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Suicide is a public health concern. The family and society are impacted by the consequences of suicide, despite the fact that it is committed by an individual. Therefore, considering the importance of this phenomenon, researchers have endeavored to investigate factors affecting suicide from various the economic and social aspects. While previous research has investigated the impact of a variety of variables on suicide, researchers in Iran have neglected to consider the effect of women’s relative position in various fields with the interpretation of gender equality. According to the available literature, this phenomenon can affect suicide. Consequently, the objective of the present study was to examine the factors that contribute to suicide, with an emphasis on the women’s position compared to men in the education and labor market sectors from 2016 to 2022. In the provinces, the results of this research indicate that the ratio of women to men students has a positive and significant impact on suicide. However, the ratio of women’s economic participation to men due to factors such as increased access to resources for the family and reduced financial stress has a negative and significant impact on suicide. The findings indicate the importance of policymakers’ attention to women’s position in various fields, including education and the labor market.

One of the new ideas to reduce inequality and adjust the class gap is the "sharing economy" model. By creating "access instead of ownership", the sharing economy has provided the conditions for the low income deciles to use some life facilities in which there is a large class gap, and a part of the lack of consumption in the low deciles (caused by the lack of ownership) decreases.In this research, while introducing the "sharing economy" model in order to improve the inequality situation in the country, focusing on the issue of "trust" as the most important challenge of this economic model, an effort is made to design a mechanism to increase the level of trust in the sharing economy. , to provide the basis for inclusive and sustainable growth of this economic model in the country. For this purpose, by using the game theory and one of its sub-branches called mechanism design theory, a trust-building mechanism with the aim of increasing the level of trust in online accommodation sharing platforms. , the design and then the proposed mechanism is evaluated. The results of the evaluation show that the proposed mechanism in this research is "compatible with motivation", "individually rational", "efficient" and "has a balanced budget predicted in advance".

Introduction: In order to evaluate the socioeconomic development, various criteria are used to evaluate the livelihood, welfare, and social changes of human life. The economic progress is one of the important dimensions of development. The social dimension of development, which leads to the creation of justice for different members of a society, is another important aspect of development, and the realization of this goal requires planning. Land planning, which seeks to pay attention to regional potentials and differences, is a step in this direction. Ignoring these capabilities will lead to resources waste, intensifying regional dualities and negative consequences. For this purpose, the aim of the current research is to identify the key sectors of the economy of Yazd province based on the multi-regional input-output table. The innovation of the current research is to investigate all the economic activities of Yazd province and national economy and to identify the key parts of the two regions. Methodology: In the current research, we seek to identify and evaluate the key economic sectors of Yazd province and national economy using traditional methods, elasticity of final demand, data envelopment analysis (DEA) and finally a multi-ranked index using multi regional input-output table. In this article, the Central Bank's 2016 input-output table was used, which was the most up-to-date official statistical data table approved and available at the time of the research. Also, the regional input-output table of 2015 Yazd province and national economy has been extracted from the updated input output table of Central Bank and regional accounts of the same year by using specific Flegg location quotient (SFLQ) method. The input-output table of the Central Bank, according to the production and economic structure of the two regions, and using the ISIC classification method, has been aggregated into 20 sectors. Results and Discussion: The results of the present research show that in the traditional method, in total, the section "Manufacturing metal factory products except machinery and equipment" and three sections "Manufacturing paper and paper products and printing", "Manufacturing products from rubber and plastic" and "Manufacturing metals" "Basic" are respectively known as the key sectors of Yazd province and other national economies. In the final demand elasticity method of Yazd province, the sections "Manufacture of motor vehicles and other transportation equipment", "Manufacture of clothing, processing and dyeing of fur, tanning and polishing of leather and other leather products" and "Manufacture of unclassified machinery and equipment in Other" and for the rest of the national economy, the sectors "Manufacturing textiles", "Manufacturing basic metals" and "Manufacturing non-metallic mineral products" are ranked first to third. In the third method, known as data envelopment analysis method, in Yazd province, the "Manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transportation equipment" sector and in other national economies, the "Manufacturing of paper, paper products and printing" sector are known as key sectors. In a general summary using a Multi Ranking Index (MRI), in Yazd province, "Textile manufacturing", "Clothing manufacturing, fur processing and dyeing, tanning and polishing of leather and other leather products", "Wood manufacturing and wooden products", "Coke manufacturing, Products from the refining of petroleum and nuclear fuels and the manufacture of chemical materials and products", "Manufacture of basic metals", "Manufacture of machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified", "Manufacture of motor vehicles and other transport equipment", "Manufacture of furniture and articles Not Elsewhere Classified", "Water, Electricity and Gas", "Construction", "Transportation" and at the level of other national economy sectors "Clothing manufacturing, processing and dyeing of fur, tanning and polishing of leather and other leather products" , "Making wood and wooden products", "Making paper, paper products and printing", "Making rubber and plastic products", "Making basic metals", "Manufacturing, repairing and installing subsidized, electronic and optical products, manufacturing, repairing and installation of electrical equipment”, “Manufacture of furniture and articles not elsewhere classified” are identified as key sectors. Conclusion: The findings of the present research indicate that the use of different criteria can show a different picture of the economic performance of the sectors. Using traditional methods, key sectors are industry-oriented. In the final demand elasticity method, the priority of the sectors is determined based on the importance of each sector, and in the data envelopment analysis method, the results are estimated based on the efficiency value of each sector. These results show the importance of paying attention to choose the right method in the evaluation of key sectors. Although the key sectors determined using different methods are different, the common point of all three methods is that the key sectors of Yazd province are industry-oriented. Therefore, according to the criteria used in the three methods, it can be seen that the province is well industrialized and the role of industry in the economic structure of the province is dominant.

This study examines the relationship between money creation and the rule of law as two social institutions effective in economic growth and development. Money is created in the context of laws, and therefore it is stated that if there is the rule of law, it will not be possible to expand the money supply; on the other hand, the creation of money and the resulting inflation alter the distribution of income and relative prices and, consequently, affect private property, increase the incentive to engage in non-market activities and government intervention in the economy, and in this way affects the rule of law. Following the study of the relationship between these two variables and the discovery of the causal relationship, using the data of the rule of law of the World Bank and the volume of liquidity in the period 1996 to 2020 for Iran, using Engle Granger method and vector error correction model (ECM), it was found that in the short run, there is a negative and two-way causal relationship between the rule of law and the amount of liquidity. However, in the long run, there is a negative relationship between the volume of liquidity and the rule of law, and causality is established from the volume of liquidity to the rule of law. In other words, the increase in liquidity has reduced the rule of law in Iran.

The purpose of this study is to prioritize the economic activities in Yazd Province, Iran, with a sustainable development approach and an emphasis on the importance of water intensity in economic activities. Therefore, multiple criteria were used to prioritize the activities that cover the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. In the first stage, the SFLQ method was used to prepare an input-output table for Yazd Province. Then, the economic activities in the province were prioritized in terms of six criteria including the intensity of interdepartmental communication and value-added (economic dimension), job creation (social dimension) as well as energy intensity, water intensity and pollution (environmental dimension). Moreover, a combination of an input-output model and the TOPSIS method was applied. According to the results of this study, among the activities in the province, "transportation" proved to have the highest priority. It was also found that the ignorance of water use as an important criterion can lead to significantly different prioritization results.

One of the components of the economy of all countries is the shadow economy, given the hidden secrecy of this sector of the economy from the point of view of economic policymakers, it can lead to a distortion of the correctness of the state of the economy, the imposition of false policies, and the reduction of the impact of economic policies. Therefore, one of the concerns of policy makers is to identify the size of this sector and to use strategies to reduce the size and control the impact of this sector on overall performance and other sectors of the economy. Among the variables that the shadow economy has a significant impact on is the quality of life. The shadow economy, on the one hand, has a positive impact on increasing employment and income, and on the other hand, due to non-compliance with occupational and safety standards, has a negative impact on the quality of work life, health, safety and so on. Therefore, the main issue of this research is the impact of shadow economy on quality of life. In this research, structural modeling and multiple-cause multiple-index causes are used to estimate the amount of underground economics and its evolution and its effect on quality of life. The results suggest a positive impact of the shadow economy on the quality of life.

Iran with arid and semi-arid climate needs to save water and energy resources. In this study, the two regions of Isfahan and Yazd as two critical points in terms of water and energy have been studied. In this research, the two-region Input-Output model is used to measure and analyze the water and energy relations between the economic sectors of Isfahan and Yazd provinces and the link model is used to investigate the hybrid flow of two sources and the extent of link effects in each region in 2016. The results of combined water and energy flow indicate that the two sectors "water, electricity and gas" and "agriculture" are the most consuming sectors or the most effective sectors in terms of consumption in two regions, so that the most important management node in the relationship between water and energy are considered. Also, the calculations made in the total flow section of the two sources of water and energy indicate that the two sectors "water, electricity and gas" and "coke production, products from oil refining and nuclear fuels, and manufacturing of chemical materials and products” account for the highest output (export) and input (import) of water and energy from other sectors, respectively. In addition, "Building" and "water, electricity and gas" are the most important sectors in water and energy imports, respectively. The total flow of water and energy resources between Isfahan and Yazd provinces indicate that each economic sector of Isfahan province is an exporter in the field of water and energy importing from other sectors, and each economic sector of Yazd province is an importer in the field of water and energy.

Although Iran is located in an arid and semi-arid region and the average rainfall is less than one third of the global average, but in terms of water consumption is considered one of the most consumed countries as expected in the year will face a physical shortage of water in the future. Since the first step in dealing with the challenges is to identify the subject under study, in this regard, in the present study, the factors affecting domestic water consumption in the provinces of Iran have been identified. Theoretical and empirical evidence shows the effect of strengthening social capital on encouraging people to cooperate in the field of environmental measures. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of social capital in domestic water consumption in the provinces of Iran. In this study, while calculating an index as a proxy for social capital, the effect of social capital on household water consumption has been investigated using panel data. The results show an inverse relationship between social capital and water consumption. In other words, the authorities are able to control water consumption in this area through measures that lead to gaining the trust and cooperation of the people.

Economic-oriented development has caused serious damage to the environment, while the consequences of this attitude have become one of the concerns of countries in the contemporary era, and has led to the emergence of a three-dimensional concept of development based on economics, society and the environment, which is called development Sustainable. Sustainable development is, a balance between the needs of a community to improve the standard of living and prosperity on the one hand and the quality of the environment and the benefits of future generations on the other. Since the efficiency of utilizing resources is a step towards sustainable development, and by analyzing the productivity indicators of the production factors, the efficiency of the performance of different economic sectors in use of resources is determined, and one of the economic sectors whose products have long been considered and used by mankind are the mining sector and extraction of minerals have many environmental consequences. The present study aims to investigate the efficiency of ore mines in Yazd province with emphasis on environmental indicators. In this study, through self-explanatory models and Solow indicator method, the total productivity growth of the factors of production in the mine sector during the period 1360-1395 was investigated and then the rank of mines in this group of mines is specified. The results of this study indicate an increase in the productivity of this group of mines and during this period, Chandermeli, Islamiyah and Arjenan mines have had first to third ranks for efficiency ratings.

The impact of corruption on economic activity has been widely discussed in the literature. On the one hand, some believe that bribery motivates bureaucracies to give private-sector economic agents the opportunity to overcome cumbersome regulations. In this case, corruption can improve the efficiency of public resource allocation. The second argument is that more bribery distorts the decisions of private sector and reduces allocation efficiency. In recent decades, extensive studies have been conducted in the field of corruption and its effects on various aspects of economic, social and governance, as well as defining indicators of corruption and providing models for its reflection. Researchers have often examined corruption based on perceptual criteria and nationall level. The novelty of this research is to take advantage of the objective documentation and local dimensions in defining the corruption index. This study, using a local and objective variable of corruption, by comparing sample data consisting of selected companies of Tehran Stock Exchange in areas with higher corruption and areas with lower corruption, examines the relationship between corruption, corporate governance and holding the company's cash at the level of selected companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange, using the panel data method. The results show the negative impact of corruption on companies' cash holdings, while board independence and ownership concentration do not have a significant relationship with cash holdings.

Background and Objectives: Lifestyle modifications pertain to all aspects of life, including physical, mental, and psychological domains. Therefore, the achievement of any kind of health, especially mental health, has come into special focus. The current study aimed to investigate the Islamic lifestyle and its relationship with depression and anxiety among the students of Qom University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 students of Qom University of Medical Sciences. They were selected by cluster random sampling among all students of Qom University of Medical Sciences. To assess the relationship of Islamic lifestyle with depression and anxiety among students, the following instruments were utilized: Kaviani Islamic Lifestyle Survey Test- short form (ILST), Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Goldberg Depression Questionnaire. The data were analyzed in SPSS software using the Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression test. Results: Based on the results of the present study demonstrated that the Pearson correlation coefficient between lifestyle and depression was obtained at R=-0.15; moreover, this value was calculated at R=-0.12 for lifestyle and anxiety. Moreover, people with a better lifestyle experience less anxiety and depression and vice versa Furthermore, anxiety, and depression were not significantly correlated with such demographic variables as age, grade point average, gender, place of residence, and marital status, as compared to the Islamic lifestyle. Conclusion: As evidenced by the obtained results, anxiety and depression can predict people's lifestyle. Therefore, it is recommended that standard educational programs focus on the Islamic lifestyle in order to promote better health in the students.

During the reign of the Timurids, the art of painting reached such a level of development and evaluation that it became a model for all future schools of painting in Iran. According to the approach of the Timurid rulers, we see the maturity and perfection of music in this period, by studying the existing Painting, one can understand the very important and prominent points of musical life, including the presence and service of female musicians and the instruments and innovations of this art in this period. In the history of Iran after Islam, the Safavid era is also a turning point in terms of important political, cultural, and social changes, and Safavid miniature, like other branches of art, was no exception to this rule. The present article intends to comparatively examine and explain the identity and social status of female musicians with a comparative approach and in a descriptive-analytical and historical method and according to library sources and museum documents left from the Timurid and Safavid eras. The main question of this research is as follows; How are the two dynasties’ insights into female musicians explained in works of art? Studies show that despite the similarity of the maps of these two periods, in the Safavid era, however, greatness and respect for women and musicians were more than the Timurid period. In the Timurid era, female musicians were performed in quiet, unhurried gatherings with the king, usually in the lower house. In the early Safavid period, women were depicted with court men and close to the king, and in the late period, in crowded scenes; Instead of playing more, they dance and their position has seen a temporary decline.

Size of nanoparticles is an important parameter in determining many of their properties. In this work, nanoparticles of β-1,3-glucan containing doxorubicin (Dox) in conjugated and unconjugated forms (Con-Dox-Glu and Un-Dox-Glu, respectively) were prepared. Then, artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to find the effect of different formulation/processing parameters on their particle size, which was measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS). The parameters included ratio of Dox/Carrier as well as concentrations of polyethyleneimine (PEI), NaOH and succinic anhydride (Sa). To do so, fifty samples having different values of the four parameters were prepared and their particle size was measured. The data were divided randomly into training, test and unseen data. The ANN model demonstrated that in both conjugated and unconjugated forms, Dox/Carrier ratio is the dominant factor determining the particle size. Also, concentration of PEI showed to be important in determining particle size of unconjugated form of the nanoparticles. The remaining parameters indicated no considerable effect on the particle size

Nowadays, researchers emphasise that the solution for the water crisis is the demand-side management rather than increasing the water supply. Accordingly, in recent years, concepts of virtual water and water footprint have been introduced which are highly regarded by researchers and policymakers. Many believe that the idea of importing virtual water can be considered by policymakers as a solution for the water shortage problem. The aim of this study is to measure the virtual water trade (imports and exports) and the water footprint in the various economic sectors of Yazd province. For this purpose, the input-output model (table of 2011) has been used. The results show that the total water footprint of Yazd province in 2011 was approximately 1538.8 mm3, where 50% and 65.3% of this is for external (outside of the province) and agriculture sector, respectively. In 2011, Yazd province also imported and exported approximately 782.2 m3 and 442.7 m3 virtual water, respectively. Therefore, the net level of virtual water import of Yazd province is approximately 339.7 m3. The sectors of “food products, beverages, and tobacco” and “mining” are the biggest net virtual water importers and exporters in this province, respectively.

This paper is concerned with the saddle-path stability of monetary growth rules in a two-country two-sector dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. Alongside standard features of emerging economies, such as a combination of producer and local currency pricing for exports, fiscal dominance and oil exports, this model also incorporates informal labour and production sectors and examines how these features matter in the context of monetary policy in emerging economies.We estimate the model on Iran and US data for home and foreign block respectively using Bayesian estimation techniques. Under a benchmark instruments of monetary policy, we show that a Taylor-type money growth rule rather than interest rate, even up to a four period ahead forward-looking has complete stability and determinacy properties in the economy which is also hold regardless of the level of asset market participation, therefore the inverted Taylor principles does not apply in our economy.Our findings confirm the important propagation channels which are active in the emerging economies and taking into account these features is essential for any policy-related study, such as the stabilizer effect of terms of trade between formal and informal sector, buffer behaviour of informal sector which is dampened in the model of higher informal frictions, disturbance effects of credit constrained household on the business cycle fluctuations and finally, monetary policy shock which is less effective in an environment of high share of informal sector, low informal frictions, high share of limited asset market participations and a trade autarky economy.

In the recent years, increasing demand for water resources and on the other hand, limitation of these resources, led to water shortage became a serious issue in Iran. Nowadays, the demand-side management has considered as a desirable approach to resolving the issue of water shortage. In this context, explaining that how is water consumed in the economic system (as consumers about 95 percent of total water use), can be a valuable aid for policy makers and planners of water sector. Accordingly, the aim of this study is evaluation of virtual water flows between different economic sectors in the Iran, both from domestic and foreign sources. For this purpose, input-output model (table of 2011) is used. The results show that in many sectors of the economy, indirect water use are significantly more than their direct use. Based on these results, if all Iran's economic sectors to satisfy their final demand, consumed an additional cubic meter of water, About 332 m3 of water consumed indirectly in the whole economy that about 75 percent is from domestic sources. Also about 81.4 percent of indirect water use is related to "Agriculture" sector. Since, most volume of virtual water flows in economic sectors are related to their dependence on agriculture sector, recommended to increase water use efficiency in this sector.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relation between government size and openness for a 26-years panel of 30 Asian developing countries. It is argued that there is a negative relation between country size and government size and also between country size and openness. Considering that, some researchers concluded that there is a positive relationship between openness and the size of government. To reveal the relation between these two variables, we used two proxies for measuring the extent of openness. The proxy used for openness is the economic dimension of KOF index of globalization. Employing a non-stationary panel data technique and DOLS estimator, the results show that there is a positive relationship between economic globalization and government size.

Underground economy is considered as an important economic component among the world countries, and in particular developing countries. It creates a serious consequence in the economy and could lead to a deviation from the correct diagnosis of economy status and as a result prescription of the mistaken policies. Therefore, identifying the size of underground economy and using corrective measures to reduce and control it is the main concern of policymakers. Financial development is among factors affecting the performance of underground economy. It reduces the cost of credit and decreases the incentives of agents in the underground sector. This study aims to investigate how to financial development affect underground sector. To this end, it uses structural equation modeling and multiple indicators – multiple causes (MIMIC) approach. The results suggest that the average ratio of the underground economy to GDP is equal to 20.68% during 1973-2012. For one unit increase in financial development, on average, the size of the underground economy decreases by 0.05 percent.

Water plays a significant role in sustainable development process of every region both as a natural resource and as a production input. Therefore, ignoring water resources limitation in investment priorities in dry regions as Yazd province may lead to non-optimal decisions, which are not in line with sustainable development goals. Hence, the aim of this paper is to prioritize the industrial activities in Yazd province with an approach to sustainable development and with an emphasis on importance of water resources. As a result, the current study has tried to cover various aspects of sustainable development. For this purpose, firstly input-output table for Yazd province was estimated using AFLQ method. Then, industrial sectors of Yazd province were prioritized by integration of input-output model and analytic hierarchy process (AHP), considering five criteria including water use, employment, inter-sectoral linkages, emission and value added. The results show that sector of "electrical equipment and office machinery" has a higher priority for investment than other sectors. Findings also show the importance of water use, so that ignorance of this criterion leads to significantly different prioritization results.

Invasive aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses is a rare and often misdiagnosed disease. This study reported a case of maxillary aspergillosis with a complete headache and eye pain after tooth extraction with a large abscess in the relative jaw. Tenderness in the right temporal, lower jaw numbness and right eye proptosis was found. Histopathological examination was the suggestion of maxillary sinusitis with a fungal ball of aspergillus.

Usuallyattention to the buying and keeping gold will increase with economic crises in the global economy, because gold has intrinsic value and in the economic crisis not only maintain its value but also high demand of it cause increase in its value. With increasing demand for gold, the possibility of existence of bubbles in its market will increase; therefor gold holders will tolerate destructive effects because of not identifying of the price bubbles. New economic tools not only make possible the analysis of middle explosive behavior of the bubble but also provide the possibility of identifying origination and termination date of that. According to this, the aim of this study is to explore price bubbles in gold market and to determinate date stamping of origination, explosion and complete deletion of them in the period of 01/07/2000 t0 30/12/2015. The methodologies that use for detection of bubbles are standard ADF, Rolling Window ADF, Supremum ADF and Generalized Supremum ADF tests. The results indicate that gold price is bubbling in at least 39% of sample period. The existence of the multiple bubbles is also confirmed in this market.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of budget designers in forecasting government revenues in the Iranian economy. For this purpose, three methods, including analysis with statistical indicators, equation of error component separation, and macroeconomic regression model have been used in order to analyze the prediction errors in tax, oil and gas revenues, and income from property and sale of public goods and services during 1973-2011. The results show that forecasts of all government revenues by budget designers were optimistic (over-estimated), on average, and the highest forecasting errors belonged to revenues from government ownership. The results of the second method show that the forecasting errors in four kinds of government revenues have been mainly nonsystematic and influenced by exogenous shocks and factors. Furthermore, the results of the third method, in which the factors affecting prediction of government revenue were evaluated using the seemingly unrelated regression equations (SURE), show that the non-oil GDP and the exchange rate had significant effects on the forecast of all government revenues. However, inflation and unemployment rates were effective only in predicting tax revenue and income from the sale of goods and services.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Spirituality in education, as a necessity in improving the quality of teaching and learning, is affected by various personal, social, religious, and cultural factors. Since the identification of these factors can empower the faculties and facilitate the transfer of spiritual concepts through teaching, the aim of this study is explanation of the factors affecting the spirituality transfer in education process. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative content analysis approach study included 22 faculty members of medical universities, 25 faculty members of seminary, and 19 medical students interested in participating in the study. They were studied according to purposive sampling method. Data collection was done by interviewing a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis method. RESULTS: The factors influencing the spiritual transfer in teaching process were classified into two main forms of teacher-related factors and peripheral-related factors. Teacher-related factors include the teacher's insight and worldview, adherence to religious principles, belief in ethical virtues, the positive and constructive interaction of the teacher with the student, and the mastery of teaching skills. The peripheral-related factors include the highly skilled classrooms and the talented learners. CONCLUSION: The intensification of the insight, religious worldview and the basic of beliefs, consolidating ethics and empowering faculty members in teaching skills along with building a positive and constructive relationship with the students, as well as institutionalizing spirituality as the inseparable teaching element can facilitate the transfer of spirituality concepts. More studies are needed in this regard.

 The experiences of developed countries showed that economic development with emphasis on irregular use of environment would make serious problems on sustainable development. Increasing energy consumption is one of the main factors contributing in emissions of greenhouse gas. One of the main sectors of energy demand and thus contributing to greenhouse gas emissions is household sector, so this paper examines the share of households in Yazd province to CO2 emissions.  Using the extended input-output data tables with 20 parts, the analysis results are discussed. The results show that the Carbon dioxide emissions from household natural gas consumption with a share of 70 percent is in the first and kerosene with 20% share is in the second place. It has been observed that the amount of direct propagation coefficient in carbon emissions is equal to 0/121826664 Million Rails which mean that for every million rails demand in the household sector 0/121826664 Carbon dioxide gas is released.

Introduction: Inequalities in urban environment are a significant concern. Socioeconomic level plays an important role in these inequalities. Inequality in environmental hazards is recognized as potential determinants of health disparities. Materials & Methods: In this study, we used individual and cumulative environmental hazard inequality indices to compare the inequality among 379 neighborhoods in the city. Inequality indices were calculated based on unequal shares of environmental hazards for socioeconomic status (SES). The hazards include ambient concentrations of PM10 and NO2 in 2011. Results: Results revealed that inequalities from cumulative hazards (additive and multiplicative) and individual PM10 in different education rates were significant (P0.05). Conclusion: Findings of this research can be useful for policymakers and managers to investigate environmental justice especially in mega cities.

In this study, antifungal property of olive leaf extracts against Candida albicans PTCC-5027 was examined. Fresh olive leaf extracts were prepared using distilled water in a Soxhlet apparatus. The antifungal activity of the extract was analyzed by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), using the microdilution test and disc diffusion assay. The olive leaf aqueous extracts exhibited antifungal effects against the yeast with an MIC of 24 mg/ml, MFC of 48 mg/ml, and inhibition zone diameter of 21 mm. The results indicated the sensitivity of Candida albicans PTCC-5027 to olive leaf aqueous extracts.

One of the key concepts in risk managing of financial portfolios is the probability based risk measurement method known as value at risk. During recent years, various methods have been introduced by researchers to compute this criterion. Because of their dissimilar assumptions and procedures, making the use of each of which creates different results. Therefore, this paper uses two main methods in order to measure the value at risk of foreign exchange portfolio. They comprise generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model and Monte Carlo Simulation. Using failure rate back testing, the results of these methods are compared. The results of the evaluation demonstrate that the mentioned methods have different performances.

In this study the relation between ownership structure and earnings quality of firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange is investigated. In the other words, the influence of institutional ownership, concentrated institutional ownership and manager's ownership on earning quality is examined. Because the earning quality is a multidimensional concept, to measure it in this study, we used qualitative characteristics of accounting information based on Iranian Accounting Standards Board's conceptual framework. Research hypothesis is examined by regression model analysis in 80-86. The results of the study show that the higher institutional ownership is, the better earnings quality motivation for smoothing would be. In other words institutional investors in ownership structure increase reporting of faithful, more relevant, neutral and on time information. Also ownership concentration is less in firms having high quality earnings. By the hand ownership concentration is negatively associated with Representational faithfulness, predictive value and neutrality and is not associated with timeliness. Managers' ownership is negatively related with predictive value and positively associated with timeliness and is not related with Representational faithfulness and neutrality of accounting information.

Economic development is one of the major policies of a country which is concerned to industry and technology on one hand and leads to environmental pollution on the other hand. The experiences of developed countries show that economic development with emphasis on the industry sector, without any attention to environment, can create serious problem against sustainable development. Industrialization has caused increasing energy consumption and therefore air pollution. It's so important to consider the relationship between industrial activities and industrial pollution in developing countries, because industry sector has a basic role in development process of these countries. Therefore the aim of this study is examining and qualifying of linkage between industrial activity and air pollution, using an industry-level dataset of IRAN manufacturing industries during the period 1995-2007. The result of study shows that air pollution is a positive function of energy consumption, industrial activity and physical capital intensity and also is a negative function of labor productivity, fuel price and human skill intensity.

Management of Foreign exchange reserves is important for every country. This matter is also of particular interest for Iran as an Oil exporting developing country. This paper designs an optimal portfolio for that part of foreign exchange incomes which is used for investment. Using the data on foreign exchange daily returns, for the period 2000-2008, and applying univariate and multivariate Garch models, we estimate a model which maximizes expected returns subject to a Value-at-Risk constraint. The results are examined using Backtesting, and then the most acceptable model is suggested. The results that the multivariate GARCH model is the most efficient method for selecting the foreign exchange optimal portfolio in Iran.

the term “spirituality” has been proposed to denote the notion of intellectuality. Actually, the former has been derived from the Latin words “spiritus” (means breath) and “spirare” (means inhaling or breathing). Given the Latin translations of the New Testament, the term “spiritualis” or spiritual person is an individual whose life is dominated or influenced by the Holy Spirit or God (1).