Landmark recognition with sparse representation classification and extreme learning machine.

Along with the rapid development of intelligent mobile terminals, applications on landmark recognition attract increasingly attentions by world wide researchers in the past several years. Although promising achievements have been presented, designing a robust recognition system with an accurate recognition rate and fast response speed is still challenging. To address these issues, we propose a novel landmark recognition algorithm in this paper using the spatial pyramid kernel based bag-of-words (SPK-BoW) histogram approach with the feedforward artificial neural networks (FNN) and the sparse representation classifier (SRC). In the proposed algorithm, the SPK-BoW approach is first employed to extract features and construct an overcomplete dictionary for landmark image representation. Then, the FNN trained with the extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm combined with the SRC is implemented for landmark image recognition. We conduct experiments using the Nanyang Technological University (NTU) campus landmark database to show that the proposed method achieves a high recognition rate than ELM and a lower response time than the sparse representation technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]