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Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with the study of stamps on the most numerous imported Byzantine amphoras of the "Trebizond" group in the Golden Horde pottery assemblage. Amphoras of this group make 99% of all finds of imported container ceramics on the territory of the Golden Horde and came throughout the entire period of the existence of sedentary life in the state. More than half of all stamps on amphoras of this group are an emblem in the form of a straight grid of various variants. Less often there are epigraphic stamps with monograms or full forms of names or complicated ligatures of anagrams. Byzantine amphoras of the "Trebizond" group with stamps came to the Golden Horde in the first half of the XIV century.

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A nascent literature explores the impact of taste differences on trade. In gravity model estimations, the coefficient on geographic distance is large because it tends to capture such (usually unobservable) preference‐related frictions. We examine this question in the context of French wine, that is, a cultural good characterized by a great variety of types (i.e. accommodating a large heterogeneity in wine tastes) and of quality levels (from cheap table wine to the finest grands crus). A series of gravity models are estimated using the universe of French bottled wine exports by detailed appellation between 1998 and 2015. We use genetic distance as a proxy for taste differences inherited from biology and culture. We show that this interpretation is not ruled out by other possible roles of genetic distance on trade (i.e., microgeography or non‐gustatory cultural dimensions such as trust). We find that genetic distance has an independent effect on trade, explaining between 20% and 40% of the coefficient on geographic distance. Dynamic estimates confirm this result and establish both the persistent and contemporaneous effects of genetic differences. A heterogeneous analysis also corroborates previous findings in the literature showing that high‐tier goods tend to escape gravity. In addition, we find that premium wines escape the home bias associated with taste differences, possibly illustrating that luxury wines have become global iconic products purchased for status and investment motives rather than for gustatory pleasure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although they were a very economically active group in the 18th century and the first part of the following century, the cazaclii are still relatively unknown. With a Turkish-sounding name, these people formed a real bridge between the two Romanian principalities and the Eastern space, at a time of great political, social and economic change. In economic terms, the cazaclii can be seen as the last stage in the relations between the Cossack and Russian areas and the Romanian territories, which had their basis in the Middle Ages and which gradually took a different course after 1812 and after the reorientation of the principalities towards the Western political, cultural and economic area. The first wine merchants recorded in the sources as "cazaclii" appeared in Moldavia after 1700. One explanation for the intensification of trade relations between the principalities and the area controlled by the Cossacks can be found in Russia's efforts to expand its influence in this part of the continent. After Bogdan Khmelnitsky's Cossack uprising, Poland lost in stages the territories east of the Dnieper, which was the context in which the Cossacks sought to retain as much autonomy as possible for their hinterland. In 1764, the office of hetman was abolished, the following year the privileges of the Sloboda Ukraine Cossacks were also abolished, and in 1775 the military and administrative centre (sich) on the Dnieper of the Zaporizhian Cossacks was destroyed by order of Tsarina Catherine II. However, between the late 17th century and the 1760s and 1770s, the hetmans favoured trade and urban centres as part of a policy of openness in line with Russia's new political and economic directions, as envisaged by Peter I. The Cossacks came from towns both near and far from Moldavia: Nejin (Nizhyn), Kiev, Poltava, Kremenchuk, Kherson, along with Movilău (Mohyliv-Podilskyi), Dubăsari, Tiraspol, Camenița (Kamianets-Podilskyi) and Ovidiopol. Some brought furs and left with wine, others came especially for wine, the main source being the large Odobești vineyard in southern Moldavia. The peak of this trade was in the second half of the 18th century - first decade of the 19th century. Russia's takeover of the territory between the Prut and the Dniester rivers was followed by protectionist customs measures and the cultivation of its own vineyards, which reduced the presence of merchants in Moldavia. In this study we present the extent to which this trade took hold, the institutions involved, individual cases of cazaclii, and the challenges that faced their business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses gravity models to explain bilateral patterns of global wine trade since 1962. This is, to our knowledge, the first study on global wine trade covering the second wave of globalization as a whole. The results suggest that the impact of distance, common language, and common colonizer post-1945 on wine trade was lower in the 1991–2019 period than in the 1962–1990 period. We also use gravity models to explain the impact on bilateral wine trade patterns of similarities across countries in the mix of winegrape varieties in their vineyards. Although our models do not allow us to identify causality, the results suggest that countries trade more wine with each other the closer their mix of winegrape varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Strategic Issues of Northern Hungary ECONOMY-REGION-SOCIETY / Észak-magyarországi Stratégiai Füzetek GAZDASAG-REGIO-TARSADALOM is the property of University of Miskolc, Faculty of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the latest wave of globalization, the share of global wine production crossing national borders has trebled since the mid‐1980s, to more than 40%. Prior to then, wine was confined mostly to southern Europe with very little trade outside Europe. Why was wine globalization so belated? Why did it take so long for wine exports to take off even in the New World regions of European settlement? This article addresses these questions and also seeks to explain the bilateral patterns of wine trade. It concludes by speculating briefly on how wine markets might develop in the foreseeable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the question of exports of wine amphorae from Hispania Citerior Tarraconensis to Carthage. Delattre’s study of the second wall of amphorae and its re-examination by J. Freed are the starting point, coupled with results from the more recent excavations, notably those of the German Archaeological Institute. Recent publications relating to the amphora production centers of the Citerior Tarraconensis have marked significant advances in the epigraphy and typology of these amphorae. This permits a new summary of these commercial activities. Since Layetania was a major player in this trade, special attention is paid to Lauronense wine.

The article focuses on winegrowing, winemaking and wine consumption in Russia before October 1917. At the turn of the century, there were two competing narratives on Russian viticulture: the first posited viticulture as prosperous with a radiant future; the second asserted a fundamental crisis in viticulture. This article explores the extent to which war and revolution helped undermine the foundations of viticulture and the wellbeing of winegrowers. It argues that, although war and revolution had deleterious effects on viticulture, structural deficits (such as a pronounced lack of financial capital, technical knowledge) as well as consumer preferences undercut the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamic law protects the human body and mind from being severely affected and out of control, and the responsibilities of personal dignity, family relations, social relations, economic system, and professional life are subject to various aspects and complex problems, frightening and devastating. Therefore, the Holy Qur'an and Hadith explicitly command the prohibition of wine and its use. Khmer means 'cover' and 'concealment' because it covers the intellect and destroys the sense of perception, which is extracted from the juice of commodities or fruits (dates, honey, wheat, corn, and barley). Based on this, all types of drugs (alcohol, pills, injections, hashish, opium, and heroin) are haram and the name Khmer (alcohol) applies to them because they are intoxicating. It is illegal to trade them. The punishment of drinking Khmer is different according to the leading Imams: forty lashes Shafi'i, Dawood, Ibn Hazm while Abu Hanifa, Malik, and Ahmad are in favor of eighty. Depending on the circumstances and expediency of the drinker, the drinker may be restricted to a palm branch, hands, shoes, clothes, and whips. The person was sentenced to three times for drinking wine, then for the fourth time, he is ordered to be killed. If a drunkard confesses to drinking wine even once or if two Muslims testify that he has used intoxicating liquor, then he will be found to be intoxicated. If some wicked people are found together on wine, some are intoxicated and some have bad breath, then everyone will feel the limit, and similarly, it is undesirable to attend the gatherings of drunkards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to analyze the determinants of world wine exports in the first globalization, taking into account the principal exporting countries and using an extended version of the gravity model. The article distinguishes between ordinary- and high-quality wines. Our econometric results show that wine exports were not affected by the increase in the size of the markets of consuming countries, since in most of them wine was an alcoholic beverage consumed by a very small minority of the population. The harvests of the producing countries, particularly in preceding years, significantly and positively affected their exports. Conversely, the harvests of importers hurt exports as there was a home bias in consumption due to cultural, price, or tariff protection reasons. In the interwar period, the wine trade was severely affected by a series of shocks such as WWI, the Soviet revolution, the Prohibition, and the 1930s depression. As was the case with trade as a whole, the fall in transaction costs, favored exports, at least those of lower-priced and lower-quality wine. However, the liberalization of trade had a lesser impact on wine than on other products. (JEL Classifications: F14, N50, Q13, Q17) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic History Research / Investigaciones de Historia Económica is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Historia Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bordeaux wine was traded to Northern Europe and Britain throughout the early modern period. In the early nineteenth century, the family company J. Calvet & Co was founded in the Rhone Valley and by mid-century relocated to Bordeaux. This company's atypical inter-regionalism became the basis for its successful international expansion from the 1860s. Then, from the 1880s to the First World War, the third generation of the Calvet family further extended supply networks and outlets in Europe and America. The Calvet strategy of sending family agents and other trusted employees overseas and a marked diversification in the sources of wine they sold to wine retailers enabled the firm to strengthen its position despite production crises and rising competition. By focusing on this innovative family firm, the present essay offers a new perspective on the emergence of a modern, global wine market centered in Bordeaux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Armenian Tradesmen’s Share in Wine Trade in Piotrków in the 17th and 18th Centuries In the 17th and 18th the patriciate in P iotrków amassed fortune due to profits from wine trade activity. The profits also were going to A rmenian pockets, as A rmenian tradesmen were settling in town. The preserved sources, however scarce, help trace A rmenian commercial activity and define its status on the local wine market. A t that time the following A rmenian families dealt in wine: the A ugustynowicz, the A ntoniewicz, the Derjakubowicz, the Balsamowicz, and the M uradowicz. A s Greek commercial competitors grew stronger, A rmenians gradually moved to other urban centres. Both Greek and I talian tradesmen soon came to replace them in P iotrków. They used to dominate that market in the 16th century.

This study discusses a new type of Late Antique (second half of seventh century ad) Palestinian commercial amphora. Archaeological finds from surveys and excavations, along with petrographic analysis, indicate that this amphora type was produced in and/or around the town of Yavneh, on the southern coastal plain of historical Palestine. The morphology of the Yavneh-type amphora is alien to local ceramic traditions but has strong affiliations with the contemporaneous Mediterranean and Black Sea globular amphorae group; nevertheless, it has no close parallels among the many types of Late Antique and early medieval globular amphorae known from regions outside Palestine. Furthermore, the distribution of this amphora is thus far confined only to the vicinity of Yavneh and to two Christian sites in northern Egypt. These and other data make it possible to suggest that the production of the Palestinian globular amphorae was short-lived, geographically restricted and marginal in terms of its role in the local economy, and that these amphorae might have carried Palestinian wine marketed to ecclesiastical communities in Egypt. Overall, the study of these amphorae contributes to knowledge about the local ceramic repertoire and international trade connections in the first decades after the coming of Islam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The world's first GIs were in the wine sector and delineated the 'terroirs' of Burgundy, Port, Chianti and Champagne. • Trade was important in the creation of all 'terroirs' but through different mechanisms. • Later adjustments in the GIs were caused by changes in political power, economic philosophy and infrastructure. • Economic (efficiency) and political (redistributive) elements interacted in the delineation of GIs. Abstract The world's first geographical indications (GIs) were in the wine sector and focused on the delineation of the location of production, the ' terroirs ': the Burgundy wines in the fifteenth century, the Port wines and Chianti wines in the eighteenth century, and the Champagne wines in the early twentieth century. We analyze the causes for the introduction of these GIs (' terroirs ') and for changes in their delineation (expansion) later on. Trade played a very important role in the creation of the ' terroir s' but the mechanisms through which trade stimulated GIs varied. For the Port and Chianti GIs it was exports to foreign markets (Britain) that were crucial; for Burgundy it was domestic trade to Paris; and for the Champagne GI it was not exports but pressure from wine imports and new wine regions that played a crucial role. For the expansions of the GIs later in history, other factors seem to have been more important. Expansions of the GIs in the years and centuries after their introduction followed (1) major changes in political power; (2) the spread of a new philosophy in liberal and free markets across Europe; (3) and infrastructure investments which opened up markets and made exports cheaper from "new" producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the progressively globalising world, wine trade is changing shape. In recent decades, major wine producers have suffered a remarkable drop in their domestic wine consumption, while New World wine producers have increased their production potential and induced new demand in foreign markets. These changes have been accompanied by a geographical relocation of wine consumption and trade. The aim of our paper is to analyse the effect of cultural-geographical proximity, free trade and the role of linguistic similarity on bilateral wine trade in the world major wine producer countries, employing balanced panel gravity model. Regression results suggest that larger countries export more wine, while transport costs increase in line with geographical distance, especially for landlocked trading partners. Moreover, global wine export costs are lower if trading partners are culturally similar; have the same religion or both are members of the WTO or have regional trade agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Dramatic changes in the 1860–1970 wine trade provide insights on the political economy of regulations and policy instrument choice and trade. An invasion of Phylloxera in the 1870s turned France from the world's leading exporter to a massive importer of wine and grapes. When French production recovered a combination of tariffs, safety regulations and quality standards were introduced to protect its French producers, causing dramatic changes in global wine and grape production and trade, including in Spain, Italy, Turkey, Greece, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. Changes in wine regulations were caused by relative income and loss aversion factors in political economy. Tariffs were the preferred policy instruments as they directly restrict imports, bring in revenues, have low transaction costs and are preferred political instruments when there are information imperfections. Safety regulations and quality standards, including labelling and input prohibitions, reduce asymmetric information for consumers or undesirable externalities, and simultaneously protected domestic producers. Regulations were often targeted at imported products (wine and raisins) when tariffs were ineffective or constrained by institutions (such as on colonial wine). Hence, tariffs and quality regulations were jointly used in wine policy, both as complements and as substitutes in policy design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 17th and 18th the patriciate in Piotrków amassed fortune due to profits from wine trade activity. The profits also were going to Armenian pockets, as Armenian tradesmen were settling in town. The preserved sources, however scarce, help trace Armenian commercial activity and define its status on the local wine market. At that time the following Armenian families dealt in wine: the Augustynowicz, the Antoniewicz, the Derjakubowicz, the Balsamowicz, and the Muradowicz. As Greek commercial competitors grew stronger, Armenians gradually moved to other urban centres. Both Greek and Italian tradesmen soon came to replace them in Piotrków. They used to dominate that market in the 16th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the tendencies of grapes growing, wine trading and wine price competitiveness in Central European region. Croatia is net exporter of wines, Hungary is net exporter of grapes and wines, and Austria, Slovakia, and Slovenia are net importers of grapes and wines. Reductions in vineyards and increase in yields are found for Austria, Hungary, and Slovakia. More stable developments in vineyards, but decline in yields, are found for Croatia and Slovenia. Grape production increases in Austria, remains stable in Croatia, explores annual oscillations in Hungary, and declines in Slovakia and Slovenia. Export-to-import wine prices deteriorate for Austria and Hungary with most recent stabilization and price similarity, which hold also for Slovakia. Slovenian export-to-import wine prices are unstable, while Croatia experiences a bit higher export than import wine prices. Wine marketing, wine brand image of quality, and wine tourism are seen as tools to improve competitiveness in the wine sector.

The Jerez-Xérès-Sherry and Manzanilla de Sanlúcar de Barrameda wines are one of the most famous world wide forits peculiar method of production, forits different types and forits quality. They have been the most exported wines from Spain during the nineteenth century and most of the twentieth. They have occupied a prominent place in the Spanish trade balance in the nineteenth century. One of the most relevant characteristics of these wines is their exporting vocation, with the foreign market being their main destination. Currently, Jerez wines export more than 70% of their production, with the UK, Holland and Germany being their main markets, apart from being present in almost a hundred countries. In the present article we analysis commercial evolution and its trends in its main markets in the period between 1982 and 2012. We also point out and analysis causes of its decline and the different restructuring plans put in place to balance supply and demand and also face the process of globalization of the international wine market to gain foreign market shares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines business activities in the Portuguese Atlantic island of Madeira in the 18th century to provide understanding on the role played by Scots in the construction of the British Empire. Topics covered include the introduction of merchant James Gordon to the Madeira business, the development of trading networks as depicted in the papers of the Gordons of Letterfourie, and the opportunities offered by the Madeira trade to Catholics.

Wine is a very special product from an economic, cultural, and sociological point of view. Wine culture and wine trade play an important role in Hungary. The effect of cultural and geographical proximity on international trade has already been proven in the international trade literature. The size of bilateral trade flows between any two countries can be approximated by the gravity theory of trade. The gravity model provides empirical evidence of the relationship between the size of the economies, the distances between them, and their trade. This paper seeks to analyse the effect of cultural and geographical proximity on Hungary's bilateral wine trade between 2000 and 2012, employing the gravity equation. The analysis is based on data from the World Bank WITS, WDI, as well as CEPII, and WTO databases. I apply OLS, Random Effects, Poisson, Pseudo-Poisson-Maximum-Likelihood and Heckman two stage estimators to calculate the gravity regression. The results show that in the case of Hungary, cultural similarity and trade liberalisation have a positive impact, while geographical distance, landlockedness, and contiguity have a negative impact on Hungarian wine exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competitiveness in international wine markets has intensified during the recent years. The dynamic and revitalized presence of non-European producers (e.g. Australia, Chile, South Africa, USA), who have seen their market shares rising rapidly and the subsequent reduction in the market shares of traditional European producers (e.g. France, Italy, Greece) alongside a slight decrease of wine consumption worldwide, have shaped new trends for wine markets internationally and contemporary challenges for the traditional European wine exporters. The aim of the present study is to investigate the determinants of the Greek wine exports and to assess its competitiveness in the European market. Primary data regarding wine trade has been collected for the period of 2004-2011, referring to four main European producer countries, namely Greece, France, Germany and Bulgaria. A gravity equation model has been estimated in order to examine the factors that determine wine exports and wine exports competitiveness among those countries. The results offer a clear picture of the wine trade dynamics in the EU market, indicating as key determinants for its competitiveness the size of each country's economy, the geographical distance from other EU countries, the presence of common borders or common language among trading nations as well as the size of per capita wine consumption to the European wine markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the socio-economic dynamics in Crete under Venetian rule, particularly in the sixteenth century, a critical period for the power of the Republic of Venice in the eastern Mediterranean. There is an attempt to approach these processes by examining the evolution of a Cretan family named Episcopopulo, which originated from the middle social stratum, the so-called cittadini (citizens). The essay tries, after outlining the socio-political characteristics of the intermediate social group, to illuminate aspects of the history of this family, who strove to find its way in an environment marked by fermentations and changes in the political, financial, ideological and social field. The study, among other things, examines the various professional activities of the family members and the practices they utilized to achieve a decisive improvement in their financial status. It also highlights the strategies they employed to their rise in the social hierarchy, as well as their persistent efforts, after acquiring a title of nobility, to retain and increase their wealth and to enhance their role in the public sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wine is an extensively traded product that is a common target for retaliation in trade disputes. We analyze the impact of tariffs and tariff retaliation by estimating a structural gravity model of global wine trade. We then simulate the effects of tariffs and tariff retaliation, as well as the effects of trade liberalization, on trade and welfare in the international market for wine. We show that recent trade disputes threaten to reduce wine trade by nearly $340 million annually and significantly reduce consumer welfare, while complete trade liberalization would expand trade by roughly $76 million. • Wine is heavily targeted in trade wars, causing millions of dollars in trade losses. • The recent US-EU trade dispute caused major collateral damage to the wine sector. • Collateral effects of trade wars on unrelated sectors create economic inefficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia Contemporanea is the property of Historia Contemporania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The importance of wine trade between Roman provinces in the North-Western Mediterranean during the Augustan period is evidenced by several shipwrecks found along the coasts of Catalunya and Southern France. Among them are the Cap del Vol (Port de la Selva) and Els Ullastres (Palafrugell) shipwrecks, located near the northern coast of Catalunya, which are supposed to trade wine in Pascual 1 amphorae from Hispania Tarraconensis to Gallia Narbonensis. Type Pascual 1 was the most widely produced and the one that lasted longer among the amphorae used to transport Tarraconensis wine. In the framework of our recent research on inter-provincial maritime trade in the Early Roman Empire, we will present the results of the archaeometric study of 40 Pascual 1 amphorae from the two shipwrecks, aimed at identifying the workshops of origin within the Tarraconensis province. Provenance investigation was based on chemical analysis by XRF and thin section analysis. Besides, XRD and SEM–EDS analyses were also carried out in order to identify secondary mineral phases and alteration processes taking place during deposition in the maritime environment, which must be considered to establish valid chemical reference groups. The results have been compared with the large analytical database on amphora productions from many workshops of the Tarraconensis province available at the ERAAUB. The archaeometric study revealed that Pascual 1 amphorae from both shipwrecks were produced in specific workshops placed on the Central Catalan coast, near the main Roman cities of Baetulo (Badalona) and Iluro (Mataró). This result points to the important role of these two cities in the economic expansion of Tarraconensis during the Augustan period. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article argues that exporters' brands were an unsuccessful response to the problems of selling sherry in the British market caused by quality uncertainty. Sherry exporters' brands were unable to sustain their reputation and price advantage. The sale of sherry-type wines increased substantially after World War II to account for 50% of the British market, but exporters failed to take legal action against them. The inelastic supply of wines in Jerez in the short run, which caused difficulties in meeting the increasing demand for sherry, explains the sale of cheap sherries by exporters as well as their acquiescence of the use of the word 'sherry' by imitators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]