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Uvod: Vzpostavitev odnosa med kupcem in prodajalcem je ključnega pomena za kakršnokoli obliko trženja. Prihajamo v digitalno dobo, zato je potrebno slediti trendom in jih upoštevati. Trženje je ena najbolj pomembnih usmeritev podjetij tako v poslovnem, kot tudi v osebnem življenju. Poznamo več marketinških teorij, ki vsebujejo različne trženjske instrumente. Pomembno je tudi načrtovanje ciljev in uresničitev le-teh. Namen diplomskega dela je predstaviti možnosti sodobnega trženja v zobozdravstvu. Mnogi zobozdravstveni delavci se neradi poslužujejo trženja, saj bi pretirano trženje lahko imelo negativen vpliv na potrošnike. V Sloveniji se tržijo le redki zobotehnični laboratoriji. Večinoma se uporabljajo spletne strani. Teoretično in slikovno je predstavljen izdelek, izdelan v zobotehničnem laboratoriju. Predstaviti smo želeli tudi razliko med kakovostno in nekakovostno fotografijo. Metode dela: V teoretičnem delu je uporabljena deskriptivna metoda, vir informacij pa so članki iz strokovnih knjig o trženju. Literatura je bila izbrana v knjižnicah, na spletnih straneh Cobiss, PubMed in Google Učenjak ter iz različnih virov angleškega izvora. Kot primer, sta bila v praktičnem delu izdelana most in solo prevleka iz cirkonijeve oksidne keramike. Rezultati: V diplomskem delu so predstavljene raziskave o samopromociji laboratorijev v osrednjeslovenski regiji. Podan je tudi primer promocije in trženja ter komunikacije med zobozdravnikom, zobotehnikom in pacientom na izdelavi cirkonijevega mostička. Delovne faze so predstavljene tudi s slikovnim gradivom. Razprava in zaključek: Na slovenskem območju lahko zaznamo precej pomanjkljivo trženje s strani laboratorijev. V namen trženja zobni protetiki ne vlagajo dovolj denarnih sredstev in na račun tega ne izkoriščajo svojega potenciala. Opažati je rahel trend v pozitivni smeri, vendar je ta trend še vedno premajhen za večji preobrat na trgu. Introduction: Establishing a relationship between buyer and seller is crucial for any form of marketing. We are coming into the digital age, so it is necessary to follow and observe trends. Marketing is one of the most important orientations of companies in both business and personal life. We know several marketing theories that contain various marketing instruments. It is also important to plan goals and achieve them. The purpose of this study is to present the possibilities of modern marketing in dentistry. Many dental workers are reluctant to resort to marketing, as excessive marketing could have a negative impact on consumers. Only a few dental laboratories are marketed in Slovenia. Websites are mostly used. A product manufactured in a dental laboratory is presented theoretically and pictorially. I also wanted to present the difference between quality and low-quality photography. Methods of work: In the theoretical part, a descriptive method is used, and the source of information are articles from professional books on marketing. The literature was selected in libraries, on the Cobiss, PubMed and Google Scholar websites, and from various sources of English origin. As an example, in the practical part, a bridge and a solo veneer of zirconium oxide ceramics were made. Results: This study presents research on the self - promotion of laboratories in the central slovenian region. An example of promotion and marketing of communication between a dentist, a dental technician and a patient on the construction of a zirconia bridge is also given. The work phases are also presented with pictorial material. Discussion and conclusion: In the Slovenian area, we can detect a rather deficient marketing by laboratories. For the purpose of marketing, dental prosthetics do not invest enough money and do not use their potential at the expense of this. There is a slight trend in a positive direction, but this trend is still too small for a major turnaround in the market.

Uvod: Zaradi napredka na področju zdravljenja hiva osebe s hivom živijo bolje in dlje. S tem pa se povečuje število oseb s hivom, ki potrebujejo strokovno in sočutno zobozdravstveno obravnavo. Zobozdravstvena oskrba je za osebe s hivom pomembna zaradi odkrivanja okužbe, saj se prvi znaki bolezni navadno pojavijo v ustni votlini. Pomembna je tudi pri spremljanju napredovanja bolezni. Kljub pomenu zobozdravstvene oskrbe pa osebam s hivom veliko težavo povzroča stigma, ki je prisotna tudi med zdravstvenimi delavci, zlasti v zobozdravstvu. Zaradi družbenega strahu pred nalezljivo okužbo, neinformiranosti in nesprejemanja drugačnosti so osebe s hivom pogosto tarča stereotipov, predsodkov in diskriminatornega ravnanja. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je izpostaviti kršitve, s katerimi se pri zobozdravstveni obravnavi soočajo osebe s hivom, predstaviti vzroke zanje in opisati, katere aktivnosti so potrebne za zmanjševanje stigme in diskriminacije oseb s hivom v zobozdravstvu. Metode dela: Diplomsko delo temelji na deskriptivni metodi pregleda domače in tuje strokovne in znanstvene literature. Literaturo smo časovno omejili na obdobje od leta 2009 do leta 2019, pozneje pa smo obdobje razširili od leta 1992 do izdelave diplomskega dela. Uporabili smo oddaljen dostop do podatkovnih baz Medline, PubMed, Cinahl. Uporabili smo tudi spletna brskalnika Google in Google Scholar. Ključne besede, ki smo jih uporabili pri iskanju literature, so: hiv, stigma, dentistry, oral care, discrimination. Rezultati: Osebe s hivom pri zobozdravstveni obravnavi kljub jasni zakonodaji pogosto doživljajo odpor in zavračanje zdravstvenih delavcev. Zobozdravniki zaradi pretiranega strahu pred okužbo, pomanjkanja znanja in negativnih stališč neradi obravnavajo osebe s hivom. Razprava in zaključek: Osebe s hivom pri zobozdravstveni obravnavi doživljajo različne kršitve, kot so zavrnitev zobozdravstvene oskrbe, nadlegovanje in nespoštovanje zasebnosti. Za etično obravnavo oseb s hivom ne zadostujejo le strokovno znanje in praktične sposobnosti zobozdravnika, potrebna je celovita podpora. Potrebna je humana obravnava, ki vključuje tudi oblikovanje varnega okolja in ustrezno komunikacijo. Z izobraževanjem in ozaveščanjem je potrebno oblikovati pozitivna stališča zdravstvenih delavcev do oseb s hivom. Introduction: Due to advances in HIV treatment, people diagnosed with HIV live better and longer. Hence the number of HIV-positive patients in need of professional and compassionate dental care is increasing. Dental care is important for detecting HIV infection. The first signs of HIV infection usually appear in the oral cavity. Furthermore, dental care is very important for monitoring the progression of the disease. Despite the importance of dental care, people living with HIV face a major problem due to the stigma which exists among health professionals, especially in dentistry. Due to societal fear of contagious infection, lack of information, and lack of acceptance of difference, they are often the target of stereotyping, prejudice and discriminatory treatment. Purpose: The aim of this thesis is to highlight the violations which people with HIV face in dental treatment, to present the causes of these violations, and to describe the activities needed to reduce stigma and discrimination against them in dentistry. Methods: The diploma thesis is based on a descriptive method of reviewing domestic and foreign professional and scientific literature. The literature was limited to the period from 2009 to 2019, and later the period was increased from 1992 until the time when the thesis was completed. Remote access to Medline, PubMed, Cinahl databases was used for the research. Furthermore, Google web browser and Google Scholar were used. Keywords used in the literature search: hiv, stigma, dentistry, oral care, discrimination. Results: Despite clear legislation, people with HIV often experience resistance and rejection by health professionals in dental treatment. Dentists are reluctant to treat them due to excessive fear of infection, lack of knowledge and negative attitudes. Discussion and conclusion: People with HIV experience various violations in dental treatment, such as denial of dental care, harassment, and disrespect of privacy. Ethical treatment requires more than the expertise and practical skills of the dentist it requires comprehensive support. Humane treatment is needed, including the creation of a safe environment and appropriate communication. In conclusion, it is necessary to form positive attitudes of health professionals towards people with HIV through education and awareness-raising.

Med urgentna stanja, ki zahtevajo takojšnje ukrepanje, sodijo tudi nujna medicinska stanja. Novejše raziskave kažejo, da se vsak zobozdravnik v svoji ambulanti povprečno sreča z 2–3 nujnimi stanji letno, najpogosteje z vazovagalno sinkopo, hipoglikemijo, hipertenzivno krizo in nenadnim poslabšanjem astme, precej redkeje pa z anafilaksijo, nenadno srčno smrtjo in možgansko kapjo. Posamezen zobozdravnik se z omenjenimi stanji ne srečuje vsakodnevno, zato so redna izobraževanja za ohranjanje znanja in veščin za njihovo ustrezno obravnavo izredno pomembna. V Sloveniji so zobozdravstvene ambulante nezadostno opremljene s pripomočki za uporabo pri nujnih stanjih, kar je verjetno posledica tako slabe ozaveščenosti o njihovi pogostosti kot tudi pomanjkanja jasnih smernic o obveznih pripomočkih in zdravilih za njihovo obvladovanje. Po priporočilih iz Velike Britanije bi moral biti v vsaki zobozdravstveni ambulanti pripravljen ustrezen protokol, ki bi mu v primeru nujnega stanja sledili vsi člani tima, ter dostopna ustrezna oprema za obvladovanje vseh življenje ogrožajočih stanj.

Uvod: Sistem zobozdravstvenega stola predstavlja zaprto vodovodno omrežje, kjer lahko zaradi lastnosti posameznega tipa sistema zobozdravstvenega stola, zastajanja vode v omrežju in drugih dejavnikov pride do tvorbe biofilma znotraj vodovodne napeljave. To predstavlja ugodne pogoje za razrast in kolonizacijo bakterij Legionella, s čimer je lahko ogroženo zdravje uporabnikov vodnega vira. Namen: Namen magistrskega dela je priprava načrta za preprečevanje razmnoževanja bakterije Legionella za zobozdravstveno dejavnost. Metode dela: Izdelava magistrskega dela je potekala v več korakih. Po pregledu znanstvenih člankov in različnih nacionalnih priporočil na temo preprečevanja razmnoževanja Legionella v vodovodnih omrežjih sistemov zobozdravstvenih stolov smo izdelali načrt za preprečevanje razmnoževanja bakterij Legionella za zobozdravstveno dejavnost večje zdravstvene ustanove v Sloveniji. Načrt je bil preverjen praksi in v skladu z izkušnjami dopolnjen in prilagojen. Rezultati: Načrt zajema popis odgovornih oseb za izvajanje dejavnosti ter dejavnike tveganja za okužbo z bakterijami Legionella skupaj z ogroženimi populacijami. Sledi opis vodovodnega omrežja s preventivnimi ukrepi za preprečevanje nastanka biofilma v zobozdravstvenih stolih. Navedeni so tudi korektivni ukrepi, ki se izvajajo ob ugotovljenih neskladjih. Razprava in zaključek: Okužbe z bakterijami Legionella v zobozdravstvu so potrjen, vendar zaradi pomanjkanja neposrednih dokazov pogosto prezrt problem. Kljub temu strokovnjaki ugotavljajo, da imajo zobozdravstveni delavci v primerjavi z ostalo populacijo v krvi veliko število protiteles proti bakterijam Legionella. Najučinkovitejši ukrep proti okužbam je upoštevanje preventivnih ukrepov in dobre higienske prakse pri delu ter zagotavljanje pitne vode ustrezne kvalitete v hišnem vodovodnem omrežju. V načrtu za preprečevanje razmnoževanja bakterij Legionella smo upoštevali način dela v zobozdravstveni dejavnosti, zahteve proizvajalca zobozdravstvenih stolov, največji poudarek pa posvetili varovanju zdravja zaposlenih in pacientov. Introduction: The dental chair system is a closed water supply network. The characteristics of each type of dental chair system, water stagnation in the network and other factors can form a biofilm on the inner surface of water pipes. This serves as a favorable condition for Legionella bacteria growth and colonization which represents a health risk to the water source users. Purpose: The purpose of this master's thesis is to set up a Legionella bacterium multiplication prevention plan for dentistry. Methods of work: The master's thesis was designed in several steps. After reviewing scientific articles and various national recommendations on Legionella reproduction prevention in dental unit’s waterlines we prepared a Legionella bacterium multiplication prevention plan for a major Slovenian health care institution. The plan was used in practice for two months and has been adapted and supplemented in accordance with gained experience. Results: The plan describes people responsible for carrying out activities, defines Legionella infection risk factors with the inclusion of endangered population characteristics, and outlines the water supply network with preventive measures for biofilm formation in dental unit’s waterlines. We also listed the corrective measures implemented in case of identified discrepancies. Discussion and conclusion: Legionella bacteria infection is an existing but often overlooked problem in dentistry due to lack of direct evidence. Nevertheless, experts note that dental professionals have a higher number of anti-Legionella blood antigens in comparison to the rest of the population. The most effective measure against infections are the preventive measures implementation, good hygienic practice at work and the provision of adequate quality of drinking water in the home water supply network. Our plan considered the dentistry work principle and manufacturer requirements with the greatest emphasis on protecting the health of employees and patients.

To compare the frequency of patients' oral health problems and prevention needs among Slovenian and international dentists with the aim to validate the four oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) dimensions across six clinical dental fields in all World Health Organization (WHO) regions.An anonymous electronic survey in the English language was designed using Qualtrics software. A probability sampling for Slovenia and a convenience sampling strategy for dentist recruitment was applied for 31 countries. Dentists engaged in six dental fields were asked to categorize their patients' oral health problems and prevention needs into the four OHRQoL dimensions (Oral Function, Orofacial Pain, Orofacial Appearance, and Psychosocial Impact). Proportions of patients' problems and prevention needs were calculated together with the significance of Slovenian and international dentists' differences based on dental fields and WHO regions.Dentists (n=1,580) from 32 countries completed the survey. There were 223 Slovenian dentists (females: 68%) with a mean age (SD) of 41 (10.6) years and 1,358 international dentists (females: 51%) with a mean age (SD) of 38 (10.4). Pain-related problems and prevention needs were the most prevalent among all six dental fields reported by dentists; Slovenian (37%) and 31 countries (45%). According to Cohen, differences between Slovenia, the broader European Region, and 31 countries were considered non-significant (0.1).According to the dentists' responses, the frequency of patients' oral health problems and prevention needs are proportionate between Slovenia and 31 countries, regionally and globally. The four OHRQoL dimensions can be considered universal across all dental fields.V raziskavi smo želeli primerjati pogostost ustno-obraznih težav in potreb po preventivnem zdravju zobozdravstvenih pacientov med slovenskimi in mednarodnimi zobozdravniki s pomočjo spletne ankete, ki bi potrdila veljavnost štirih dimenzij oralnega zdravja v šestih kliničnih zobozdravstvenih specialnostih iz vseh svetovnih regij, kot jih določa Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija.V programski opremi Qualtrics smo v angleškem jeziku izdelali anonimno spletno anketo z namenom kategorizirati ustno-obrazne težave in preventivne ukrepe zobozdravstvenih pacientov v štiri dimenzije oralnega zdravja (funkcionalna, bolečinska, estetska in psihosocialna) na osnovi šestih stomatoloških specialnosti. Naključno vzorčenje smo uporabili za slovenske zobozdravnike, medtem ko smo za zobozdravnike iz 31 držav uporabili priložnostno vzorčenje. Za preverjanje pacientovih ustno-obraznih težav ter njihove potrebe po zdravljenju na osnovi zobozdravnikove ocene smo uporabili razmerja v odstotkih. Velikost učinka smo računali za preverjanje razlik med slovenskimi in tujimi zobozdravniki iz vseh regij po razdelitvi Svetovne zdravstvene organizacije in na osnovi šestih zobozdravstvenih specialnosti.Tisoč petsto osemdeset zobozdravnikov iz 32 držav je izpolnilo spletno anketo. Od tega je bilo 223 slovenskih (68 % žensk) s povprečno starostjo (SD) 41 (10,6) let in 1.358 tujih zobozdravnikov (51 % žensk) s povprečno starostjo (SD) 38 (10,4) let. Slovenski (37 %) in tuji (45 %) zobozdravniki so izbrali ustnoobrazno bolečino kot najpogostejšo težavo in preventivni ukrep pri zobozdravstvenih pacientih v vseh šestih zobozdravstvenih specialnostih. Po Cohenu so bile razlike med slovenskimi in pacienti iz drugih držav z ustnoobraznimi težavami in pri preventivnih ukrepih zelo majhne (0,1).Ustno-obrazne težave zobozdravstvenih pacientov in njihove potrebe po zdravljenju znotraj vseh šestih zobozdravstvenih specialnosti so v Sloveniji in drugih 31 državah, regionalno in globalno, primerljive. Vse štiri dimenzije podpirajo zobozdravnikov celostni pogled na oralno zdravje in preventivne ukrepe zobozdravstvenih pacientov po svetu in zobozdravstvenih specialnostih.

Primarna raven zdravstvene dejavnosti predstavlja vstopno točko pacienta v zdravstveni sistem, zato je urejenost njene dostopnosti ključna. S prihodom interneta so se začeli pojavljati tudi informacijski sistemi s področja e-zdravja, ki pa v veliki meri naročanja in vodenja čakalnih seznamov na primarni ravni ne naslavljajo. Eden od s tem povezanih problemov je telefonsko naročanje, ki med uporabnike storitev prinaša nezadovoljstvo, med izvajalce zdravstvenih storitev pa motnje delovnega procesa. Pomembnost raziskovanja tega področja se odraža tudi v identificiranju učinkovitih pristopov zmanjševanja izostankov od zdravstvenih storitev. Diplomsko delo je razdeljeno na teoretični in empirični del. Prvi obsega proučevanje teoretičnega ozadja zdravstva, uporabe informacijske tehnologije v zdravstvu ter pomena upravljanja čakalnih vrst. Empirični del vsebuje vprašalnik za uporabnike in izvajalce zobozdravstvenih storitev in analizo njihovih odgovorov. Slednja sta bila sestavljena na podlagi predhodnih raziskav s področja vpliva opomnikov na zmanjšanje izostankov. Na podlagi zgoraj napisanega in podanih zahtev izbranih zobozdravnikov je bila ob upoštevanju zakonodaje s področja pacientovih pravic in varnega ravnanja z zdravstvenimi podatki razvita spletna aplikacija. V sklopu raziskovanja je bilo ugotovljeno, da kljub širokemu naboru pozitivnih učinkov uporabe tehnologije v zdravstvu na področju naročanja in obveščanja, zdravstveni sistem ne koristi njenega potenciala. Spletna aplikacija, ki smo jo razvili z diplomsko nalogo, ob enostavnem in preglednem načinu naročanja na zdravstvene storitve primarne ravni njene uporabnike odvrača od tradicionalnih načinov naročanja in tudi pozitivno vpliva na delovni proces izvajalcev. Hkrati pa je dodana vrednost še modul za izdajanje endodontskega izvida, saj aplikacija takega tipa v raziskanem okolju v Sloveniji še ni obstajala. The primary level of health care represents the patient's entry point into the health care system. For this reason, its simple accessibility is crucial. With the development of the Internet in early 1990s, also information systems with concept of e-health began to appear. Unfortunately, they do not address ordering and managing of waiting lists at the primary level. One of the related problems is certainly ordering over the phone, which brings dissatisfaction among service users and constant disruption of the work process among health care providers. An additional reason for research is the desire to identify effective approaches to reducing absenteeism from health services. The diploma thesis is generally divided into theoretical and empirical part. The first of them includes the study of the theoretical background of health care, the use of information technology in health care and the importance of queue management. The empirical part contains a questionnaire for users and providers of dental services and an analysis of their answers. Questionnaires were compiled according to transitional research on the impact of reminders on reducing absenteeism from health services. Based on the above, the requirements of selected dentists and considering the legal basis in this fields, web application was developed. The research found that despite the wide range of positive effects of the use of technology in healthcare in the field of procurement and information, the system does not use its potential. Web application, which we developed with the diploma thesis, with a simple and transparent way of ordering primary health care services, discourages its users from traditional ways of ordering and has a positive effect on the work process of providers. At the same time, the added value of the module for issuing endodontic results is mainly that an application of this type did not yet exist.

Uvod: Obstruktivna spalna apneja (OSA) je s spanjem povezana motnja dihanja, pri kateri prihaja do prekinitev dihanja v spanju, ki trajajo vsaj 10 sekund. OSA prizadene od 3 do 10 % populacije, pri starejših od 65 let pa do 70 %. Pogostejša je pri moških in osebah z višjim indeksom telesne mase. Ustni aparati za OSA postajajo tudi v slovenskem zobozdravstvu vse bolj znani. Njihov namen je pacientu omogočiti lažje dihanje brez prekinitev v spanju. Poznamo dve skupini ustnih aparatov za zdravljenje OSA, in sicer zadrževalnike spodnje čeljusti in zadrževalnike jezika. Namen: Glavni namen dela je pregledati dostopne ustne aparate za zdravljenje OSA na angleško govorečih tržiščih, jih opisati, predstaviti prednosti in slabosti vsakega izmed njih ter jih med seboj primerjati. Dodaten namen je podrobneje predstaviti laboratorijske faze izdelave aparatov Silensor (Erkodent, Nemčija) in Liberty Bielle (RMO, Francija). Oba aparata sta izdelana iz plastične folije z metodo globokega vleka, prvi s plastičnimi vodili, drugi z dodanim hladno polimerizirajočim akrilatom in kovinskimi vodili. Primerjali smo ju z vidika stroškov in časa izdelave ter zahtevnosti izdelave. Metode dela: Uporabili smo angleško in slovensko strokovno literaturo ter spletne strani, ki so povezane z OSA. Uporabili smo iskalnike Google, PubMed, Google Učenjak in OVID Medline, s katerimi smo s ključnimi besedami iskali članke in vire. Uporabili smo opisno oz. deskriptivno metodo, metodo proučevanja, v zobotehničnem laboratoriju pa smo izdelali dva ustna aparata. Naredili smo časovni in stroškovni obračun izdelave teh dveh aparatov. Rezultati: V literaturi in na svetovnem spletu smo našli 25 različnih izvedb ustnih aparatov za zdravljenje OSA. Čas izdelave aparata s plastičnimi vodili je bil 330 minut, aparata s kovinskimi vodili pa 465 minut. Ocena laboratorijskih stroškov je 83,14 € za prvi aparat in 147,28 € za drugi aparat. Razprava in sklep: Na angleško govorečih tržiščih po svetu je dostopnih najmanj 25 oblikovno različnih vrst ustnih aparatov za zdravljenje OSA. Aparat s kovinskimi vodili je trajnejši od aparata s plastičnimi vodili, omogoča boljše gibanje spodnje čeljusti, vendar je skoraj dvakrat dražji in v primerjavi z aparatom s plastičnimi vodili zamudnejši za izdelavo. Introduction: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a sleep-related breathing disorder, in which there are cessations of breathing lasting for at least 10 seconds. OSA affects 3-10% of the population, and 70% of the patients are over 65 years of age. It is more common in men and subjects with a higher body mass index. OSA appliances are also becoming more widely known in Slovenian dentistry. Their purpose is to make it easier for the patient to breathe without interruptions in sleep. There are two main types of OSA oral appliances one that keeps a mandible in a protruded position, and the other that pulls a tongue forward. Objectives: The main objective was to perform an overview of OSA oral appliances in the English-speaking market, to describe, compare, and present the advantages and limitations for each of them. An additional objective was a detailed presentation of the laboratory phases of the manufactured Silensor oral appliance (Erkodent, Germany) and Liberty Bielle oral appliance (RMO, France). Both appliances are made of vacuum-formed foil. The Silensor appliance has plastic connectors, while the Liberty Bielle oral appliance has cold polymerizing acrylate and metal connectors. We compared them from the manufacturing point of view, as well as the costs and time required to complete the appliance. Methods: We used English in Slovenian scientific literature related to OSA. We used Google search engines, PubMed, Google Scholar, and OVID Medline databases to search the literature. We searched according to the keywords related to OSA and then produced two oral appliances in the dental laboratory. We made the time and cost calculations for processing these two appliances. Results: We found 25 different structural variations of OSA oral appliances in the literature and electronic databases. The time required to manufacture the appliance with plastic connectors was 330 min, and for the one with metal connectors, it was 465 min. The laboratory cost estimate was €83.44 for the first appliance and €147.28 for the second appliance. Discussion in conclusions: In general, there are at least 25 different structural variations of OSA oral appliances worldwide. The oral appliance with metal connectors enables the better movement of the lower jaw but is almost twice as expensive and more difficult to manufacture in comparison to the one with plastic connectors.

Aims To clinically validate the new four-dimensional oral health model (4DOHM) by analyzing the level of correlation between oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) according to the 4DOHM and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), by analyzing the level of correlation between the Psychosocial Impact dimension of the 4DOHM and depression and anxiety, and by analyzing international dentists’ assessments of how their patients’ problems fit the 4DOHM. Methods We analyzed Oral Health Impact Profile, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Global Health, Depression, and Anxiety questionnaires of adult dental patients attending HealthPartners clinics in Minnesota, USA. We performed structural equation modeling confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis, and an international survey among dentists from all World Health Organization regions. Results Data came from 2,076 dental patients with the mean age 54.7±16.2 years (40.3% females). Correlation coefficients between OHRQoL and HRQoL, OHRQoL and Physical Health, OHRQoL and Mental Health, Psychosocial Impact and depression, and Psychosocial Impact and anxiety, were 0.56, 0.55, 0.51, 0.53, and 0.56, respectively, and they were all “large,” according to Cohen. In total, 1,580 (53.4%) of dentists (54% females) with the mean age of 38.6±10.5 years, from 32 countries, participated in the survey and reported that 94.2% of patients' problems could be categorized into the four dimensions. Conclusions The OHRQoL, according to the 4DOHM, is highly correlated to the HRQoL, and the Psychosocial Impact dimension of 4DOHM is highly correlated to depression and anxiety. Dentists categorized almost all their dental patients’ oral health problems according to the 4DOHM. The 4DOHM is clinically valid. Namen Klinična validacija novega štiridimenzionalnega modela oralnega zdravja (4DMOZ), pri čemer smo: 1. analizirali stopnje povezanosti med »z oralnim zdravjem povezano kakovostjo življenja« (angl. oral health-related quality of life, OHRQoL), opredeljeno po 4DMOZ, in »z zdravjem povezano kakovostjo življenja« (angl. health-related quality of life, HRQoL) 2. analizirali stopnje povezanosti med psihosocialno dimenzijo 4DMOZ in depresijo oz. anksioznostjo in 3. analizirali ocene zobozdravnikov o tem, kako so težave njihovih pacientov uvrščene v 4DMOZ. Metode Analizirali smo vprašalnike Oral Health Impact Profile, Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System’s Adult Global Health, Depression in Anxiety odraslih zobozdravstvenih pacientov klinike HealthPartners v Minnesoti v ZDA. Izvedli smo konfirmatorno faktorsko analizo in analizo poti. Izvedli smo mednarodno anketiranje zobozdravnikov iz vseh regij, ki jih je določila Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija. Rezultati Analizirali smo podatke 2076 zobozdravstvenih pacientov s povprečno starostjo 54,7±16,2 leta (40,3 % žensk). Korelacijski koeficienti so bili: med OHRQoL in HRQoL 0,56 med OHRQoL in telesnim zdravjem 0,55 med OHRQoL in duševnim zdravjem 0,51 med psihosocialno dimenzijo in depresijo 0,53 ter med psihosocialno dimenzijo in anksioznostjo 0,56. Vse korelacije so bile po Cohenu »visoke«. Spletno anketo je izpolnilo 1580 (53,4 %) zobozdravnikov iz 32 držav (54 % žensk) s povprečno starostjo 38,6±10,5 leta. V 4DMOZ so zobozdravniki uvrstili 94,2 % ustno-obraznih težav svojih pacientov. Zaključek Konstrukt OHRQoL, opredeljen po 4DMOZ, je zelo povezan s konstruktom HRQoL. Psihosocialna dimenzija 4DMOZ je zelo povezana z depresijo oz. anksioznostjo. Zobozdravniki so uvrstili skoraj vse težave svojih pacientov v 4DMOZ. Novi 4DMOZ je klinično veljaven.

Magistrsko delo posega na področje resnih iger, in sicer iger za zdravje, katerih cilj je z ozaveščanjem uporabnika in s spreminjanjem njegovega obnašanja vplivati na njegovo zdravje – preprečiti, določiti ali zdraviti bolezni. Osredinja se na problematiko zobne higiene pri otrocih, katerih zobje pogosto trpijo zaradi zobnega kariesa in erozije, ki nastaneta zaradi nepravilne prehrane ter nepravilnega in/ali nerednega umivanja zob. Cilj magistrskega dela je razvoj video igre za motiviranje otrok k umivanju zob in poučevanje o ustrezni ustni higieni, pri čemer je v ospredju predstavitev celotnega procesa izdelave igre tipa obramba stolpov, od začetne ideje, ki izvira iz dejanskega problema, do končnega izdelka, delujoče igre. This master's thesis reaches into the field of serious games, specifically games for health, which aim to raise the users awareness and modify their behaviour to affect their health in order to prevent, identify or heal illnesses. It focuses on the issue of dental hygiene in children, whose teeth are often affected by dental caries and erosion, both resulting from poor nutrition and/or infrequent brushing. The goal of this thesis is the development of a game that will motivate children to brush their teeth and educate them about proper dental hygiene. It focuses mainly on presenting the complete process of developing a tower defense game from the initial idea (stemming from a concrete problem) up to the finished product - a playable game.

V diplomski nalogi bomo obravnavali uporabo različnih materialov v medicini in zobozdravstvu ter njihove odrezovalne procese. V prvem delu diplomske naloge bodo predstavljeni trije kriteriji, ki jih morajo izpolnjevati biomateriali, da so primerni za uporabo v človeškem telesu. Obravnavali bomo predvsem kovinske materiale, ki so prisotni v medicini in zobozdravstvu. Za posamezne materiale in njihove zlitine bodo podane osnovne značilnosti, mehanske lastnosti in njihova uporaba v medicinski opremi in vsadkih (implantatih). Drugi del zajema podrobnejši opis najpogosteje uporabljenih odrezovalnih procesov pri materialih, ki so prisotni v medicini in zobozdravstvu. Najprej bodo podane osnovne lastnosti odrezavanja, nato pa opisani naslednji procesi: struženje, frezanje, vrtanje in brušenje. Predstavljene bodo tudi hladilno mazalne tekočine, ki se uporabljajo pri postopku odrezavanja. This thesis discusses the use of various materials in medicine and dentistry, and their cutting processes. The first part of the thesis presents three criteria that must be fulfilled by biomaterials if we want to use them in the human body. It deals primarily with metallic materials that are present in medicine and dentistry. Basic characteristics, mechanical properties and their use as implants or as part of medical equipment are given for individual materials and their alloys. The second part includes a more detailed description of the most frequently used cutting processes of materials present in medicine and dentistry. Firstly, the basic cutting properties are described and then the following processes are explained: turning, milling, drilling and grinding. The cooling lubrication fluids, which are used in cutting process, are also presented.

Teoretična izhodišča: Pri ustni higieni predšolskih otrok je nepogrešljiva skrb staršev, ki omogočajo pravilno in temeljito čiščenje zob svojih otrok. Starši se morajo zavedati pomembnosti dobrega zdravja zob svojih otrok in skrbi za ustno higieno od prvega izrastlega mlečnega zoba dalje. Ena izmed nalog medicinske sestre je, da spodbuja starše k skrbi za ustno zdravje njihovih otrok. Namen diplomskega dela je bil predstaviti pomembnost ustne higiene in vlogo medicinske sestre pri vzgajanju tako staršev kot otrok ter raziskavo ugotoviti ali starši v občini Slovenske Konjice skrbijo za ustno higieno svojih otrok. Metodologija raziskave: V diplomskem delu sta bili uporabljeni deskriptivna in kvantitativna metoda dela. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 60 staršev predšolskih otrok. S pomočjo anketnega vprašalnika, ki je bil sestavljen iz odprtega, pol zaprtega in zaprtega tipa vprašanj, smo pridobili podatke. Pri obdelavi le-teh smo uporabili deskriptivno statistično metodo s frekvenčno distribucijo in grafično prikazanostjo. Rezultati so bili obdelani s pomočjo računalniških programov Microsoft Office Word 2007 in Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Rezultati raziskave: Na podlagi rezultatov raziskave smo ugotovili, da starši skrbijo za ustno higieno svojih otrok. Največ informacij dobijo od medicinske sestre. Prav tako smo ugotovili, da stopnja izobrazbe staršev ne vpliva na kakovost ustne higiene otrok. Večina otrok je že obiskalo zobozdravnika, razlog pa je bilo vabilo na sistematični pregled. Sklep: Rezultati raziskave nam povedo, da so starši načeloma seznanjeni s pravilno ustno higieno predšolskih otrok. Medsebojno sodelovanje vseh, ki so odgovorni za otroka in njegovo zdravje, je glaven ključ za najboljši vzgled otroku, da se bo skozi življenje zavedal pomembnosti dobre ustne higiene. Theoretical starting points: In the case of oral hygiene of preschool children the care of parents who properly and thoroughly clean the teeth of their children is indispensable. Parents need to be aware of the importance of good oral health and of taking care of their children's teeth, starting from the first grown milk tooth on. One of the nurses' tasks is to encourage parents to take care of their children's oral health. The purpose of the thesis was to present the importance of oral hygiene and the role of nurses in training parents as well as children and to determine whether parents take care of oral hygiene of their children in the municipality of Slovenske Konjice. The methodology of research: In this thesis the descriptive and quantitative methods of work have been used. 60 parents of preschool children were involved in the study. With the help of a questionnaire, which was composed of open, half-closed questions and questions of closed type, we have gained all the needed information. When processing them, we used descriptive statistical method with frequency distribution and graphic demonstration. The results were processed by using computer programs Microsoft Office Word 2007 and Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Results of the survey: Based on the results of the survey it was found out that parents take care of their children's oral hygiene. They get most of the information from nurses. It was also found out that the level of parents' education does not affect the quality of the children's oral hygiene. The majority of children have already visited a dentist the reason was an invitation to a systematic check up. Conclusion: The results of the survey tell us that parents, in principle, are familiar with proper oral hygiene of preschool children. Mutual cooperation of all who are responsible for the child's health is the key to be the best example for a child that will soon realize the importance of good oral hygiene through life.

Metal-ceramic fusing has been the essential step in obtaining materials that benefit from both ceramic and metal constituents, i.e. where the combined properties of metal and ceramic layers are desirable. When considering fusing methods, soldering and active metal brazing are the most effective. These processes involve braze melting and flowing between the two pieces of material. In the first part the phenomena occurring on the boundary between the ceramics and the active filler metal during the metal-ceramics joining are discussed. Three interconnected sub-processes are considered: (1) wetting of the ceramic surface, (2) chemical reactions at the interface and (3) diffusion with a moving interface. Then, the appearances at the grain boundary grooves of the ceramic surface are presented as phenomena on the catalytic surface. In the second part, examples from dental practice and jewellery manufacturing are used for comparative analysis. Finally, we discuss the composition and properties of the soldering and brazing alloys used for dental practice and jewellery manufacturing. Zlitje kovine in keramike je temeljna stopnja za nastanek materiala, ki pridobi lastnosti obeh sestavnih delov, kjer je želena kombinacija lastnosti plasti kovine in keramike. Od metod zlitja sta lotanje in aktivno spajkanje najbolj učinkoviti. Procese sestavljata taljenje in pretok taline med obema materialoma. V prvem delu razpravljamo o procesih na meji med keramiko in aktivnim polnilnim materialom med spajanjem kovine in keramike. Obravnavamo tri povezane procese: (1) omočljivost keramične površine, (2) kemične reakcije na vmesni površini in (3) difuzijo s premikajočo se mejno površino. Nato obravnavamo nastanek žlebov na mejah zrn na katalitični površini. V drugem delu uporabljamo primere iz dentalne prakse in izdelave nakita za primerjalno analizo. Na koncu je razprava o sestavi in lastnostih spajk in lotov, ki se uporabljajo v dentalni praksi in pri izdelavi nakita.

Laser devices have gained in importance since the eighties and they are often claimed to be omni-use instruments. Though many applications turned out to be impracticable, a continued interest in this technique has remained to date. The broad spectrum of applications for the diode laser means that it is now the most widely used device in laser dentistry. Diode lasers offer an interesting – but not unlimited – field of application in modern dentistry including periodontology, endodontics and soft tissue treatment.LLLT (Low Level Laser Therapy) is the application of red and near infrared light over injuries or lesions to improve wound and soft tissue healing, reduce inflammation and give relief for both acute and chronic pain. LLLT is used to increase the speed, quality and tensile strength of tissue repair ; resolve inflammation and relieve pain (analgesia). The effects of LLLT are photochemical (like photosynthesis in plants). When the correct intensity and treatment times are used, red and near infrared light reduce oxidative stress and increase ATP (Adenosintriphosphat). This improves cell metabolism and reduce inflammation. Low level laser therapy effects are biochemical and not thermal and therefore do not cause heating or damage to living tissue.The antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a non-thermic light-induced inactivation of cells, microorganisms or molecules. “Antimicrobial“ photodynamic therapy targets pathogenic microorganisms. Using a dye, the bacteria that cause infections are stained, sensitized and destroyed following exposure with light of a suitable wavelength and energy density. A decisive role plays the “photosensitizer“, a coloring solution.

The paper presents some aspects of the novel integrated system, procedure for fabrication of metal substructure of metal-ceramic crowns. The results been shown that the CAD/CAE/RP technology integration presented in this paper can be fully applied to casting metal substructures. The substructure fabricated in this way, confirm the reduction of the total manufacturing time, with an increase in the percentage of high quality castings that use integrated system.