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Summary: Pork cutlets are susceptible to cross‐contamination with foodborne pathogens during processing. Food irradiation effectively improves food hygiene by eliminating microbes. We investigated the application of X‐ray irradiation (0.5–10 kGy) on pathogen inactivation (D10 value), quality changes [total aerobic bacteria (TAB), yeast and mould (Y&M), total coliform (TC), colour, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), and pH], and the hydrocarbon profile of pork cutlets. D10 values of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus were 0.37, 0.62, 0.52, and 0.36 kGy, respectively. At least 3.10 kGy (5‐D10 values) is required to ensure the microbiological safety of pork cutlets. X‐ray irradiation dose‐dependently reduced all microbial counts, and up to 7 kGy had no adverse effects on colour, TBARS, and pH. Furthermore, 1,7‐hexadecadiene and 8‐heptadecene were potential markers for irradiated pork cutlets. X‐ray irradiation of up to 7 kGy is effective in improving hygiene levels while maintaining pork cutlet quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report an X‐ray radiation‐induced modification of the structure and gas permeation behavior of ZIF‐8 membranes. With 300 min irradiation time, CO2 permeance decreases by only 9 %, while N2 and CH4 permeances reduce by 75 and 65 %, respectively, leading to 3.7‐ and 2.6‐fold enhancements in ideal selectivity for CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a need for therapies that can mitigate bone marrow dysfunction and organ toxicity that occur following myeloablative injury and reduced intensity conditioning regimens used in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The pathogenesis of adverse effects from BMT conditioning has been linked to injury to the vascular endothelium, bone marrow (BM), and other organs. Objective: To evaluate the impact of the thrombopoietin mimetic drug JNJ-26366821 (TPOm) on BM vascular recovery in mice undergoing myeloablative radiation conditioning followed by BMT. Study design: TPOm (doses: 0 µg, 300 µg, 1000 µg per Kg body weight) was administered on Days 0 and 7 after BMT, in mice receiving a total body irradiation (TBI) conditioning regimen (5.5 Gy x 2) before congenic BMT. BM donner cell engraftment was analyzed using flow cytometry on Days 7, 14, and 30 post-BMT. The morphological and biophysical properties of the BM vasculature were evaluated by intravital multiphoton microscopy (MPM) and immunofluorescence confocal imaging. Herein, morphological properties involve microvascular density (MVD), vessel diameter, and vascular area, while biophysical properties include transfer rate (Ktrans) of contrast within the BM vascular niche, as well as the fractional volume (vec) of extracellular extravascular tissue (EES). Results: No significant difference in donor chimerism was observed at days 7, 14, and 30 post-BMT, between TPOm and PBS-treated mice. TPOm intervention improved BM vasculature regeneration in transplanted mice. The MVD, Ktrans, and BM vasculature as well as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) in the BM, showed a dose dependent improvement inmice treated with TPOm. On day 14 post-BMT, the group receiving 1000 µg/Kg TPOm showed significant shifts (p-value < 0.05) in MVD, Ktrans, and VEGFR2 expression from their corresponding control types (TPOm dose 0 µg) towards levels comparable to healthy controls. Conclusion: TPOm intervention augments BM vascular structure and function, which may be important for hematopoietic recovery and bone marrow function in radiation conditioned hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients, in addition to enhancing platelet recovery. day 14 post-BMT, the group receiving 1000 µg/Kg TPOm showed significant shifts (p-value < 0.05) in MVD, Ktrans, and VEGFR2 expression from their corresponding control types (TPOm dose 0 µg) towards levels comparable to healthy controls. Conclusion: TPOm intervention augments BM vascular structure and function, which may be important for hematopoietic recovery and bone marrow function in radiation conditioned hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients, in addition to enhancing platelet recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection causes pneumonia and sepsis. Previous research found that X‐ray radiation can induce P. aeruginosa to release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of relatively consistent sizes. This study found that OMVs derived from X‐ray‐irradiated P. aeruginosa can significantly inhibit lung leakage, inflammatory cell infiltrating into lung, and the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, IL‐1β and TNFα caused by P. aeruginosa infection under preventive and therapeutic administration conditions. Under the same conditions, OMVs also significantly alleviated pathological characteristics of lung injury, including pulmonary edema, pulmonary hemorrhage, and alveolar wall thickening. OMVs also significantly reduced bacterial burdens in peritoneal cavity, accompanied by a reduction in the number of viable bacteria capable of forming bacterial colonies. Pretreating macrophages and neutrophils with OMVs enhances their bactericidal ability. When bacteria were cocultured with treated cells, the number of viable bacteria capable of forming bacterial colonies was significantly reduced. OMVs themselves have not been shown to cause any lung injury or affect bacterial viability. Therefore, OMVs derived from X‐ray‐irradiated P. aeruginosa may not only be applied in prevention and treatment of diseases associated with P. aeruginosa infection, but also served as an excellent vaccine development platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanistic Monte Carlo simulations calculating DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation are highly dependent on the simulation parameters. In the present study, using the Geant4-DNA toolkit, the impact of different parameters on DNA damage induced in a bacterial cell by X- and gamma-ray irradiation was investigated. Three geometry configurations, including the simple (without DNA details), the random (a random multiplication of identical DNA segments), and the fractal (a regular replication of DNA segments using fractal Hilbert curves), were simulated. Also, three physics constructors implemented in Geant4-DNA, i.e., G4EmDNAPhysics_option2, G4EmDNAPhysics_option4, and G4EmDNAPhysics_option6, with two energy thresholds of 17.5 eV and 5-37.5 eV were compared for direct DNA damage calculations. Finally, a previously developed mathematical model of cell repair called MEDRAS (Mechanistic DNA Repair and Survival) was employed to compare the impact of physics constructors on the cell survival curve. The simple geometry leads to undesirable results compared to the random and fractal ones, highlighting the importance of simulating complex DNA structures in mechanistic simulation studies. Under the same conditions, the DNA damage calculated in the fractal geometry was more consistent with the experimental data. All physics constructors can be used alternatively with the fractal geometry, provided that an energy threshold of 17.5 eV is considered for recording direct DNA damage. All physics constructors represent a similar behavior in generating cell survival curves, although the slopes of the curves are different. Since the inverse of the slope of a bacterial cell survival curve (i.e., the D10-value) is highly sensitive to the simulation parameters, it is not logical to determine an optimal set of parameters for calculating the D10-value by Monte Carlo simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Ga‐doped zinc oxide (ZnO) microwires hold great promise for developing highly efficient light sources because of the wide bandgap with proper exciton binding energy. However, most microwires grown from one mainstream approach, i.e., chemical vapor deposition (CVD), are morphologically and crystallographically defective, exhibiting limited photoluminescence performances. Herein, a simple and effective X‐ray irradiation strategy is demonstrated for enhancing the photoluminescence of Ga‐doped ZnO microwire in ambient conditions. Under moderate doses (≤ 150 Gy), the photoluminescence monotonically rockets up with X‐ray dose increment and achieves nine‐fold enhancement at a dose of ≈150 Gy, recording high photoluminescence improvement of ZnO microwires to date. The elemental characteristics under different controlled irradiation atmospheres suggest the elimination of surface oxygen vacancy and the cross‐section transmission electron microscope reveals prominent lattice relaxations after mild X‐ray irradiation. In addition, the X‐ray irradiated microwires further exhibit elevated electroluminescence by over three times. The enhanced photoluminescence and electroluminescence as well as long‐term stability enable us to imagine the super‐rapid applications of ZnO microwires in modern optoelectronic devices.

In order to investigate the influence of X-ray irradiation dose on the germination and storage quality of coloured potatoes, this study took the coloured potatoes Yellow Rose 3, Purple Rose 3, Red Rose 5 and common potatoes as test materials, and treated them with 5 MeV electron-beam rotary target X-rays at 0, 100, 300 and 500 Gy. The treated potatoes were stored at room temperature (20±2) ℃ with a relative humidity of 80%~90%. In order to study the influence of X-ray irradiation on the appearance, nutritional quality and fresh-keeping effects of potatoes, parameter changes of germination rate, weight loss rate, hardness, VC content, dry matter content and respiration intensity during the storage period were analyzed. The results showed that X-ray irradiation treatment reduced the respiratory intensity of potatoes in the mid to late storage period and decreased the weight loss, hardness decline and loss of VC content during storage. Compared with control group, 100 Gy irradiation treated Yellow Rose 3, Purple Rose 3, Red Rose 5 and common potatoes reduced the weight loss rate by 12.76%, 5.31%, 6.05% and 1.43%, respectively, the degree of decrease in hardness at the end of the storage period compared with the beginning of storage period was reduced by 12.98%, 6.40%, 8.34% and 7.13%, respectively, and the rate of loss of VC content was reduced by 17.71%, 22.80%, 13.52% and 14.65%, respectively. Four varieties of potatoes did not sprout even after storage for more than 240 days after receiving different doses of X-rays. A low dose of 100 Gy of X-ray irradiation treatment could achieve an optimal sprout inhibition effect. Moreover, it delayed weight loss and hardness decline more effectively than 300 and 500 Gy. This dose could be recommended as the dose for irradiation preservation of coloured and ordinary potatoes in industrial applications. This research provides a theoretical basis and technical guidance for the application of X-ray irradiation technology in the storage and preservation of coloured potatoes.

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The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is a major pest of citrus due to its role as the vector of the bacterium that causes huanglongbing. In commercial citrus, ACP control currently relies on the application of insecticides, which may not be sustainable long-term, nor practical in urban areas. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an alternative strategy in which large numbers of pests are reared, sterilized using radiation, and then released into the field to compete with wild individuals for matings, suppressing population growth. As a fundamental step toward the development of SIT for ACP, this study sought to identify the optimum radiation dose required to sterilize ACP without affecting their survival and mating capacity. Virgin adult ACP of both sexes were subjected to doses of X-ray irradiation ranging from 40 to 480 Gy, then paired with a nonirradiated mate and allowed to produce offspring. Fecundity was estimated as the number of eggs laid, and fertility as the proportion of those eggs that hatched. Females were more radio-sensitive than males, exhibiting a major drop in fecundity at even the lowest dose and 100% sterility at 80 Gy. In contrast, a fivefold higher dose (400 Gy) did not achieve complete sterility in males, with around 5% offspring survival. However, F1 progeny of males exposed to 320 Gy or higher were subsequently found to be 100% sterile. This confirmation of inherited sterility suggests that balancing the sterilizing effects of radiation against its mortality-inducing effects may warrant further evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drosophila suzukii (D. suzukii), commonly known as the spotted wing drosophila, is a highly invasive crop pest that is difficult to control using chemical insecticides. To address the urgent need for alternative and more sustainable control strategies, the sterile insect technique (SIT) is improved, which involves the release of sterilized male insects to mate with fertile conspecifics, thereby reducing the size of the pest population in the subsequent generation. The three critical aspects that influence the success of SIT programs in D. suzukii are addressed. First, an accurate and nondestructive method is established to determine the sex of individual insects based on the differential weight of male and female pupae. Second, conditions for X‐ray sterilization are systematically tested and an optimal dose (90 kV/40 Gy) is identified that ensures the efficient production of sterile D. suzukii for release. Finally, the inherent thermosensitivity of D. suzukii males is exploited to develop a temperature‐based sterilization technique, offering an alternative or additional SIT method for this pest. These advances will contribute to the development of a comprehensive and effective strategy for the management of D. suzukii populations, reducing their impact on agriculture and helping to safeguard crop yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel approach was proposed, utilizing an electrical field and X-ray irradiation to oxidize elemental mercury (Hg0) and encapsulate it within a nanofibrous mat made of Polyamide 6/Chitosan. The X-rays contributed significantly to the conversion of Hg0 into Hg+ by producing electrons through the photoionization of gas molecules. The positive and negative pole electrodes generated an electric field that exerted a magnetic force, resulting in the redirection of oxidized elemental mercury towards the negative pole electrode, which was coupled with a Polyamide 6/Chitosan nanofiber mat. The evaluation of the Polyamide 6/Chitosan nanofibers exposed to oxidized mercury showed that the mercury, found in the steam of a specially designed filtration device, was captured in two different forms. Firstly, it was chemically bonded with concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 10 ng of Hg in total. Secondly, it was retained on the surface of the Polyamide 6/Chitosan nanofibers with a concentration of 10 microg/m3 of Hg per minute. Nevertheless, a concentration of 10 microg/m3 of mercury is considered significant, given that the emission levels of mercury from each coal power plant typically vary from approximately 4.72 to 44.07 microg/m3. Thus, this research presents a viable approach to reducing mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants, which could result in lower operational expenses and less secondary environmental effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundThere is a need for therapies that can mitigate bone marrow dysfunction and organ toxicity that occur following myeloablative injury and reduced intensity conditioning regimens used in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The pathogenesis of adverse effects from BMT conditioning has been linked to injury to the vascular endothelium, bone marrow (BM), and other organs.ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of the thrombopoietin mimetic drug JNJ-26366821 (TPOm) on BM vascular recovery in mice undergoing myeloablative radiation conditioning followed by BMT.Study designTPOm (doses: 0 µg, 300 µg, 1000 µg per Kg body weight) was administered on Days 0 and 7 after BMT, in mice receiving a total body irradiation (TBI) conditioning regimen (5.5 Gy x 2) before congenic BMT. BM donner cell engraftment was analyzed using flow cytometry on Days 7, 14, and 30 post-BMT. The morphological and biophysical properties of the BM vasculature were evaluated by intravital multiphoton microscopy (MPM) and immunofluorescence confocal imaging. Herein, morphological properties involve microvascular density (MVD), vessel diameter, and vascular area, while biophysical properties include transfer rate (Ktrans) of contrast within the BM vascular niche, as well as the fractional volume (vec) of extracellular extravascular tissue (EES).ResultsNo significant difference in donor chimerism was observed at days 7, 14, and 30 post-BMT, between TPOm and PBS-treated mice. TPOm intervention improved BM vasculature regeneration in transplanted mice. The MVD, Ktrans, and BM vasculature as well as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) in the BM, showed a dose dependent improvement in mice treated with TPOm. On day 14 post-BMT, the group receiving 1000 µg/Kg TPOm showed significant shifts (p-value < 0.05) in MVD, Ktrans, and VEGFR2 expression from their corresponding control types (TPOm dose 0 µg) towards levels comparable to healthy controls.ConclusionTPOm intervention augments BM vascular structure and function, which may be important for hematopoietic recovery and bone marrow function in radiation conditioned hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients, in addition to enhancing platelet recovery.

Background: It has been documented that radiation can influence the pharmacokinetics of chemotherapy drugs, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In clinical practice, a considerable number of cancer patients undergo radiotherapy, and those with comorbid hypertension required antihypertensive drugs, including valsartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker. However, there is no research investigating whether radiotherapy poses a risk of altering the pharmacokinetics. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of X-ray abdominal irradiation on the pharmacokinetics of valsartan and to preliminarily elucidate the underlying mechanism. Methods: The pharmacokinetics of valsartan after X-ray irradiation was investigated in rats and in vitro by detecting the concentration of valsartan in biological samples by LC-MS/MS. The oxidative stress in the intestine and the mRNA expression of partial transporters and Nrf2 in the liver and small intestine were detected by biochemical reagent kit or RT-qPCR. Results: In vivo studies showed that X-ray irradiation resulted in a significant decrease in the AUC and Cmax of valsartan, and the cumulative fractional excretion of valsartan in bile and urine, although there was no significant change in fecal excretion. In vitro studies showed that the uptake of valsartan by both intestine and Caco-2 cells decreased after irradiation, and the cellular uptake could be restored by Mrp2 inhibitor MK571. The levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT in the intestine decreased after irradiation. The mRNA expressions of Mrp2 and P-gp in the intestine or Caco-2 cells were significantly upregulated after irradiation while there was a downregulation of Mrp2 and oatp1b2 in liver. Nrf2 and HO-1 in the intestine were also significantly upregulated, which clarified the involvement of Mrp2 and the possible molecular mechanism. Conclusions: Abdominal X-ray irradiation can cause oxidative stress and upregulate intestinal Mrp2, which may be related to oxidative stress and upregulation of Nrf2, reducing intestinal absorption of valsartan and leading to a significant decrease in the blood concentration of valsartan.

Objective.The Office of Radiological Security, U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration, is implementing a radiological risk reduction program which seeks to minimize or eliminate the use of high activity radiological sources, including137Cs, by replacing them with non-radioisotopic technologies, such as x-ray irradiators. The main goal of this paper is to evaluate the equivalence of the dose delivered by gamma- and x-ray irradiators in mice using experimental measurements and Monte Carlo simulations. We also propose a novel biophantom as anin situdose calibration method.Approach.We irradiated mouse carcasses and 3D-printed mouse biophantoms in a137Cs irradiator (Mark I-68) and an x-ray irradiator (X-Rad320) at three voltages (160 kVp, 225 kVp and 320 kVp) and measured the delivered radiation dose. A Geant4-based Monte Carlo model was developed and validated to provide a comprehensive picture of gamma- and x-ray irradiation in mice.Main Results.Our Monte Carlo model predicts a uniform dose delivered in soft-tissue for all the explored irradiation programs and in agreement with the absolute dose measurements. Our Monte Carlo model shows an energy-dependent difference between dose in bone and in soft tissue that decreases as photon energy increases. Dose rate depends on irradiator and photon energy. We observed a deviation of the measured dose from the target value of up to -9% for the Mark I-68, and up to 35% for the X-Rad320. The dose measured in the 3D-printed phantoms are equivalent to that in the carcasses within 6% uncertainty.Significance.Our results suggest that 320 kVp irradiation is a good candidate to substitute137Cs irradiation barring a few caveats. There is a significant difference between measured and targeted doses for x-ray irradiation that suggests a strong need forin situcalibration, which can be achieved with 3D-printed mouse biophantoms. A dose correction is necessary for bone doses, which can be provided by a Monte Carlo calculation. Finally, the biological implications of the differences in dose rates and dose per photon for the different irradiation methods should be carefully assessed for each small-animal irradiation experiment.

When KCl:Eu2+ single crystals were exposed to X-ray and were plastically deformed by compression at 50 µm min−1, the peak appears around 330 K on the thermoluminescence (TL) glow curve under the influence of the compressive load below 200 N. The peak is termed 330 K peak here. Its intensity becomes slightly large with the compressive load and also depends on the quenching temperature above about 473 K for the preparation of sample. Furthermore, the 330 K peak disappears on the TL glow curve by the heat treatment: annealing at 953 K for 16 h, followed by gradually cooling to room temperature within 24 h. The variations in the 330 K peak height are related to the density of dislocations in the sample. On the absorption spectrum for the crystal, the peak height at the wavelength of 560 nm decreases by the heat treatment. This result is supposed to be caused by the phenomenon that dislocation density is reduced and some colour centres on the 330 K peak etc. are removed in the annealing process of the crystal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to obtain an efficient high-energy radiation detection materials, the reversible discoloration of Co doping cubic zirconia (c-ZrO2) with irradiation was studied. The optical absorption, the elemental content, the valence states of Co and Zr, and the type of O elements of c-ZrO2 were analyzed by ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and thermoluminescence spectroscopy to demonstrate the influence of internal defects on the color reversed of c-ZrO2. The experimental results showed the X-ray irradiation and the subsequent LED lighting/heat treatment on blue c-ZrO2 resulted in a significant reversible discoloration process, in which the color caused Co2+ in ZrO2 replaced Zr4+ thus oxygen vacancy occurred. After X-ray irradiation, the color change is related to the increase of oxygen vacancy, and the subsequent LED lighting/ heat treatment filled the oxygen vacancy, thus enabling a color reversible process in c-ZrO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultimate goal of this work is the study of the effect of luminescence stimulations and signals reading modes combinations on the thermoluminescence intensity and glow curve behaviour for the same X‐ray irradiation dose. Three interesting stimulating and reading modes are considered, namely, infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL), blue light‐emitting diode stimulated luminescence (BLSL) and thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL). The studied stimulation and reading modes combination protocols are (Protocol 1) IRSL‐TSL, (Protocol 2) IRSL‐BLSL‐TSL and (Protocol 3) BLSL‐IRSL‐TSL. Experiments are performed on beryllium oxide (BeO) dosimeter. Results demonstrate well that the combination of reading modes have direct impact on the TL signal in terms of intensity and glow curve shape. It was also found that when reading modes are correctly combined, particularly when IRSL is applied first, then BLSL and TL, it is possible to collect two or more exploitable signals of different stimulation types for the same irradiation that can be used for different purposes and final applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This research focuses on the interaction between the circadian clock and the damage caused to testicular tissue by x-ray ionizing radiation. By examining the links between circadian rhythms and radiation-induced testicular damage, a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms may emerge, potentially leading to new strategies to mitigate or prevent such damage and its subsequent consequences. Methods: Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups. Rats in group 1 (control group) did not undergo any procedures. Rats in group 2 (day) received 6 Gy total body external x-ray radiation in a single fraction between the hours 05:00 and 06:00. Rats in group 3 (night) received 6 Gy total body external x-ray radiation in a single fraction between the hours 19:00 and 20:00. Results: The day group was compared with the control group, and a decrease in spermatogenetic cells and edematous areas was observed. In addition, there was vacuolar accumulation in the cytoplasm of spermatids in the germinal epithelium and necrotic Leydig cells in the intertubular spaces. In the night group, we observed that the changes observed in group 2 were significantly restored. In terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP nick end labeling and 8-hyd roxy- 2’-de oxygu anosi ne immunohistochemical analyses, we observed significantly increased immunopositivity in group 2 compared to the control group and group 3. Conclusion: In conclusion, it reveals that the circadian clock protects against testicular damage caused by x-ray ionizing radiation. By regulating DNA repair processes, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and other important pathways, the circadian clock appears to increase the resistance of testicular tissues to radiation stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sterile insect technique (SIT) is widely used to control Lepidopteran pests by inducing inherited sterility. The noctuid moth Xestia c-nigrum is a polyphagous pest whose subterranean larvae severely injure cereals and some vegetables. The goals of this study were to assess the impact of X-ray irradiation on the development and survival of X. c-nigrum and use the data to select suitable sterilizing doses for potential future use in pest management. Batches of male pupae were exposed to 0 (control), 10, 30, 50, 100, 200, 300, or 400 Gy of X-rays, approximately 24 h before adult emergence. Exposure of late-stage pupae to 10-200 Gy of radiation had no significant effect on adult emergence, but all doses (10-400 Gy) reduced adult longevity, the number of spermatophores in mated females, and the number of eggs laid per female in the irradiated parental generation compared with the controls. Exposure to 10 and 30 Gy had no significant effects in the F1 generation on 1) the rate of egg hatch, 2) the duration of larval or pupal development, or 3) adult longevity. However, exposure to 50 Gy reduced the rate of egg hatch in the F1 generation, and when male pupae were exposed to 100 Gy only 1% of the F1 eggs hatched. Also at 100 Gy, the developmental durations of larvae and pupae were significantly prolonged, and longevity of adult moths was reduced. There were no significant differences between the control group and any treatments in 1) the sex ratio of the F1 adults, 2) the duration of F1 pre-oviposition or oviposition periods, or 3) the number of eggs laid per F1 female. Our findings indicate that a dose of 100 Gy can effectively slow pest development and reduce larval survival in the F1 generation. In addition, F1 adults from lines treated with 100 Gy were able to mate and lay eggs, but all F2 eggs failed to hatch. Our results suggest that use of X-ray irradiation has potential to control this polyphagous pest at the regional level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of identifying the sensitivity of living organisms to ionizing irradiation remains relevant, considering the spread of anthropogenic environmental pollution. The study on the effect of single X-ray irradiation (1,5 Gy) on peripheral blood of bank voles (Myodes glareolus (Schreber, 1780)) captured within territories with background radiation level was conducted. Hematological indicators, characterizing the overall condition of performance of the body, were determined dynamically on the first and seventh days after exposure to detect both early changes and the rate of recovery processes. The patterns and features of the main components of leukocyte formula found in peripheral blood of irradiated animals are being discussed. Differences between irradiated and control mouse-like rodents are shown, using parameters of erythrocytes and leukocytes. The analysis of changes in the peripheral blood of irradiated bank voles indicates the high reserve capacity of the body, according to its ability to restore homeostasis.

The article discusses the importance of standardized reporting of radiation dosimetry in radiobiology and related fields. It emphasizes the need for researchers to provide detailed information about device parameters, machine calibration, and experimental setup when using X-ray technologies. The lack of complete information in published studies has been identified as a problem, and efforts are being made to address this issue through meetings and guidelines. The article also highlights the benefits of transitioning to X-ray technologies, such as improved imaging and decreased regulatory burdens. A roundtable of experts has reached a consensus on a standardized set of parameters that researchers should include in their publications, and they urge editorial boards and funding agencies to adopt these recommendations. The document provides a list of individuals and their affiliations who have contributed to a report on radiation safety and medical physics, representing various institutions and organizations. The report covers topics related to radiation oncology, dosimetry, and nonproliferation. The authors have disclosed no conflicts of interest, and the article has been corrected with minor changes that do not affect the academic content. [Extracted from the article]

The demand for citric acid (CA) as a component of food products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics is increasing yearly. The use of adapted micro-organisms that convert naturally occurring carbohydrates into organic acids makes it possible to increase annual CA production significantly. The research aim was to study CA production by the Aspergillus niger strain in the medium based on carbohydrate-containing raw materials as a carbon source. We used a fermentation by A. niger. Starch hydrolysates were chosen as a nutrient medium. To improve the CA production of A. niger, multi-step mutagenesis was performed. This resulted in mutant strain A. niger R5/4, which had the highest acidogenic activity among the samples. The study evaluated the effect of temperature on the productivity of the mutant strains. The quantitative content of citric acid was analyzed at different incubation times (144, 168, and 192 h). The effect of the initial medium pH (4.5, 5.0, and 5.5) on acid formation was also investigated. The strain's optimum temperature, pH, and cultivation time parameters were determined. A three-factor, three-level Box-Benken design (BBD) was used to optimize CA production by A. niger strain R5/4 on a starch-containing medium. When assessing the impact of temperature on CA production, the ideal range was between 29 and 31 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor-mediated signaling regulates various biological functions in cancer cells. This study aimed to evaluate the roles of LPA receptor-2 (LPA2) in cellular responses induced by X-ray irradiation in pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells. Since X-ray irradiation generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), PANC-1 cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). H2O2 is a key member of ROS. To investigate the cell survival rate to X-ray irradiation, PANC-1 cells were irradiated with X-rays (2.5–15 Gy). LPAR2 expression levels were measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. The effects of LPA2 on the cell survival and motility were evaluated using LPA2 knockdown cells. To establish H2O2 treated cells, PANC-1 cells were cultured in 10% FBS-DMEM with H2O2 (30 µM) for 2 weeks. The cell motility and survival rate to cisplatin (CDDP) of H2O2 treated cells were examined. LPAR2 expression was significantly increased in PANC-1 cells irradiated with X-rays. PANC-1 cell motility was markedly decreased by X-ray irradiation. The reduced cell motility activity by X-ray irradiation was enhanced by LPA2 knockdown. The cell survival to X-ray irradiation was elevated in PANC-1 cells treated with GRI-977143 (LPA2 agonist) and suppressed by LPA2 knockdown. On the other hand, LPAR2 expression was markedly higher in H2O2 treated cells than in H2O2 untreated cells. H2O2 treated cells showed the high cell survival to CDDP in comparison with H2O2 untreated cells. GRI-977143 increased the cell survival to CDDP of H2O2 treated cells, while LPA2 knockdown suppressed. The present results suggest that the activation of LPA2-mediated signaling plays an important role in the modulation of cellular functions induced by X-ray irradiation and H2O2 in PANC-1 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among ionizing radiations, X-ray irradiation has been proposed as an alternative approach to inactivate various pathogens. However, erroneous conclusions and misinterpretations of results may adversely affect its application if the factors affecting X-ray resistance of foodborne pathogens are not considered during X-ray irradiation studies. This study investigated the effect of prior exposure to high salt conditions on the susceptibility of two gram-positive pathogenic bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, to X-ray irradiation. Accordingly, a bacterial cocktail containing three strains of each pathogen was exposed to osmotic stress by suspension in a saturated 15% w/v NaCl solution (water activity = 0.88) for 0 (control), 4, 12, and 24 h. Subsequent X-ray irradiation at 0.8 kGy resulted in reduced counts of both L. monocytogenes (1.55, 2.32, 3.06, and 3.38 log CFU/mL, respectively) and S. aureus (2.44, 2.98, 3.58, and 4.07 log CFU/mL, respectively) held in NaCl solution for 0, 4, 12, and 24 h. The results of this study revealed that exposure to high salt conditions decreased the resistance of L. monocytogenes and S. aureus to X-ray irradiation. Mechanistic studies further identified the damage associated with reactive oxygen species and interrupted peptidoglycan synthesis as major factors contributing to the changes in sensitivity to X-ray irradiation under high salt conditions. Thus, X-ray irradiation may be beneficial for reducing the viability of gram-positive pathogens that are highly resistant to NaCl without heterogeneous stress adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the measurement of the local magnetization dynamics occurring, at units of GHz, in large aspect ratio stripes lithographed from reduced damping amorphous Fe80B20 films. The stripes were submitted to local anisotropy modifications by micrometric beam synchrotron X-ray irradiation. Our results include data on the dispersion relationships and group velocities corresponding to spin waves excited at both the non-irradiated and the irradiated regions. Whereas in the former case we observed standing spin waves with transverse-to-the stripe axis wave vector, in the latter one, for which the wave vector of the spin waves was parallel-to-the stripe axis, propagating spin waves were excited. In both regions, we measured the effective propagation distance of the spin waves, which resulted to be independent of the wave vector orientation. In the spin waves excited at the irradiated region, we also measured the decay time and effective damping coefficient, which was in good agreement with previously reported values obtained from FMR measurements in amorphous Fe80B20 continuous films. We show that the interaction of the non-irradiated and irradiated zones results, at the stripe transverse saturation remanence and under an exciting field frequency of 4 GHz, in the introduction of a π phase shift between the standing spin waves excited at both sides of the irradiated region. This result opens the possibility of using the local, transverse to the stripe axis, magnetic anisotropy easy axis induced by the X-ray irradiation as a crucial constituent of a zero-applied field spin wave phase-shifter.

We report on the measurement of the local magnetization dynamics occurring, at units of GHz, in large aspect ratio stripes lithographed from reduced damping amorphous Fe80B20 films. The stripes were submitted to local anisotropy modifications by micrometric beam synchrotron X-ray irradiation. Our results include data on the dispersion relationships and group velocities corresponding to spin waves excited at both the non-irradiated and the irradiated regions. Whereas in the former case we observed standing spin waves with transverse-to-the stripe axis wave vector, in the latter one, for which the wave vector of the spin waves was parallel-to-the stripe axis, propagating spin waves were excited. In both regions, we measured the effective propagation distance of the spin waves, which resulted to be independent of the wave vector orientation. In the spin waves excited at the irradiated region, we also measured the decay time and effective damping coefficient, which was in good agreement with previously reported values obtained from FMR measurements in amorphous Fe80B20 continuous films. We show that the interaction of the non-irradiated and irradiated zones results, at the stripe transverse saturation remanence and under an exciting field frequency of 4 GHz, in the introduction of a π phase shift between the standing spin waves excited at both sides of the irradiated region. This result opens the possibility of using the local, transverse to the stripe axis, magnetic anisotropy easy axis induced by the X-ray irradiation as a crucial constituent of a zero-applied field spin wave phase-shifter.

Background: Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) is the major vector that transmits many diseases including dengue, Zika, and filariasis in tropical and subtropical regions. Due to the growing resistance to chemical-based insecticides, biological control methods have become an emerging direction to control mosquito populations. The sterile insect technique (SIT) deploys high doses of ionizing radiation to sterilize male mosquitoes before the release. The Wolbachia-based population suppression method of the incompatible insect technique (IIT) involves the release of Wolbachia-infected males to sterilize uninfected field females. Due to the lack of perfect sex separation tools, a low percentage of female contamination is detected in the male population. To prevent the unintentional release of these Wolbachia-infected females which might result in population replacement, a low dose of X-ray irradiation is deployed to sterilize any female escapees. However, it remains unclear whether these irradiation-induced male and female sterilizations share common mechanisms. Results: In this work, we set out to define the minimum dose of X-ray radiation required for complete female sterilization in Ae. aegypti (NEA-EHI strain). Further results showed that this minimum dose of X-ray irradiation for female sterilization significantly reduced male fertility. Similar results have been reported previously in several operational trials. By addressing the underlying causes of the sterility, our results showed that male sterility is likely due to chromosomal damage in the germ cells induced by irradiation. In contrast, female sterility appears to differ and is likely initiated by the elimination of the somatic supporting cells, which results in the blockage of the ovariole maturation. Building upon these findings, we identified the minimum dose of X-ray irradiation on the Wolbachia-infected NEA-EHI (wAlbB-SG) strain, which is currently being used in the IIT-SIT field trial. Compared to the uninfected parental strain, a lower irradiation dose could fully sterilize wAlbB-SG females. This suggests that Wolbachia-carrying mosquitoes are more sensitive to irradiation, consistent with a previous report showing that a lower irradiation dose fully sterilized Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti females (Brazil and Mexican strains) compared to those uninfected controls. Conclusions: Our findings thus reveal the distinct mechanisms of ionizing X-ray irradiation-induced male or female sterility in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, which may help the design of X-ray irradiation-based vector control methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of identifying the sensitivity of living organisms to ionizing irradiation remains relevant, considering the spread of anthropogenic environmental pollution. The study on the effect of single X-ray irradiation (1,5 Gy) on peripheral blood of bank voles (Myodes glareolus (Schreber, 1780)) captured within territories with background radiation level was conducted. Hematological indicators, characterizing the overall condition of performance of the body, were determined dynamically on the first and seventh days after exposure to detect both early changes and the rate of recovery processes. The patterns and features of the main components of leukocyte formula found in peripheral blood of irradiated animals are being discussed. Differences between irradiated and control mouse-like rodents are shown, using parameters of erythrocytes and leukocytes. The analysis of changes in the peripheral blood of irradiated bank voles indicates the high reserve capacity of the body, according to its ability to restore homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We previously reported on extrachromosomal circular DNA extracted from mouse brain. We attempted to reconfirm the formation of circular DNA from this region in a culture system. From a circular DNA-enriched fraction of a mouse embryonic tumor-derived cell line capable of inducing neuronal differentiation, circular DNA in the same region was isolated by nested inverse polymerase chain reaction as performed previously. We attempted to amplify and identify some junctions that were evidence of circularization. In this analysis, we captured several junctions that indicated circularization in cultured cells induced to differentiate into neurons. We observed that some of the sequences shared the same point of attachment, indicating that there exist genomic sequences that are amenable to binding toward circularization. Cells were X-ray-irradiated to determine whether any transformation occurred in DNA circularization. Consequently, circularization junctions occurred after differentiation-induced stimulation and before and after X-ray irradiation. This finding indicated that circularization junctions can be formed from this region without being inhibited by X-ray irradiation and irrespective of cell differentiation stage. Furthermore, the presence of circular DNA was confirmed in which genomic fragments from different chromosomes were replaced. These findings suggest that extrachromosomal circular DNA contributes to the interchromosomal translocation of genomic fragments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the effect of X-ray irradiation as a disinfection treatment in original ancient parchment samples, belonging to a discarded book cover of a 16th-century archival register, has been evaluated. Specifically, the bacterial and fungal species isolated from the book cover have been characterized and then irradiated with increasing doses of X-rays with the aim to evaluate the effectiveness of the antimicrobial protocol on the isolated microorganisms. The deterioration effects induced by the X-ray treatment as well as the natural aging on the collagen matrix of the parchment sample have been tested by employing several techniques, namely, Light Transmission Analysis, Fiber Optic Reflectance Spectroscopy, Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy, UV Resonant Raman spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy. The results reveal that the irradiation treatment applied to our ancient parchment samples deteriorated by biological attack and other naturally occurring phenomena, possibly associated with inappropriate conservation conditions, does not seem to induce further damage factors even when large doses of irradiation are employed. The X-rays-based disinfection treatment effects are limited on the collagen support and this confirms the potential of this method in mass disinfection of library and archival materials.

Although radiotherapy is widely employed in the treatment of various malignancies in oncology patients, its use is limited by the toxic effects it causes in surrounding tissues, including the gastrointestinal system. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a traditional drug reported to possess antioxidant and restorative properties in various studies. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of KRG against radiation-associated small intestinal damage. Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into three groups. No procedure was performed on Group 1 (control) during the experiment, while Group 2 (x-irradiation) was exposed to radiation only. Group 3 (x-irradiation + ginseng) received ginseng via the intraperitoneal route for a week prior to x-irradiation. The rats were killed 24 h after radiation. Small intestinal tissues were evaluated using histochemical and biochemical methods. An increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and a decrease in glutathione (GSH) were observed in the x-irradiation group compared to the control group. KRG caused a decrease in MDA and caspase-3 activity and an increase in GSH. Our findings show that it can prevent damage and apoptotic cell death caused by x-irradiation in intestinal tissue and can therefore play a protective role against intestinal injury in patients receiving radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive epidemiological analyses conducted in the last 30 years have revealed a link between radiation and DM. We aimed to determine the effects of dexmedetomidine pretreatment on radiation-induced pancreatic islet cell damage. Twenty-four rats were divided into three groups: group 1 (control group), group 2 (only X-ray irradiation group), and group 3 (X-ray irradiation + dexmedetomidine). We observed necrotic cells with vacuoles accompanying loss of cytoplasm in the islets of Langerhans, extensive edematous areas, and vascular congestions in group 2. In group 3, we observed a decrease in necrotic cells in the islets of Langerhans, and edematous areas and vascular congestion was also reduced. We determined a decrease in β-cells, α-cells, and D-cells in the islets of Langerhans in group 2 compared to the control group. In group 3, β-cells, α-cells, and D-cells were elevated compared to group 2. Ionizing radiation may induce DM. Dexmedetomidine appears to exert a radioprotective effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study investigated the antioxidant effect of coenzyme Q10 on ionizing radiationinduced oxidative damage in pancreatic ß-cells. Methods: Twenty-four male rats were assigned to 4 groups. Group 1 constituted the control group, Group 2 only received a single i.p. dose of coenzyme Q10, Groups 3 and 4 received a total of 4 Gy external x-ray radiation to the abdomen in a single fraction. Group 4 also received a single dose of 200 mg/kg coenzyme Q10 i.p. 30 minutes prior to x-ray irradiation. Results: The x-ray radiation group showed decreased ß-cell positivity in the islets of Langerhans compared to the control group on immunohistochemical analysis. In contrast, an increase in ß-cells exhibiting insulin positivity was observed in group 4 (ionizing radiation + coenzyme Q10) compared to the irradiation group. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay indicated a rise in the number of apoptotic cells in the x-ray radiation group compared to the control and coenzyme Q10-only groups (Group 2). Meanwhile, we observed a decrease in the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive apoptotic cells in the islets of Langerhans in the ionizing radiation + coenzyme Q10 treatment group (Group 4) relative to the irradiation group. Conclusion: This study shows that coenzyme Q10 reduces apoptosis in the rat pancreas exposed to abdominal ionizing radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is an invasive agricultural pest species of pome fruits and walnuts that has developed resistance to many insecticides. Alternative eco-friendly approaches are warranted to reduce the dependence on insecticides for the sustainable management of C. pomonella. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an autocidal strategy of control that is being trialed in experiments against various pests and that could reduce the risk of the development of insecticide resistance. In our previous study, we found that 366 Gy X-ray irradiation can effectively make the C. pomonella male sterile. In this study, we report on the investigation of the effect of X-ray irradiation on the fitness and adaptability of sterile insects, as well as the first pilot release of sterile male adults of C. pomonella in orchards in China. Results show that 366 Gy of X-ray irradiation significantly shortened the lifespan of the sterile male moths, reduced the mating competitiveness of males, and resulted in males being sterile in the orchards. The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is an invasive agricultural pest of pome fruits and walnuts in China that threatens the apple industry in the Loess Plateau and Bohai Bay; it has developed resistance to many insecticides. Sterile insect technique (SIT) combined with area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) can reduce the risk of resistance to insecticides and effectively control some insect pest species. Our previous laboratory experiment found that irradiation with 366 Gy of X-ray caused the males of the codling moth to become sterile. However, the sterility and adaptability of males after being irradiated with 366 Gy X-ray in the field are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of X-ray irradiation on the fitness of male adults that emerged from pupae irradiated with 366 Gy to explore their adaptability and mating competitiveness, and to examine the effect of releasing sterile male insects in orchards in northeast China on the fruit infestation rate of the Nanguo pear. The results showed that 366 Gy of X-ray irradiation significantly reduced the mating competitiveness of males and the hatching rate of the eggs laid by females pairing with sterile males. Meanwhile, the lifespan of the sterile male moths was significantly shorter than that of the normal ones in the field. A pilot test showed that the release twice of sterile male moths in the orchards had no significant effect on the fruit infestation rate. Our field experiments provide a scientific basis for the further optimization of the SIT technology program for controlling C. pomonella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently the IGZO X‐ray TFT has been introduced in digital X‐ray detector (DXD) industry because of its superior TFT characteristic especially its low leakage current. In this work we successfully manufactured a 17"X17" IGZO X‐ray sensor panel which has low noise level. The TFT off leakage current is smaller than 0.5fA in TFT off region, as the result, it can reduce 65% noise level than a‐Si TFT X‐ray sensor panel. Finally we evaluate the stability of IGZO X‐ray sensor panel under X‐ray irradiation. By tuning the Vgl setting, we estimate our IGZO X‐ray sensor panel can survive after the X‐ray accumulation dosage 600Gy on IGZO TFT for medical image application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) protein kinase is highly conserved in metazoan, and plays a critical role at DNA damage response, oxidative stress, metabolic stress, immunity, RNA biogenesis etc. Systemic profiling of ATM regulated genes, including protein-coding genes, miRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs, will greatly improve our understanding of ATM functions and its regulation. Results 1) differentially expressed protein-coding genes, miRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs in atm mutated flies were identified at physiological condition and after X-ray irradiation. 2) functions of differentially expressed genes in atm mutated flies, regardless of protein-coding genes or non-coding RNAs, are closely related with metabolic process, immune response, DNA damage response or oxidative stress. 3) these phenomena are persistent after irradiation. 4) there is a cross-talk regulation towards miRNAs by ATM, E2f1, and p53 during development and after irradiation. 5) knock-out flies or knock-down flies of most irradiation-induced miRNAs were sensitive to ionizing radiation. Conclusions We provide a valuable resource of protein-coding genes, miRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs, for understanding ATM functions and regulations. Our work provides the new evidence of inter-dependence among ATM-E2F1-p53 for the regulation of miRNAs.

The paper is devoted to the changes in the X-ray luminescence spectra of nanoscale Y2O3 ceramics, namely the radiation associated with a self-trapped exciton. Additional heat treatment (annealing) of ceramic samples leads to changes in the exciton band of the spectra. These are a change in the shape and shift of the maximum of this band. Long-term irradiation of the samples by X-ray photons with an energy of 60 keV also led to changes in the exciton band. A theoretical model based on experimental data explains the changes in the spectra. The energy source of luminescence in this case is photoelectrons formed by energetic photons. Traps for these electrons are formed on the surface of submicrocrystals. Changes in the surface-to-volume ratio of crystals, as well as the frequencies of excited phonons and excitons are the basis for changes in the X-ray luminescence spectra of Y2O3 ceramics.

Thermally stimulated luminescence of the X-ray irradiated CdSSe-doped borosilicate glases have been studied. The two well defined temperarure maxima discovered for total thermoluminescence intensity, as well as the thermoluminescence dependence on the nanocrystal size and X-ray dose are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study, aimed to investigate the potential negative effects of x-ray radiation and the effects of the α2-adrenergic receptor agonist dexmedetomidine on the pituitary gland. Methods: Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: Rats in Group 1 (control group). Group 2 (X-ray irradiation) and group 3 (X-ray irradiation + Dexmedetomidine) were given a total of 10 Gy external beam total body irradiation. Group 3 was given a single intraperitoneal dose of 200 µg/kg dexmedetomidine 30 minutes before RT. Results: In sections obtained from the x-ray irradiation group, we observed many necrotic in adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. In addition, there were extensive oedematous areas and vascular congestions due to the necrotic cells in both the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. In contrast, we observed a reduction in necrotic chromophobic and chromophilic cells in adenohypophyseal tissue and a reduction in necrotic pituicytes in neurohypophyseal tissue in the dexmedetomidine treatment group. In addition, we determined lower caspase-3 and TUNEL expression in the dexmedetomidine treatment group compared with the x-ray irradiation group. Dexmedetomidine reduced x-ray radiation-induced pituitary damage by preventing apoptosis. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated the use of dexmedetomidine in situations related to radiation toxicity and offers the potential for a comprehensive study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational radiation exposure monitoring is well-established in clinical or industrial environments with various different dosimeter systems. Despite the availability of many dosimetry methods and devices, a challenge with the occasional exposure registration, which may occur due to the spilling of radioactive materials or splitting of these materials in the environment, still exists, because not every individual will have an appropriate dosimeter at the time of the irradiation event. The aim of this work was to develop radiation-sensitive films—color-changing radiation indicators, which can be attached to or integrated in the textile. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based polymer hydrogels were used as a basis for fabrication of radiation indicator films. Several organic dyes (brilliant carmosine (BC), brilliant scarlet (BS), methylene red (MR), brilliant green (BG), brilliant blue (BB), methylene blue (MB) and xylenol orange (XiO)) were used as a coloring additives. Moreover, PVA films enriched with Ag nanoparticles (PVA-Ag) were investigated. In order to assess the radiation sensitivity of the produced films, experimental samples were irradiated in a linear accelerator with 6 MeV X-ray photons and the radiation sensitivity of irradiated films was evaluated using UV–Vis spectrophotometry method. The most sensitive were PVA-BB films indicating 0.4 Gy−1 sensitivity in low-dose (0–1 or 2 Gy) range. The sensitivity at higher doses was modest. These PVA-dye films were sensitive enough to detect doses up to 10 Gy and PVA-MR film indicated stable 33.3% decolorization after irradiation at this dose. It was found that the dose sensitivity of all PVA-Ag gel films varied from 0.068 to 0.11 Gy−1 and was dependent on the Ag additives concentration. Exchange of a small amount of water with ethanol or isopropanol caused the enhancement of radiation sensitivity in the films with the lowest AgNO3 concentration. Radiation-induced color change of AgPVA films varied between 30 and 40%. Performed research demonstrated the potential of colored hydrogel films in their applications as indicators for the assessment of the occasional radiation exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in the resistance of single crystals of p-type conductivity silicon under the action of mechanical loading were investigated in this research. Also, non-irradiated and pre-irradiated X-rays experimental samples were studied. It was found that at small deformation values when they are at the initial stage of the action of elastic deformation, a section forms and increases, on which the resistance practically does not depend on the applied mechanical load. In irradiated crystals, at small deformation values, electron generation processes dominate, which then recombine with the main carriers – holes. The consequence of such processes is the appearance of a maximum increase in electrical resistance at the initial stage of elastic deformation of experimental samples irradiated with X-rays. Charge carrier generation processes begin to dominate with further deformation. Such processes occur as a result of the release of acceptor centers from other complex defects, which are destroyed during the deformation of the Si crystal and captured by mobile dislocations. Thus, the processes of generation of charge carriers prevail over the processes of gettering and, accordingly, a mechano-stimulated decrease in the electrical resistance of p-Si samples occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]