Optimal Bidding, Scheduling, and Deployment of Battery Systems in California Day-Ahead Energy Market.

An optimal supply and demand bidding, scheduling, and deployment design framework is proposed for battery systems. It takes into account various design factors such as the day-ahead and real-time market prices and their statistical dependency, as well as the location, size, efficiency, lifetime, and charge and discharge rates of the batteries. Utilizing second-life/used batteries is also considered. Without loss of generality, our focus is on the California Independent System Operator (ISO) energy market and its two available bidding options, namely self-schedule bidding and economic bidding. While the formulated stochastic optimization problems are originally nonlinear and difficult to solve, we propose a methodology to decompose them into inner and outer subproblems. Accordingly, we find the global optimal solutions within a short amount of computational time. All case studies in this paper are based on real market data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]