulfuron applied POST 1 at 25, 37.5 and 50 g∙ai∙ha-1 reduced biomass 49%, 64% and 69%, respectively. Halosulfuron applied POST 2 did not reduce volunteer azuki bean biomass at 25 g∙ai∙ha-1, but decreased biomass 51% at 37.5 g∙ai∙ha-1 and 49% at 50 g∙ai∙ha-1. Similarly, halosulfuron applied POST 3 did not reduce volunteer azuki bean biomass at 25 g∙ai∙ha-1, but decreased biomass 40% at 37.5 g∙ai∙ha-1 and 44% at 50 g∙ai∙ha-1. There was as much as 19%, 22% and 25% dockage with halosulfuron applied POST 1, POST 2 and POST 3, respectively. Volunteer azuki bean interference reduced white bean yield 40%. Reduced volunteer azuki bean interference with halosulfuron applied POST 1 at 37.5 or 50 g∙ai∙ha-1 resulted in an increase in white bean yield relative to the weedy control; however white yield was less than the weed-free control. This study concludes that halosulfuron at rates and application timings evaluated does not provide adequate control of volunteer azuki bean in white bean.

There are a limited number of soil-applied herbicides available for broad-spectrum weed control in dry bean production in Ontario, Canada. Four experiments were conducted from 2017 to 2019 in southwestern Ontario to compare the efficacy of six soil-applied grass herbicides [trifluralin (600 g ai ha-1), ethalfluralin (810 g ai ha-1), pendimethalin (1080 g ai ha-1), S-metolachlor (1050 g ai ha-1), dimethenamid-p (544 g ai ha-1) and EPTC (3400 g ai ha-1)] and halosulfuron (35 g ai ha-1) applied alone and in combination, applied preplant incorporated (PPI), on white bean tolerance and yield, and weed control efficacy. There was no white bean injury from the herbicide treatments evaluated. Grass herbicides (trifluralin, ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, S-metolachlor dimethenamid-P and EPTC) controlled velvetleaf 0% - 82%, pigweeds 87% - 99%, common ragweed 0% - 93%, common lambsquarters 81% - 99%, wild mustard 0% - 71%, barnyardgrass 98% - 100% and green foxtail 98% - 99%. Halosulfuron controlled velvetleaf 98%, pigweeds 94%, common ragweed 90% - 94%, common lambsquarters 97%, wild mustard 98% - 100%, barnyardgrass 19% - 24% and green foxtail 20% - 25%. Tankmixes of halosulfuron with soil-applied grass herbicides provided ≥93% control of the weed species evaluated. Reduction in density and biomass generally followed the same trend as visible control with herbicide treatments evaluated. Weed interference reduced white bean seed yield 70%. Seed yield was 53% - 66% of the weed-free control with trifluralin, ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, S-metolachlor and dimethenamid-P, 81% of the weed-free control with EPTC, 58% of the weed-free control with halosulfuron, and 87% - 95% of the weed-free control with halosulfuron tankmixes with the grass herbicides evaluated. Based on these results, halosulfuron in combination with trifluralin, ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-p and EPTC, applied PPI at rates evaluated, can be used to effectively control common annual grass and broadleaf weeds in white beans.

There are a limited number of herbicides registered for weed management in white bean production in Ontario, Canada. Five field experiments were completed in Ontario from 2016 to 2018 to compare the efficacy of trifluralin and ethalfluralin applied alone and in combination with halosulfuron, applied preplant incorporated (PPI), for weed control efficacy and white bean tolerance and seed yield. At 2 and 4 WAE, there was no white bean injury from the herbicide treatments evaluated. Trifluralin applied PPI provided up to 32%, 99%, 13%, 99%, 27%, 99% and 99% control of velvetleaf, redroot pigweed, common ragweed, common lambsquarters, wild mustard, barnyardgrass and green foxtail, respectively. Trifluralin and ethalfluralin provide similar control of velvetleaf, redroot pigweed, barnyardgrass and green foxtail control, however, ethalfluralin is slightly more efficacious on common ragweed, common lambsquarters and wild mustard. Halosulfuron (35 g∙ai∙ha−1), applied PPI, provided as much as 76%, 98%, 96%, 96%, 100%, 19% and 23% control of velvetleaf, redroot pigweed, common ragweed, common lambsquarters, wild mustard, barnyardgrass and green foxtail, respectively. Trifluralin (600 or 1155 g∙ai∙ha−1) + halosulfuron (35 g∙ai∙ha−1), applied PPI, provided up to 88%, 100%, 98%, 100%, 100%, 99% and 98% control of velvetleaf, redroot pigweed, common ragweed, common lambsquarters, wild mustard, barnyardgrass and green foxtail, respectively. Ethalfluralin (810 or 1080 ai∙ha−1) + halosulfuron (35 g∙ai∙ha−1) provided similar control. Weed interference decreased white bean seed yield 44% - 45% with trifluralin, 30% - 41% with ethalfluralin and 34% with halosulfuron. However, decreased weed interference with trifluralin and ethalfluralin applied in combination with halosulfuron resulted white bean seed yield that was similar to the weed-free control. Trifluralin or ethalfluralin co-applied with halosulfuron can be safely used in white bean production for the control of common annual grass and broadleaf weeds in Ontario.

espanolIntroduccion: El frijol blanco (Phaseolus lunatus L)., es una leguminosa de alto valor nutricional, gracias a sus contenidos de proteinas, carbohidratos complejos y fibra. Es importante fomentar su consumo y diversificar su uso en el desarrollo de productos, para lo cual es necesario conocer sus propiedades funcionales y determinar su potencial uso agroalimentario. Objetivo: Caracterizar las propiedades funcionales de la harina de frijol blanco (Phaseolus lunatus L.) sometida a diferentes tratamientos, con el fin de evaluar el efecto de los tratamientos sobre las propiedades tecnofuncionales de la harina. Metodologia: Se formulo un DCA (diseno completamente al azar), se evaluo la composicion bromatologica y funcional en harinas obtenidas a partir de frijol blanco, donde los granos fueron sometidos a 3 tratamientos previos a la etapa de secado (60 oC), los cuales fueron: Remojo (12h), coccion (97 oC, 90 minutos) y escaldado (72 oC, 5 minutos). Resultados: Los contenidos de proteina disminuyeron al aumentar el tiempo de exposicion a los tratamientos. El tratamiento de coccion incremento las propiedades de absorcion de agua y aceite. El mejor resultado para la capacidad emulsificante los mostro el tratamiento de remojo con un 43,0%. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos de remojo y escaldado para la capacidad espumante. Conclusiones: Las harinas sometidas a los tratamientos presentan propiedades funcionales que les confieren gran potencial para la elaboracion de productos tales como bebidas instantaneas, salsas, galletas, embutidos, productos fritos y productos de reposteria. EnglishIntroduction: The white bean (Phaseolus lunatus L)., Is a legume of high nutritional value, thanks to its contents of proteins, complex carbohydrates and fiber. It is important to encourage their consumption and diversify their use in the development of products, for which it is necessary to know their functional properties and determine their potential agri-food use. Objective: Characterize the functional properties of white bean flour (Phaseolus lunatus L.) subjected to different treatments, in order to evaluate the effect of the treatments on the functional properties of the flour. Method: A DCA (completely randomized design) was formulated, the bromatological and functional composition was evaluated in flours obtained from white beans, where the grains were subjected to 3 treatments prior to the drying stage (60oC), which were: Soaking (12h), cooking (97 oC, 90 minutes) and blanching (72 oC, 5 minutes). Results: The protein content decreased with increasing the time of exposure to the treatments. The cooking treatment increased the water and oil absorption properties. The best result for the emulsifying capacity was shown by the soaking treatment with 43.0%. No significant differences were found between the soaking and scaling treatments for the foaming capacity. Conclusions: The flours subjected to the treatments have functional properties that confer great potential for the production of products such as instant drinks, sauces, biscuits, sausages, fried products and confectionery products.

Halosulfuron (35 g a.i. ha−1) applied preemergence (PRE), early-postemergence (EPOST), and late-postemergence (LPOST) does not adequately control volunteer adzuki bean in white bean, but halosulfuron applied EPOST and LPOST has the potential to be used for control of volunteer soybean in white bean.

To investigate the effect of boric acid on yield and yield components of three white bean cultivars consisted of Jules, G11867, and Shekoofa, a 2-year field split-plot experiment was carrie...

White bean is one of the mayor legumes, which covers a wide surface in planting structure. High yields are closely related to the right regionalization of this crop and the implementation of agrotechnical provisions. One of the most important agrotechnical issue is: to determine the optimal number of plants in regard to the distance between rows and the distance of plants in a row. Depending on the morphological differences of beans, the number of plants per unit of surface should change. In order to determine this optimal number, it is necessary to experiment different plant varieties with an average number of 250-400 thousand plants / ha. The study was carried out by experimenting two autochthonous varieties Eҫmeniku and Trenare (they were evaluated as the best varieties in Korça District among 5 experimented varieties.) The study aims to identify the influence of the plant number and planting method on the production results. For this purpose, we studied the varieties with a distance of 5-12 cm between plants in a row (distance between rows 60 cm), with a number of about 50,000 plants per hectare. We used two planting methods, that of individual planting of beans and the bouquet planting where the beans are placed 2 by 2. We draw respective conclusions based on experimental results calculated according to the three-factorial statistical analysis.

Due to the presence of some vegetarian groups in society, this study was conducted with the purpose of producing and preparing a vegetarian burger in the form of pre-cooked products equipped with a dehydrated, fast-soluble form that can be prepared by retrieving in a few minutes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the different nutritive of vegetarian burger mixtures for female (age 9-13years) and female (age over 51 years) from whole brown lentil (Cynara scolymus L.), whole chickpea (Cicer arietinum) , whole white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), grits wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds and compared with commercial beef burger. It could be noticed that the germination process followed by cooking process lowered the phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor value in the white bean ,chickpea and brown lentil. The data showed that the highly significant oil absorption was noticed in the CLGB blend (55.0%) than that found in the LCG (40.0%) blend and control(33.13%). The nutritional values were closed to the recommended daily requirements for female (9-13 years) and female (over 51 years). Supplementation with white bean, whole lentil and chickpea significantly increased in vitro Fe, Zn, Ca and P bioavailability. The vegetarian burgers are acceptable in terms of sensory quality. In conclusion, this study showed that it could be prepared good nutritional vegetarian burger mixtures for female (9-13 years) and female (over 51 years), and through it can meet the needs of working family members, especially vegetable groups. It can also be used to feed students of schools, university cities, and Christian brothers because of its high nutritional value, cheap price, and a long shelf life without the need to save it by refrigeration or freezing, and it can be used as commercial products.

Graphical abstract Patient serum from 106 suspected food-allergic patients was evaluated using line blots to investigate the prevalence of sensitization for legume extracts and individual legume components as a parameter to characterize allergenicity. A ranking was found based on the prevalence of sensitization and weakly and strongly sensitizing legumes were indicated., Highlights • 10 different legumes extracts could be ranked based on the variations in the prevalence of sensitization. • Variations in the prevalence of sensitization allowed for ranking of 18 different individual legume proteins. • Ranking can be used to select reference proteins to develop predictive assays for the assessment of the sensitizing potential of novel proteins., Predicting the allergenicity of novel proteins is challenging due to the absence of validated predictive methods and a well-defined reference set of proteins. The prevalence of sensitization could be a parameter to select reference proteins to characterize allergenic proteins. This study investigated whether the prevalence of sensitization of legume extracts and proteins can indeed be used for this purpose. A random sample of suspected food-allergic patients (n=106) was therefore selected. 10 extracts (processed and non-processed) and 18 individual proteins (2S albumins, 7S and 11S globulins) from black lentil, blue and white lupine, chickpea, faba bean, green lentil, pea, peanut, soybean, and white bean were isolated and the prevalence of sensitization and the intensity of IgE binding were evaluated. The prevalence of sensitization ranged from 5.7 % (faba bean and green lentil) to 14.2 % (peanut). The prevalence of sensitization for individual legume proteins ranged from 0.0 % for albumin 1 (pea) to 15.1 %–17.9 % for Ara h 1, 2, 3, and 6 (peanut). The prevalence of sensitization correlated strongly with the intensity of IgE binding for individual proteins (p

A different rice/white bean-based gluten-free fettuccine (rice 0–100%, bean 0–100%) fortified with 10% carob fruit has been developed. The proximate composition, total and resistant starch, and total, soluble and insoluble dietary fibre content as well as the cooking and sensorial quality of uncooked and cooked pasta were determined. All the novel gluten-free fettuccine forms showed good cooking quality (cooking loss < 10%) highlighting that those containing the carob fruit had better nutritional and healthy profiles than the commercial gluten-free rice pasta; they were low in fat (10-fold) and high in protein (on average 3.6-fold) with resistant starch (16%) and dietary fibres (2.4-fold). The cooking process increased (p < 0.05) the protein and total dietary fibre content but reduced the total and resistant starch. The addition of carob fruit increased the total dietary fibre content, thus improving the functional value of fettuccine. Considering the sensorial analysis, fettuccine produced with 40% bean and 10% carob could be well accepted by consumers and can be advised as a functional food.

Key message Cooked bean flavor and texture vary within and across 20 Andean seed types; SNPs are significantly associated with total flavor, beany, earthy, starchy, bitter, seed-coat perception, and cotyledon texture. Abstract Common dry beans are a nutritious food recognized as a staple globally, but their consumption is low in the USA. Improving bean flavor and texture through breeding has the potential to improve consumer acceptance and suitability for new end-use products. Little is known about genetic variability and inheritance of bean sensory characteristics. A total of 430 genotypes of the Andean Diversity Panel representing twenty seed types were grown in three locations, and cooked seeds were evaluated by a trained sensory panel for flavor and texture attribute intensities, including total flavor, beany, vegetative, earthy, starchy, sweet, bitter, seed-coat perception, and cotyledon texture. Extensive variation in sensory attributes was found across and within seed types. A set of genotypes was identified that exhibit extreme attribute intensities generally stable across all three environments. seed-coat perception and total flavor intensity had the highest broad-sense heritability (0.39 and 0.38, respectively), while earthy and vegetative intensities exhibited the lowest (0.14 and 0.15, respectively). Starchy and sweet flavors were positively correlated and highest in white bean genotypes according to principal component analysis. SNPs associated with total flavor intensity (six SNPs across three chromosomes), beany (five SNPs across four chromosomes), earthy (three SNPs across two chromosomes), starchy (one SNP), bitter (one SNP), seed-coat perception (three SNPs across two chromosomes), and cotyledon texture (two SNPs across two chromosomes) were detected. These findings lay a foundation for incorporating flavor and texture in breeding programs for the development of new varieties that entice growers, consumers, and product developers alike.

Five experiments were conducted in Ontario, Canada from 2016 to 2018 to determine how doses of S-metolachlor and halosulfuron applied preemergence (PRE) should be adjusted to control specific weed species in white bean. S-metolachlor, halosulfuron, and S-metolachlor + halosulfuron caused minimal (1% to 4%) injury in white bean. Weed interference reduced white bean yield 54%. On average, weed interference with S-metolachlor and halosulfuron decreased yield 34% and 29%, respectively. In contrast, white bean seed yield was similar to the weed-free control with the S-metolachlor + halosulfuron tankmixes. S-metolachlor applied alone controlled A. theophrasti, A. retroflexus, A. artemisiifolia, C. album, E. crus-galli and S. viridis 0% to 3%, 78% to 93%, 0% to 9%, 5% to 15%, 97% to 99% and 96% to 98%, respectively. Halosulfuron applied alone controlled A. theophrasti, A. retroflexus, A. artemisiifolia, C. album, E. crus-galli and S. viridis 39% to 87%, 93% to 99%, 64% to 88%, 34% to 59%, 10% to 30% and 13% to 35%, respectively. S-metolachlor + halosulfuron tankmixes controlled A. theophrasti, A. retroflexus, A. artemisiifolia, C. album, E. crus-galli and S. viridis 47% to 94%, 98% to 100%, 78% to 94%, 37% to 78%, 94% to 98% and 91% to 96%, respectively. Weed density and biomass reductions with the herbicides evaluated followed the same pattern as visible weed control assessments. Results from this study indicate that doses of S-metolachlor and halosulfuron, when applied as a tankmix, should be adjusted based on a weed species composition in each individual white bean field.

Six field experiments were conducted during 2015 to 2017 in Ontario, Canada, to determine the efficacy of pethoxamid applied alone, and in combination with broadleaf herbicides, for the control of annual grass and broadleaved weeds in white navy bean. Visible injury was generally minimal (0 to 8%) with herbicide treatments evaluated. Weed control was variable depending on the weed species evaluated. Pethoxamid,S-metolachlor, halosulfuron, imazethapyr, sulfentrazone, pethoxamid + halosulfuron, pethoxamid + imazethapyr, and pethoxamid + sulfentrazone controlled redroot pigweed 82 to 98%; common ragweed 19 to 93%; common lambsquarters 49 to 84%; and green foxtail 47 to 92% in white bean. Weed biomass and weed density reductions were similar to visible control ratings for herbicides evaluated. Weed interference delayed white bean maturity and reduced yield by 50% in this study. Weed interference in plots sprayed with pethoxamid,S-metolachlor, and sulfentrazone reduced white bean yield 36%. White bean yield was similar to the weed-free with other herbicides evaluated. This study concludes that there is potential for the tank-mix of pethoxamid with halosulfuron, imazethapyr, or sulfentrazone for weed control in white bean production.

A study consisting of four field experiments was conducted over a 2-yr period (2016, 2017) near Exeter and Ridgetown, ON, to compare the tolerance of adzuki, kidney, small red, and white beans to four Group 15 herbicides including pethoxamid (1200 and 2400 g a.i. ha−1), S-metolachlor (1600 and 3200 g a.i. ha−1), dimethenamid-P (693 and 1386 g a.i. ha−1), and pyroxasulfone (100 and 200 g a.i. ha−1) applied preplant incorporated (PPI). At 1 wk after emergence (WAE), pethoxamid, S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P, and pyroxasulfone caused as much as 22%, 17%, 38%, and 15% adzuki bean injury, respectively. The injury decreased with time; at 8 WAE, pethoxamid, S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P, and pyroxasulfone applied PPI caused as much as 3%, 4%, 12%, and 7% adzuki bean injury, respectively. The injury was lower in other market classes of dry bean. At 1, 2, and 4 WAE, pethoxamid, S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P, and pyroxasulfone caused as much as 4%, 2%, 4%, and 14% injury in kidney bean, 3%, 2%, 4%, and 12% injury in small red bean, and 5%, 3%, 6%, and 13% injury in white bean, respectively. However, the injury at 8 WAE was 5% or less in kidney, small red, and white beans with all Group 15 herbicides evaluated. Based on this research, pyroxasulfone was the most injurious to dry beans, it reduced plant height as much as 15% and seed yield as much as 17%. The Group 15 herbicides evaluated were more injurious to adzuki bean than kidney, small red, or white beans.

Field experiments (4 in total) were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in southwestern Ontario to compare the sensitivity of dry bean to four Group 15 herbicides applied preemergence (PRE). At 4 weeks after emergence (WAE), pethoxamid, S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P and pyroxasulfone applied PRE at the 2X rate caused 5%, 9%, 9% and 14% visible injury in adzuki bean, 2%, 2%, 2% and 3% visible injury in kidney bean, 6%, 4%, 5% and 4% visible injury in small red Mexican (SRM) bean, and 9%, 6%, 8% and 9% visible injury in white bean, respectively. Pyroxasulfone reduced adzuki bean shoot biomass (m-1 row) 42% and height 12%. However, the other Group 15 herbicides did not reduce shoot biomass and height of adzuki bean. Kidney bean shoot biomass and height were not adversely affected by the Group 15 herbicides evaluated. S-metolachlor caused no adverse effect on SRM bean dry weight or height, but pethoxamid, dimethenamid-P and pyroxasulfone at the 2X rate reduced dry weight 26%, 28% and 28% and height 7%, 7% and 7% in SRM bean, respectively. Pethoxamid, S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P, and pyroxasulfone applied PRE at the 2X rate reduced white bean dry weight 50%, 37%, 47% and 43% and height 16%, 10%, 16% and 15% in white bean, respectively. Pyroxasulfone (2X rate), applied PRE, reduced bean stand count and seed yield 12% and 7%, respectively. However, pethoxamid, S-metolachlor, and dimethenamid-P, applied PRE caused no decrease in stand count and seed yield of dry beans evaluated. In general, kidney and SRM bean are most tolerant, white bean is intermediate, and adzuki bean is most sensitive to Group 15 herbicides applied PRE.

Five field experiments were conducted in Ontario Canada during 2018-2020 to determine the level of crop injury, weed control and white bean yield with up to four-way mixtures of herbicides applied preplant incorporated (PPI). The trials were arranged in a factorial design: Factor 1 was “Grass herbicide” including no grass herbicide, trifluralin, S-metolachlor and trifluralin + S-metolachlor and Factor 2 was “Broadleaf herbicide” including no broadleaf herbicide, halosulfuron, imazethapyr and halosulfuron + imazethapyr. At 2 and 4 weeks after emergence (WAE), there was minimal (≤ 4%) white bean injury. At 8 weeks after herbicide application (WAA), trifluralin, S-metolachlor or trifluralin + S-metolachlor averaged across Factor 2 controlled velvetleaf 69, 71 and 62%, respectively; halosulfuron, imazethapyr and halosulfuron + imazethapyr averaged across Factor 1 controlled velvetleaf 75, 95 and 97%, respectively. At 8 WAA, trifluralin, S-metolachlor and trifluralin + S-metolachlor controlled pigweed 93, 90 and 97%, respectively, and halosulfuron, imazethapyr and halosulfuron + imazethapyr controlled pigweed 97, 79 and 98%, respectively. At 8 WAA, trifluralin, S-metolachlor and trifluralin + S-metolachlor provided poor (≤ 32%) control of common ragweed while halosulfuron, imazethapyr and halosulfuron + imazethapyr controlled common ragweed 86, 53 and 87%, respectively. The 4-way tankmix of trifluralin, S-metolachlor, halosulfuron + imazethapyr controlled common ragweed 95%. At 8 WAA, trifluralin, S-metolachlor and trifluralin + S-metolachlor controlled common lambsquarters 81, 38 and 91%, respectively, and halosulfuron, imazethapyr and halosulfuron + imazethapyr controlled common lambsquarters 94, 97 and 99%, respectively. At 8 WAA, trifluralin, S-metolachlor and trifluralin + S-metolachlor provided poor (≤ 46%) control of wild mustard while halosulfuron, imazethapyr and halosulfuron + imazethapyr provided excellent (≥ 97%) wild mustard control. At 8 WAA, trifluralin, S-metolachlor and trifluralin + S-metolachlor controlled barnyardgrass 70, 85 and 94%, respectively, and halosulfuron, imazethapyr and halosulfuron + imazethapyr controlled barnyardgrass 9, 50 and 59%, respectively. At 8 WAA, trifluralin, S-metolachlor and trifluralin + S-metolachlor controlled green foxtail 89 to 98% and halosulfuron, imazethapyr and halosulfuron + imazethapyr controlled green foxtail 19, 69 and 67%, respectively. Weed interference reduced white bean yield 76%. Generally, white bean yield reflected the level of weed control. Based on these results, the 2- and 3-way tankmixes of herbicides evaluated generally provide similar weed control as the 4-way tankmixes.