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Background: Occupational environmental hazards of rural agriculture workers can lead to various negative effects on health productivity. Health conditions of agricultural workers though important from public health point of view but very neglected topic which requires urgent attention. Objective: To determine prevalence, patterns and predictors of environmental hazards of agricultural workers in relation to their work. Methods and Material: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural area of the North 24 Parganas district in West Bengal. Multistage simple random sampling method was used to select total 302 agriculture workers for the study. Results: Among all workers, 82 (27.1%) reported experiencing environmental hazards. Of these, 56 (18.5%) suffered from heat exhaustion and 26 (8.6%) was heat stroke. Significant associations were found between these hazards and various factors like age [OR: 2.31, 95% CI: (1.14-4.66)], addiction [OR: 1.94, 95% CI: (1.16-3.24)], duration of work [OR: 2.78, 95% CI: (1.65-4.70)], and type of work [OR: 2.63, 95% CI: (1.50-4.58)]. Conclusion: Farm workers had inherited a considerable burden of environmental hazards like heat stroke and heat exhaustion. First-aid educations and getting prepared for emergency situations can be helpful to minimize the detrimental effects of environment and minimization of hospitalization time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The study at Tema Oil Refinery (TOR) analyzes how gender, age, and educational qualifications impact energy management. Established in 1963 and state-owned since 1977, TOR’s capabilities have notably grown post-1996 reforms. Analyzing 200 employees across key departments with a Likert-scale questionnaire and SPSS, the study finds significant gender differences in energy management views, advocating for inclusive and tailored communication. It highlights age and education's role in shaping perceptions, suggesting targeted engagement and training. The optimism of newer employees underscores the need for continuous engagement. The study recommends TOR tailor its energy management and environmental strategies to its diverse workforce demographics to improve sustainability initiative effectiveness and acceptance.

Teaching functional dependencies between the quantities learned in elementary grades is one of the requirements for education. Imparting the necessary knowledge to students, being able to apply the acquired knowledge in everyday life and future education directly depends on the knowledge, skills and habits acquired by primary school teachers and future classroom teachers in higher schools. Experiments show that elementary school students cannot understand the dependences of many quantities, they have difficulty in applying them. Therefore, in the article, we have given the theoretical basis of the implementation of dependencies between the quantities that will play an important role in the professional training of future classroom teachers by means of simple problems and corresponding methodical works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study at Tema Oil Refinery (TOR) analyzes how gender, age, and educational qualifications impact energy management. Established in 1963 and state-owned since 1977, TOR's capabilities have notably grown post-1996 reforms. Analyzing 200 employees across key departments with a Likert-scale questionnaire and SPSS, the study finds significant gender differences in energy management views, advocating for inclusive and tailored communication. It highlights age and education's role in shaping perceptions, suggesting targeted engagement and training. The optimism of newer employees underscores the need for continuous engagement. The study recommends TOR tailor its energy management and environmental strategies to its diverse workforce demographics to improve sustainability initiative effectiveness and acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveProviding quality healthcare is an essential part of the healthcare system. The high workload and night work associated with healthcare providing may result in work-life imbalance among healthcare professionals (HCPs) and in degradation in the quality of care.MethodsThis cross-sectional study aimed to assess the effects of sociodemographic characteristics and shift work on HCPs’ well-being in four large hospitals in the United Arab Emirates using a validated questionnaire.ResultsResponses from 526 participants indicated that 79.2% of them were under the age of 40, 70.2% were females and 50.2% were single or divorced. Responses indicated that many HCPs reported engaging in unhealthy behaviors such as consuming energy drinks (37.3%), smoking (14.2%) and taking stimulant pills (5.7%) with males being more susceptible to these practices compared to females. Results also showed that participants perceived their overall health rate, on the average, to be moderate with one third of participants indicating to be overweight. Moreover, results showed that many participants reported having blood pressure issues (16%), diabetes (8.6%) and/or heart diseases (2.7%), with females more prone to these diseases than males. Another important finding was that most respondents reported sleeping significantly less than the recommended duration and taking too long time to fall asleep. Finally, results revealed that HCPs on 12-h shifts indicated having greater satisfaction but tend to experience more exhaustion levels and worsened health indicators than those on 8-h shifts.ConclusionHCPs work has adverse effects on their well-being especially when combined with working at night. Healthcare implications of the results as well as recommendations to improve the well-being of HCPs based on the findings are given at the end.

Purpose: Welders are more likely to develop neurobehavioral disorders because of their exposure to neurotoxic metals such as manganese. This study aimed to measure the neurobehavioral performance of welders occupationally exposed to manganese at welding enterprises and its relationship with the workplace environment. Methods: It is a comparative cross-sectional study carried out on 130 welders working at 50 welding enterprises in Menoufia governorate, Egypt, compared to 130 non-occupationally exposed controls. Results: It was found that the environments of the studied welding enterprises had levels of respirable dust, manganese, and total welding fumes that exceeded internationally permissible limits. In addition, the mean blood manganese levels were significantly higher among welders (4.16 ± 0.61) than the controls (1.72 ± 0.41). Welders had a significantly higher prevalence of neurological manifestations and lower performance of neurobehavioral tests. Lower neurobehavioral performance among welders was significantly correlated with increased work duration and blood levels in some tests. Conclusion: To lessen the fumes in the breathing zone of workers, it is therefore strongly recommended to regularly wear high-quality personal protective equipment, especially masks, and to ensure proper ventilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease is a global public health menace. Occupational exposure to pesticides, environmental pollutants and nephrotoxic pharmaceuticals contributes to chronic kidney. This cross-sectional study evaluated the renal status of wood saw millers exposed to wood dust. A total of hundred and ninety-five (195) age and sex-matched males (111 wood saw millers exposed to wood dust for = two years and 84 office workers not exposed to wood dust) were recruited by simple random sampling. The Ethical Committee of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, approved the study. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to assay the level of cadmium, arsenic, and lead in wood dust obtained from the wood saw millers' work environment and the study participants' blood samples. High levels of arsenic, cadmium and lead were contained in the wood dust. A noteworthy increase (p <0.001) in cadmium, arsenic and lead blood levels was observed in the wood saw millers' blood samples compared to the unexposed participants. The enzymatic and Jaffe methods were employed for the estimation of serum urea and creatinine, respectively. The chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration equation for estimated glomerular filtration rate was used to assess the kidney function. A noteworthy increase (p<0.001) was observed in the serum urea and creatinine levels of the wood saw millers compared to the unexposed subjects. In contrast to the unexposed, the estimated glomerular filtration rate of the wood saw millers showed a significant increase (p<0.001). This study suggests that occupational exposure to wood dust may harm the kidneys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to describe the work duration and sleep quality among young workers, conducted in coffee shops in the West Denpasar area in 2023. This study employed a quantitative descriptive method with an observational study design and a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 56 coffee shop workers in the West Denpasar area. The variables in this study included the age of workers, work duration, and sleep quality. Data collection was done using primary data through a questionnaire instrument, and data analysis involved descriptive statistical tests. The research results showed that the average age of workers was 20.39 years, with the youngest worker being 18 years old and the oldest 24 years old. The majority of workers had poor sleep quality (80.4%) and worked with a duration of ≥40 hours per week (83.9%). This study concludes that young workers mostly work for ≥40 hours per week and have poor sleep quality. These findings indicate that the conditions of young workers have high-risk factors that could potentially trigger workplace accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to investigate the relationship between dropout intent, the weekly work duration of student employees, and university social capital by analysing empirical evidence from three European countries, including Estonia, Lithuania, and Poland. This exploratory study utilised Eurostudent-VII survey data and employed cross-tabulation and exhaustive Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) to achieve its objectives. Findings indicate that student employees who believe they get along well with their teachers and have more connections with fellow students to discuss subject-related issues are less likely to intend to drop out of university. In addition, the results show that students' likelihood of abandoning their higher education increases in the presence of difficulties caused by an inapt academic programme. Regarding employment duration, for the Estonian and Lithuanian markets, there is no difference between working more than 20 hours per week or less than that with the intention of dropping out of university. In Poland, however, the disparity in working hours interacts with other factors related to social capital to explain dropout intent. These findings provide novel insights into the dropout literature by refreshing thoughts on the role of teacher-student and peer relations in the dropout intentions of student employees. In addition to reviving the relevance of university social capital, which has received too little attention lately, they have also sparked a recent debate on whether or not combining work and university actually affects the intention to drop out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Indonesian Agribusiness / Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Low back pain is an occupational disease that arises due to work relationships or is caused by work and work attitudes. Incorrect sitting posture and sitting for long periods are one of the most frequent risk factors. The study was conducted to determine the relationship between sitting posture and work duration with complaints of low back pain in-office employees. The research design used is descriptive-analytic with a cross-sectional approach. The number of samples was 70 employees of the Central Kalimantan Provincial Health Office using the total sampling technique. The research data was taken using a questionnaire. The results of respondents who complained of low back pain were 12 people (17.1%), and 9 of them related to the wrong sitting position (81.8%) with a p-value of 0.000, and the wrong sitting posture was 84 times greater for suffering from lower back pain compared to the correct sitting posture. The duration of work (long sitting) did not have a relationship with complaints of back pain (p = 0.974). There is a significant relationship between the respondent's sitting attitude to the incidence of low back pain, and there is no significant relationship between work duration (length of sitting) and the incidence of low back pain in employees at the Central Kalimantan Provincial Health Office. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Surgeons are likely to get progressively fatigued during the course of a normal workday. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of surgeon work duration prior to performing distal pancreatectomy (DP) on the perioperative outcome, especially frequency of grade II or higher grade postoperative complications. Methods Patients undergoing DP for all causes were divided into two groups according to surgeon work hours prior to performing DP: group A (less than 5 h) and group B (5–10 h). Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis (1:1) were performed to balance the baseline characteristics between the two groups. Intraoperative complications were compared between the two groups. Postoperative complications and their severity were followed up for 60 days and mortality for 90 days. The study was powdered to identify a 15% difference in the incidence of grade II or higher grade complications. Results By using PSM analysis, the patients in group A (N = 202) and group B (N = 202) were well matched regarding demographics, comorbidities, operative technique, pancreatic texture and pathology. There was no significant difference in the incidence of grade II or higher grade complications between the two groups. There was no difference in clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula, percutaneous drainage, readmission, reoperation, or morality. Group B was associated with a higher incidence of intraoperative organ injury, which could be managed successfully during the operation. Conclusion The retrospective study demonstrated that the surgeon work duration did not significantly affect the clinical outcome of DP.

The activities of interior design students, namely drawing objects and drawing techniques, require a high level of accuracy and concentration, these activities have an impact on health problems such as muscle injury. Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the symptom often felt by interior design students. This study is to determine the relationship between work duration and student work posture with MSDs symptoms. Methods: This study used observational analytics with a cross sectional design. The research respondents were 66 of 2nd semester interior design students used random sampling technique. The research instrument used the REBA method to assess work posture, and the NBM questionnaire to assess musculoskeletal disorder symptom. Data analysis with Pearson Product Moment test and Multiple Linear Regression. Results: The results showed a significant relationship between work duration and MSDs symptoms (p-value 0.000), positive correlation direction and moderate level (0.509). while the significant relationship between work posture and MSDs symptoms (0.000), positive correlation direction and strong level (0.638). Multivariate test results stated significant (0.000) with a positive correlation direction. Work posture has the highest correlation with MSDs symptoms with a proportion of 62%. Conclusion: There was correlation between work duration and work posture with MSDs sysmptoms of interior design students at Campus Biru Surakarta.

This investigation analyzes labor implications of employment procurement through friends and family on wages, workers' benefits and job longevity in comparison to other job search methods in Mexico during 2005–2019. Various econometric models are performed. For salary, fixed effects by city and year will be estimated through Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Second, it is analyzed if jobs obtained through friends and family are more likely to provide benefits equal to or greater than those required by law, for this, a logistic model and an ordered logistic model are employed with fixed effects; and finally, for the duration of employment we use a parametric survival model. The results indicate that employment procured through family and friends result in higher salaries and longer work durations but less work benefits.

The publication reflects the research results of the rationalization of the rolling stock use of JSC LG Lithuanian railways to increase the reliability indicators of the freight diesel locomotive exploitation reliability. The comparative evaluation of the exploited freight diesel locomotive work duration, according to the technical documentation, by using comparative test results and indirect diesel reliability criteria approved in practice. An algorithm of work duration forecasting methodology has been created, as well as a programme complex of mathematic modelling. The differences of the results indicated in the experiment and modelled by computer do not exceed 5 ÷ 7%. The proposed and described methodology of the diesel locomotive exploitation load cycle dynamic indicator reduction, by the use of which the following is achieved: increase of the diesel work duration by 7÷10%, reduction of fuel consumption up to 10%, reduction of the load cycle dynamic indicators (increasing the fatigue stress of parts and units of the diesel) by 15÷20%.

South Koreans work for the longest hours among OECD member states. Lack of discretionary time due to such long working hours becomes a serious social issue as they are related to the quality of life. It is however difficult to directly correlate the work duration to the quality of life. Rather, it is more informative to know how people use time for activities other than work under time pressure when evaluating the quality of life. Travel is derived from such activities that are constrained under time pressure. This paper aims to explore how work duration affects activity patterns by analyzing travel behavior. To this end, the study identified trip chain types using the 2010 Household Travel Survey (HTS) of Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). The findings show that trip chain types were associated with different work durations and activity patterns. The distribution of such associations differs between geographical areas in SMA. The results suggest that travel behavior analysis is crucial to measuring the quality of life given the relationships between work duration and flexible activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The publication reflects the research results of the rationalization of the rolling stock use of JSC LG Lithuanian railways to increase the reliability indicators of the freight diesel locomotive exploitation reliability. The comparative evaluation of the exploited freight diesel locomotive work duration, according to the technical documentation, by using comparative test results and indirect diesel reliability criteria approved in practice. An algorithm of work duration forecasting methodology has been created, as well as a programme complex of mathematic modelling. The differences of the results indicated in the experiment and modelled by computer do not exceed 5 ÷ 7%. The proposed and described methodology of the diesel locomotive exploitation load cycle dynamic indicator reduction, by the use of which the following is achieved: increase of the diesel work duration by 7÷10%, reduction of fuel consumption up to 10%, reduction of the load cycle dynamic indicators (increasing the fatigue stress of parts and units of the diesel) by 15÷20%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Disorders of renal system can cause renal failure; therefore screening is necessary especially in workers who are exposed to harmful materials. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hazardous exposures are non-occupational and occupational risk factors for renal diseases. Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of working in automotive industry on renal function in Iran. Subjects and Methods: In a historical cohort study, workers of automotive industry who worked in production and had low exposure to metal fumes were selected and divided to three groups with 5-10, 11-20, and 21-30 years work duration. risk factors for renal diseases were collected and analyzed with SPSS using one-way ANOVA, correlation coefficient and with P < 0.05 and relative risk with a confidence interval (CI). Results: The means of work duration in Groups (A), (B) and (C) were 9.8 (0.6), 13.8 (2.0), 22.3 (1.6) years respectively with ANOVA (F) =187.864 and P < 0.01. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 59.75 (0.70), 59.16 (1.52) and 59.10 (2.23) in Groups (A), (B), and (C) respectfully The relative risk of creatinine clearance, uric acid and mean blood pressure were the highest in Group (B); 1.970 - CI, 0.541-7.169, 1.571 95% CI: 0.198-12.470, and 1.519 95% CI: 0.425-5.426, but the differences were not significant. Conclusion: GFRs were decreased with work duration, but the differences were not significant. Working in automotive Industry with low exposure to toxic metals and solvents has no significant effect on GFR, creatinine clearance, uric acid, and mean blood pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pterygium is common among outdoor workers who are daily exposed to sunlight and dust due to repeated conjunctival/corneal drying and microtrauma especially in the tropics. Commercial motorcyclists in Nigeria are outdoor workers who spend the greater part of the day outdoors under the intense heat and dust characteristic of this part of the world and would therefore be largely predisposed to developing this conjunctival disorder. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and severity of pterygium among these workers and relate these findings to their duration of work. Methods: A cross sectional study with a multi stage random sampling design was used to choose the 615 subjects enrolled in the study. Results: The prevalence for pterygium was 19.3% (206 eyes) with stage 1 occurring mostly (52%) followed by stage 2(46%). Pterygium was common among riders who had been riding for 5 years or less. The relationship between duration of riding and pterygium severity was significant (p=0.009). This prevalence was unaffected by the use of regular sun glasses (p=0.188). Conclusion: A strong relationship exists between commercial motorcycle riding and development of pterygium not affected by using regular sunglasses. We recommend that helmets with full face shields and/or proper UV protected riding goggles where the helmets have no face shield be enforced by the regulation bodies so as to reduce the prevalence of these disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solid insulations of electrical equipment are perpetually affected by various duration overvoltages. Electric stress of insulation depends on its thickness and amplitude of applied voltage. The damaged solid insulation may also influence characteristic parameters of partial discharges. The characteristic parameters of solid insulation quality should be permanently evaluated. Partial discharge monitoring provides reliable information necessary for basic maintenance of stator windings of motors and generators. Submitted paper deals with partial discharge measurements in stator windings during the increasing of applied voltage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of Problem: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is an important cause of work disability. There is controversy over the relation between carpal tunnel syndrome and occupation. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the time-span of practicing dentistry and the role of dominant hands in the development of carpal tunnel syndrome. Materials and Method: In this descriptive cross sectional study, 40 dentists and dental students (15 women and 25 men) undertook the electroneuro-diagnostic test in both hands by an electromyogram (EMG) and they were also evaluated in terms of self- reported clinical symptoms. Results: 17.5% of participants were diagnosed to have decreased nerve conduction velocity while10% had reported clinical symptoms of CTS. Both dominant and nondominant hands were involved. Within cases who were diagnosed as having median nerve neuropathy, 87.5% worked more than 20 hours per week. 57% had 17-23 years of dental practice experience and 14.2% of cases had10-16 years of practice in dentistry. Conclusion: The high rate of CTS symptoms, in both dominant and non-dominant hand among dental practitioners with more years of dental practice, indicates a prequisite for particular attention, then sufficient education on the major risk factors causing this problem. Early diagnosis of these symptoms may improve the future management of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated short and longer duration effects of gloves on hand performance capabilities (muscle activity, dexterity, touch sensitivity, finger pinch and forearm torque strength) and subjective assessments of discomfort and ease of manipulation when performing a light assembly task. The independent variables were hand condition with four levels (wearing cotton, nylon or nitrile gloves as well as barehanded) and point of time within the 2 h duration of the task (with measurements taken at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min). Participants worked with a screwdriver to fit two components together using screws. Wearing gloves significantly increased the muscle activity, pinch strength and discomfort but reduced the dexterity and touch sensitivity. There was also a significant effect of task time on the muscle activity, dexterity, forearm torque strength and touch sensitivity, which indicates that the duration of the task should be an important consideration in glove evaluation studies and in the selection of work gloves. Statement of Relevance:It is important to evaluate the effects of gloves on hand performance capabilities in a working context so that job demands can be taken into account and the most appropriate type of glove be chosen for each task. This study gives recommendations regarding the evaluation and use of gloves for screw-driving tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to compare the duration of computer use assessed through a software package and through self-report by questionnaire. Applied in a large Public Administration, the software package led altogether to a remarkable reduction in the number of workers reaching the duration of use which requires medical examination. Nevertheless, it highlighted that self-reporting of a considerable number of workers had underestimated the computer use. The consistency with Italian laws is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Several ergonomic studies have estimated computer work duration using registration software. In these studies, an arbitrary pause definition (Pd; the minimal time between two computer events to constitute a pause) is chosen and the resulting duration of computer work is estimated. In order to uncover the relationship between the used pause definition and the computer work duration (PWT), we used registration software to record usage patterns of 571 computer users across almost 60,000 working days. For a large range of Pds (1–120s), we found a shallow, log-linear relationship between PWT and Pds. For keyboard and mouse use, a second-order function fitted the data best. We found that these relationships were dependent on the amount of computer work and subject characteristics. Comparison of exposure duration from studies using different pause definitions should take this into account, since it could lead to misclassification. Software manufacturers and ergonomists assessing computer work duration could use the found relationships for software design and study comparison. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this study was to determine the maximum acceptable work duration (MAWD) for high-intensity work. Thirty young individuals participated in this study. Their maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and maximum work rate (MWR) were assessed first. Each subject then performed two cycling tests (60% and 70% MWR) on two separate days. Oxygen uptake and heart rate data were collected throughout the test. The results indicate that the MAWD in the 60% MWR test (18.8 mm) was about threefold greater than the MAWD in the 70% MWR test (6.5 mm). The MAWD was inversely correlated with the relative workload indices: relative oxygen uptake (RVO2 r =-0.82, P <0.001) and relative heart rate (RHR; r = -0.79, P <0.001). The RVO2 was defined as the elevation in oxygen uptake from the resting level as a percentage of the difference between maximum and resting oxygen uptake. The RHR was defined as the elevation in heart rate from the resting level as a percentage of the difference between maximum and resting heart rate. Furthermore, more than 80% of the variations were explained by the exponential decrease regression model for predicting MAWD using the above two variables. The findings of this study can provide useful information for the design of high-intensity jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction of the legal working week in France has come at a time when the active population as a whole is ageing. While the reduction, of itself, provides an opportunity for cutting back the workload, it often involves other modifications to the organization of work, such as an increase in shiftwork and night work, greater time pressure, and fewer possibilities for preparing and anticipating changes in the job situation. The available knowledge of work and ageing in the fields of ergonomics and work psychology allow us to question the consequences of these modifications for elderly workers.

Six young, healthy male subjects performed a series of experiments in a climatic chamber in different environmental conditions wearing protective ventilated NBC clothing. Ambient temperature, TA, ranged from -20 to 35°C, relative humidity, RH, from 20 to 85%, and air velocity, VA, from 0·1 to 5·0 ms−1. In addition, thermal radiation, measured by the temperature of the globothermometer, TG, was artificially increased in some experiments. A total of 32 experiments were performed. The subject had to exercise on a bicycle ergometer at a mechanical power of 60 W for 120 min. Heart rate, HR, oxygen uptake, VO2, skin temperature, Tsk and rectal temperature, Tre, were measured during the experiments together with the temperature of the space between skin and garment, Tu. Sweat loss was determined as the difference of the body weight before and after the experiment. Tu was well correlated with the chamber environmental parameters. During heat exposure work duration began to decrease progressively from a Tu 30°C, reducing to 40 min at the highest thermal load. About the same value of Tu, marked the departure of HR, VO2, Tsk and Tre from the values measured during the same work load in neutral conditions. Also, during cold exposure at -20°C work duration was reduced below 1 h, but the limit appeared to be the cold at the extremities. From these findings it appears that Tu is a good indicator of the thermal load and is related to the environmental condition by the equation: Tu = 9·93 + 0·56 TA + 0·023 TG + 0·14 RH (T in °C, RH in %. For better comfort and performance Tu should be monitored whenever a subject has to work wearing an NBC garment and the ventilating system must be adequate to fulfil the needs imposed on the subject by an adverse environment, in particular a high relative humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]