Search

In current Salt Lake Industry, the dodecyl morpholine (DMP) organic flotation agent is widely used, and bring an enormous harm to the fragile ecological aquatic environment. In this work, a green and eco-friendly photocatalytic technique has been attempted to tackle the environmental crisis in the Plateau Salt Lake. Here, WO 3 /g-C 3 N 4 series of composites (WO/gCN-X) with different mass ratio of W/C were prepared by heat treatment and following the hydrothermal reaction. The construction of WO/gCN-X heterojunction promoted the photo-degradation efficiency of DMP under the sunlight irradiation dramatically. The optimized WO/gCN-5 sample achieved an impressive DMP degradation efficiency rate of 73 % within 60 min light irradiation, increasing 4.1- and 3.9-fold of WO 3 and g-C 3 N 4 , respectively. Meanwhile, WO/gCN-5 sample presented excellent cycling stability, which has important directive for the practical application. Such a dramatically enhancement is largely due to the construction of Z-scheme heterojunction between WO 3 and g-C 3 N 4 , which can efficient suppress the recombination of photo-excited charge carriers and promote the redox ability simultaneously. Certainly, its bigger specific surface area and stronger optical harvesting capability also play a positive role. This research offers a new perceptiveness for the construction of a promising photocatalysts with perfect performance for removing flotation agent in Salt Lake Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of metal oxide thin films can greatly affect their gas sensing properties. However, the structure-property relationship has not been fully established for the NO 2 sensing properties of WO 3 thin films. In this study, WO 3 thin films with two distinct structures have been prepared by the sol-gel technique via employing two different precursor sols. Dense and porous WO 3 thin films were successfully prepared as tungsten and WCl 6 was used as the precursor source, respectively. Both WO 3 thin films are exclusively sensitive to NO 2 as low as 80 ppb. Porous WO 3 thin films exhibit higher response toward NO 2 but slower response/recovery kinetics as compared to the dense ones. Hall measurement and electrochromic coloration confirm the higher carrier mobility in the porous WO 3 thin films. The response/recovery kinetics is found to be determined by the gas-solid reaction (receptor function), which is combinedly influenced by the porosity and grain size of the WO 3 thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-area electrochromic films with high stability under high temperatures and humid conditions are essential for the commercialization of smart windows. In this paper, we introduce a new cathodic coloration Nb 18 W 16 O 93 thin film produced using sputtering that exhibits excellent electrochromic modulation, superior chemical stability, and cyclic durability owing to its stable host structure for ion intercalation. The electrochemical properties of the as-grown Nb 18 W 16 O 93 thin films, including charge density and transmittance modulation, were enhanced with increasing deposition temperatures. The annealed Nb 18 W 16 O 93 thin films (grown at room temperature) exhibited comparable electrochromic performances to films grown at high temperatures. Electrochromic devices composed of annealed and high-temperature-grown Nb 18 W 16 O 93 thin films exhibited excellent durability and nearly identical transmittance modulation, even after 10,000 test cycles. Furthermore, degradation of the surface morphology of the Nb 18 W 16 O 93 thin films after etching in heated water was alleviated, suggesting high stability under hot and humid conditions, whereas the flat surface of the room-temperature-grown WO 3 thin films degraded significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tailoring surface components and nanostructures via integration of dual transition metal heteroatoms is a highly effective technique for the design and synthesis of electrocatalysts with superior performance. In this study, we report WS₂/WO₃ nanostructure enriched with sulphur and oxygen vacancies, embedded within laser-induced graphene (LIG) as carbon support, to improve alkaline and seawater splitting applications for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The LIG-WS₂/WO₃ nanohybrid demonstrates high OER activity and improved stability due to the synergistic interaction between LIG, WS₂, WO₃, and optimized proportion of sulphur and oxygen vacancies, which facilitates efficient charge transfer, reduces recombination losses and allows significant tuning of various electrocatalytic parameters as a function of annealing temperature. The optimized sample, LWSO@450, exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity with a low overpotential of 350 mV at a current density of 50 mA/cm2 and an exceptionally low Tafel slope of 33 mV/decade in an alkaline medium. Moreover, the high electrochemically active surface area of 134 cm2, mass activity of 60 A/g, and turnover frequency of 0.012 s⁻1 indicate a substantial number of active sites. These findings highlight the considerable potential of this catalyst in various electrochemical domains, particularly in energy conversion, and other renewable energy systems, due to its cost-effectiveness, availability, and scalability. [Display omitted] • WS 2 /WO 3 nanohybrids incorporated laser induced graphene for OER. • Annealing controlled phase transformation of WS 2 to WO 3. • Optimized sample LWSO@450 exhibits 350 mV at a current density of 50 mA/cm2. • Tafel slope of 33 mV/decade in alkaline medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface engineering techniques can be used to develop high-performance gas sensing materials and advance the development of sensors. In this study, we improved the gas sensing performance of two-dimensional (2D) WO3 nanoplates by combining surface Zn modification and the in situ formation of ZnWO4/WO3 heterojunctions. Introducing Zn atoms by surface modification can reconstruct the atomic surface of 2D WO3 nanoplates, creating additional active sites. This allowed for the preparation of various types of ZnWO4/WO3 heterojunctions on the surface of the WO3 nanoplates, which improved the selectivity and sensitivity to the target gas triethylamine. The sensor exhibited good gas sensing performance for triethylamine even at low operating temperatures and strongly resisted humidity changes. The ZnWO4/WO3 material we prepared demonstrated a nearly threefold improvement in the triethylamine (TEA) response, with a gas sensing responsivity of 40.75 for 10 ppm of TEA at 250 °C. The sensor based on ZnWO4/WO3 has a limit of detection (LOD) for TEA of 200 ppb in practical measurements (its theoretical LOD is even as low as 31 ppb). The method of growing ZnWO4 on the surface of WO3 nanoplates using surface modification techniques to form surface heterojunctions differs from ordinary composites. The results suggest that the in situ construction of surface heterojunctions using surface engineering strategies, such as in situ modifying, is a practical approach to enhance the gas sensing properties and resistance to the humidity changes of metal oxide materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve high performance in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), it is very vital to engineer the recombination and extraction of the hole–electron pairs at the electron transport layer (ETL)/perovskite interface. In this research, the main idea is to improve the photovoltaic performance of the cells by modifying the compact ETL surface (≈50 nm thick) by inserting a <10 nm thick ultra-thin layer (UTL) of metal oxide. For this purpose, all types of single layer and bilayer structured ETLs of TiO2, SnO2 and WO3, i.e., three common metal oxide electron transport materials in PSCs, were fabricated using the reproducible and industry-compatible radio-frequency sputtering method and their function as ETLs was then compared. These ETLs and cells were characterized for structural and electrical properties by FESEM, XRD, Mott–Schottky analysis, UV–Vis spectroscopy and J–V measurements. It was found that a significant increase in cell efficiency is achieved due to more efficient energy band alignment using the bilayer structures of TiO2/WO3-UTL, SnO2/WO3-UTL and TiO2/SnO2-UTL. Conversely, reduced efficiency is observed when using their inverted structures, namely WO3/TiO2-UTL, WO3/SnO2-UTL and SnO2/TiO2-UTL. These results suggest a simple and promising strategy to increase the efficiency of photovoltaic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce the pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) approach in this study to synthesize tungsten oxide nanoparticles suspended in double die ionized water (DDIW). Several laser fluences of a Nd:YAG laser's second harmonic (532 nm) were used for the ablation at 109, 129, 149, 169, and 189 J/cm2, respectively. X-ray pattern showed polycrystalline structure with preferred orientation at (220) plane corresponding to 58.7° diffraction angle. The optical bandgap energy was found to increase as the laser fluence increases from 2.83 to 3.21 eV, with the increase in the laser fluence up to 189 J/cm2, respectively. The calculated optical bandgaps and the results from photoluminescence are in very good agreement. This work shows that there is a laser fluence threshold beyond which the Brus equation does not take place; this means at a specific laser fluence the energy gap of the prepared nanomaterial increases with laser fluence instead of decreasing as known in all published articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gasochromic properties of WO 3 thin films deposited by electron beam evaporation were investigated, focusing on their structural, morphology and optical changes caused by heat treatment. Moreover, the influence of the thickness and type of catalyst on the gasochromic properties of WO 3 was examined. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that WO 3 thin films annealed up to 473 K remained amorphous, whereas annealing at 673 K and above, initiated crystallization into a monoclinic structure. Gasochromic behaviour was observed in response to hydrogen exposure, with the most significant changes occurring in films annealed at 673 K with a thin adlayer of palladium catalyst. A gasochromic response of 1.84 was achieved for H 2 concentration as low as 25 ppm. The process of gasochromic colouration was correlated with the changes of free charge carrier concentration calculated based on Drude free electron theory. XPS analysis confirms WO 3 reduction under hydrogen exposure, validating proposed colouration mechanisms. These comprehensive findings offer insights into optimizing gasochromic thin films for various sensing applications. [Display omitted] • Thermal treatment at 673 K enhanced a gasochromic response of WO 3. • Type and thickness of catalyst influenced on gasochromic response of WO 3. • Very high gasochromic response of 1.84 for WO 3 was obtained for 25 ppm of H 2. • Free charge carrier concentration in WO 3 films increased after exposure to H 2. • XPS revealed that tungsten oxidation state decreased upon exposure to H 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen (H2) is considered to be a future fuel because of its high energy density and could replace fossil fuels. It can be produced in a greener way by using abundant solar light and saline water and applying a photoelectrochemical (PEC) pathway. To produce green H2, WO3 2D nanosheets are developed, and their performance in saline water splitting is studied under PEC conditions. WO3 is very efficient in absorbing visible light from solar irradiation; however, it suffers from low charge-transfer rates, which inhibits its PEC performance. To increase the charge transportation ability, WO3 is sensitized with sulfur/nitrogen-codoped carbon dots (SNCDs). Impedance analysis indicates an enhanced charge transportation ability of the formed heterostructure. The best-obtained heterostructure of WO3 and SNCDs exhibits nearly 1.62 times more photocurrent density than bare WO3. Bare WO3 nanosheets can produce a photocurrent density of 1.59 mA/cm2 at 1.39 V vs Ag/AgCl. The best-obtained heterostructure of WO3 and SNCDs can produce photocurrent density of 2.57 mA/cm2 at 1.39 V vs Ag/AgCl. A type II staggered heterostructure of WO3/SNCDs leads to improved PEC activity. Enhanced carrier density and lowered charge-transfer resistances are observed from Mott–Schottky and PEC impedance analyses, respectively. The carrier density increases nearly 84 times in the heterostructure. The heterostructure exhibits effective photostability under uninterrupted illumination for 2 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidation of cyclohexane (Cy) to cyclohexanone (Cy=O) and cyclohexanol (CyOH) is an important industrial process for the industry. Cy=O acts as an important intermediate, which is widely used to yield nylon-6 in the chemical industry. However, CyOH and Cy=O have a similar boiling point, which makes it hard to separate. Thus, the development of new materials is important for the separation of CyOH and Cy=O. In this work, based on the DFT calculations, we investigated the adsorption energies and configurations of Cy, Cy=O and CyOH on clean and organic materials modified WO3 (001) surface. The charge density difference and density of states were used to reveal the charge transfer between guest molecules and WO3 (001) surface. The calculated results show that CyOH prefers to adsorb on the silane-modified WO3 (001) surface, while Cy=O has stronger adsorption energy on the hexamethyldisiloxane-modified WO3 (001) surface than the others. This theoretical study might facilitate to development and design of new materials, which are used for the separation of Cy=O, and CyOH. Furthermore, this approach can guide the experiments and reduce the workload. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a tungsten trioxide (WO3) thin film was deposited by direct current (DC) sputtering onto a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate as the seed layer at an oxygen partial pressure of 8 × 10−4 mbar. A simple solvothermal method involving tungsten hexacarbonyl (W(CO)6), ethanol (C2H5OH), and hydrochloric acid (HCl) was used to synthesize vertically stacked nanoscale WO3 hierarchical structures on WO3 seed-layered FTO. After the deposition process, the FTO samples with nanostructures were subjected to annealing in air at 400°C for 4 h. After annealing, the surface morphology, structural characteristics, and optical and electrochromic properties of the grown nanostructures were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, and electrochemical analysis. From the XRD analysis, all the diffraction patterns were ascribed to a monoclinic phase. The SEM analysis showed that films grown with 5 μL HCl had a nanoflower structure compared to the films grown with 0 μL HCl and 20 μL HCl. The nanoflower-structured films showed a higher cathodic peak current (−2.22 mA), diffusion coefficient (5.43 × 10−9 cm2/s), and coloration efficiency (23.6 cm2/C). The increased electrochromic characteristics were attributed to the nanostructured films, which enhanced the diffusion of H+ ions by providing a large surface area during the charge transfer process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to develop an efficient, easily recoverable membrane-based photocatalyst for removing organic pollutants from aqueous solutions. This study documents the effective synthesis of a novel composite photocatalyst comprising WO3/g-C3N4 (WCN) loaded onto cellulose acetate (CA). The physicochemical properties of the synthesized nanocomposites were validated using a range of techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. SEM analysis revealed that the WCN particles exhibited a well-decorated arrangement on the CA surface in the form of spherical particles. The successfully synthesized film was utilized as a potential adsorbent for removing organic pollutants such as Rhodamine B (Rh-B) and Methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions under UV light illumination. The results showcased the significant potential of the WCN@CA nanocomposite, achieving a remarkable 83% and 85% efficiency in eliminating Rh-B and MB. The pseudo-first-order kinetic models were found to be appropriate for both dye adsorption onto the WCN@CA nanocomposite. The WCN@CA catalyst, capable of being reused five times without significant loss of efficiency, shows great potential for decomposing toxic organic pollutants. The novelty of this work lies in the innovative combination of WCN with CA, resulting in a highly efficient and reusable photocatalyst for environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the deep integration of industries such as the Internet of Things (Iot), big data, and artificial intelligence, sensors are becoming more and more interconnected and intelligent, which also poses a higher challenge to the development of gas sensors with excellent gas sensitive performance. WO 3 -based gas sensors are widely used in the detection of H 2 S and NH 3 gases because of their unique electrical characteristics. This paper reviews the progress of WO 3 -based chemoresistive gas sensors for the difficult-to-remove reducing gases H 2 S and NH 3. First, the sensing mechanism of pure-phase WO 3 as well as the enhancement of WO 3 sensing through modification strategies, including the construction of heterojunctions, the electronic and chemical sensitization mechanisms of noble metal modifications, the protonation/deprotonation process of polyaniline (PANI), and photoexcitation, are discussed. In addition, the application of WO 3 gas sensors using different nanostructures (such as quantum dots, nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes, nanofibers, and flowers) for the detection of H 2 S and NH 3 gases is summarized in detail. Although pure-phase WO 3 can effectively detect toxic and hazardous gases, it still has the disadvantages of low sensitivity, poor selectivity and high operating temperature. Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) compounding, ion doping, noble metal modification, organic conductive polymer compounding, carbon-based material loading, transition metal-disulfide compounds (TMDCs) modification, and light can effectively improve the gas-sensitive properties. Finally, the challenges and prospects of WO 3 -based H 2 S and NH 3 gas sensors are also thoroughly analyzed and discussed. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the Fabry–Perot (F–P) cavity electrochromic devices, which are constructed by combining nano-size inorganic electrochromic material WO 3 and reflective metal layers, have attracted considerable attention due to their potentials in the fields of dynamic multicolor displays and active camouflage. However, in the few studies that have been reported, the peak reflectance of flexible F–P cavity multicolor electrochromic devices in the visible wavelength band is generally lower than 30 %, which limits their reflective display and camouflage effects in high-brightness environments. Thus, we have combined multicolor reflective electrochromic electrodes in WO 3 /Au asymmetric F–P nanocavity constructed by magnetron sputtering on a Nylon 66 porous substrate with a highly transparent UV-cured gel electrolyte and a PET plastic sealing procedure. As a result, a flexible and dynamic multicolor electrochromic skin with high reflectance (R max ＞50 %) and excellent flexibility (bending radius of 4 mm) has been fabricated. The WO 3 electrochromic layer at the top works as the dynamic dielectric layer in the broadband absorption Fabry–Perot cavity, and the inert metal Au layer at the bottom works as the reflective layer. The WO 3 /Au asymmetric F–P cavity can acutely capture the variation in optical constants of WO 3 due to the thickness change and electric-driven effects. This cavity facilitates the selective reflection and absorption of the energy distribution of the spectrum after the induced interferometric resonance. As a result, the cavity exhibits a rich array of structural colors, including ocher, taupe, yellow, orange, green, and violet. The electrochromic skin exhibits a fast switching time and maintains 99.43 % of the optical modulation amplitude (ΔR) after 110 coloring/bleaching cycles. It provides a potential option in the field of flexible high-brightness reflective displays and dynamic camouflage in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution, along with climate change, poses significant risks to human health. One of the major contributors to air pollution, particularly in urban areas, is nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Continuous real-time monitoring of NO2 is necessary for the protection of human health and the environment. Currently, efforts are concentrated across the globe toward the development of compact NO2 sensors that exhibit higher responses at lower operating temperatures. In the present work, conductometric gas sensors based on tungsten trioxide (WO3), tin oxide (SnO2), and tin oxide–tungsten trioxide (WO3-SnO2) composites have been developed using the chemical solution deposition (CSD) technique for NO2 detection. The investigation of the sensing response was conducted over a range of temperatures, spanning from 30°C to 180°C towards 10 ppm of NO2. The pristine WO3 sensor showed a maximum response of ~ 535 at 150°C with a response time of 21 s and recovery time of 126 s, whereas the WO3-SnO2 composite sensor showed a maximum response of ~ 209 at a relatively lower temperature of 120°C with a response time of 37 s and recovery time of 135 s. The composite sensor thus shows the potential for the realization of an efficient NO2 sensor at a lower operating temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Nowadays, the use of natural wastes and adsorbents along with their modification by simple and new methods based on metal oxides to remove dye pollutants has been the focus of many researchers. In this study, for the first time, simple and low-cost modification of eggshell (EGS) with tungsten oxide (WO3) based on the photochemical modification method as a green, ultra-fast, cost-effective, and biodegradable adsorbent is reported to remove of methylene blue (MB) dye pollutant. The EGS modified by WO3 was investigated by EDX, EDX mapping, XRD, FE-SEM, and UV–Vis Diffuse Reflectance (DRS) analyses. The obtained results show that the modified EGS by WO3 has more than ten times (78.5%) the ability to remove MB dye pollutant within 3 min compared to bare EGS (11%). Various parameters including dye pollutant pH, dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, and reusability of the WO3/EGS adsorbent for removal of MB dye pollutant were investigated and the result show that the adsorbent capacity of WO3/EGS is 1.64 mg g−1. EGS adsorbent The synthesis of WO3/EGS adsorbent with a novel photochemical method as a fast and very cheap adsorbent with excellent efficiency can be a promising alternative adsorbent for various purposes in removing dye pollutants from water environments.

In this research, a novel nano-biocomposite material, namely, tungsten trioxide-Butea monosperma leaf powder (WO3@BLP), is an effective and eco-friendly adsorbent used for the mitigation of congo red (CR) and crystal violet (CV) dyes from its aqueous phase. The as-prepared WO3@BLP was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), DLS analysis, and TGA. Many factors such as solution pH, WO3@BLP dose, temperature, contact time, and initial CR/CV dye concentrations were exploited to monitor the adsorption efficiency of WO3@BLP composites. The biosorption of both CR and CV dyes followed the Langmuir isotherm, with maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) reaching 84.91 mg g−1 for CR at pH 2.3 and 162.75 mg g−1 for CV at pH 8, fitting of kinetics data to the PSO model with closed values of qeexp (mg g−1) and qecal (mg g−1), i.e., 25.69 to 25.38 mg g−1 for CR dye and 29.06 to 29.08 mg g−1 for CV dye. The interaction mechanism behind the adsorption of CR and CV dyes onto the WO3@BLP bionanocomposite includes electrostatic interaction and surface complexation. The synthesized materials were tested for antifungal activity against three different Candida cells, i.e., C. albicans ATCC 90028, C. glabrata ATCC 90030, and C. tropicalis ATCC 750, by using broth dilution method on the minimum inhibiting concentration (MIC). Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of nano-formulated WO3@BLP was studied by in vitro hemolytic assay on a human host. Overall, this research presents a pioneering nano-biocomposite, WO3@BLP, as a sustainable adsorbent for CR and CV dye removal, adhering to Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics. Its multifaceted approach includes elucidating interaction mechanisms, demonstrating antifungal activity, and assessing cytotoxicity, marking a significant advancement in environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic pollutants such as dyes and pharmaceutical drugs have become a significant environmental problem due to their unrestricted discharge, especially in water bodies. As a result, an economically viable and environmentally friendly approach to their degradation in water bodies is required and the incorporation of metal tungstate with single metal oxide has attracted attention due to its potential ability towards the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants. The work demonstrates a WO3/g-C3N4/V2O5 nanocomposite synthesized using a facile route wet impregnation method. The results revealed that WO3/g-C3N4/V2O5 nanocomposites are suitable, mainly for their better surface properties, enhanced visible-light absorption, and preferred band positions. Besides that, the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye is carried out and demonstrated that the complete degradation occurs over 120 min using 10 mg L−1 of WO3/g-C3N4/V2O5 nanocomposite under UV–visible-light irradiation. The scavenger experimental result implies that the photogenerated free electrons and superoxide radials are important role in MB dye degradation. In addition, a possible mechanism is proposed for the photocatalytic activity of WO3/g-C3N4/V2O5 nanocomposite. Moreover, the stability analysis demonstrated that the WO3/g-C3N4/V2O5 nanocomposite can be recycled multiple times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tungsten oxide‐mica composites were prepared by adding different amounts of commercial mica (alumina silicate) in order to provide high luster to electrochromic coatings. The mechanical stability was sustained for up to 50 weight % mica for application in aqueous medium. The electrochemical properties, coloration, and luster were investigated. The luster of the composites increased roughly linearly with increased mica content and was retained after coloration. The addition of 10 weight % mica was found to be optimal with respect to the compromise between electrochromic coloration and pearlescent luster. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report on the preparation and characterization of WO3‐mica inorganic composites with high luster in both bleached and colored states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] In this study, the impact of lead (Pb) doping on the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting performance of tungsten oxide (WO 3) photoanodes was investigated through a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches. Pb-doped WO 3 nanostructured thin films were synthesized hydrothermally, and extensive characterizations were conducted to study their morphologies, band edge, optical and photoelectrochemical properties. Pb-doped WO 3 exhibited efficient carrier density and charge separations by reducing the charge transfer resistance. The 0.96 at% Pb doping shows a record photocurrent of ∼ 1.49 mAcm−2 and ∼ 3.44 mAcm−2 (with the hole scavenger) at 1.23 V vs. RHE besides yielding a high charge separation and Faradaic efficiencies of ∼ 86 % and > 90 %, respectively. A shift in the Fermi level towards the conduction band was also observed upon the Pb doping. Additionally, density functional theory (DFT) simulations demonstrated the changes in the density of states and bandgap upon Pb doping, exhibiting favorable changes in the surface and bulk properties of WO 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the use of natural wastes and adsorbents along with their modification by simple and new methods based on metal oxides to remove dye pollutants has been the focus of many researchers. In this study, for the first time, simple and low-cost modification of eggshell (EGS) with tungsten oxide (WO3) based on the photochemical modification method as a green, ultra-fast, cost-effective, and biodegradable adsorbent is reported to remove of methylene blue (MB) dye pollutant. The EGS modified by WO3 was investigated by EDX, EDX mapping, XRD, FE-SEM, and UV–Vis Diffuse Reflectance (DRS) analyses. The obtained results show that the modified EGS by WO3 has more than ten times (78.5%) the ability to remove MB dye pollutant within 3 min compared to bare EGS (11%). Various parameters including dye pollutant pH, dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, and reusability of the WO3/EGS adsorbent for removal of MB dye pollutant were investigated and the result show that the adsorbent capacity of WO3/EGS is 1.64 mg g−1. EGS adsorbent The synthesis of WO3/EGS adsorbent with a novel photochemical method as a fast and very cheap adsorbent with excellent efficiency can be a promising alternative adsorbent for various purposes in removing dye pollutants from water environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly crystalline carbon nitride polymers have shown great opportunities in overall water photosplitting; however, their mission in light-driven CO 2 conversion remains to be explored. In this work, crystalline carbon nitride (CCN) nanosheets of poly triazine imide (PTI) embedded with melon domains are fabricated by KCl/LiCl-mediated polycondensation of dicyandiamide, the surface of which is subsequently deposited with ultrafine WO 3 nanoparticles to construct the CCN/WO 3 heterostructure with a S-scheme interface. Systematic characterizations have been conducted to reveal the compositions and structures of the S-scheme CCN/WO 3 hybrid, featuring strengthened optical capture, enhanced CO 2 adsorption and activation, attractive textural properties, as well as spatial separation and directed movement of light-triggered charge carriers. Under mild conditions, the CCN/WO 3 catalyst with optimized composition displays a high photocatalytic activity for reducing CO 2 to CO in a rate of 23.0 µmol/hr (i.e. , 2300 µmol/(hr·g)), which is about 7-fold that of pristine CCN, along with a high CO selectivity of 90.6% against H 2 formation. Moreover, it also manifests high stability and fine reusability for the CO 2 conversion reaction. The CO 2 adsorption and conversion processes on the catalyst are monitored by in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), identifying the crucial intermediates of CO 2 *−, COOH* and CO*, which integrated with the results of performance evaluation proposes the possible CO 2 reduction mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LiNi0.815Co0.15Al0.035O2 (NCA) has attracted a lot of attention owing to its high specific capacity and low cost. The problems of capacity loss and interface side reaction during the long cycle hinder the application of NCA cathode materials. In this work, WO3-coated LiNi0.815Co0.15Al0.035O2 cathode materials were successfully prepared, which greatly improved the electrochemical properties of the NCA. Results of XRD show that the WO3 coating has no significant effect on the structure of the NCA samples. Results of XPS show that WO3 coating is beneficial to reduce the content of residual alkali substance on the surface of the NCA. In addition, the first discharge specific capacity of NCA@2wt%WO3 is 174.96 mAh g − 1 at a current density of 1.0 C, with a capacity retention rate of 89.94% after 200 cycles. The discharge specific capacity of NCA@2wt%WO3 is 137.74 mAh g − 1 at 5.0 C. The coating of WO3 effectively improves the electrochemical performance of NCA cathode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein transparent iron nanosheets deposited by the ionic coating technique onto glass and WO3 dielectric lenses are studied and characterized. The thickness of Fe nanosheets is varied in the range of 70–350 nm. It is observed that the transmittance and reflectance of the Fe nanosheets are highly affected by the layer roughness. Coating of iron nanosheets onto WO3 dielectric lenses increases the light absorption of WO3 by more than 240 times and red‐shifts the energy bandgap. Remarkable enhancements in the dielectric constant and in the optical conductivity are achieved via Fe coatings. In addition, iron coated dielectric lenses show higher terahertz cutoff limits varying in the range of 1.0–30 THz. Iron nanosheets remarkably increase the free charge carrier density and plasmon frequency in the infrared range of light. Moreover, the temperature dependent electrical conductivity shows high temperature stability and an increased electrical conductivity by more than 7 orders of magnitude by coating WO3 with 70 nm thick Fe nanosheets. The stability of the electrical conductivity at low temperatures and the wide range of terahertz cutoff limits in addition to the well‐enhanced light absorbability makes the iron coated tungsten oxide dielectric lenses promising for multifunction optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

WO3-based composite films synthesized using peroxo iso-polytungstic acid (W-IPA) and a transparent urethane resin exhibit reversible photochromic properties when irradiated with light. In this study, low-molecular-weight polyethylene glycols (PEGs, average molecular weights: 200-1000) were added to WO3-based composite films and their photochromic properties were evaluated. The WO3 particles in the composite films did not vary significantly in size, irrespective of the molecular weight of the added PEG. The addition of low-molecular-weight PEGs led to composite films with higher coloring and bleaching rates, with a remarkably high bleaching rate observed for the composite film containing PEG with a molecular weight of 400. The improved bleaching properties of the prepared films are mainly attributable to electron transfer associated with the presence of low-molecular-weight PEGs in the composite films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring new horizons in phototransistors with an emphasis on mass customization is essential. Herein, a method for enhancing the performance of indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide (IGZO) phototransistors by incorporating a selectively formed tungsten trioxide (WO3) photocatalytic layer, utilizing electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet‐printing is proposed. This approach aims to achieve significant manufacturing advantages and enhance functionality. An oxidizing solution of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) doped with hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is introduced to selectively oxidize tungsten (W) electrodes. In this mixture, H2O2 is responsible for the selective oxidation of W, whereas HEC contributes to the viscosity regulation and the formation of subgap states. The resulting selectively oxidized photocatalytic layer significantly expands its visible light absorption capacity to red light. Therefore, the optimized device, particularly under red light (635 nm) 5 mW mm−2, shows a remarkable enhancement in its optoelectronic characteristic: photoresponsivity increases from 29.71 to 124.54 A W−1, photosensitivity from 1.99 × 10‐1 to 1.79 × 104, and detectivity from 1.31 × 107 to 1.98 × 108 Jones compared to IGZO phototransistors without selectively oxidized photocatalytic layer. This advancement not only enhances the visible light detection capacity but also minimizes the persistent photoconductance issue inherent in IGZO devices. The demonstration of 6 × 6 phototransistor array illustrates the potential for image sensor applications, showcasing the practicality of mass customization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using pyrolysis spray technique, tungsten dioxide films doped with gold nanoparticles were successfully deposited on glass and silicon substrates at 320 °C. Au-WO3o films were annealed for one hour at 673 (K) and 873 (K). A number of physical characteristics of the prepared and annealed films have been examined using atomic force microscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and other techniques. It was discovered that the indirect energy gap in the UV-visible spectrum of as-prepared and annealed thin films decrease after annealing from 2.86 eV to 2.42 eV, and according to the structure properties, the prepared and annealed thin films had an amorphous structure at substrate temperature 320 °C, but they had a polycrystalline structure at annealing temperature. The samples' cubic structures for gold nanoparticles and monoclinic structures for tungsten trioxide were also revealed. The thin layer of all sample can be seen to have a nanostructure thanks to atomic force microscopy. All prepared films, whether doped with gold, or those that have been annealed at 673,873 (K), are shown by Hall effect measurements to have a negative Hall coefficient. This indicates that prepared films are of n-type, and have highest conductivity and mobility of carriers, respectively 10.52 x 10-5 Ω.cm-1 and 476.45 cm²/V.S, and that the highest efficiency of the WO3: Au/Si (1.804%) was attained when measurements current-volt under illumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-time monitoring of triethylamine (TEA) is critical to environmental safety and daily life. However, detailed challenges remain for TEA gas sensors, such as low-cost and facile synthetic methods, and low working temperatures. In this study, a combination of hydrothermal and wet chemical approaches is utilized for the rational construction of α -MoO 3 @WO 3 with a sheet-like nanostructure. Additionally, the sensing performances towards triethylamine are investigated. According to the results, it was found that the α -MoO 3 @WO 3 sensor has a higher response value (80.4) and faster response and recovery times (9/26 s) than those of pristine MoO 3 at low optimum temperature (200 °C). Again, the α -MoO 3 @WO 3 based sensor also demonstrated high selectivity to TEA as well as good stability. The enhancement of the MoO 3 @WO 3 sensor's gas-sensitive mechanism may be attributed to the formation of n-n heterojunction between MoO 3 and WO 3 and the synergistic effect of both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tungsten trioxide (WO3) films, extensively investigated for their remarkable electrochromic properties, have proven to be highly versatile in numerous applications. However, the challenge of achieving large-scale WO3 films with substantial dimensions and volumes remains a critical obstacle for industrial-scale production. Among the available techniques, magnetron sputtering stands out as the most efficient and straightforward method for the industrial preparation of WO3 films. In this comprehensive study, we meticulously explored the impact of various process parameters in magnetron sputtering on the film formation properties. By employing a controlled variable approach, we systematically investigated the influence of gas flow (Ar), sputtering pressure, power, and time. Our meticulous observations revealed that each parameter exerted distinct effects on the intricate film formation process. Careful analysis of the final dataset unequivocally demonstrated that when the sputtering conditions were meticulously optimized, the resulting films exhibited an extraordinary maximum transmittance change of 85% at a specific wavelength of 0.6 μm. Furthermore, these films showcased rapid coloring and bleaching response times, clocking in at an impressive 15 and 20 s, respectively, without any significant degradation even after undergoing 5,000 cycles. These groundbreaking findings provide invaluable insights into the intricate film formation process associated with magnetron-sputtered WO3.

A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy through the catalytic processes of microorganisms. In this study, flexible and porous WO3/CNTs-Graphite-PVC film was fabricated through uniform adding of Zn powder into matrix of carbon nanotubes-graphite- Polyvinyl Chloride) PVC (film followed by selective dissolving of Zn from the film structure in acidic solution and finally electrodeposition of WO3 (Tungsten trioxide) into previously porous CNTs-Graphite-PVC film. Surface morphology studies showed that the flexible film has rough and porous structure and carbon nanotubes are uniformly present as electron conduction channels within the composite film. Studies also showed that porous WO3/MWCNTs-Graphite-PVC film as a bioanode in MFC at resistance of 1000 ohms and current density of 900 mA/m2 has a power density of 324 mW/m2. The method presented in this research can be used as a suitable method for preparing of suitable electrocatalysts based on commercial graphite powder in microbial fuel cells.

Abstract Due to their high specific surface area and its characteristic’s functionalized nanomaterials have great potential in medical applications specialty, as an anticancer. Herein, functional nanoparticles (NPs) based on iron oxide Fe2O3, iron oxide modified with copper oxide Fe2O3@CuO, and tungsten oxide WO3 were facile synthesized for biomedical applications. The obtained nanomaterials have nanocrystal sizes of 35.5 nm for Fe2O3, 7 nm for Fe2O3@CuO, and 25.5 nm for WO3. In addition to octahedral and square nanoplates for Fe2O3, and WO3; respectively. Results revealed that Fe2O3, Fe2O3@CuO, and WO3 NPs showed remarked anticancer effects versus a safe effect on normal cells through cytotoxicity test using MTT-assay. Notably, synthesized NPs e.g. our result demonstrated that Fe2O3@CuO exhibited the lowest IC50 value on the MCF-7 cancer cell line at about 8.876 µg/ml, compared to Fe2O3 was 12.87 µg/ml and WO3 was 9.211 µg/ml which indicate that the modification NPs Fe2O3@CuO gave the highest antiproliferative effect against breast cancer. However, these NPs showed a safe mode toward the Vero normal cell line, where IC50 were monitored as 40.24 µg/ml for Fe2O3, 21.13 µg/ml for Fe2O3@CuO, and 25.41 µg/ml for WO3 NPs. For further evidence. The antiviral activity using virucidal and viral adsorption mechanisms gave practiced effect by viral adsorption mechanism and prevented the virus from replicating inside the cells. Fe2O3@CuO and WO3 NPs showed a complete reduction in the viral load synergistic effect of combinations between the tested two materials copper oxide instead of iron oxide alone. Interestingly, the antimicrobial efficiency of Fe2O3@CuO NPs, Fe2O3NPs, and WO3NPs was evaluated using E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans pathogens. The widest microbial inhibition zone (ca. 38.45 mm) was observed with 250 mg/ml of WO3 NPs against E. coli, whereas using 40 mg/ml of Fe2O3@CuO NPS could form microbial inhibition zone ca. 32.86 mm against S. aureus. Nevertheless, C. albicans was relatively resistant to all examined NPs. The superior biomedical activities of these nanostructures might be due to their unique features and accepted evaluations.

Tungsten phosphide (WP) as an excellent hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) catalyst has attracted widespread attention, but its HER activity is low in alkaline media due to high water dissociation barrier. Herein, noble-metal-free cocatalyst WP/WO 3 composite was synthesized by adjusting the P/W molar ratio in the raw material using a simple solid phosphidation reaction. The structure, morphology, composition, and optoelectronic properties of the as-synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, UV–vis DRS, PL techniques, and electrochemical methods. Under visible light irradiation (λ ≥ 420 nm), the photocatalytic HER activities of the as-prepared samples using Eosin-Y (EY) dye as a sensitizer and trimethylamine (TMA) as an electron donor were investigated. The result shows that WP/WO 3 composite as a cocatalyst exhibits excellent photocatalytic HER activity and good stability. The highest apparent quantum yield (AQY) reaches 32.8 %. The presence of amorphous WO 3 in crystalline WP can improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes, reduce HER overpotential, and promote the dissociation of H 2 O in alkaline media. Therefore, the photocatalytic HER activity of WP/WO 3 composite is higher than that of single crystalline WP. [Display omitted] • WP/WO 3 composite was prepared by adjusting the P/W molar ratio in the raw material. • WP/WO 3 composite exhibits high dye-sensitized photocatalytic HER activity. • WO 3 coupling with WP promotes the separation of photocarriers and H 2 O dissociation. • The AQY of 32.8 % at 420 nm is achieved under the optimized conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, optical, electrochromic, surface, and microstructural properties have been investigated to determine the properties of WO 3 material doped with graphene and MXene. It was observed that the crystallite size and dimensions were small according to the analyses. When graphene and MXene were added to WO 3 , the band gap values shifted to a higher energy level. 2D material peak positions were assigned to Raman shift spectra analyses. Microstructural variations were observed into X-Ray diffraction patterns. MXene peaks for XRD were determined at approximately 30°. Current density-voltage measurements were obtained at 20, 40, 80, and 160 mV/s, and clear oxidation and reduction peaks were observed. Cathodic peaks of 2D material-doped WO 3 were observed at approximately −1.2 V and the positions of anodic peaks can be altered depending on the type of 2D material. For graphene, the anodic peak occurs at −0.7 V and −0.1 V after MXene doping. 2D materials increased the diffusion coefficient of undoped WO 3 by about 100–1000 times. The intercalation charge amount of WO 3 material doped with 2D is more than 10–20 times greater than the undoped sample. It was found that graphene and MXene improved various properties of the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aims to investigate in depth the physical, elastic, optical, and shielding behaviors of a glass network of zinc phosphate. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) was added as a glass modifier to improve the network strength. In addition, tungsten trioxide (WO3) was added as a dopant, with a ratio ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 mol% to enhance the glass characteristics. The glass density (D) values increased from 3.37 (the base glass) to 3.62 g/cm3 when WO3 was added to the network at 0.7 mol%. The increase in density values led to an improvement in the elastic properties of phosphate glass. Furthermore, the presence of WO3 in the zinc phosphate network tuned the optical band gap (Eg), which decreased from 3.95 to 2.6 eV and also improved the non-linear optical susceptibility (χ3). The shielding behavior of such glass was strengthened by WO3, and its parameters were discussed at different energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article summarizes the photocatalytic mechanism of WO3 in the treatment of pollutants and systematically summarizes the main strategies to improve the photocatalytic activity of WO3 in the treatment of pollutants, such as doping elements, loading, semiconductor recombination, etc. The development prospects of WO3 based photocatalysts were pointed out. This review can provide improved methods and research directions for the design of low-cost and efficient new WO3 based photocatalysts, and meet the application prospects of efficient utilization of solar energy degradation in the field of environmental purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy through the catalytic processes of microorganisms. In this study, flexible and porous WO3/CNTs-Graphite-PVC film was fabricated through uniform adding of Zn powder into matrix of carbon nanotubes-graphite-Polyvinyl Chloride) PVC ( film followed by selective dissolving of Zn from the film structure in acidic solution and finally electrodeposition of WO3 (Tungsten trioxide) into previously porous CNTs-Graphite-PVC film. Surface morphology studies showed that the flexible film has rough and porous structure and carbon nanotubes are uniformly present as electron conduction channels within the composite film. Studies also showed that porous WO3/MWCNTs-Graphite-PVC film as a bioanode in MFC at resistance of 1000 ohms and current density of 900 mA/m² has a power density of 324 mW/m². The method presented in this research can be used as a suitable method for preparing of suitable electrocatalysts based on commercial graphite powder in microbial fuel cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a theoretical investigation on the wide-band-gap semiconductor WO   3 in its room-temperature monoclinic structure. We carried out density functional theory and GGA-1/2 calculations on the bulk phase and the most stable (001) surface of the material, either in their stoichiometric form or in the presence of oxygen vacancies at various concentrations. Concerning the bulk phase, our results show how the inclusion of these defects correctly reproduces the intrinsic n-type doping of the material. The system is also found to be magnetic at reasonably high defect concentrations. As for the surface, the presence of vacancies gives rise to a magnetic behavior, whose features depend on the relative arrangement of native point defects. Oxygen vacancies are also responsible for additional tungsten oxidation states in both bulk and surface. Based on these results, we provide a rationale for the interpretation of most experimental data of this material and, possibly, other widespread transition metal oxides with similar properties and applications such as ReO   3 , TiO   2 , and SnO   2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, well-defined tungsten oxide (WO3) nanowall (NW) thin films were synthesized via a controlled hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) technique and applied for electrochemical detection of methylamine toxic substances. Herein, for the thin-film growth by HFCVD, the temperature of tungsten (W) wire was held constant at ~1450 °C and gasification was performed by heating of W wire using varied substrate temperatures ranging from 350 °C to 450 °C. At an optimized growth temperature of 400 °C, well-defined and extremely dense WO3 nanowall-like structures were developed on a Si substrate. Structural, crystallographic, and compositional characterizations confirmed that the deposited WO3 thin films possessed monoclinic crystal structures of high crystal quality. For electrochemical sensing applications, WO3 NW thin film was used as an electrode, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) were measured with a wide concentration range of 20 μM~1 mM of methylamine. The fabricated electrochemical sensor achieved a sensitivity of ~183.65 μA mM−1 cm−2, a limit of detection (LOD) of ~20 μM and a quick response time of 10 s. Thus, the fabricated electrochemical sensor exhibited promising detection of methylamine with considerable stability and reproducibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-infrared responsive photothermal therapy is an emerging and non-invasive cancer treatment. However, the inability of real-time imaging tracking and monitoring for the photothermal agents (PTAs) severely limits the accuracy of treatment. In this study, a series of visual xGd-WO 3 @PEG PTAs were synthesized by a one-pot solvothermal method. The effect of different Gd doping amounts on the structure, morphology, and photothermal performance has been investigated in detail. Under the near-infrared laser irradiation, the samples exhibited satisfied photothermal properties of hyperthermia in a short time. The photothermal conversion efficiency and stability of the xGd-WO 3 @PEG (x = 7 %) were further investigated. Subsequently, the near-infrared thermal and CT imaging performance was studied. The in vitro cell viability on LO2 normal and 4T1 cancer cells have also been conducted. The results showed the xGd-WO 3 @PEG nanomaterials have excellent potential in imaging-guided photothermal cancer therapy. PEGylated xGd-WO 3 nanocrystals with near-infrared plasmon resonance and defective structures were prepared by one step solvothermal method. The samples demonstrated excellent NIR thermal/CT imaging performance and high killing effect on cancer cell. Such visual TMO photothermal agents have potential application for bio-imaging guided cancer therapy. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tungsten oxide (WO3) thin films have been of prime interest among electrochromic materials because of their chemical stability, strong adherence to various substrates, and high coloration efficiency. High‐power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) holds great potential in fabricating durable WO3‐based electrochromic layers. However, the tungsten target–plasma interactions in reactive‐HiPIMS deposition of WO3 and their role in modulating the electrochromic function of the resulting WO3 coatings are yet to be understood. Herein, by controlling the HiPIMS pulse length, the stoichiometry of tungsten oxide structures can be tuned to optimize the transparency and electrochromic function of the coatings. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy data shows that at pulse lengths shorter than 85 μs, the concentration of suboxide compounds is less than that of tungsten trioxide, while for pulse lengths longer than 100 μs, this balance is reversed. The average optical transparency of the coatings in the range of visible light is higher than 80%. The optical transmittance modulation (ΔT) of 38.1, 36.2, and 34.3% and coloration efficiency of 41.3, 38.4, and 35.9 cm2 C−1 are measured for the WOx samples deposited at pulse lengths of 70, 85, and 100 μs, respectively. Tuning the HiPIMS pulse characteristics is a simple strategy to deposit tungsten oxide films with tuned electrochromic properties for an array of applications, from smart windows to wearable displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycerol is a byproduct of biodiesel production. Selective photoelectrochemical oxidation of glycerol to high value‐added chemicals offers an economical and sustainable approach to transform renewable feedstock as well as store green energy at the same time. In this work, we synthesized monoclinic WO3 nanosheets with exposed (002) facets, which could selectively oxidize glycerol to glyceric acid (GLYA) with a photocurrent density of 1.7 mA cm−2, a 73 % GLYA selectivity and a 39 % GLYA Faradaic efficiency at 0.9 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) under AM 1.5G illumination (100 mW cm−2). Compared to (200) facets exposed WO3, a combination of experiments and theoretical calculations indicates that the superior performance of selective glycerol oxidation mainly originates from the better charge separation and prolonged carrier lifetime resulted from the plenty of surface trapping states, lower energy barrier of the glycerol‐to‐GLYA reaction pathway, more abundant active sites and stronger oxidative ability of photogenerated holes on the (002) facets exposed WO3. Our findings show great potential to significantly contribute to the sustainable and environmentally friendly chemical processes via designing high performance photoelectrochemical cell via facet engineering for renewable feedstock transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]