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This paper proposes the emulation technique for wind turbines using two types of motor, servo motor, and induction motor. The focus is on simulating the work process of wind turbines at multi-wind velocity to test the capacity and efficiency of generating three-phase electricity. The wind turbine emulator was created by using a program and mechanical parts. The goal of this emulator is to check the efficiency of wind turbine blades at different wind speeds and to test the accuracy of the simulation method by using a different motor. The first emulator uses a 400-Watt synchronous generator from a wind turbine connected to a 400-Watt servo motor controlled by a servo amplifier. The second emulator uses a 400-Watt synchronous generator from a similar wind turbine connected to a 400-watt induction motor installed with an encoder controlled by an inverter. Motor torque is calculated by using mathematic equations from the LabVIEW program, and the data of the wind turbine blade is simulated by using the ANSYS program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wind turbine emulator is a valuable tool, which enables real-time physical simulation of a wind turbine behavior using a dedicated experimental test setup, providing a controlled environment for research and development purposes. One significant advantage of using this tool is its ability to test control algorithms designed to maximize power extraction from the wind turbine. This paper continues previous work on developing a small-scale variable-speed wind turbine emulator based on a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for stand-alone applications (Benhacine et al., 2024). This paper presents enhancements made to the emulator. These improvements facilitate the assessment of a maximum power point tracking control strategy designed to optimize power extraction from the wind turbine.

This paper proposes an improved Wind Turbine Emulator (WTE) structure using Sliding Mode Control (SMC) technique based on the Two-Phase Induction Motor (TPIM) for software simulation laboratory purposes. Since the power electronic converters application with various control strategies in the AC machine drive field facilitates the wind turbine characteristics imitation, an advanced SVM controlled-2ϕ-inverter is adopted. Considering the asymmetry between the TPIM main and auxiliary windings, mathematical equations were studied allowing control of the speed and the torque under different conditions. The 2-phase-inverter is controlled through an appropriate adjustment of four space voltage vectors. In order to enhance the speed and flux regulation loops and to increase the system robustness against the motor parameters variation and the wind sudden fluctuations, the SMC theory, which contains the adaptive rotor flux observer is used here to develop a control law that governs the system to track the reference speed set by the WT mathematical model to obtain the desired output. Several parameters, such as electromagnetic torque, rotor fluxes, stator currents, and rotor speed, were analyzed. Static and dynamic characteristics and the WTE transient and steady-state responses are satisfactorily reproduced by the proposed emulator scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the authors present a small-scale wind turbine emulator that reproduces the steady-state performances of a wind turbine at various wind conditions. The proposed emulator is based on a three-phase induction machine powered by a variable-speed drive. The model of the emulated wind turbine comes from the PropID program, which permits an accurate modeling of its aerodynamic characteristics. In this study, the model of the Whisper100 wind turbine from Southwest Windpower is chosen for the test validation. The performances of the emulated Whisper100 wind turbine are examined by an experimental test bench under variable operating conditions. The theoretical results are compared with those obtained experimentally.

In this paper, a wind energy conversion system (WECS) is presented for the electrification of rural areas with wind energy availability. A three-phase AC-DC converter based on a bridgeless Cuk converter is used for power extraction from the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The bridgeless topology enables the elimination of the front-end diode bridge rectifier (DBR). Moreover, the converter has fewer components, simple control, and high efficiency, making it suitable for a small-scale WECS. A squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM) is used to emulate a MOD-2 wind turbine to implement the PMSG-based WECS. A direct-drive eight-pole PMSG is used in this study; thus, a low-input-voltage system is designed. The converter is designed to operate in the discontinuous inductor current mode (DICM) for inherent power factor correction (PFC) and the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is achieved through the tip-speed ratio (TSR) following. The performance of the developed system is analyzed through simulation, and a 500 W hardware prototype is developed and tested in different wind speed conditions.

This paper presents a new design of an experimental low power Wind Turbine Emulator (WTE) which has the advantage of being simple and easy to implement in practice. The proposed emulator takes into account the effect of Wind Turbine (WT) inertia as well as the nonlinearities in the system which make it suitable for all types of WTs. An efficient Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPpt) algorithm based on synergetic and backstepping nonlinear control theory has also been proposed to allow the WT to extract maximum power under a wide range of operating conditions. This is achieved by regulating the current at the input of the boost converter through these controllers. Furthermore, these nonlinear controllers considerably reduce the complexity of the design of the control scheme. Several experimental test are conducted to validate the MPPT strategy and the proposed control scheme using a dSPACE1104 board and MATLAB/Simulink environment, including different wind profiles and variable electrical load. The results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed WTE in reproducing the same mechanical behavior as the real turbine studied and the good performance achieved by the proposed MPPT control algorithm.

In this paper, an experimental study of a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) is performed. A test bench with a power of 1.5 kW is setup. The system consists of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) and a wind emulator based on a DC motor associated with a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control. The proposed emulator is driven by a four quadrants DC/DC converter to produce a real wind turbine behavior. The aim of this work is to improve the DIFG performances by using the fuzzy logic-based intelligent controller. This control technic is designed to monitor the stator reactive and active powers. This can be achieved by the DFIG rotor side converter (RSC) using the field-oriented control. The experimental setup uses a dSPACE DS1104 device, MATLAB/Simulink software and a ControlDesk interface. The paper shows that, the desired amount of active and reactive powers has been independently controlled and the implementation is successfully verified the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme achieved using the FLC strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, renewable energy sources, mainly wind and solar power, prove their efficacy to provide a sustainable solution to meet the growing energy demand. Research and investigation on a natural system are uneconomical and depend upon various environmental and seasonal circumstances. The wind emulator can replicate the static and dynamic behavior of a realistic wind turbine system. This paper presents the wind energy conversion system (WECS) using the wind turbine emulator (WTE) hardware model. The mathematical model of wind turbine has been developed using LabVIEW. The WTE consists DC shunt motor coupled with a three-phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG), which is further integrated with the utility grid through a DC microgrid. Various types of control devices such as DC-DC converter, current PI controller, speed PI controller, rectifier, etc., are employed to control the emulator's performance concerning the rotational speed of the wind turbine. The NI-sbRIO-9607 data card and the graphical user interface (GUI) based on the LabVIEW system provide real-time data acquisition and flexibility in the variation of wind speed and various turbine parameters during experimental validation of WECS. The energy flow with the utility grid, static and dynamic characteristics under different wind speeds are successfully emulated by the experimental setup of a wind turbine emulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design, modeling, simulation and the experimental implementation of a 1.5 kW relatively low-cost wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on the double fed induction generator (DFIG) configuration. In the preliminary experiments, we test the DFIG power control under fixe speed by applying the vector control principle, then we insert the physical emulator presented in the controlled DC motor in order to simulate the static-dynamic behaviors of a real wind turbine with the use of the Tip Speed Ratio TSR based MPPT algorithm to extract the maximum available power on the emulator. The proposed structure is simulated using MATLAB Simulink environment, the obtained results are validated experimentally on our laboratory setup. We also develop an application with MATLAB AppDesigner that calculates the operating point of our system at steady state and visualize the power transfer, current, voltage and electromagnetic torque values of the DFIG and the DC motor before starting the stimulation or the experimental manipulation. The MPPT, the DC motor control and the DFIG power control algorithms are implanted in C, embedded on a dSPACE DS1104 control board. The obtained results confirm the reliability of the proposed WECS to manage all the probable operating modes, also the effectiveness of the physical simulator in the role of wind turbine emulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two‐bladed wind turbines (WTs) are recently discussed as a potential alternative to reduce the cost of energy in offshore wind farms which have a higher cost compared to onshore wind farms. However, the dynamic response and performance of these WTs are different from the three‐bladed WTs. In this study, new and comprehensive models for rigid and teetered rotor WTs are developed in FAST and emulated with a setup of the previous simulation‐based works. Then, the power quality issues are discussed and compared for two‐bladed WTs with rigid and teetered rotors as the main contribution of this study. The performance of a WT with different rotors is evaluated and compared in terms of power fluctuations, voltage fluctuations, flicker emission level. In addition, the structural loads of the turbine are studied and compared with both rotor types. This was done in emulation and simulation by varying linear horizontal and logarithmic vertical wind shear as well as utilising a turbulent wind time series without shear. The study presents results obtained by simulation and by emulation, using a scaled‐down WT emulator. It presents conclusions as to which type of rotor offers better performance for various operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to carry out a Wind Turbine Emulator (WTE) which represents the important hardware part to behave as a real wind turbine system with respect to the introduced wind timeseries for improving the wind power system technology control in laboratory. The proposed WTE consists of a variable speed drive which controls a DC motor as a prime mover coupled to a PMSG operated in open loop. The novelty appears in the modeling and configuration of wind timeseries, aerodynamic and mechanical aspects of the wind turbine and its control strategy by using Xilinx System Generator (XSG) as a dataflow design tool based on graphical user interface Simulink which ensures a rapid architectures prototyping. Moreover, the dynamic performance of the modeled system under Matlab/XSG environment is presented and discussed. The motor drive is performed by a DC/DC buck converter controlled by PWM strategy implemented on FPGA board. An experimental platform of the entire wind energy conversion system is built. Experimental results verified and validated the wind turbine emulator operation using a variable wind speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Point wind velocity measurement given by nacelle-top mounted sensor may not be same as effective wind velocity, which strikes the wind turbine rotor blades. This article proposes a new method for the computation of effective wind velocity by inverting the turbine's aerodynamic model after estimating the turbine torque and its rotor speed. Nonlinear control theory-based sliding mode observers are used to estimate the wind turbine generator induced speed emfs, rotor speed, and aerodynamic torque imparted to generator shaft. While satisfying the Lyapunov inequality condition, design aspects of sliding mode observers are discussed in detail. The performance of the proposed wind velocity estimation method is evaluated by using permanent magnet synchronous generator-based wind turbine emulator in laboratory. Simulation and experimental studies confirm that the estimated wind velocity under different wind profile conditions is accurate and can be used in various control algorithms in wind energy conversion systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind turbines are complicated systems with different aerodynamic and electromechanical aspects. An integrated platform which includes design, simulation, and experimental evaluation of wind energy conversion systems is very helpful to design, develop, and examine the performance of different wind turbine sub‐systems. The previous studies exclude such a platform and this study tries to fill this gap. In this study, the blades of a 5.5 kW fixed‐speed stall‐regulated wind turbine are initially designed then employed in simulation and emulation. The same as the simulation setup, the utilised emulator uses AeroDyn and FAST software tools to model the aerodynamic and mechanical aspects of the turbine in a laboratory environment. The emulator is capable of reproducing the static and dynamic behaviour of the turbine in a laboratory similar to the real turbines. For simulation, the electrical parts are implemented in MATLAB/Simulink, whereas the real electrical parts are used for the emulator. The performance of the turbine with the designed blades is investigated in simulation and emulation considering a simple hub‐height and turbulent wind profile, generated by TurbSim software tool based on the IEC standards. Moreover, the start‐up process of the wind turbine is evaluated using the wind turbine emulator and the results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This article discovered the phenomenon of abnormal rotational speed fluctuations in WTE when emulating the mechanical dynamics of large inertia wind turbines under turbulent wind conditions. • This article explains the physical mechanism of abnormal rotational speed fluctuations in WTE. • This article proposes an inertia compensation scheme based on anticipation deviation suppression, which eliminates the phenomenon of high-frequency rotational speed fluctuations and verifies the effectiveness of the scheme through experiments. The wind turbine emulator (WTE) is an important tool for dynamic emulation experiments of wind turbines. This paper studies the problem of high-frequency fluctuation of the rotating speed of the dynamic emulation platform when emulating the mechanical dynamics of large inertia wind turbine under fluctuating wind speed. Through the time domain analysis of the discrete mathematical model of the WTE, it is found that the torque compensation loop of the transmission system will incur the acceleration deviation because of the influence of the time delay, and this anticipatory deviation increases with the increase of the compensation multiple. As a result, the acceleration of the transmission chain oscillates, resulting in high-frequency fluctuations in the rotational speed. To this end, this paper proposes an inertia compensation scheme for the WTE based on the anticipation deviation suppression. Based on the principle of zero-pole configuration, a feedforward suppressor is designed to offset the zero-pole of the closed-loop transfer function of the transmission chain system, in order to eliminate the high-frequency fluctuation of the rotating speed caused by the torque deviation. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is validated using the maximum power point tracking control experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind power generation capacity in India has significantly increased over the few decades and the total installed wind power capacity has grown up to 32.72 GW (as on October 2017), which ranks fourth largest in the world. The scope for wind farm as assessed using Geographic Information System (GIS) platform is found to be more than 2000 GW. So there is a lot of scope for expansion wind power projects provided studies are conducted on the selection of its components. One of the main components of Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) is the electrical generator apart from the prime mover and other structural parts. This paper introduces an experimental setup for the study of different types of electrical generators and their feasibility for different wind conditions. In this setup, Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (SCIG), Slip Ring Induction Generator (SRIG), Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) and Permanent Magnet DC Generator (PMDC) are available for study. These generators are coupled to a Separately Excited DC motor via a portable coupling arrangement. The separately excited DC motor emulates the wind turbine. The results of the experimental setup are validated and presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Highlights • A new wind turbine emulator is proposed using FAST software. • The emulator considers the aerodynamic, mechanical and electrical aspects of the WT. • Tower shadow and yaw error effects are studied using the proposed emulator. • The simulation is performed and its results are compared with the emulation results. Abstract The majority of the available wind turbine emulators (WTEs) utilize the detailed electrical sub-systems, whereas the simplified models are considered for the other aspects. However, wind turbines (WTs) are complicated systems with different aspects that should be appropriately modeled for a realistic assessment. This paper presents a new wind turbine emulator which considers aerodynamic, mechanical, and electrical aspects of the WTs. Some tests are performed to evaluate the capabilities and limitations of the emulator; then, the proposed emulator is used to analyze the tower shadow and yaw error effects which can produce power fluctuations and fatigue loads. In addition to tower shadow effect, the yaw error which has a more severe effect is studied in this paper considering the mechanical dynamics of the WT which were not considered in literature. The proposed emulator utilizes the AeroDyn and FAST software tools to model the aerodynamic and mechanical aspects of a WT considering the real electrical sub-systems. Moreover, the tower shadow and yaw error effects are modeled in simulation and the results are compared with the emulation results. The electrical sub-systems are modeled in the MATLAB/Simulink for simulation, whereas the real mechanically coupled induction motor-induction generator set is used for the emulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new on-site technique for the experimental characterization of small wind systems by emulating the behavior of a wind tunnel facility. Due to the high cost and complexity of these facilities, many manufacturers of small wind systems do not have a well knowledge of the characteristic λ - C p curve of their turbines. Therefore, power electronics converters connected to the wind generator are usually programmed with speed/power control curves that do not optimize the power generation. The characteristic λ - C p curves obtained through the proposed method will help manufacturers to obtain optimized speed/power control curves. In addition, a low cost small wind emulator has been designed. Programmed with the experimental λ - C p curve, it can validate, improve, and develop new control algorithms to maximize the energy generation. The emulator is completed with a new graphic user interface that monitors in real time both the value of the λ - C p coordinate and the operating point on the 3D working surface generated with the characteristic λ - C p curve obtained from the real small wind system. The proposed method has been applied to a small wind turbine commercial model. The experimental results demonstrate that the point of operation obtained with the emulator is always located on the 3D surface, at the same coordinates (rotor speed/wind speed/power) as the ones obtained experimentally, validating the designed emulator.

This paper presents the modeling and characterization of the tower shadow effects using a wind turbine emulator in a laboratory environment. In particular, the downwind wind turbines are considered here as their tower shadow effects are more significant compared to the upwind counterpart. Simulation and experimental results have shown that the wind speed deficit due to this nonideal effect is significant. In addition, the tower shadow effects occur typically two to three times per revolution, depending on the number of blades. The modeling of the tower shadow profiles for tubular and four-leg tower configurations is presented. Typically, these towers are used in small wind turbine applications. The tower shadow profiles are emulated experimentally using a wind turbine emulator with its characteristics being explained. The limitations of emulating the tower shadow effects using a wind turbine emulator are demonstrated through the frequency response test performed in this study. In this study, the wind turbine emulator is connected to an isolated grid which is formed by three single-phase inverters. Finally, this paper concludes with a sensitivity analysis of the power oscillations for different widths and magnitudes of the tower shadow profile. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, a wind turbine emulator (WTE) based on the load torque dynamic compensation of PMSM is proposed to satisfy the further study of wind power system control technology in laboratory. The basic characteristic of wind turbine is analyzed to compare the wind turbine with its WTE. The dynamic compensation method based on the acceleration feedback is improved to propose the load torque dynamic compensation method to realize the dynamic characteristic simulation of wind turbine. Moreover, a low pass filter (LPF) is adopted at the load torque compensation module to suppress the torque ripple of the wind generator. An entire wind power system experimental platform is built to test the proposed torque compensation method. The results verify the proposed control method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a contribution to the development of low-cost wind turbine (WT) test rig for stator fault diagnosis of wind turbine generator is proposed. The test rig is developed using a 2.5 kW, 1750 RPM DC motor coupled to a 1.5 kW, 1500 RPM self-excited induction generator interfaced with a WT mathematical model in LabVIEW. The performance of the test rig is benchmarked with already proven wind turbine test rigs. In order to detect the stator faults using non-stationary signals in self-excited induction generator, an online fault diagnostic technique of DWT-based multi-resolution analysis is proposed. It has been experimentally proven that for varying wind conditions wavelet decomposition allows good differentiation between faulty and healthy conditions leading to an effective diagnostic procedure for wind turbine condition monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, fuzzy fractional order PI+I (FFOPI+I) controller for grid connected Variable Speed Wind Energy Conversion System (VS-WECS) is proposed. The FFOPI+I controller is applied to control a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) connected to the grid and nonlinear load through a back-to-back AC-DC-AC PWM converter. The control strategy of the Machine Side Converter (MSC) aims, at first, to extract a maximum power under fluctuating wind speed. Then, the Grid Side Converter (GSC) is controlled to improve the power quality and ensure sinusoidal current in the grid side. The FFOPI+I controller implements a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) in parallel with Fractional Order PI (FOPI) and conventional PI controllers by having a commune proportional gain. The FLC changes the integral gains at runtime. The initial parameters of the FFOPI+I controller were calculated using a frequency method to create a search space then the PSO algorithm is used to select the optimal parameters. To evaluate the performance of the proposed controller in steady and transient states, an experimental test bench has been built in laboratory using dSPACE1104 card. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the FFOPI+I over FOPI and conventional PI controllers by realizing maximum power extraction and improving the grid-side power factor for a wide range of wind speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wind turbine emulator is an important hardware to simulate wind energy conversion systems. The emulator hardware is often built by a coupled motor as prime mover and controlled by a variable speed drive to the shaft of an electrical generator. In this work, we propose, design and implement a novel wind turbine emulator by using a squirrel cage induction machine and permanent magnet induction generator. The control of the prime mover is performed by an IGBT AC drive. The drive itself is controlled by a 32-bit microprocessor. Furthermore, the computer supervises the drive and generates the wind patterns and sets the configuration of wind turbine models. This allows the user to define different wind patterns and to emulate different wind turbines. The combination of the PI controller, the computer supervision, and the microprocessor ensures an accurate performance of entire system. The frequency of the generated voltage is proportional to the shaft rotational speed. Therefore, the output voltage frequency is used as a rotational speed meter. RS-485 is the main communication channel between the drive and the computer. Finally, the results demonstrate the effective and accurate performance of the proposed emulator in reproducing the dynamics of an actual wind turbine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thanks to their high reliability, minimum maintenance and reduced cost, induction motors (IM) are commonly used in industry applications especially in renewable energy field. In this paper, a three-phase IM drive based on soft-switching structure is investigated for wind profile emulation. A specific space vector modulation (SVM) for the four-switch three-phase inverter (FSTPI) is applied to select the appropriate three vectors which synthesize the desired output voltage. Although this technique seems to be complicated in terms of hardware implementation since no zero vector is used and only three active vectors are considered, it has less total harmonic distortion, larger linear modulation range and better DC bus use. The proposed approach based on compensation, which ensures a feasible alternative for low-cost motor drives, fed the IM to react effectively as a wind turbine emulator in research laboratory by controlling the speed waveform. Software and hardware results show that the system has a good static and dynamic performance. The presented curves demonstrate the control scheme accuracy for trajectory tracking under sudden load variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a wind turbine emulator (WTE) based on the blade momentum theory, and tests the variable-speed wind power generation system using a pulse-width modulation (PWM) converter to verify the accuracy of the emulator. The behavior of the wind turbine for natural wind is reproduced by the WTE based on the proposed theory. The variable-speed wind power generation system employs a vector control system to control the torque and speed of the permanent magnet synchronous generator in the converter side. The windmill rotational speed is controlled to maximize the efficiency of the wind turbine against wind velocity. And the active power and reactive power are controlled in the inverter side, and the generated power is sent to the grid while controlling the DC link voltage to be constant at the same time. The behaviors of the WTE are compared with the simulation results and experimental results using a real wind turbine. These experimental and simulation results show that the test bench with the proposed WTE has sufficient performance and accuracy to verify variable-speed wind generator systems. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the development of a novel control for matrix converter interfaced permanent magnet wind energy conversion system. Here, an adaptive fuzzy control algorithm incorporated with a reversed matrix converter is proposed to yield maximum energy with enhanced dynamic performance and low harmonic characteristics. The control algorithm is implemented using a dSPACE DS1104 real-time board (dSPACE, Paderborn, Germany). Feasibility of the proposed system has been verified through simulation and experiment results using a laboratory 1.2-kW prototype of a wind energy conversion system under dynamic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents experimental results and its assessment of a variable-speed wind power generation system (VSWPGS) using permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and boost chopper circuit (BCC). Experimental results are obtained by a test bench with a wind turbine emulator (WTE). WTE reproduces the behaviors of a windmill by using servo motor drives. The mechanical torque references to drive the servo motor are calculated from the windmill wing profile, wind velocity, and windmill rotational speed. VSWPGS using PMSG and BCC has three speed control modes for the level of wind velocity to control the rotational speed of the wind turbine. The control mode for low wind velocity regulates an armature current of generator with BCC. The control mode for middle wind velocity regulates a DC link voltage with a vector-controlled inverter. The control mode for high wind velocity regulates a pitch angle of the wind turbine with a pitch angle control system. The hybrid of three control modes extends the variable-speed range. BCC simplifies the maintenance of VSWPGS while improving reliability. In addition, VSWPGS using PMSG and BCC saves cost compared with VSWPGS using a PWM converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) system driven by permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) based on wind turbine emulator (WTE) is a nonlinear and time-varying system with high complication, an accurate dynamic model of the PMSG system directly driven by WTE is difficult to establish for the linear controller design. In order to conquer this difficulty and improve the robustness of dynamic system, the PMSG system controlled by the online-tuned parameters of the novel modified recurrent wavelet neural network (NN)-controlled system is proposed to control output voltages and powers of controllable rectifier and inverter in this study. First, a closed-loop PMSM-driven system based on WTE is designed for driving the PMSG system to generate output power. Second, the rotor speeds of the PMSG, the voltages, and currents of the two power converters are detected simultaneously to yield maximum power output. In addition, two sets of the online-tuned parameters of the modified recurrent wavelet NN controllers in the controllable rectifier and inverter are developed for the voltage-regulating controllers in order to improve output performance. Finally, some experimental results are verified to show the effectiveness of the proposed novel modified recurrent wavelet NN controller for the power output of the PMSG system driven by WTE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Realization & control of a wind turbine. [•] Control of the system. [•] Injection to grid. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The authors present a small-scale wind turbine emulator based on the AC drive system and discuss the methods for power coefficient calculation. In the work, the experimental set-up consisting of an AC induction motor, a frequency converter, a synchronous permanent magnet generator, a DC-DC boost converter and DC load was simulated and tested using real-life equipment. The experimentally obtained wind turbine power and torque diagrams using the emulator are in a good agreement with the theoretical ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of wind farms has motivated the development of computational and experimental approaches which supplement needs related to teaching and research in the field of engineering. Even though there have already been recognized advances made in the field of computational modeling, the development of viable means through experiment to clarify the operation of wind farm complexes has become relevant to this area. In light of these facts, this study focuses on a comparative evaluation of two strategies which emulate wind turbines: one based on d.c. motors, the other on three-phase induction motors. In both cases, the apparatus is modeled on time-domain representation techniques and motor driving structures are proposed, allowing for the reproduction of features typically found in wind turbines. Lastly, experiments are realized and the results discussed for the confirmation of potentialities, along with the efficiency of the strategies used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel emulator for fixed pitch wind turbines that allows laboratory testing of the generator control systems associated with the turbines is presented. The novelty of the emulator is to be an open loop scheme. The emulator consists of the coupling in series of a source of DC voltage, a power resistance and a DC motor. The modification of the input DC voltage has the same effect as the variation of wind speed in a fixed pitch wind turbine. This article includes: 1) theoretical foundations of the emulator, 2) Excel and Simulink simulations, and 3) experimental results obtained in a bench of electrical machines. It is shown that the emulator can reproduce the mechanical power curves of a fixed pitch turbine, but with certain limitations at low speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The work presented in this paper analyses, with the help of experiments on a 2.2kW test bench, the possibility to participate in the primary frequency control with a variable speed wind generator. A power reserve is obtained with the help of the generator torque control by following a power reference value lower than the maximum power which must be extracted from the wind. This approach allows also using a part of the kinetic energy in the blades inertia to contribute to this reserve. The dynamic tests carried out on the test bench, by using medium and high variable wind speeds, confirm the capacity of the wind turbine generator (WTG) to participate in the primary frequency control. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]