An innovative backwash cleaning technique for NF membrane in groundwater desalination: Fouling reversibility and cleaning without chemical detergent.

Membrane fouling is the main problem during the nanofiltration (NF) process of brackish water desalination due to the existence of natural organic matter, especially humic acid (HA). Moreover, the conventional membrane cleaning method would do great harm to the environment because large amount of chemicals were employed. In order to control organic fouling, a novel cleaning method via direct osmosis backwash (DOBW) by injecting high salinity (HS) solution was developed. Different operating conditions for HS-DOBW technology in the actual process were systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that there was a strong driving force to lift and sweep the foulants from the membrane surface which would be carried over to the brine. The optimal conditions in terms of HS (150 kg/m 3 NaCl solution) flow rate of 0.121 L/min were selected for the subsequent experiments. The results showed that the fouling could be almost fully reversible (more than 99.78% permeate water flux recovery), and the membrane needed to be cleaned for about 10 min because of the appearance of HA on membrane surface at the fouling time of 24 h. Most importantly, the HS-DOBW technology is very effective in keeping the membrane continuously clean and ensuring stable permeate production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]